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Rivière F, Dian C, Dutheil RF, Monassa P, Giglione C, Meinnel T. Novel, tightly structurally related N-myristoyltransferase inhibitors display equally potent yet distinct inhibitory mechanisms. Structure 2024:S0969-2126(24)00318-6. [PMID: 39208793 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2024.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
N-myristoyltransferases (NMTs) catalyze essential acylations of N-terminal alpha or epsilon amino groups of glycines or lysines. Here, we reveal that peptides tightly fitting the optimal glycine recognition pattern of human NMTs are potent prodrugs relying on a single-turnover mechanism. Sequence scanning of the inhibitory potency of the series closely reflects NMT glycine substrate specificity rules, with the lead inhibitor blocking myristoylation by NMTs of various species. We further redesigned the series based on the recently recognized lysine-myristoylation mechanism by taking advantage of (1) the optimal peptide chassis and (2) lysine side chain mimicry with unnatural enantiomers. Unlike the lead series, the inhibitory properties of the new compounds rely on the protonated state of the side chain amine, which stabilizes a salt bridge with the catalytic base at the active site. Our study provides the basis for designing first-in-class NMT inhibitors tailored for infectious diseases and alternative active site targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Rivière
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Cyril Dian
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Rémi F Dutheil
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Paul Monassa
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Carmela Giglione
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Thierry Meinnel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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2
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Pătruică S, Adeiza SM, Hulea A, Alexa E, Cocan I, Moraru D, Imbrea I, Floares D, Pet I, Imbrea F, Obiștioiu D. Romanian Bee Product Analysis: Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial Activity, and Molecular Docking Insights. Foods 2024; 13:1455. [PMID: 38790755 PMCID: PMC11119262 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Bee products are considered true wonders of nature, used since ancient times, and studied even today for their various biological activities. In this study, we hypothesise that Romanian bee products from different origins (micro apiary products, lyophilised forms, commercial) exhibit distinct chemical compositions, influencing their biological activities. An LC-MS analysis revealed varied polyphenolic content patterns, with cumaric acid, ferulic acid, rosmarinic acid, and quercitine identified in significant amounts across all samples. Primary anti-inflammatory evaluation phases, including the inhibition of haemolysis values and protein denaturation, unveiled a range of protective effects on red blood cells (RBC) and blood proteins, contingent upon the sample concentration. Antimicrobial activity assessments against 12 ATCC strains and 6 pathogenic isolates demonstrated varying efficacy, with propolis samples showing low efficacy, royal jelly forms displaying moderate effectiveness, and apilarnin forms exhibiting good inhibitory activity, mostly against Gram-positive bacteria. Notably, the lyophilised form emerged as the most promising sample, yielding the best results across the biological activities assessed. Furthermore, molecular docking was employed to elucidate the inhibitory potential of compounds identified from these bee products by targeting putative bacterial and fungal proteins. Results from the docking analysis showed rosmarinic and rutin exhibited strong binding energies and interactions with the putative antimicrobial proteins of bacteria (-9.7 kcal/mol to -7.6 kcal/mol) and fungi (-9.5 kcal/mol to -8.1 kcal/mol). The findings in this study support the use of bee products for antimicrobial purposes in a biologically active and eco-friendly proportion while providing valuable insights into their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pătruică
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timișoara, Calea Aradului nr. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (S.P.); (D.M.); (I.P.)
| | - Suleiman Mukhtar Adeiza
- Faculty of Life Science, Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810107, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Anca Hulea
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timișoara, Calea Aradului no. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (D.F.); (F.I.); (D.O.)
| | - Ersilia Alexa
- Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timișoara, Calea Aradului no. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania (I.C.)
| | - Ileana Cocan
- Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timișoara, Calea Aradului no. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania (I.C.)
| | - Dragos Moraru
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timișoara, Calea Aradului nr. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (S.P.); (D.M.); (I.P.)
| | - Ilinca Imbrea
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timișoara, Calea Aradului no. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Doris Floares
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timișoara, Calea Aradului no. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (D.F.); (F.I.); (D.O.)
| | - Ioan Pet
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timișoara, Calea Aradului nr. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (S.P.); (D.M.); (I.P.)
| | - Florin Imbrea
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timișoara, Calea Aradului no. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (D.F.); (F.I.); (D.O.)
| | - Diana Obiștioiu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timișoara, Calea Aradului no. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (D.F.); (F.I.); (D.O.)
