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Sahayasheela VJ, Sugiyama H. RNA G-quadruplex in functional regulation of noncoding RNA: Challenges and emerging opportunities. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:53-70. [PMID: 37909035 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
G-quadruplexes (G4s) are stable, noncanonical structures formed in guanine (G)-rich sequences of DNA/RNA. G4 structures are reported to play a regulatory role in various cellular processes and, recently, a considerable number of studies have attributed new biological functions to these structures, especially in RNA. Noncoding RNA (ncRNA), which does not translate into a functional protein, is widely expressed and has been shown to play a key role in shaping cellular activity. There has been growing evidence of G4 formation in several ncRNA classes, and it has been identified as a key part for diverse biological functions and physio-pathological contexts in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. This review discusses RNA G4s (rG4s) in ncRNA, focusing on the molecular mechanism underlying its function. This review also aims to highlight potential and emerging opportunities to identify and target the rG4s in ncRNA to understand its function and, ultimately, treat many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinodh J Sahayasheela
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Ushinomaecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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2
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Lejault P, Prudent L, Terrier MP, Perreault JP. Small molecule chaperones facilitate the folding of RNA G-quadruplexes. Biochimie 2023; 214:83-90. [PMID: 37666291 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
RNA G-quadruplexes (rG4) have recently emerged as major regulatory elements in both mRNA and non-coding RNA. In order to investigate the biological roles of rG4 structures, chemists have developed a variety of highly specific and potent ligands. All of these ligands bind to the rG4s by stacking on top of them. The binding specificity is demonstrated by comparison to other structures such as duplex or three-way junctions. It remains unclear whether rG4-ligands merely stabilize fully formed rG4 structures, or if they actively participate in the folding of the rG4 structure through their association with an unfolded RNA sequence. In order to elucidate the innate steps of ligand-rG4 associations and mechanisms robust in vitro techniques, including FRET, electrophoretic mobility shift assays and reverse transcriptase stalling assays, were used to examine the capacity of five well-known G4 ligands to induce rG4 structures derived from either long non-coding RNAs or from synthetic RNAs. It was found that both PhenDC3 and PDS induce rG4 formation in single RNA strands. This discovery has important implications for the interpretation of RNA-seq experiments. Overall, in vitro data that can assist biochemists in selecting the optimal G4-ligands for their RNA cellular experiments are presented, and the effects induced by these ligands on the rG4s are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Lejault
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional Genomics, Pavillon de Recherche Appliquée sur le Cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1E 4K8, Canada.
| | - Louis Prudent
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional Genomics, Pavillon de Recherche Appliquée sur le Cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Michel-Pierre Terrier
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional Genomics, Pavillon de Recherche Appliquée sur le Cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Perreault
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional Genomics, Pavillon de Recherche Appliquée sur le Cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1E 4K8, Canada.
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Morishita EC. Discovery of RNA-targeted small molecules through the merging of experimental and computational technologies. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:207-226. [PMID: 36322542 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2134852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The field of RNA-targeted small molecules is rapidly evolving, owing to the advances in experimental and computational technologies. With the identification of several bioactive small molecules that target RNA, including the FDA-approved risdiplam, the biopharmaceutical industry is gaining confidence in the field. This review, based on the literature obtained from PubMed, aims to disseminate information about the various technologies developed for targeting RNA with small molecules and propose areas for improvement to develop drugs more efficiently, particularly those linked to diseases with unmet medical needs. AREAS COVERED The technologies for the identification of RNA targets, screening of chemical libraries against RNA, assessing the bioactivity and target engagement of the hit compounds, structure determination, and hit-to-lead optimization are reviewed. Along with the description of the technologies, their strengths, limitations, and examples of how they can impact drug discovery are provided. EXPERT OPINION Many existing technologies employed for protein targets have been repurposed for use in the discovery of RNA-targeted small molecules. In addition, technologies tailored for RNA targets have been developed. Nevertheless, more improvements are necessary, such as artificial intelligence to dissect important RNA structures and RNA-small-molecule interactions and more powerful chemical probing and structure prediction techniques.
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Yang C, Shi L, Wang W, Xia JB, Li F. Rhodium-catalyzed aminoacylation of alkenes via carbonylative C–H activation toward poly(hetero)cyclic alkylarylketones. Org Chem Front 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01777f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This work discloses the facile construction of polyheterocyclic alkylarylketones by the rhodium-catalyzed carbonylative aminoacylation of alkenes involving C–H activation, which provides molecules as candidates for the screening of antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Lijun Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Ji-Bao Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fuwei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Zeller MJ, Nuthanakanti A, Li K, Aubé J, Serganov A, Weeks KM. Subsite Ligand Recognition and Cooperativity in the TPP Riboswitch: Implications for Fragment-Linking in RNA Ligand Discovery. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:438-448. [PMID: 35060698 PMCID: PMC8938680 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RNA molecules can show high levels of cooperativity in their global folding and interactions with divalent ions. However, cooperativity at individual ligand-RNA interaction sites remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the binding of thiamine and methylene diphosphonic acid (MDP, a soluble structural analogue of pyrophosphate) to the thiamine pyrophosphate riboswitch. These ligands each bind weakly at proximal subsites, with 10 μM and 1 mM affinities, respectively. The affinity of MDP moderately improves when thiamine or thiamine-like fragments are pre-bound to the RNA. Covalent linking of thiamine and MDP substantially increases riboswitch binding to a notable high affinity of 20 nM. Crystal structures and single-molecule correlated chemical probing revealed favorable induced fit effects upon binding of individual ligands and, unexpectedly, a substantial thermodynamically unfavorable RNA structural rearrangement upon binding of the linked thiamine-MDP ligand. Thus, linking of two ligands of modest affinity, accompanied by an unfavorable structural rearrangement, still yields a potent linked RNA-binding compound. Since complex ligands often bind riboswitches and other RNAs at proximal subsites, principles derived from this work inform and support fragment-linking strategies for identifying small molecules that interact with RNA specifically and with high affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith J. Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290
| | - Ashok Nuthanakanti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Kelin Li
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7363
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290,Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7363
| | - Alexander Serganov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Kevin M. Weeks
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290,correspondence,
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Zhao R, Fu J, Zhu L, Chen Y, Liu B. Designing strategies of small-molecule compounds for modulating non-coding RNAs in cancer therapy. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:14. [PMID: 35123522 PMCID: PMC8817562 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01230-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been defined as a class of RNA molecules transcribed from the genome but not encoding proteins, such as microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, Circular RNAs, and Piwi-interacting RNAs. Accumulating evidence has recently been revealing that ncRNAs become potential druggable targets for regulation of several small-molecule compounds, based on their complex spatial structures and biological functions in cancer therapy. Thus, in this review, we focus on summarizing some new emerging designing strategies, such as high-throughput screening approach, small-molecule microarray approach, structure-based designing approach, phenotypic screening approach, fragment-based designing approach, and pharmacological validation approach. Based on the above-mentioned approaches, a series of representative small-molecule compounds, including Bisphenol-A, Mitoxantrone and Enoxacin have been demonstrated to modulate or selectively target ncRNAs in different types of human cancers. Collectively, these inspiring findings would provide a clue on developing more novel avenues for pharmacological modulations of ncRNAs with small-molecule drugs for future cancer therapeutics.
