1
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Suigo L, Monterroso B, Sobrinos-Sanguino M, Alfonso C, Straniero V, Rivas G, Zorrilla S, Valoti E, Margolin W. Benzodioxane-benzamides as promising inhibitors of Escherichia coli FtsZ. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126398. [PMID: 37634788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The conserved process of cell division in bacteria has been a long-standing target for antimicrobials, although there are few examples of potent broad-spectrum compounds that inhibit this process. Most currently available compounds acting on division are directed towards the FtsZ protein, a self-assembling GTPase that is a central element of the division machinery in most bacteria. Benzodioxane-benzamides are promising candidates, but poorly explored in Gram-negatives. We have tested a number of these compounds on E. coli FtsZ and found that many of them significantly stabilized the polymers against disassembly and reduced the GTPase activity. Reconstitution in crowded cell-like conditions showed that FtsZ bundles were also susceptible to these compounds, including some compounds that were inactive on protofilaments in dilute conditions. They efficiently killed E. coli cells defective in the AcrAB efflux pump. The activity of the compounds on cell growth and division generally showed a good correlation with their effect in vitro, and our experiments are consistent with FtsZ being the target in vivo. Our results uncover the detrimental effects of benzodioxane-benzamides on permeable E. coli cells via its central division protein, implying that lead compounds may be found within this class for the development of antibiotics against Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Suigo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli, 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Begoña Monterroso
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Sobrinos-Sanguino
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Alfonso
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Valentina Straniero
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli, 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Germán Rivas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Zorrilla
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ermanno Valoti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli, 25, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - William Margolin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas, Houston 77030, TX, USA.
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2
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Models versus pathogens: how conserved is the FtsZ in bacteria? Biosci Rep 2023; 43:232502. [PMID: 36695643 PMCID: PMC9939409 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20221664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Combating anti-microbial resistance by developing alternative strategies is the need of the hour. Cell division, particularly FtsZ, is being extensively studied for its potential as an alternative target for anti-bacterial therapy. Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli are the two well-studied models for research on FtsZ, the leader protein of the cell division machinery. As representatives of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, respectively, these organisms have provided an extensive outlook into the process of cell division in rod-shaped bacteria. However, research on other shapes of bacteria, like cocci and ovococci, lags behind that of model rods. Even though most regions of FtsZ show sequence and structural conservation throughout bacteria, the differences in FtsZ functioning and interacting partners establish several different modes of division in different bacteria. In this review, we compare the features of FtsZ and cell division in the model rods B. subtilis and E. coli and the four pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Reviewing several recent articles on these pathogenic bacteria, we have highlighted the functioning of FtsZ, the unique roles of FtsZ-associated proteins, and the cell division processes in them. Further, we provide a detailed look at the anti-FtsZ compounds discovered and their target bacteria, emphasizing the need for elucidation of the anti-FtsZ mechanism of action in different bacteria. Current challenges and opportunities in the ongoing journey of identifying potent anti-FtsZ drugs have also been described.
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3
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Andreu JM, Huecas S, Araújo-Bazán L, Vázquez-Villa H, Martín-Fontecha M. The Search for Antibacterial Inhibitors Targeting Cell Division Protein FtsZ at Its Nucleotide and Allosteric Binding Sites. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081825. [PMID: 36009372 PMCID: PMC9405007 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The global spread of bacterial antimicrobial resistance is associated to millions of deaths from bacterial infections per year, many of which were previously treatable. This, combined with slow antibiotic deployment, has created an urgent need for developing new antibiotics. A still clinically unexploited mode of action consists in suppressing bacterial cell division. FtsZ, an assembling GTPase, is the key protein organizing division in most bacteria and an attractive target for antibiotic discovery. Nevertheless, developing effective antibacterial inhibitors targeting FtsZ has proven challenging. Here we review our decade-long multidisciplinary research on small molecule inhibitors of bacterial division, in the context of global efforts to discover FtsZ-targeting antibiotics. We focus on methods to characterize synthetic inhibitors that either replace bound GTP from the FtsZ nucleotide binding pocket conserved across diverse bacteria or selectively bind into the allosteric site at the interdomain cleft of FtsZ from Bacillus subtilis and the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. These approaches include phenotype screening combined with fluorescence polarization screens for ligands binding into each site, followed by detailed cytological profiling, and biochemical and structural studies. The results are analyzed to design an optimized workflow to identify effective FtsZ inhibitors, and new approaches for the discovery of FtsZ-targeting antibiotics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Andreu
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.H.); (L.A.-B.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.A.); (M.M.-F.)
| | - Sonia Huecas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.H.); (L.A.-B.)
| | - Lidia Araújo-Bazán
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.H.); (L.A.-B.)
| | - Henar Vázquez-Villa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Mar Martín-Fontecha
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.A.); (M.M.-F.)