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Kava E, Garbelotti CV, Lopes JLS, Costa-Filho AJ. Myristoylated GRASP55 dimerizes in the presence of model membranes. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38361284 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2317973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The Golgi Reassembly and Stacking Proteins (GRASPs) are engaged in various functions within the cell, both in unconventional secretion mechanisms and structuring and organizing the Golgi apparatus. Understanding their specific role in each situation still requires more structural and functional data at the molecular level. GRASP55 is one of the GRASP members in mammals, anchored to the membrane via the myristoylation of a Gly residue at its N-terminus. Therefore, co-translational modifications, such as myristoylation, are fundamental when considering a strategy to obtain detailed information on the interactions between GRASP55 and membranes. Despite its functional relevance, the N-terminal myristoylation has been underappreciated in the studies reported to date, compromising the previously proposed models for GRASP-membrane interactions. Here, we investigated the synergy between the presence of the membrane and the formation of oligomeric structures of myristoylated GRASP55, using a series of biophysical techniques to perform the structural characterization of the lipidated GRASP55 and its interaction with biological lipid model membranes. Our data fulfill an unexplored gap: the adequate evaluation of the presence of lipidations and lipid membranes on the structure-function dyad of GRASPs.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Kava
- Laboratório de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina V Garbelotti
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Ecológica de Plantas, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José Luiz S Lopes
- Laboratório de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio J Costa-Filho
- Laboratório de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Javid S, Ather H, Hani U, Siddiqua A, Asif Ansari SM, Shanmugarajan D, Yogish Kumar H, Arivuselvam R, Purohit MN, Kumar BRP. Discovery of Novel Myristic Acid Derivatives as N-Myristoyltransferase Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis, Analysis, Computational Studies and Antifungal Activity. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1167. [PMID: 37508263 PMCID: PMC10376843 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) has been identified as a new target for the treatment of fungal infections. It is observed that at present, there are increased rates of morbidity and mortality due to fungal infections. Hence, a series of novel myristic acid derivatives were designed via molecular docking studies and ADMET studies by targeting NMT (N-Myristoyltransferase). The designed myristic acid derivatives were synthesized by converting myristic acid into myristoyl chloride and coupling it with aryl amines to yield corresponding myristic acid derivatives. The compounds were purified and characterized via FTIR, NMR and HRMS spectral analyses. In this study, we carried out a target NMT inhibition assay. In the NMT screening assay results, the compounds 3u, 3m and 3t showed better inhibition compared to the other myristic acid derivatives. In an in vitro antifungal evaluation, the myristic acid derivatives were assessed against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger strains by determining their minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC50). The compounds 3u, 3k, 3r and 3t displayed superior antifungal capabilities against Candida albicans, and the compounds 3u, 3m and 3r displayed superior antifungal capabilities against Aspergillus niger compared to the standard drug FLZ (fluconazole). Altogether, we identified a new series of antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Javid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Farooqia College of Pharmacy, Mysore 570 015, Karnataka, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysore, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570 015, Karnataka, India
| | - Hissana Ather
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Umme Hani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayesha Siddiqua
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Dhivya Shanmugarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysore, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570 015, Karnataka, India
| | - Honnavalli Yogish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysore, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570 015, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajaguru Arivuselvam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysore, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570 015, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhusudan N Purohit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysore, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570 015, Karnataka, India
| | - B R Prashantha Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysore, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570 015, Karnataka, India
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5
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Xu Y, Lin H. Use of alkyne-tagged myristic acid to detect N-terminal myristoylation. Methods Enzymol 2023; 684:191-208. [PMID: 37230589 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Protein N-terminal myristoylation is a lipidic modification typically occurring to the α-amino group of N-terminal glycine residues of proteins. It is catalyzed by the N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) enzyme family. Many studies in the past three decades have highlighted the importance of N-terminal glycine myristoylation as it affects protein localization, protein-protein interaction, and protein stability, thereby regulating multiple biological processes, including immune cell signaling, cancer progression, and infections. This book chapter will present protocols for using alkyne-tagged myristic acid to detect the N-myristoylation of targeted proteins in cell lines and compare global N-myristoylation levels. We then described a protocol of SILAC proteomics that compare the levels of N-myristoylation on a proteomic scale. These assays allow for the identification of potential NMT substrates and the development of novel NMT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilai Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Hening Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.