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LeBlanc RM, Mesleh MF. A drug discovery toolbox for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) characterization of ligands and their targets. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2021; 37:51-60. [PMID: 34895655 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Information about the structure, dynamics, and ligand-binding properties of biomolecules can be derived from Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and provides valuable information for drug discovery. A multitude of experimental approaches provides a wealth of information that can be tailored to the system of interest. Methods to study the behavior of ligands upon target binding enable the identification of weak binders in a robust manner that is critical for the identification of truly novel binding interactions. This is particularly important for challenging targets. Observing the solution behavior of biomolecules yields information about their structure, dynamics, and interactions. This review describes the breadth of approaches that are available, many of which are under-utilized in a drug-discovery environment, and focuses on recent advances that continue to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regan M LeBlanc
- Structural Biology and Biophysics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, MA, 02210, United States
| | - Michael F Mesleh
- Structural Biology and Biophysics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, MA, 02210, United States.
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8
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Buchholz CR, Pomerantz WCK. 19F NMR viewed through two different lenses: ligand-observed and protein-observed 19F NMR applications for fragment-based drug discovery. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1312-1330. [PMID: 34704040 PMCID: PMC8496043 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00085c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
19F NMR has emerged as a powerful tool in drug discovery, particularly in fragment-based screens. The favorable magnetic resonance properties of the fluorine-19 nucleus, the general absence of fluorine in biological settings, and its ready incorporation into both small molecules and biopolymers, has enabled multiple applications of 19F NMR using labeled small molecules and proteins in biophysical, biochemical, and cellular experiments. This review will cover developments in ligand-observed and protein-observed 19F NMR experiments tailored towards drug discovery with a focus on fragment screening. We also cover the key advances that have furthered the field in recent years, including quantitative, structural, and in-cell methodologies. Several case studies are described for each application to highlight areas for innovation and to further catalyze new NMR developments for using this versatile nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline R Buchholz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota 308 Harvard Street SE Minneapolis Minnesota 55455 USA
| | - William C K Pomerantz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota 308 Harvard Street SE Minneapolis Minnesota 55455 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant St. SE Minneapolis Minnesota 55455 USA
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9
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Lundquist KP, Panchal V, Gotfredsen CH, Brenk R, Clausen MH. Fragment-Based Drug Discovery for RNA Targets. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2588-2603. [PMID: 34101375 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Rapid development within the fields of both fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) and medicinal targeting of RNA provides possibilities for combining technologies and methods in novel ways. This review provides an overview of fragment-based screening (FBS) against RNA targets, including a discussion of the most recently used screening and hit validation methods such as NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and virtual screening methods. A discussion of fragment library design based on research from small-molecule RNA binders provides an overview on both the currently limited guidelines within RNA-targeting fragment library design, and future possibilities. Finally, future perspectives are provided on screening and hit validation methods not yet used in combination with both fragment screening and RNA targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper P Lundquist
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Vipul Panchal
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Charlotte H Gotfredsen
- NMR Center ⋅ DTU, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ruth Brenk
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mads H Clausen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Fittolani G, Shanina E, Guberman M, Seeberger PH, Rademacher C, Delbianco M. Automatisierte Glykan‐Assemblierung
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F‐markierter Glykansonden ermöglicht Hochdurchsatz‐NMR‐Untersuchungen von Protein‐Glykan‐Interaktionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Fittolani
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Elena Shanina
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Mónica Guberman
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
- Derzeitige Adresse: Medicinal Chemistry Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie Robert-Rössle Straße 10 13125 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Deutschland
- Derzeitige Adresse: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Vienna Althanstraße 14 1080 Wien Österreich
- Derzeitige Adresse: Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics Max F. Perutz Labs Campus Vienna Biocenter 5 1030 Wien Österreich
| | - Martina Delbianco
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
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Fittolani G, Shanina E, Guberman M, Seeberger PH, Rademacher C, Delbianco M. Automated Glycan Assembly of 19 F-labeled Glycan Probes Enables High-Throughput NMR Studies of Protein-Glycan Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13302-13309. [PMID: 33784430 PMCID: PMC8252726 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Protein-glycan interactions mediate important biological processes, including pathogen host invasion and cellular communication. Herein, we showcase an expedite approach that integrates automated glycan assembly (AGA) of 19 F-labeled probes and high-throughput NMR methods, enabling the study of protein-glycan interactions. Synthetic Lewis type 2 antigens were screened against seven glycan binding proteins (GBPs), including DC-SIGN and BambL, respectively involved in HIV-1 and lung infections in immunocompromised patients, confirming the preference for fucosylated glycans (Lex , H type 2, Ley ). Previously unknown glycan-lectin weak interactions were detected, and thermodynamic data were obtained. Enzymatic reactions were monitored in real-time, delivering kinetic parameters. These results demonstrate the utility of AGA combined with 19 F NMR for the discovery and characterization of glycan-protein interactions, opening up new perspectives for 19 F-labeled complex glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Fittolani
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinArnimallee 2214195BerlinGermany
| | - Elena Shanina
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinArnimallee 2214195BerlinGermany
| | - Mónica Guberman
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
- Current address: Medicinal ChemistryLeibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare PharmakologieRobert-Rössle Strasse 1013125BerlinGermany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinArnimallee 2214195BerlinGermany
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinArnimallee 2214195BerlinGermany
- Current address: Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of ViennaAlthanstrasse 141080ViennaAustria
- Current address: Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and GeneticsMax F. Perutz LabsCampus Vienna Biocenter 51030ViennaAustria
| | - Martina Delbianco
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
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Baisden JT, Childs-Disney JL, Ryan LS, Disney MD. Affecting RNA biology genome-wide by binding small molecules and chemically induced proximity. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 62:119-129. [PMID: 34118759 PMCID: PMC9264282 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The ENCODE and genome-wide association projects have shown that much of the genome is transcribed into RNA and much less is translated into protein. These and other functional studies suggest that the druggable transcriptome is much larger than the druggable proteome. This review highlights approaches to define druggable RNA targets and structure-activity relationships across genomic RNA. Binding compounds can be identified and optimized into structure-specific ligands by using sequence-based design with various modes of action, for example, inhibiting translation or directing pre-mRNA splicing outcomes. In addition, strategies to direct protein activity against an RNA of interest via chemically induced proximity is a burgeoning area that has been validated both in cells and in preclinical animal models, and we describe that it may allow rapid access to new avenues to affect RNA biology. These approaches and the unique modes of action suggest that more RNAs are potentially amenable to targeting than proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared T Baisden
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458 USA
| | - Jessica L Childs-Disney
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458 USA
| | - Lucas S Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458 USA
| | - Matthew D Disney
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458 USA.