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4
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Rosado-Lugo JD, Sun Y, Banerjee A, Cao Y, Datta P, Zhang Y, Yuan Y, Parhi AK. Evaluation of 2,6-difluoro-3-(oxazol-2-ylmethoxy)benzamide chemotypes as Gram-negative FtsZ inhibitors. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2022; 75:385-395. [PMID: 35618784 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-022-00531-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
FtsZ inhibitors represent a new drug class as no drugs using this mode of action (MOA) have been approved by regulators. 3-alkoxy substituted 2,6-difluorobenzamide scaffold is one of the most studied FtsZ inhibitors among which the most promising anti-MRSA candidate TXA709 is in clinical trial. In this paper, we present the screening and evaluation of a benzamide class that is functionalized at the alkoxy fragment targeting Gram-negative bacteria. The variations in 3-alkoxy substitutions, specifically the hydroxylated alkyl residues to the secondary and stereogenic pseudo-benzylic carbon of their methyleneoxy linker, are particularly active against K. pneumoniae ATCC 10031 in marked contrast to the derivatives related to PC190723, all of which were inactive against Gram-negative bacteria. The two lead molecules TXA6101 and TXY6129 inhibit the polymerization of E. coli FtsZ in a concentration-dependent manner and induce changes in the morphology of E. coli and K. pneumoniae consistent with inhibition of cell division. These classes of compounds, however, were found to be substrates for efflux pumps in Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus D Rosado-Lugo
- TAXIS Pharmaceuticals, Inc., R&D Department, 9 Deer Park Drive, Suite J-15, Monmouth Junction, NJ, 08852, USA
| | - Yangsheng Sun
- TAXIS Pharmaceuticals, Inc., R&D Department, 9 Deer Park Drive, Suite J-15, Monmouth Junction, NJ, 08852, USA
| | - Anamika Banerjee
- TAXIS Pharmaceuticals, Inc., R&D Department, 9 Deer Park Drive, Suite J-15, Monmouth Junction, NJ, 08852, USA
| | - Yanlu Cao
- TAXIS Pharmaceuticals, Inc., R&D Department, 9 Deer Park Drive, Suite J-15, Monmouth Junction, NJ, 08852, USA
| | - Pratik Datta
- TAXIS Pharmaceuticals, Inc., R&D Department, 9 Deer Park Drive, Suite J-15, Monmouth Junction, NJ, 08852, USA
| | - Yongzheng Zhang
- TAXIS Pharmaceuticals, Inc., R&D Department, 9 Deer Park Drive, Suite J-15, Monmouth Junction, NJ, 08852, USA
| | - Yi Yuan
- TAXIS Pharmaceuticals, Inc., R&D Department, 9 Deer Park Drive, Suite J-15, Monmouth Junction, NJ, 08852, USA
| | - Ajit K Parhi
- TAXIS Pharmaceuticals, Inc., R&D Department, 9 Deer Park Drive, Suite J-15, Monmouth Junction, NJ, 08852, USA.
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5
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Pradhan P, Margolin W, Beuria TK. Targeting the Achilles Heel of FtsZ: The Interdomain Cleft. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:732796. [PMID: 34566937 PMCID: PMC8456036 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.732796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Widespread antimicrobial resistance among bacterial pathogens is a serious threat to public health. Thus, identification of new targets and development of new antibacterial agents are urgently needed. Although cell division is a major driver of bacterial colonization and pathogenesis, its targeting with antibacterial compounds is still in its infancy. FtsZ, a bacterial cytoskeletal homolog of eukaryotic tubulin, plays a highly conserved and foundational role in cell division and has been the primary focus of research on small molecule cell division inhibitors. FtsZ contains two drug-binding pockets: the GTP binding site situated at the interface between polymeric subunits, and the inter-domain cleft (IDC), located between the N-terminal and C-terminal segments of the core globular domain of FtsZ. The majority of anti-FtsZ molecules bind to the IDC. Compounds that bind instead to the GTP binding site are much less useful as potential antimicrobial therapeutics because they are often cytotoxic to mammalian cells, due to the high sequence similarity between the GTP binding sites of FtsZ and tubulin. Fortunately, the IDC has much less sequence and structural similarity with tubulin, making it a better potential target for drugs that are less toxic to humans. Over the last decade, a large number of natural and synthetic IDC inhibitors have been identified. Here we outline the molecular structure of IDC in detail and discuss how it has become a crucial target for broad spectrum and species-specific antibacterial agents. We also outline the drugs that bind to the IDC and their modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinkilata Pradhan
- Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - William Margolin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
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6