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Wang Y, Lin R, Liu M, Wang S, Chen H, Zeng W, Nie X, Wang S. N-Myristoyltransferase, a Potential Antifungal Candidate Drug-Target for Aspergillus flavus. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0421222. [PMID: 36541770 PMCID: PMC9927591 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04212-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Aspergillus flavus causes devastating diseases not only to cash crops but also to humans by secreting a series of secondary metabolites called aflatoxins. In the cotranslational or posttranslational process, N-myristoyltransferase (Nmt) is a crucial enzyme that catalyzes the myristate group from myristoyl-coenzyme A (myristoyl-CoA) to the N terminus or internal glycine residue of a protein by forming a covalent bond. Members of the Nmt family execute a diverse range of biological functions across a broad range of fungi. However, the underlying mechanism of AflNmt action in the A. flavus life cycle is unclear, particularly during the growth, development, and secondary metabolic synthesis stages. In the present study, AlfNmt was found to be essential for the development of spore and sclerotia, based on the regulation of the xylose-inducible promoter. AflNmt, located in the cytoplasm of A. flavus, is also involved in modulating aflatoxin (AFB1) in A. flavus, which has not previously been reported in Aspergillus spp. In addition, we purified, characterized, and crystallized the recombinant AflNmt protein (rAflNmt) from the Escherichia coli expression system. Interestingly, the crystal structure of rAlfNmt is moderately different from the models predicted by AlphaFold2 in the N-terminal region, indicating the limitations of machine-learning prediction. In conclusion, these results provide a molecular basis for the functional role of AflNmt in A. flavus and structural insights concerning protein prediction. IMPORTANCE As an opportunistic pathogen, A. flavus causes crop loss due to fungal growth and mycotoxin contamination. Investigating the role of virulence factors during infection and searching for novel drug targets have been popular scientific topics in the field of fungal control. Nmt has become a potential target in some organisms. However, whether Nmt is involved in the developmental stages of A. flavus and aflatoxin synthesis, and whether AlfNmt is an ideal target for structure-based drug design, remains unclear. This study systematically explored and identified the role of AlfNmt in the development of spore and sclerotia, especially in aflatoxin biosynthesis. Moreover, although there is not much difference between the AflNmt model predicted using the AlphaFold2 technique and the structure determined using the X-ray method, current AI prediction models may not be suitable for structure-based drug development. There is still room for further improvements in protein prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ranxun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Mengxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Sen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wanlin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xinyi Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Yang K, Tian J, Keller NP. Post-translational modifications drive secondary metabolite biosynthesis in Aspergillus: a review. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:2857-2881. [PMID: 35645150 PMCID: PMC9545273 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Post‐translational modifications (PTMs) are important for protein function and regulate multiple cellular processes and secondary metabolites (SMs) in fungi. Aspergillus species belong to a genus renown for an abundance of bioactive secondary metabolites, many important as toxins, pharmaceuticals and in industrial production. The genes required for secondary metabolites are typically co‐localized in biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), which often localize in heterochromatic regions of genome and are ‘turned off’ under laboratory condition. Efforts have been made to ‘turn on’ these BGCs by genetic manipulation of histone modifications, which could convert the heterochromatic structure to euchromatin. Additionally, non‐histone PTMs also play critical roles in the regulation of secondary metabolism. In this review, we collate the known roles of epigenetic and PTMs on Aspergillus SM production. We also summarize the proteomics approaches and bioinformatics tools for PTM identification and prediction and provide future perspectives on the emerging roles of PTM on regulation of SM biosynthesis in Aspergillus and other fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlong Yang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Jun Tian
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
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Giglione C, Meinnel T. Mapping the myristoylome through a complete understanding of protein myristoylation biochemistry. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 85:101139. [PMID: 34793862 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein myristoylation is a C14 fatty acid modification found in all living organisms. Myristoylation tags either the N-terminal alpha groups of cysteine or glycine residues through amide bonds or lysine and cysteine side chains directly or indirectly via glycerol thioester and ester linkages. Before transfer to proteins, myristate must be activated into myristoyl coenzyme A in eukaryotes or, in bacteria, to derivatives like phosphatidylethanolamine. Myristate originates through de novo biosynthesis (e.g., plants), from external uptake (e.g., human tissues), or from mixed origins (e.g., unicellular organisms). Myristate usually serves as a molecular anchor, allowing tagged proteins to be targeted to membranes and travel across endomembrane networks in eukaryotes. In this review, we describe and discuss the metabolic origins of protein-bound myristate. We review strategies for in vivo protein labeling that take advantage of click-chemistry with reactive analogs, and we discuss new approaches to the proteome-wide discovery of myristate-containing proteins. The machineries of myristoylation are described, along with how protein targets can be generated directly from translating precursors or from processed proteins. Few myristoylation catalysts are currently described, with only N-myristoyltransferase described to date in eukaryotes. Finally, we describe how viruses and bacteria hijack and exploit myristoylation for their pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Giglione
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Thierry Meinnel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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9
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Kattimani PP, Kamble RR, Nesaragi AR, Kariduraganavar MY, Joshi SD, Dodamani SS, Jalalpure SS. Novel pyrazole derivatives via ring transformations: Anti-inflammatory and antifungal activity studies. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2021.1964530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pramod P. Kattimani
- Department of Chemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad, India
- J.S.S. Arts, Science & Commerce College, Gokak, India
| | | | | | | | - Shrinivas D. Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, S.E.T’s College of Pharmacy, Dharwad, India
| | - Suneel S. Dodamani
- Dr. Prabhakar Kore Basic Science Research Centre, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi, India
| | - Sunil S. Jalalpure
- Dr. Prabhakar Kore Basic Science Research Centre, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi, India
- Dr. Prabhakar Kore Basic Science Research Centre, KLE College of Pharmacy, KLE Academy of Higher, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi, India
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10
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Liu W, Triplett L, Chen XL. Emerging Roles of Posttranslational Modifications in Plant-Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 59:99-124. [PMID: 33909479 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021320-010948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) play crucial roles in regulating protein function and thereby control many cellular processes and biological phenotypes in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Several recent studies illustrate how plant fungal and bacterial pathogens use these PTMs to facilitate development, stress response, and host infection. In this review, we discuss PTMs that have key roles in the biological and infection processes of plant-pathogenic fungi and bacteria. The emerging roles of PTMs during pathogen-plant interactions are highlighted. We also summarize traditional tools and emerging proteomics approaches for PTM research. These discoveries open new avenues for investigating the fundamental infection mechanisms of plant pathogens and the discovery of novel strategies for plant disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Lindsay Triplett