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Zafferani M, Hargrove AE. Small molecule targeting of biologically relevant RNA tertiary and quaternary structures. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:594-609. [PMID: 33823146 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Initial successes in developing small molecule ligands for non-coding RNAs have underscored their potential as therapeutic targets. More recently, these successes have been aided by advances in biophysical and structural techniques for identification and characterization of more complex RNA structures; these higher-level folds present protein-like binding pockets that offer opportunities to design small molecules that could achieve a degree of selectivity often hard to obtain at the primary and secondary structure level. More specifically, identification and small molecule targeting of RNA tertiary and quaternary structures have allowed researchers to probe several human diseases and have resulted in promising clinical candidates. In this review we highlight a selection of diverse and exciting successes and the experimental approaches that led to their discovery. These studies include examples of recent developments in RNA-centric assays and ligands that provide insight into the features responsible for the affinity and biological outcome of RNA-targeted chemical probes. This report highlights the potential and emerging opportunities to selectively target RNA tertiary and quaternary structures as a route to better understand and, ultimately, treat many diseases.
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Fagagnini A, Garavís M, Gómez-Pinto I, Fasoli S, Gotte G, Laurents DV. NMR Characterization of Angiogenin Variants and tRNA Ala Products Impacting Aberrant Protein Oligomerization. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1439. [PMID: 33535464 PMCID: PMC7867098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein oligomerization is key to countless physiological processes, but also to abnormal amyloid conformations implicated in over 25 mortal human diseases. Human Angiogenin (h-ANG), a ribonuclease A family member, produces RNA fragments that regulate ribosome formation, the creation of new blood vessels and stress granule function. Too little h-ANG activity leads to abnormal protein oligomerization, resulting in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) or Parkinson's disease. While a score of disease linked h-ANG mutants has been studied by X-ray diffraction, some elude crystallization. There is also a debate regarding the structure that RNA fragments adopt after cleavage by h-ANG. Here, to better understand the beginning of the process that leads to aberrant protein oligomerization, the solution secondary structure and residue-level dynamics of WT h-ANG and two mutants i.e., H13A and R121C, are characterized by multidimensional heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy under near-physiological conditions. All three variants are found to adopt well folded and highly rigid structures in the solution, although the elements of secondary structure are somewhat shorter than those observed in crystallography studies. R121C alters the environment of nearby residues only. By contrast, the mutation H13A affects local residues as well as nearby active site residues K40 and H114. The conformation characterization by CD and 1D 1H NMR spectroscopies of tRNAAla before and after h-ANG cleavage reveals a retention of the duplex structure and little or no G-quadruplex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fagagnini
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Biomedicina e Movimento, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy; (A.F.); (S.F.)
| | - Miguel Garavís
- Instituto de Química Física “Rocasolano”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, c/Serrano 119, E-28006 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.); (I.G.-P.)
| | - Irene Gómez-Pinto
- Instituto de Química Física “Rocasolano”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, c/Serrano 119, E-28006 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.); (I.G.-P.)
| | - Sabrina Fasoli
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Biomedicina e Movimento, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy; (A.F.); (S.F.)
| | - Giovanni Gotte
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Biomedicina e Movimento, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy; (A.F.); (S.F.)
| | - Douglas V. Laurents
- Instituto de Química Física “Rocasolano”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, c/Serrano 119, E-28006 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.); (I.G.-P.)
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15
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Reznichenko O, Cucchiarini A, Gabelica V, Granzhan A. Quadruplex DNA-guided ligand selection from dynamic combinatorial libraries of acylhydrazones. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:379-386. [PMID: 33325973 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01908a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic combinatorial libraries of acylhydrazones were prepared from diacylhydrazides and several cationic or neutral aldehydes in the presence of 5-methoxyanthranilic acid catalyst. Pull-down experiments with magnetic beads functionalized with a G-quadruplex (G4)-forming oligonucleotide led to the identification of putative ligands, which were resynthesized or emulated by close structural analogues. G4-binding properties of novel derivatives were assessed by fluorimetric titrations, mass spectrometry and thermal denaturation experiments, giving evidence of strong binding (Kd < 10 nM) for two compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Reznichenko
- CNRS UMR9187, Inserm U1196, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 91405 Orsay, France. and CNRS UMR9187, Inserm U1196, Université Paris Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Anne Cucchiarini
- CNRS UMR9187, Inserm U1196, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 91405 Orsay, France. and CNRS UMR9187, Inserm U1196, Université Paris Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Valérie Gabelica
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, ARNA, UMR 5320, U1212, IECB, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Anton Granzhan
- CNRS UMR9187, Inserm U1196, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 91405 Orsay, France. and CNRS UMR9187, Inserm U1196, Université Paris Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
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16
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Binas O, de Jesus V, Landgraf T, Völklein AE, Martins J, Hymon D, Kaur Bains J, Berg H, Biedenbänder T, Fürtig B, Lakshmi Gande S, Niesteruk A, Oxenfarth A, Shahin Qureshi N, Schamber T, Schnieders R, Tröster A, Wacker A, Wirmer‐Bartoschek J, Wirtz Martin MA, Stirnal E, Azzaoui K, Richter C, Sreeramulu S, José Blommers MJ, Schwalbe H. 19 F NMR-Based Fragment Screening for 14 Different Biologically Active RNAs and 10 DNA and Protein Counter-Screens. Chembiochem 2021; 22:423-433. [PMID: 32794266 PMCID: PMC7436455 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report here the nuclear magnetic resonance 19 F screening of 14 RNA targets with different secondary and tertiary structure to systematically assess the druggability of RNAs. Our RNA targets include representative bacterial riboswitches that naturally bind with nanomolar affinity and high specificity to cellular metabolites of low molecular weight. Based on counter-screens against five DNAs and five proteins, we can show that RNA can be specifically targeted. To demonstrate the quality of the initial fragment library that has been designed for easy follow-up chemistry, we further show how to increase binding affinity from an initial fragment hit by chemistry that links the identified fragment to the intercalator acridine. Thus, we achieve low-micromolar binding affinity without losing binding specificity between two different terminator structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Binas
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ)Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue Strasse 760438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Vanessa de Jesus
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ)Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue Strasse 760438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Tom Landgraf
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ)Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue Strasse 760438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Albrecht Eduard Völklein
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ)Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue Strasse 760438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Jason Martins
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ)Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue Strasse 760438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Daniel Hymon
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ)Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue Strasse 760438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Jasleen Kaur Bains
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ)Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue Strasse 760438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Hannes Berg
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ)Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue Strasse 760438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Thomas Biedenbänder
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ)Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue Strasse 760438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Boris Fürtig