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Huecas S, Araújo-Bazán L, Ruiz FM, Ruiz-Ávila LB, Martínez RF, Escobar-Peña A, Artola M, Vázquez-Villa H, Martín-Fontecha M, Fernández-Tornero C, López-Rodríguez ML, Andreu JM. Targeting the FtsZ Allosteric Binding Site with a Novel Fluorescence Polarization Screen, Cytological and Structural Approaches for Antibacterial Discovery. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5730-5745. [PMID: 33908781 PMCID: PMC8478281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics makes previously manageable infections again disabling and lethal, highlighting the need for new antibacterial strategies. In this regard, inhibition of the bacterial division process by targeting key protein FtsZ has been recognized as an attractive approach for discovering new antibiotics. Binding of small molecules to the cleft between the N-terminal guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding and the C-terminal subdomains allosterically impairs the FtsZ function, eventually inhibiting bacterial division. Nonetheless, the lack of appropriate chemical tools to develop a binding screen against this site has hampered the discovery of FtsZ antibacterial inhibitors. Herein, we describe the first competitive binding assay to identify FtsZ allosteric ligands interacting with the interdomain cleft, based on the use of specific high-affinity fluorescent probes. This novel assay, together with phenotypic profiling and X-ray crystallographic insights, enables the identification and characterization of FtsZ inhibitors of bacterial division aiming at the discovery of more effective antibacterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Huecas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Araújo-Bazán
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico M Ruiz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura B Ruiz-Ávila
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R Fernando Martínez
- Dept. Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UCM, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Escobar-Peña
- Dept. Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UCM, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Artola
- Dept. Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UCM, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Henar Vázquez-Villa
- Dept. Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UCM, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Martín-Fontecha
- Dept. Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UCM, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Fernández-Tornero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María L López-Rodríguez
- Dept. Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UCM, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Andreu
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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7
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Silber N, Matos de Opitz CL, Mayer C, Sass P. Cell division protein FtsZ: from structure and mechanism to antibiotic target. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:801-831. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance to virtually all clinically applied antibiotic classes severely limits the available options to treat bacterial infections. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop and evaluate new antibiotics and targets with resistance-breaking properties. Bacterial cell division has emerged as a new antibiotic target pathway to counteract multidrug-resistant pathogens. New approaches in antibiotic discovery and bacterial cell biology helped to identify compounds that either directly interact with the major cell division protein FtsZ, thereby perturbing the function and dynamics of the cell division machinery, or affect the structural integrity of FtsZ by inducing its degradation. The impressive antimicrobial activities and resistance-breaking properties of certain compounds validate the inhibition of bacterial cell division as a promising strategy for antibiotic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Silber
- Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology & Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Cruz L Matos de Opitz
- Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology & Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Christian Mayer
- Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology & Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Peter Sass
- Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology & Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
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8
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Huecas S, Canosa-Valls AJ, Araújo-Bazán L, Ruiz FM, Laurents DV, Fernández-Tornero C, Andreu JM. Nucleotide-induced folding of cell division protein FtsZ from Staphylococcus aureus. FEBS J 2020; 287:4048-4067. [PMID: 31997533 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The essential bacterial division protein FtsZ uses GTP binding and hydrolysis to assemble into dynamic filaments that treadmill around the Z-ring, guiding septal wall synthesis and cell division. FtsZ is a structural homolog of tubulin and a target for discovering new antibiotics. Here, using FtsZ from the pathogen S. aureus (SaFtsZ), we reveal that, prior to assembly, FtsZ monomers require nucleotide binding for folding; this is possibly relevant to other mesophilic FtsZs. Apo-SaFtsZ is essentially unfolded, as assessed by nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism. Binding of GTP (≥ 1 mm) dramatically shifts the equilibrium toward the active folded protein. Supportingly, SaFtsZ refolded with GDP crystallizes in a native structure. Apo-SaFtsZ also folds with 3.4 m glycerol, enabling high-affinity GTP binding (KD 20 nm determined by isothermal titration calorimetry) similar to thermophilic stable FtsZ. Other stabilizing agents that enhance nucleotide binding include ethylene glycol, trimethylamine N-oxide, and several bacterial osmolytes. High salt stabilizes SaFtsZ without bound nucleotide in an inactive twisted conformation. We identified a cavity behind the SaFtsZ-GDP nucleotide-binding pocket that harbors different small compounds, which is available for extended nucleotide-replacing inhibitors. Furthermore, we devised a competition assay to detect any inhibitors that overlap the nucleotide site of SaFtsZ, or Escherichia coli FtsZ, employing osmolyte-stabilized apo-FtsZs and the specific fluorescence anisotropy change in mant-GTP upon dissociation from the protein. This robust assay provides a basis to screening for high-affinity GTP-replacing ligands, which combined with structural studies and phenotypic profiling should facilitate development of a next generation of FtsZ-targeting antibacterial inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Huecas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Lidia Araújo-Bazán