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA;
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
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11
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Suazo KF, Park KY, Distefano MD. A Not-So-Ancient Grease History: Click Chemistry and Protein Lipid Modifications. Chem Rev 2021; 121:7178-7248. [PMID: 33821625 PMCID: PMC8820976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein lipid modification involves the attachment of hydrophobic groups to proteins via ester, thioester, amide, or thioether linkages. In this review, the specific click chemical reactions that have been employed to study protein lipid modification and their use for specific labeling applications are first described. This is followed by an introduction to the different types of protein lipid modifications that occur in biology. Next, the roles of click chemistry in elucidating specific biological features including the identification of lipid-modified proteins, studies of their regulation, and their role in diseases are presented. A description of the use of protein-lipid modifying enzymes for specific labeling applications including protein immobilization, fluorescent labeling, nanostructure assembly, and the construction of protein-drug conjugates is presented next. Concluding remarks and future directions are presented in the final section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiall F. Suazo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Keun-Young Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Mark D. Distefano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
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12
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Molecular targets for antifungals in amino acid and protein biosynthetic pathways. Amino Acids 2021; 53:961-991. [PMID: 34081205 PMCID: PMC8241756 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Fungi cause death of over 1.5 million people every year, while cutaneous mycoses are among the most common infections in the world. Mycoses vary greatly in severity, there are long-term skin (ringworm), nail or hair infections (tinea capitis), recurrent like vaginal candidiasis or severe, life-threatening systemic, multiorgan infections. In the last few years, increasing importance is attached to the health and economic problems caused by fungal pathogens. There is a growing need for improvement of the availability of antifungal drugs, decreasing their prices and reducing side effects. Searching for novel approaches in this respect, amino acid and protein biosynthesis pathways appear to be competitive. The route that leads from amino acid biosynthesis to protein folding and its activation is rich in enzymes that are descriptive of fungi. Blocking the action of those enzymes often leads to avirulence or growth inhibition. In this review, we want to trace the principal processes of fungi vitality. We present the data of genes encoding enzymes involved in amino acid and protein biosynthesis, potential molecular targets in antifungal chemotherapy, and describe the impact of inhibitors on fungal organisms.
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13
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Current Promising Therapeutic Targets for Aspergillosis Treatment. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.2.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillosis is a fungal disease caused by different species of Aspergillus. They live in soil,dust and decomposed material. Number of Aspergillus species found till now is about 300 and more are still to be identified. Only few Aspergillus species can cause human disease and the most common species for human infection is Aspergillus fumigatus, which is a ubiquitous airborne saprophytic fungus. Severity of the disease ranges from an allergic response to life-threatening generalized infection. They grow optimally at 37°C and can grow upto 50°C. The fungal conidia are being constantly inhaled by humans and animals everyday normally gets eliminated by innate immune mechanism. Due to increasing number of immunocompromised patients, severe and fatal Aspergillosis cases have augmented. Currently, available antifungal drug for the treatment of Aspergillosis act on these three molecular target are 14 alpha demethylase for Azoles, ergosterol for Polyene and β-1,3-glucan synthase for Echinocandin. These antifungal drug show high resistance problem and toxicity. So, it is high time to develop new drugs for treatment with reduced toxicity and drug resistant problem. Synthesis of essential amino acid is absent in human as they obtain it from their diet but fungi synthesis these amino acid. Thus, enzymes in this pathway acts as novel drug target. This article summarizes promising drug targets presents in different metabolic pathway of Aspergillus genome and discusses their molecular functions in detail. This review also list down the inhibitors of these novel target. We present a comprehensive review that will pave way for discovery and development of novel antifungals against these drug targets for Aspergillosis treatment.
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14
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Kaur H, Gahlawat S, Singh J, Narasimhan B. Molecular Docking Study of Active Diazenyl Scaffolds as Inhibitors of Essential Targets Towards Antimicrobial Drug Discovery. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:1587-1602. [PMID: 31215386 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190618122359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diazenyl compounds (-N=N- linkage) have been reported to have antimicrobial activity. In modern drug discovery, the drug-receptor interactions are generally explored by the molecular docking studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three categories of diazenyl scaffolds were screened for the docking studies to explore the binding mechanism of interaction with various microbial targets. The diazenyl Schiff bases (SBN-20, SBN-21, SBN-25, SBN-33, SBN-39, SBN-40 and SBN-42), naphthol pharmacophore based diazenyl Schiff bases (NS-2, NS-8, NS-12, NS-15, NS-21, and NS-23), morpholine based diazenyl chalcones (MD-6, MD-9, MD-14, MD-16, MD-20, and MD-21) were docked against various bacterial and fungal proteins in comparison with different standard drugs. Further, the drug likeliness and ADME properties of these molecules were predicted by QikProp module of the Schrodinger software. RESULTS Most of the derivatives had shown less docking scores and binding energies towards bacterial proteins, such as dihydropteroate synthase (PDB:2VEG), glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase (PDB:2VF5), dihydrofolate reductase (PDB:3SRW) in comparison with the standard drugs. The naphthol based diazenyl Schiff bases NS-21 and NS-23 were predicted to act on the cytochrome P450 sterol 14-alpha-demethylase (CYP51) (PDB:5FSA) involved in sterol biosynthesis, an essential target for antifungal drugs. The derivative MD-6, NS-2, NS-21, and NS-23 had shown high docking scores against bacterial DNA topoisomerase (PDB:3TTZ) in comparison with the standard drug ciprofloxacin. Further, most of the synthesized derivatives had shown drug like characters. CONCLUSION Hence, these compounds can be developed as novel antibacterial agents as potent DNA topoisomerase inhibitors and antifungal agents as CYP51 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmeet Kaur