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ)Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue Strasse 760438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Santosh Lakshmi Gande
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ)Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue Strasse 760438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Anna Niesteruk
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ)Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue Strasse 760438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Andreas Oxenfarth
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ)Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue Strasse 760438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Nusrat Shahin Qureshi
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ)Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue Strasse 760438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Tatjana Schamber
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ)Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue Strasse 760438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Robbin Schnieders
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ)Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue Strasse 760438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Alix Tröster
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ)Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue Strasse 760438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Anna Wacker
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ)Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue Strasse 760438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Julia Wirmer‐Bartoschek
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ)Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue Strasse 760438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Maria Alexandra Wirtz Martin
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ)Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue Strasse 760438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Elke Stirnal
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ)Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue Strasse 760438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Kamal Azzaoui
- Saverna TherapeuticsGewerbestrasse 244123AllschwilSwitzerland
| | - Christian Richter
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ)Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue Strasse 760438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Sridhar Sreeramulu
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ)Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue Strasse 760438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | | | - Harald Schwalbe
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ)Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue Strasse 760438Frankfurt am MainGermany
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17
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Umuhire Juru A, Hargrove AE. Frameworks for targeting RNA with small molecules. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100191. [PMID: 33334887 PMCID: PMC7948454 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.015203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the characterization of mRNA in 1961, our understanding of the roles of RNA molecules has significantly grown. Beyond serving as a link between DNA and proteins, RNA molecules play direct effector roles by binding to various ligands, including proteins, DNA, other RNAs, and metabolites. Through these interactions, RNAs mediate cellular processes such as the regulation of gene transcription and the enhancement or inhibition of protein activity. As a result, the misregulation of RNA molecules is often associated with disease phenotypes, and RNA molecules have been increasingly recognized as potential targets for drug development efforts, which in the past had focused primarily on proteins. Although both small molecule-based and oligonucleotide-based therapies have been pursued in efforts to target RNA, small-molecule modalities are often favored owing to several advantages including greater oral bioavailability. In this review, we discuss three general frameworks (sets of premises and hypotheses) that, in our view, have so far dominated the discovery of small-molecule ligands for RNA. We highlight the unique merits of each framework as well as the pitfalls associated with exclusive focus of ligand discovery efforts within only one framework. Finally, we propose that RNA ligand discovery can benefit from using progress made within these three frameworks to move toward a paradigm that formulates RNA-targeting questions at the level of RNA structural subclasses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda E Hargrove
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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18
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Merchán-Arenas DR, Sojo F, Arvelo F, Kouznetsov VV. Synthesis of dihydroisoindolo[2,1- a]quinolin-11-ones, their in silico ADMET properties and in vitro antitumor activities. RSC Adv 2020; 10:42287-42296. [PMID: 35516784 PMCID: PMC9057833 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04555a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the antitumoral activity of diverse series of 5-aryl-dihydroisoindolo[2,1-a]quinolin-11-ones, AIIQ (Aryl IsoIndolo-Quinoline, 4a-m), and 5-vinyl dihydroisoindolo[2,1-a]quinolin-11-ones, VIIQ (Vinyl IsoIndolo-Quinoline, 6a-l), obtained using three component imino Diels-Alder (DA) reaction of anilines, o-phthalaldehyde and dienophiles. The first series was obtained in previous work employing isoeugenol and anethole as dienophiles, whereas the vinyl series was synthesized in high yields (75-90%) using isoprene as a dienophile. The cytotoxic activity of both AIIQ and VIIQ series was evaluated against four cancer lines, identifying a new lead compound 4h from the AIIQ series, active against MCF-7 (310 nM), SKBR3 (1434 nM), PC3 (210 nM) and HeLa (79 nM) cells with high selectivity. In addition, in silico ADMET properties for the two series were assessed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego R Merchán-Arenas
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Biomolecular, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Parque Tecnológico Guatiguará Km 2 vía refugio Piedecuesta A.A. 681011 Colombia +57 76 344000 ext. 3593
| | - Felipe Sojo
- Centro de Biociencias, Fundación Instituto de Estudios Avanzados-IDEA Caracas Venezuela
- Laboratorio de Cultivo de Tejidos y Biología de Tumores, Instituto de Biología Experimental, Universidad Central de Venezuela código postal 1041 Caracas Venezuela
| | - Francisco Arvelo
- Centro de Biociencias, Fundación Instituto de Estudios Avanzados-IDEA Caracas Venezuela
- Laboratorio de Cultivo de Tejidos y Biología de Tumores, Instituto de Biología Experimental, Universidad Central de Venezuela código postal 1041 Caracas Venezuela
| | - Vladimir V Kouznetsov
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Biomolecular, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Parque Tecnológico Guatiguará Km 2 vía refugio Piedecuesta A.A. 681011 Colombia +57 76 344000 ext. 3593
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19
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Umuhire Juru A, Cai Z, Jan A, Hargrove AE. Template-guided selection of RNA ligands using imine-based dynamic combinatorial chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:3555-3558. [PMID: 32104839 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00266f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study establishes the applicability of imine-based dynamic combinatorial chemistry to discover non-covalent ligands for RNA targets. We elucidate properties underlying the reactivity of arylamines and demonstrate target-guided amplification of tight binders in an amiloride-based dynamic library.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Umuhire Juru
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
| | - Zhengguo Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
| | - Adina Jan
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
| | - Amanda E Hargrove
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
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20
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Haniff HS, Knerr L, Chen JL, Disney MD, Lightfoot HL. Target-Directed Approaches for Screening Small Molecules against RNA Targets. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2020; 25:869-894. [PMID: 32419578 PMCID: PMC7442623 DOI: 10.1177/2472555220922802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
RNA molecules have a variety of cellular functions that can drive disease pathologies. They are without a doubt one of the most intriguing yet controversial small-molecule drug targets. The ability to widely target RNA with small molecules could be revolutionary, once the right tools, assays, and targets are selected, thereby defining which biomolecules are targetable and what constitutes drug-like small molecules. Indeed, approaches developed over the past 5-10 years have changed the face of small molecule-RNA targeting by addressing historic concerns regarding affinity, selectivity, and structural dynamics. Presently, selective RNA-protein complex stabilizing drugs such as branaplam and risdiplam are in clinical trials for the modulation of SMN2 splicing, compounds identified from phenotypic screens with serendipitous outcomes. Fully developing RNA as a druggable target will require a target engagement-driven approach, and evolving chemical collections will be important for the industrial development of this class of target. In this review we discuss target-directed approaches that can be used to identify RNA-binding compounds and the chemical knowledge we have today of small-molecule RNA binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafeez S. Haniff