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001, India
| | - Sudhir Gahlawat
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001, India
| | - Jasbir Singh
- College of Pharmacy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak-124001, India
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15
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Synthesis, antimicrobial and antioxidant evaluation, and molecular docking study of 4,5-disubstituted 1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Li HZ, Ren Z, Reddy NV, Hou T, Zhang ZJ. In silico evaluation of antimicrobial, antihyaluronidase and bioavailability parameters of rosmarinic acid in Perilla frutescens leaf extracts. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-03323-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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17
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Bell AS, Yu Z, Hutton JA, Wright MH, Brannigan JA, Paape D, Roberts SM, Sutherell CL, Ritzefeld M, Wilkinson AJ, Smith DF, Leatherbarrow RJ, Tate EW. Novel Thienopyrimidine Inhibitors of Leishmania N-Myristoyltransferase with On-Target Activity in Intracellular Amastigotes. J Med Chem 2020; 63:7740-7765. [PMID: 32575985 PMCID: PMC7383931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The
leishmaniases, caused by Leishmania species
of protozoan parasites, are neglected tropical diseases with millions
of cases worldwide. Current therapeutic approaches are limited by
toxicity, resistance, and cost. N-Myristoyltransferase
(NMT), an enzyme ubiquitous and essential in all eukaryotes, has been
validated via genetic and pharmacological methods as a promising anti-leishmanial
target. Here we describe a comprehensive structure–activity
relationship (SAR) study of a thienopyrimidine series previously identified
in a high-throughput screen against Leishmania NMT,
across 68 compounds in enzyme- and cell-based assay formats. Using
a chemical tagging target engagement biomarker assay, we identify
the first inhibitor in this series with on-target NMT activity in
leishmania parasites. Furthermore, crystal structure analyses of 12
derivatives in complex with Leishmania major NMT revealed key factors important for future structure-guided optimization
delivering IMP-105 (43), a compound with modest activity
against Leishmania donovani intracellular
amastigotes and excellent selectivity (>660-fold) for Leishmania NMT over human NMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Bell
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, U.K. W12 0BZ
| | - Zhiyong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, U.K. W12 0BZ
| | - Jennie A Hutton
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, U.K. W12 0BZ
| | - Megan H Wright
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K. LS2 9JT
| | - James A Brannigan
- Structural Biology Laboratory, York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, U.K. YO10 5DD
| | - Daniel Paape
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, U.K. YO10 5NG
| | - Shirley M Roberts
- Structural Biology Laboratory, York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, U.K. YO10 5DD
| | - Charlotte L Sutherell
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, U.K. W12 0BZ
| | - Markus Ritzefeld
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, U.K. W12 0BZ
| | - Anthony J Wilkinson
- Structural Biology Laboratory, York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, U.K. YO10 5DD
| | - Deborah F Smith
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, U.K. YO10 5NG
| | - Robin J Leatherbarrow
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, U.K. W12 0BZ
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, U.K. W12 0BZ
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18
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Kosciuk T, Lin H. N-Myristoyltransferase as a Glycine and Lysine Myristoyltransferase in Cancer, Immunity, and Infections. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:1747-1758. [PMID: 32453941 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein myristoylation, the addition of a 14-carbon saturated acyl group, is an abundant modification implicated in biological events as diverse as development, immunity, oncogenesis, and infections. N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) is the enzyme that catalyzes this modification. Many elegant studies have established the rules guiding the catalysis including substrate amino acid sequence requirements with the indispensable N-terminal glycine, and a co-translational mode of action. Recent advances in technology such as the development of fatty acid analogs, small molecule inhibitors, and new proteomic strategies, allowed a deeper insight into the NMT activity and function. Here we focus on discussing recent work demonstrating that NMT is also a lysine myristoyltransferase, the enzyme's regulation by a previously unnoticed solvent channel, and the mechanism of NMT regulation by protein-protein interactions. We also summarize recent findings on NMT's role in cancer, immunity, and infections and the advances in pharmacological targeting of myristoylation. Our analyses highlight opportunities for further understanding and discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsiana Kosciuk
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Hening Lin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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19
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Fedoryshchak RO, Ocasio CA, Strutton B, Mattocks J, Corran AJ, Tate EW. Wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici N-myristoyltransferase inhibitors: on-target antifungal activity and an unusual metabolic defense mechanism. RSC Chem Biol 2020; 1:68-78. [PMID: 34458749 PMCID: PMC8341946 DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00020e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Zymoseptoria tritici is the causative agent of Septoria tritici blotch (STB), which costs billions of dollars annually to major wheat-producing countries in terms of both fungicide use and crop loss. Agricultural pathogenic fungi have acquired resistance to most commercially available fungicide classes, and the rate of discovery and development of new fungicides has stalled, demanding new approaches and insights. Here we investigate a potential mechanism of targeting an important wheat pathogen Z. tritici via inhibition of N-myristoyltransferase (NMT). We characterize Z. tritici NMT biochemically for the first time, profile the in vivo Z. tritici myristoylated proteome and identify and validate the first Z. tritici NMT inhibitors. Proteomic investigation of the downstream effects of NMT inhibition identified an unusual and novel mechanism of defense against chemical toxicity in Z. tritici through the application of comparative bioinformatics to deconvolute function from the previously largely unannotated Z. tritici proteome. Research into novel fungicidal modes-of-action is essential to satisfy an urgent unmet need for novel fungicide targets, and we anticipate that this study will serve as a useful proteomics and bioinformatics resource for researchers studying Z. tritici.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman O Fedoryshchak
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
- The Francis Crick Institute 1 Midland Rd London NW1 1AT UK
| | - Cory A Ocasio
- The Francis Crick Institute 1 Midland Rd London NW1 1AT UK
| | | | - Jo Mattocks
- Syngenta AG, Jealott's Hill Research Centre Bracknell UK
| | | | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
- The Francis Crick Institute 1 Midland Rd London NW1 1AT UK
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20
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Schlott AC, Mayclin S, Reers AR, Coburn-Flynn O, Bell AS, Green J, Knuepfer E, Charter D, Bonnert R, Campo B, Burrows J, Lyons-Abbott S, Staker BL, Chung CW, Myler PJ, Fidock DA, Tate EW, Holder AA. Structure-Guided Identification of Resistance Breaking Antimalarial N‑Myristoyltransferase Inhibitors. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:991-1000.e7. [PMID: 31080074 PMCID: PMC6658617 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The attachment of myristate to the N-terminal glycine of certain proteins is largely a co-translational modification catalyzed by N-myristoyltransferase (NMT), and involved in protein membrane-localization. Pathogen NMT is a validated therapeutic target in numerous infectious diseases including malaria. In Plasmodium falciparum, NMT substrates are important in essential processes including parasite gliding motility and host cell invasion. Here, we generated parasites resistant to a particular NMT inhibitor series and show that resistance in an in vitro parasite growth assay is mediated by a single amino acid substitution in the NMT substrate-binding pocket. The basis of resistance was validated and analyzed with a structure-guided approach using crystallography, in combination with enzyme activity, stability, and surface plasmon resonance assays, allowing identification of another inhibitor series unaffected by this substitution. We suggest that resistance studies incorporated early in the drug development process help selection of drug combinations to impede rapid evolution of parasite resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja C Schlott
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College, White City Campus Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Stephen Mayclin
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, WA 98109, USA; UCB Pharma, 7869 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA
| | - Alexandra R Reers
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, USA
| | - Olivia Coburn-Flynn
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Andrew S Bell
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College, White City Campus Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Judith Green
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ellen Knuepfer
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - David Charter
- Structural and Biophysical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Roger Bonnert
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Route de Pré-Bois 20, Post Box 1826, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Brice Campo
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Route de Pré-Bois 20, Post Box 1826, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy Burrows
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Route de Pré-Bois 20, Post Box 1826, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Sally Lyons-Abbott
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, USA
| | - Bart L Staker
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, USA
| | - Chun-Wa Chung
- Structural and Biophysical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK; Crick-GSK Biomedical LinkLabs, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, UK
| | - Peter J Myler
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics & Medical Education, University of Washington, Seattle, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - David A Fidock
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Edward W Tate
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College, White City Campus Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK.
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21
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Suwanmanee S, Mahakhunkijcharoen Y, Ampawong S, Leaungwutiwong P, Missé D, Luplertlop N. Inhibition of N-myristoyltransferase1 affects dengue virus replication. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e00831. [PMID: 30848105 PMCID: PMC6741125 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) causes dengue fever, a self‐limiting disease that could be fatal due to serious complications. No specific treatment is currently available and the preventative vaccine is only partially protective. To develop a potential drug target for dengue fever, we need to understand its biology and pathogenesis thoroughly. N‐myristoyltransferase (NMT) is an N‐terminal protein lipidation enzyme that catalyzes the covalent cotranslational attachment of fatty acids to the amino‐terminal glycine residue of a number of proteins, leading to the modulation of various signaling molecules. In this study, we investigated the interaction of dengue viral proteins with host NMT and its subsequent effect on DENV. Our bioinformatics, molecular docking, and far‐western blotting analyses demonstrated the interaction of viral envelope protein (E) with NMT. The gene expression of NMT was strongly elevated in a dependent manner during the viral replication phase in dendritic cells. Moreover, NMT gene silencing significantly inhibited DENV replication in dendritic cells. Further studies investigating the target cell types of other host factors are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- San Suwanmanee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yuvadee Mahakhunkijcharoen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sumate Ampawong
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pornsawan Leaungwutiwong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dorothée Missé
- MIVEGEC UMR 224, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Natthanej Luplertlop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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22
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Veale CGL. Unpacking the Pathogen Box-An Open Source Tool for Fighting Neglected Tropical Disease. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:386-453. [PMID: 30614200 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Pathogen Box is a 400-strong collection of drug-like compounds, selected for their potential against several of the world's most important neglected tropical diseases, including trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, cryptosporidiosis, toxoplasmosis, filariasis, schistosomiasis, dengue virus and trichuriasis, in addition to malaria and tuberculosis. This library represents an ensemble of numerous successful drug discovery programmes from around the globe, aimed at providing a powerful resource to stimulate open source drug discovery for diseases threatening the most vulnerable communities in the world. This review seeks to provide an in-depth analysis of the literature pertaining to the compounds in the Pathogen Box, including structure-activity relationship highlights, mechanisms of action, related compounds with reported activity against different diseases, and, where appropriate, discussion on the known and putative targets of compounds, thereby providing context and increasing the accessibility of the Pathogen Box to the drug discovery community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton G L Veale
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
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23
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Liu N, Tu J, Dong G, Wang Y, Sheng C. Emerging New Targets for the Treatment of Resistant Fungal Infections. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5484-5511. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Tu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