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Laurent Knerr
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonathan L. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Matthew D. Disney
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
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21
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Roach RJ, Garavís M, González C, Jameson GB, Filichev VV, Hale TK. Heterochromatin protein 1α interacts with parallel RNA and DNA G-quadruplexes. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:682-693. [PMID: 31799602 PMCID: PMC6954420 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic genome is functionally organized into domains of transcriptionally active euchromatin and domains of highly compact transcriptionally silent heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is constitutively assembled at repetitive elements that include the telomeres and centromeres. The histone code model proposes that HP1α forms and maintains these domains of heterochromatin through the interaction of its chromodomain with trimethylated lysine 9 of histone 3, although this interaction is not the sole determinant. We show here that the unstructured hinge domain, necessary for the targeting of HP1α to constitutive heterochromatin, recognizes parallel G-quadruplex (G4) assemblies formed by the TElomeric Repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) transcribed from the telomere. This provides a mechanism by which TERRA can lead to the enrichment of HP1α at telomeres to maintain heterochromatin. Furthermore, we show that HP1α binds with a faster association rate to DNA G4s of parallel topology compared to antiparallel G4s that bind slowly or not at all. Such G4–DNAs are found in the regulatory regions of several oncogenes. This implicates specific non-canonical nucleic acid structures as determinants of HP1α function and thus RNA and DNA G4s need to be considered as contributors to chromatin domain organization and the epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby J Roach
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Miguel Garavís
- Instituto de Química Física 'Rocasolano', CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos González
- Instituto de Química Física 'Rocasolano', CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Geoffrey B Jameson
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vyacheslav V Filichev
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tracy K Hale
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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22
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Ursu A, Vézina-Dawod S, Disney MD. Methods to identify and optimize small molecules interacting with RNA (SMIRNAs). Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:2002-2016. [PMID: 31356880 PMCID: PMC6842402 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
RNAs, particularly noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), are becoming increasingly important therapeutic targets, because they are causative and antagonists of human disease. Indeed, aberrant RNA structural elements and expression deregulate biological processes. In this review, we describe methodologies to discover and optimize small molecules interacting with RNA (SMIRNAs), including the evaluation of direct target engagement and the rescue of RNA-mediated phenotypes in vitro and in vivo. Such studies are essential to fully characterize the mode of action of SMIRNAs and advance our understanding of rationally and efficiently drugging RNAs for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Ursu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Simon Vézina-Dawod
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Matthew D Disney
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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23
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Kharel P, Balaratnam S, Beals N, Basu S. The role of RNA G-quadruplexes in human diseases and therapeutic strategies. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2019; 11:e1568. [PMID: 31514263 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
G-quadruplexes (GQs) are four-stranded secondary structures formed by G-rich nucleic acid sequence(s). DNA GQs are present abundantly in the genome and affect a wide range of processes associated with DNA. Recent studies show that RNA GQs are present in different transcripts, including coding and noncoding areas of mRNA, telomeric RNA as well as in other premature and mature noncoding RNAs. When present at specific locations within the RNAs, GQs play important roles in key biological functions, including the regulation of gene expression and telomere homeostasis. RNA GQs regulate pre-mRNA processing, such as splicing and polyadenylation. Evidently, among other processes, RNA GQs also control mRNA translation, miRNA and piRNA biogenesis, and RNA localization. The regulatory mechanisms controlled by RNA GQs mainly involve binding to RNA binding protein that modulate GQ conformation or serve as an entity in recruiting additional protein regulators to act as a block element to the processing machinery. Here we provide an overview of the ever-increasing number of discoveries revealing the role of RNA GQs in biology and their relevance in human diseases and therapeutics. This article is categorized under: RNA Structure and Dynamics > Influence of RNA Structure in Biological Systems RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Kharel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio.,Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sumirtha Balaratnam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio.,Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Nathan Beals
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Soumitra Basu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
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24
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Calabrese DR, Connelly CM, Schneekloth JS. Ligand-observed NMR techniques to probe RNA-small molecule interactions. Methods Enzymol 2019; 623:131-149. [PMID: 31239044 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A growing understanding of the structure and function of RNA has revealed it as a key regulator of gene expression and disease. A multitude of noncoding functions apart from the central roles of RNA in coding for and facilitating protein biogenesis has stimulated research into RNA as a pharmacological target. Despite many exciting advances, RNA remains an understudied target for small molecules, and techniques to investigate RNA-binding molecules are still emerging. A key stumbling block in this area has been validation of RNA-small molecule interactions. Our laboratory has recently used multiple ligand-observed NMR techniques in this regard, including CPMG and WaterLOGSY. This work describes methods to use these techniques in the context of studying RNA-ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Calabrese
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Colleen M Connelly
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - John S Schneekloth
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States.
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25
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Thompson RD, Baisden JT, Zhang Q. NMR characterization of RNA small molecule interactions. Methods 2019; 167:66-77. [PMID: 31128236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Exciting discoveries of naturally occurring ligand-sensing and disease-linked noncoding RNAs have promoted significant interests in understanding RNA-small molecule interactions. NMR spectroscopy is a powerful tool for characterizing intermolecular interactions. In this review, we describe protocols and approaches for applying NMR spectroscopy to investigate interactions between RNA and small molecules. We review protocols for RNA sample preparation, methods for identifying RNA-binding small molecules, approaches for mapping RNA-small molecule interactions, determining complex structures, and characterizing binding kinetics. We hope this review will provide a guideline to streamline NMR applications in studying RNA-small molecule interactions, facilitating both basic mechanistic understandings of RNA functions and translational efforts in developing RNA-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhese D Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jared T Baisden
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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26
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Unveiling the druggable RNA targets and small molecule therapeutics. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:2149-2165. [PMID: 30981606 PMCID: PMC7126819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The increasing appreciation for the crucial roles of RNAs in infectious and non-infectious human diseases makes them attractive therapeutic targets. Coding and non-coding RNAs frequently fold into complex conformations which, if effectively targeted, offer opportunities to therapeutically modulate numerous cellular processes, including those linked to undruggable protein targets. Despite the considerable skepticism as to whether RNAs can be targeted with small molecule therapeutics, overwhelming evidence suggests the challenges we are currently facing are not outside the realm of possibility. In this review, we highlight the most recent advances in molecular techniques that have sparked a revolution in understanding the RNA structure-to-function relationship. We bring attention to the application of these modern techniques to identify druggable RNA targets and to assess small molecule binding specificity. Finally, we discuss novel screening methodologies that support RNA drug discovery and present examples of therapeutically valuable RNA targets.