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24
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Peng T, Hang HC. Chemical Proteomic Profiling of Protein Fatty-Acylation in Microbial Pathogens. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018; 420:93-110. [PMID: 30128826 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Protein fatty-acylation describes the covalent modification of protein with fatty acids during or after translation. Chemical proteomic profiling methods have provided new opportunities to explore protein fatty-acylation in microbial pathogens. Recent studies suggest that protein fatty-acylation is essential to survival and pathogenesis of eukaryotic pathogens such as parasites and fungi. Moreover, fatty-acylation in host cells can be exploited or manipulated by pathogenic bacteria. Herein, we first review the prevalent classes of fatty-acylation in microbial pathogens and the chemical proteomic profiling methods for their global analysis. We then summarize recent fatty-acylation profiling studies performed in eukaryotic pathogens and during bacterial infections, highlighting how they contribute to functional characterization of fatty-acylation under these contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Howard C Hang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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25
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Bayliss T, Robinson DA, Smith VC, Brand S, McElroy SP, Torrie LS, Mpamhanga C, Norval S, Stojanovski L, Brenk R, Frearson JA, Read KD, Gilbert IH, Wyatt PG. Design and Synthesis of Brain Penetrant Trypanocidal N-Myristoyltransferase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9790-9806. [PMID: 29125744 PMCID: PMC5734605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) represents a promising drug target within the parasitic protozoa Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei), the causative agent for human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness. We have previously validated T. brucei NMT as a promising druggable target for the treatment of HAT in both stages 1 and 2 of the disease. We report on the use of the previously reported DDD85646 (1) as a starting point for the design of a class of potent, brain penetrant inhibitors of T. brucei NMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Bayliss
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - David A Robinson
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Victoria C Smith
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Stephen Brand
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Stuart P McElroy
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Leah S Torrie
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Chido Mpamhanga
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Suzanne Norval
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Laste Stojanovski
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Ruth Brenk
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Julie A Frearson
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Kevin D Read
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Ian H Gilbert
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Paul G Wyatt
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
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Buuh ZY, Lyu Z, Wang RE. Interrogating the Roles of Post-Translational Modifications of Non-Histone Proteins. J Med Chem 2017; 61:3239-3252. [PMID: 28505447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) allot versatility to the biological functions of highly conserved proteins. Recently, modifications to non-histone proteins such as methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, and many more have been linked to the regulation of pivotal pathways related to cellular response and stability. Due to the roles these dynamic modifications assume, their dysregulation has been associated with cancer and many other important diseases such as inflammatory disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. For this reason, we present a review and perspective on important post-translational modifications on non-histone proteins, with emphasis on their roles in diseases and small molecule inhibitors developed to target PTM writers. Certain PTMs' contribution to epigenetics has been extensively expounded; yet more efforts will be needed to systematically dissect their roles on non-histone proteins, especially for their relationships with nononcological diseases. Finally, current research approaches for PTM study will be discussed and compared, including limitations and possible improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakey Yusuf Buuh
- Department of Chemistry , Temple University , 1901 N. 13th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19122 , United States
| | - Zhigang Lyu
- Department of Chemistry , Temple University , 1901 N. 13th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19122 , United States
| | - Rongsheng E Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Temple University , 1901 N. 13th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19122 , United States
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27
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Thinon E, Morales-Sanfrutos J, Mann DJ, Tate EW. N-Myristoyltransferase Inhibition Induces ER-Stress, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Apoptosis in Cancer Cells. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:2165-76. [PMID: 27267252 PMCID: PMC5077176 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) covalently attaches a C14 fatty acid to the N-terminal glycine of proteins and has been proposed as a therapeutic target in cancer. We have recently shown that selective NMT inhibition leads to dose-responsive loss of N-myristoylation on more than 100 protein targets in cells, and cytotoxicity in cancer cells. N-myristoylation lies upstream of multiple pro-proliferative and oncogenic pathways, but to date the complex substrate specificity of NMT has limited determination of which diseases are most likely to respond to a selective NMT inhibitor. We describe here the phenotype of NMT inhibition in HeLa cells and show that cells die through apoptosis following or concurrent with accumulation in the G1 phase. We used quantitative proteomics to map protein expression changes for more than 2700 proteins in response to treatment with an NMT inhibitor in HeLa cells and observed down-regulation of proteins involved in cell cycle regulation and up-regulation of proteins involved in the endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response, with similar results in breast (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231) and colon (HCT116) cancer cell lines. This study describes the cellular response to NMT inhibition at the proteome level and provides a starting point for selective targeting of specific diseases with NMT inhibitors, potentially in combination with other targeted agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Thinon
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW72AZ, United Kingdom
- Department
of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW72AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Morales-Sanfrutos
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW72AZ, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Mann
- Department
of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW72AZ, United Kingdom
- Institute
of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW72AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Edward W. Tate
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW72AZ, United Kingdom
- Institute
of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW72AZ, United Kingdom
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28
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Salah Ud-Din AIM, Tikhomirova A, Roujeinikova A. Structure and Functional Diversity of GCN5-Related N-Acetyltransferases (GNAT). Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1018. [PMID: 27367672 PMCID: PMC4964394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
General control non-repressible 5 (GCN5)-related N-acetyltransferases (GNAT) catalyze the transfer of an acyl moiety from acyl coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) to a diverse group of substrates and are widely distributed in all domains of life. This review of the currently available data acquired on GNAT enzymes by a combination of structural, mutagenesis and kinetic methods summarizes the key similarities and differences between several distinctly different families within the GNAT superfamily, with an emphasis on the mechanistic insights obtained from the analysis of the complexes with substrates or inhibitors. It discusses the structural basis for the common acetyltransferase mechanism, outlines the factors important for the substrate recognition, and describes the mechanism of action of inhibitors of these enzymes. It is anticipated that understanding of the structural basis behind the reaction and substrate specificity of the enzymes from this superfamily can be exploited in the development of novel therapeutics to treat human diseases and combat emerging multidrug-resistant microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Iftiaf Md Salah Ud-Din
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Alexandra Tikhomirova
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Anna Roujeinikova
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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29
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Hemalatha K, Madhumitha G, Ravi L, Khanna VG, Al-Dhabi NA, Arasu MV. Binding mode of dihydroquinazolinones with lysozyme and its antifungal activity against Aspergillus species. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 161:71-9. [PMID: 27214045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillosis is one of the infectious fungal diseases affecting mainly the immunocompromised patients. The scarcity of the antifungal targets has identified the importance of N-myristoyl transferase (NMT) in the regulation of fungal pathway. The dihydroquinazolinone molecules were designed on the basis of fragments responsible for binding with the target enzyme. The aryl halide, 1(a-g), aryl boronic acid and potassium carbonate were heated together in water and dioxane mixture to yield new CC bond formation in dihydroquinazolinone. The bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride was used as catalyst for the CC bond formation. The synthesized series were screened for their in vitro antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus. The binding interactions of the active compound with lysozyme were explored using multiple spectroscopic studies. Molecular docking study of dihydroquinazolinones with the enzyme revealed the information regarding various binding forces involved in the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hemalatha
- Chemistry of Heterocycles & Natural Product Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G Madhumitha
- Chemistry of Heterocycles & Natural Product Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Lokesh Ravi
- Division of Bio-medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V Gopiesh Khanna
- Division of Bio-medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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30
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All about that fat: Lipid modification of proteins in Cryptococcus neoformans. J Microbiol 2016; 54:212-22. [PMID: 26920881 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-016-5626-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipid modification of proteins is a widespread, essential process whereby fatty acids, cholesterol, isoprenoids, phospholipids, or glycosylphospholipids are attached to polypeptides. These hydrophobic groups may affect protein structure, function, localization, and/or stability; as a consequence such modifications play critical regulatory roles in cellular systems. Recent advances in chemical biology and proteomics have allowed the profiling of modified proteins, enabling dissection of the functional consequences of lipid addition. The enzymes that mediate lipid modification are specific for both the lipid and protein substrates, and are conserved from fungi to humans. In this article we review these enzymes, their substrates, and the processes involved in eukaryotic lipid modification of proteins. We further focus on its occurrence in the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, highlighting unique features that are both relevant for the biology of the organism and potentially important in the search for new therapies.
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Han XY, Zhong YF, Li SB, Liang GC, Zhou G, Wang XK, Chen BH, Song YL. Synthesis, Characterization and Antifungal Evaluation of Novel Thiochromanone Derivatives Containing Indole Skeleton. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:1411-6. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c16-00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Han
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University
| | - Yi-Fan Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University
| | - Sheng-Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University
| | - Guo-Chao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University
| | - Guan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University
| | - Xiao-Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University
| | - Bao-Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University
| | - Ya-Li Song
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University
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Cairns TC, Studholme DJ, Talbot NJ, Haynes K. New and Improved Techniques for the Study of Pathogenic Fungi. Trends Microbiol 2015; 24:35-50. [PMID: 26549580 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens pose serious threats to human, plant, and ecosystem health. Improved diagnostics and antifungal strategies are therefore urgently required. Here, we review recent developments in online bioinformatic tools and associated interactive data archives, which enable sophisticated comparative genomics and functional analysis of fungal pathogens in silico. Additionally, we highlight cutting-edge experimental techniques, including conditional expression systems, recyclable markers, RNA interference, genome editing, compound screens, infection models, and robotic automation, which are promising to revolutionize the study of both human and plant pathogenic fungi. These novel techniques will allow vital knowledge gaps to be addressed with regard to the evolution of virulence, host-pathogen interactions and antifungal drug therapies in both the clinic and agriculture. This, in turn, will enable delivery of improved diagnosis and durable disease-control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Cairns
- Institut für Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer Allee 22, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | - Ken Haynes
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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