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27
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Patwardhan NN, Cai Z, Newson CN, Hargrove AE. Fluorescent peptide displacement as a general assay for screening small molecule libraries against RNA. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:1778-1786. [PMID: 30468226 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02467g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A prominent hurdle in developing small molecule probes against RNA is the relative scarcity of general screening methods. In this study, we demonstrate the application of a fluorescent peptide displacement assay to screen small molecule probes against four different RNA targets. The designed experimental protocol combined with statistical analysis provides a fast and convenient method to simultaneously evaluate small molecule libraries against different RNA targets and classify them based on affinity and selectivity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj N Patwardhan
- Department of Chemistry, 124 Science Drive, Box 90346, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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28
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Dalvit C, Vulpetti A. Ligand-Based Fluorine NMR Screening: Principles and Applications in Drug Discovery Projects. J Med Chem 2018; 62:2218-2244. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Vulpetti
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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Donlic A, Hargrove AE. Targeting RNA in mammalian systems with small molecules. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2018; 9:e1477. [PMID: 29726113 PMCID: PMC6002909 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of RNA functions beyond canonical protein synthesis has challenged the central dogma of molecular biology. Indeed, RNA is now known to directly regulate many important cellular processes, including transcription, splicing, translation, and epigenetic modifications. The misregulation of these processes in disease has led to an appreciation of RNA as a therapeutic target. This potential was first recognized in bacteria and viruses, but discoveries of new RNA classes following the sequencing of the human genome have invigorated exploration of its disease-related functions in mammals. As stable structure formation is evolving as a hallmark of mammalian RNAs, the prospect of utilizing small molecules to specifically probe the function of RNA structural domains and their interactions is gaining increased recognition. To date, researchers have discovered bioactive small molecules that modulate phenotypes by binding to expanded repeats, microRNAs, G-quadruplex structures, and RNA splice sites in neurological disorders, cancers, and other diseases. The lessons learned from achieving these successes both call for additional studies and encourage exploration of the plethora of mammalian RNAs whose precise mechanisms of action remain to be elucidated. Efforts toward understanding fundamental principles of small molecule-RNA recognition combined with advances in methodology development should pave the way toward targeting emerging RNA classes such as long noncoding RNAs. Together, these endeavors can unlock the full potential of small molecule-based probing of RNA-regulated processes and enable us to discover new biology and underexplored avenues for therapeutic intervention in human disease. This article is categorized under: RNA Methods > RNA Analyses In Vitro and In Silico RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Small Molecule-RNA Interactions RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Donlic
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Amanda E Hargrove
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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NMR-Fragment Based Virtual Screening: A Brief Overview. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020233. [PMID: 29370102 PMCID: PMC6017141 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) using NMR has become a central approach over the last twenty years for development of small molecule inhibitors against biological macromolecules, to control a variety of cellular processes. Yet, several considerations should be taken into account for obtaining a therapeutically relevant agent. In this review, we aim to list the considerations that make NMR fragment screening a successful process for yielding potent inhibitors. Factors that may govern the competence of NMR in fragment based drug discovery are discussed, as well as later steps that involve optimization of hits obtained by NMR-FBDD.
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Interaction of Quindoline derivative with telomeric repeat–containing RNA induces telomeric DNA-damage response in cancer cells through inhibition of telomeric repeat factor 2. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:3246-3256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Garci A, Castor KJ, Fakhoury J, Do JL, Di Trani J, Chidchob P, Stein RS, Mittermaier AK, Friščić T, Sleiman H. Efficient and Rapid Mechanochemical Assembly of Platinum(II) Squares for Guanine Quadruplex Targeting. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:16913-16922. [PMID: 29058892 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We present a rapid and efficient method to generate a family of platinum supramolecular square complexes, including previously inaccessible targets, through the use of ball milling mechanochemistry. This one-pot, two-step process occurs in minutes and enables the synthesis of the squares [Pt4(en)4(N∩N)4][CF3SO3]8 (en= ethylenediamine, N∩N = 4,4'-bipyridine derivatives) from commercially available precursor K2PtCl4 in good to excellent yields. In contrast, solution-based assembly requires heating the reagents for weeks and gives lower yields. Mechanistic investigations into this remarkable rate acceleration revealed that solution-based assembly (refluxing for days) results in the formation of large oligomeric side-products that are difficult to break down into the desired squares. On the other hand, ball milling in the solid state is rapid and appears to involve smaller intermediates. We examined the binding of the new supramolecular squares to guanine quadruplexes, including oncogene and telomere-associated DNA and RNA sequences. Sub-micromolar binding affinities were obtained by fluorescence displacement assays (FID) and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), with binding preference to telomere RNA (TERRA) sequences. ITC showed a 1:1 binding stoichiometry of the metallosquare to TERRA, while the stoichiometry was more complex for telomeric quadruplex DNA and a double-stranded DNA control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Garci
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Katherine J Castor
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Johans Fakhoury
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Jean-Louis Do
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Justin Di Trani
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Pongphak Chidchob
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Robin S Stein
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Anthony K Mittermaier
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Hanadi Sleiman
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
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Fluorine NMR spectroscopy and computational calculations for assessing intramolecular hydrogen bond involving fluorine and for characterizing the dynamic of a fluorinated molecule. J Fluor Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Bao H, Ishizuka T, Iwanami A, Oyoshi T, Xu Y. A Simple and Sensitive
19
F NMR Approach for Studying the Interaction of RNA G‐Quadruplex with Ligand Molecule and Protein. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong‐Liang Bao
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Medical Sciences Department, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Miyazaki 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake Miyazaki 889-1692 Japan
| | - Takumi Ishizuka
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Medical Sciences Department, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Miyazaki 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake Miyazaki 889-1692 Japan
| | - Ayaka Iwanami
- Faculty of Science, Department of ChemistryShizuoka University 836 Ohya Suruga Shizuoka 422-8529 Japan
| | - Takanori Oyoshi
- Faculty of Science, Department of ChemistryShizuoka University 836 Ohya Suruga Shizuoka 422-8529 Japan
| | - Yan Xu
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Medical Sciences Department, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Miyazaki 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake Miyazaki 889-1692 Japan
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Structure-Based Discovery of Small Molecules Binding to RNA. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2016_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Rocca R, Moraca F, Costa G, Nadai M, Scalabrin M, Talarico C, Distinto S, Maccioni E, Ortuso F, Artese A, Alcaro S, Richter SN. Identification of G-quadruplex DNA/RNA binders: Structure-based virtual screening and biophysical characterization. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:1329-1340. [PMID: 28025082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent findings demonstrated that, in mammalian cells, telomere DNA (Tel) is transcribed into telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA), which is involved in fundamental biological processes, thus representing a promising anticancer target. For this reason, the discovery of dual (as well as selective) Tel/TERRA G-quadruplex (G4) binders could represent an innovative strategy to enhance telomerase inhibition. METHODS Initially, docking simulations of known Tel and TERRA active ligands were performed on the 3D coordinates of bimolecular G4 Tel DNA (Tel2) and TERRA (TERRA2). Structure-based pharmacophore models were generated on the best complexes and employed for the virtual screening of ~257,000 natural compounds. The 20 best candidates were submitted to biophysical assays, which included circular dichroism and mass spectrometry at different K+ concentrations. RESULTS Three hits were here identified and characterized by biophysical assays. Compound 7 acts as dual Tel2/TERRA2 G4-ligand at physiological KCl concentration, while hits 15 and 17 show preferential thermal stabilization for Tel2 DNA. The different molecular recognition against the two targets was also discussed. CONCLUSIONS Our successful results pave the way to further lead optimization to achieve both increased selectivity and stabilizing effect against TERRA and Tel DNA G4s. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The current study combines for the first time molecular modelling and biophysical assays applied to bimolecular DNA and RNA G4s, leading to the identification of innovative ligand chemical scaffolds with a promising anticancer profile. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "G-quadruplex" Guest Editor: Dr. Concetta Giancola and Dr. Daniela Montesarchio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Rocca
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Graecia" di Catanzaro, Campus "Salvatore Venuta", viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Federica Moraca
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Graecia" di Catanzaro, Campus "Salvatore Venuta", viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giosuè Costa
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Graecia" di Catanzaro, Campus "Salvatore Venuta", viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Matteo Nadai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, via Gabelli 63, 35121, Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Scalabrin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, via Gabelli 63, 35121, Padua, Italy
| | - Carmine Talarico
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Graecia" di Catanzaro, Campus "Salvatore Venuta", viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Simona Distinto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, Cagliari 09124, Italy
| | - Elias Maccioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, Cagliari 09124, Italy
| | - Francesco Ortuso
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Graecia" di Catanzaro, Campus "Salvatore Venuta", viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Anna Artese
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Graecia" di Catanzaro, Campus "Salvatore Venuta", viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Graecia" di Catanzaro, Campus "Salvatore Venuta", viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Sara N Richter
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, via Gabelli 63, 35121, Padua, Italy
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Granqvist L, Virta P. Characterization of G-Quadruplex/Hairpin Transitions of RNAs by 19 F NMR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2016; 22:15360-15372. [PMID: 27603896 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
2'-O-[(4-Trifluoromethyl-triazol-1-yl)methyl] reporter groups have been incorporated into guanosine-rich RNA models (including a known bistable Qd/Hp RNA and two G-rich regions of mRNA of human prion protein, PrP) and applied for the 19 F NMR spectroscopic characterization of plausible G-quadruplex/hairpin (Qd/Hp) transitions in these RNA structures. For the synthesis of the CF3 -labeled RNAs, phosphoramidite building blocks of 2'-O-[(4-CF3 -triazol-1-yl)methyl] nucleosides (cytidine, adenosine, and guanosine) were prepared and used as an integral part of the standard solid-phase RNA synthesis. The obtained 19 F NMR spectra supported the usual characterization data (obtained by UV- and CD-melting profiles and by 1 H NMR spectra of the imino regions) and additionally gave more detailed information on the Qd/Hp transitions. The molar fractions of the secondary structural species (Qd, Hp) upon thermal denaturation and under varying ionic conditions could be determined from the intensities and shifts of the 19 F NMR signals. For a well-behaved Qd/Hp transition, thermodynamic parameters could be extracted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Granqvist
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, 20014, Finland.
| | - Pasi Virta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, 20014, Finland.
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Connelly CM, Moon MH, Schneekloth JS. The Emerging Role of RNA as a Therapeutic Target for Small Molecules. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:1077-1090. [PMID: 27593111 PMCID: PMC5064864 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in understanding different RNAs and unique features of their biology have revealed a wealth of information. However, approaches to identify small molecules that target these newly discovered regulatory elements have been lacking. The application of new biochemical screening and design-based technologies, coupled with a resurgence of interest in phenotypic screening, has resulted in several compelling successes in targeting RNA. A number of recent advances suggest that achieving the long-standing goal of developing drug-like, biologically active small molecules that target RNA is possible. This review highlights advances and successes in approaches to targeting RNA with diverse small molecules, and the potential for these technologies to pave the way to new types of RNA-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Connelly
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Michelle H Moon
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - John S Schneekloth
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Katsuda Y, Sato SI, Asano L, Morimura Y, Furuta T, Sugiyama H, Hagihara M, Uesugi M. A Small Molecule That Represses Translation of G-Quadruplex-Containing mRNA. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:9037-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Masaki Hagihara
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
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Bayó-Puxan N, Rodríguez-Mias R, Goldflam M, Kotev M, Ciudad S, Hipolito CJ, Varese M, Suga H, Campos-Olivas R, Barril X, Guallar V, Teixidó M, García J, Giralt E. Combined Use of Oligopeptides, Fragment Libraries, and Natural Compounds: A Comprehensive Approach To Sample the Druggability of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:928-39. [PMID: 26553526 PMCID: PMC5063151 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The modulation of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) is emerging as a highly promising tool to fight diseases. However, whereas an increasing number of compounds are able to disrupt peptide-mediated PPIs efficiently, the inhibition of domain-domain PPIs appears to be much more challenging. Herein, we report our results related to the interaction between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor (VEGFR). The VEGF-VEGFR interaction is a typical domain-domain PPI that is highly relevant for the treatment of cancer and some retinopathies. Our final goal was to identify ligands able to bind VEGF at the region used by the growth factor to interact with its receptor. We undertook an extensive study, combining a variety of experimental approaches, including NMR-spectroscopy-based screening of small organic fragments, peptide libraries, and medicinal plant extracts. The key feature of the successful ligands that emerged from this study was their capacity to expose hydrophobic functional groups able to interact with the hydrophobic hot spots at the interacting VEGF surface patch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Bayó-Puxan
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Ricard Rodríguez-Mias
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Michael Goldflam
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Martin Kotev
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Sonia Ciudad
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Christopher J Hipolito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
| | - Monica Varese
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Hiroaki Suga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
| | | | - Xavier Barril
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- The Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08007, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Víctor Guallar
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
- Department of Life Sciences, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| | - Meritxell Teixidó
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Jesús García
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Ernest Giralt
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.
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Abstract
G-quadruplexes are non-canonical secondary structures found in guanine rich regions of DNA and RNA. Reports have indicated the wide occurrence of RNA G-quadruplexes across the transcriptome in various regions of mRNAs and non-coding RNAs. RNA G-quadruplexes have been implicated in playing an important role in translational regulation, mRNA processing events and maintenance of chromosomal end integrity. In this review, we summarize the structural and functional aspects of RNA G-quadruplexes with emphasis on recent progress to understand the protein/trans factors binding these motifs. With the revelation of the importance of these secondary structures as regulatory modules in biology, we have also evaluated the various advancements towards targeting these structures and the challenges associated with them. Apart from this, numerous potential applications of this secondary motif have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Agarwala
- Proteomics and Structural Biology Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India.
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Hubbard RE. The Role of Fragment-based Discovery in Lead Finding. FRAGMENT-BASED DRUG DISCOVERY LESSONS AND OUTLOOK 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527683604.ch01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Sochor F, Silvers R, Müller D, Richter C, Fürtig B, Schwalbe H. (19)F-labeling of the adenine H2-site to study large RNAs by NMR spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2016; 64:63-74. [PMID: 26704707 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-015-0006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In comparison to proteins and protein complexes, the size of RNA amenable to NMR studies is limited despite the development of new isotopic labeling strategies including deuteration and ligation of differentially labeled RNAs. Due to the restricted chemical shift dispersion in only four different nucleotides spectral resolution remains limited in larger RNAs. Labeling RNAs with the NMR-active nucleus (19)F has previously been introduced for small RNAs up to 40 nucleotides (nt). In the presented work, we study the natural occurring RNA aptamer domain of the guanine-sensing riboswitch comprising 73 nucleotides from Bacillus subtilis. The work includes protocols for improved in vitro transcription of 2-fluoroadenosine-5'-triphosphat (2F-ATP) using the mutant P266L of the T7 RNA polymerase. Our NMR analysis shows that the secondary and tertiary structure of the riboswitch is fully maintained and that the specific binding of the cognate ligand hypoxanthine is not impaired by the introduction of the (19)F isotope. The thermal stability of the (19)F-labeled riboswitch is not altered compared to the unmodified sequence, but local base pair stabilities, as measured by hydrogen exchange experiments, are modulated. The characteristic change in the chemical shift of the imino resonances detected in a (1)H,(15)N-HSQC allow the identification of Watson-Crick base paired uridine signals and the (19)F resonances can be used as reporters for tertiary and secondary structure transitions, confirming the potential of (19)F-labeling even for sizeable RNAs in the range of 70 nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sochor
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438, Frankfurt/M., Germany
| | - R Silvers
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438, Frankfurt/M., Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - D Müller
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438, Frankfurt/M., Germany
| | - C Richter
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438, Frankfurt/M., Germany
| | - B Fürtig
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438, Frankfurt/M., Germany.
| | - H Schwalbe
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438, Frankfurt/M., Germany.
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Doyle SK, Pop MS, Evans HL, Koehler AN. Advances in discovering small molecules to probe protein function in a systems context. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2015; 30:28-36. [PMID: 26615565 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High throughput screening (HTS) has historically been used for drug discovery almost exclusively by the pharmaceutical industry. Due to a significant decrease in costs associated with establishing a high throughput facility and an exponential interest in discovering probes of development and disease associated biomolecules, HTS core facilities have become an integral part of most academic and non-profit research institutions over the past decade. This major shift has led to the development of new HTS methodologies extending beyond the capabilities and target classes used in classical drug discovery approaches such as traditional enzymatic activity-based screens. In this brief review we describe some of the most interesting developments in HTS technologies and methods for chemical probe discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby K Doyle
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marius S Pop
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Helen L Evans
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Angela N Koehler
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Zuffo M, Doria F, Spalluto V, Ladame S, Freccero M. Red/NIR G-Quadruplex Sensing, Harvesting Blue Light by a Coumarin-Naphthalene Diimide Dyad. Chemistry 2015; 21:17596-600. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Calle LP, Echeverria B, Franconetti A, Serna S, Fernández‐Alonso MC, Diercks T, Cañada FJ, Ardá A, Reichardt N, Jiménez‐Barbero J. Monitoring Glycan–Protein Interactions by NMR Spectroscopic Analysis: A Simple Chemical Tag That Mimics Natural CH–π Interactions. Chemistry 2015; 21:11408-16. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis P. Calle
- Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, CIB‐CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid (Spain)
| | - Begoña Echeverria
- Department of Glycotechnology, CICbiomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182, 20009 San Sebastián (Spain)
| | - Antonio Franconetti
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González 1, 41012 Sevilla (Spain)
| | - Sonia Serna
- Department of Glycotechnology, CICbiomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182, 20009 San Sebastián (Spain)
| | | | - Tammo Diercks
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnologico de Bizkaia, Building 801a, 48160 Derio (Spain)
| | - F. Javier Cañada
- Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, CIB‐CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid (Spain)
| | - Ana Ardá
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnologico de Bizkaia, Building 801a, 48160 Derio (Spain)
| | | | - Jesús Jiménez‐Barbero
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnologico de Bizkaia, Building 801a, 48160 Derio (Spain)
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao (Spain)
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Abstract
RNAs adopt diverse folded structures that are essential for function and thus play critical roles in cellular biology. A striking example of this is the ribosome, a complex, three-dimensionally folded macromolecular machine that orchestrates protein synthesis. Advances in RNA biochemistry, structural and molecular biology, and bioinformatics have revealed other non-coding RNAs whose functions are dictated by their structure. It is not surprising that aberrantly folded RNA structures contribute to disease. In this Review, we provide a brief introduction into RNA structural biology and then describe how RNA structures function in cells and cause or contribute to neurological disease. Finally, we highlight successful applications of rational design principles to provide chemical probes and lead compounds targeting structured RNAs. Based on several examples of well-characterized RNA-driven neurological disorders, we demonstrate how designed small molecules can facilitate the study of RNA dysfunction, elucidating previously unknown roles for RNA in disease, and provide lead therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viachaslau Bernat
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Matthew D Disney
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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Neidle S. A Personal History of Quadruplex-Small Molecule Targeting. CHEM REC 2015; 15:691-710. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201500011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Neidle
- UCL School of Pharmacy; University College London; 29-39 Brunswick Square London WC1N 1AX UK
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49
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Shortridge MD, Varani G. Structure based approaches for targeting non-coding RNAs with small molecules. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2015; 30:79-88. [PMID: 25687935 PMCID: PMC4416997 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The increasing appreciation of the central role of non-coding RNAs (miRNAs and long non-coding RNAs) in chronic and degenerative human disease makes them attractive therapeutic targets. This would not be unprecedented: the bacterial ribosomal RNA is a mainstay for antibacterial treatment, while the conservation and functional importance of viral RNA regulatory elements has long suggested they would constitute attractive targets for new antivirals. Oligonucleotide-based chemistry has obvious appeals but also considerable pharmacological limitations that are yet to be addressed satisfactorily. Recent studies identifying small molecules targeting non-coding RNAs may provide an alternative approach to oligonucleotide methods. Here we review recent work investigating new structural and chemical principles for targeting RNA with small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Shortridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Box 351700, Seattle 98195, USA
| | - Gabriele Varani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Box 351700, Seattle 98195, USA.
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Wang Y, Hu Y, Wu T, Liu H, Zhang L, Zhou X, Shao Y. Specific G-quadruplex structure recognition of human telomeric RNA over DNA by a fluorescently activated hyperporphyrin. Analyst 2015; 140:5169-75. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00937e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Selective recognition of the G-quadruplex structure of human telomeric RNA (TERRA) over DNA was achieved using an activated hyperporphyrin as a fluorescent probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Zhejiang Normal University
- Jinhua 321004
- Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuehua Hu
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Zhejiang Normal University
- Jinhua 321004
- Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Zhejiang Normal University
- Jinhua 321004
- Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Liu
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Zhejiang Normal University
- Jinhua 321004
- Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Zhejiang Normal University
- Jinhua 321004
- Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshun Zhou
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Zhejiang Normal University
- Jinhua 321004
- Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Shao
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Zhejiang Normal University
- Jinhua 321004
- Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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