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico M Ruiz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - José M Andreu
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Casiraghi A, Suigo L, Valoti E, Straniero V. Targeting Bacterial Cell Division: A Binding Site-Centered Approach to the Most Promising Inhibitors of the Essential Protein FtsZ. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E69. [PMID: 32046082 PMCID: PMC7167804 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9020069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Binary fission is the most common mode of bacterial cell division and is mediated by a multiprotein complex denominated the divisome. The constriction of the Z-ring splits the mother bacterial cell into two daughter cells of the same size. The Z-ring is formed by the polymerization of FtsZ, a bacterial protein homologue of eukaryotic tubulin, and it represents the first step of bacterial cytokinesis. The high grade of conservation of FtsZ in most prokaryotic organisms and its relevance in orchestrating the whole division system make this protein a fascinating target in antibiotic research. Indeed, FtsZ inhibition results in the complete blockage of the division system and, consequently, in a bacteriostatic or a bactericidal effect. Since many papers and reviews already discussed the physiology of FtsZ and its auxiliary proteins, as well as the molecular mechanisms in which they are involved, here, we focus on the discussion of the most compelling FtsZ inhibitors, classified by their main protein binding sites and following a medicinal chemistry approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Valentina Straniero
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Luigi Mangiagalli, 25, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.C.); (L.S.); (E.V.)
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10
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FtsZ inhibitors as a new genera of antibacterial agents. Bioorg Chem 2019; 91:103169. [PMID: 31398602 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The continuous emergence and rapid spread of a multidrug-resistant strain of bacterial pathogens have demanded the discovery and development of new antibacterial agents. A highly conserved prokaryotic cell division protein FtsZ is considered as a promising target by inhibiting bacterial cytokinesis. Inhibition of FtsZ assembly restrains the cell-division complex known as divisome, which results in filamentation, leading to lysis of the cell. This review focuses on details relating to the structure, function, and influence of FtsZ in bacterial cytokinesis. It also summarizes on the recent perspective of the known natural and synthetic inhibitors directly acting on FtsZ protein, with prominent antibacterial activities. A series of benzamides, trisubstituted benzimidazoles, isoquinolene, guanine nucleotides, zantrins, carbonylpyridine, 4 and 5-Substituted 1-phenyl naphthalenes, sulindac, vanillin analogues were studied here and recognized as FtsZ inhibitors that act either by disturbing FtsZ polymerization and/or GTPase activity. Doxorubicin, from a U.S. FDA, approved drug library displayed strong interaction with FtsZ. Several of the molecules discussed, include the prodrugs of benzamide based compound PC190723 (TXA-709 and TXA707). These molecules have exhibited the most prominent antibacterial activity against several strains of Staphylococcus aureus with minimal toxicity and good pharmacokinetics properties. The evidence of research reports and patent documentations on FtsZ protein has disclosed distinct support in the field of antibacterial drug discovery. The pressing need and interest shall facilitate the discovery of novel clinical molecules targeting FtsZ in the upcoming days.
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11
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Araújo‐Bazán L, Huecas S, Valle J, Andreu D, Andreu JM. Synthetic developmental regulator MciZ targets FtsZ across
Bacillus
species and inhibits bacterial division. Mol Microbiol 2019; 111:965-980. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Huecas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC Madrid Spain
| | - Javier Valle
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Spain
| | - David Andreu
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Spain
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12
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Lui HK, Gao W, Cheung KC, Jin WB, Sun N, Kan JW, Wong IL, Chiou J, Lin D, Chan EW, Leung YC, Chan TH, Chen S, Chan KF, Wong KY. Boosting the efficacy of anti-MRSA β-lactam antibiotics via an easily accessible, non-cytotoxic and orally bioavailable FtsZ inhibitor. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 163:95-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Fang Z, Zheng S, Chan KF, Yuan W, Guo Q, Wu W, Lui HK, Lu Y, Leung YC, Chan TH, Wong KY, Sun N. Design, synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of 2,4-disubstituted-6-thiophenyl-pyrimidines. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 161:141-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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14
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Liu J, Ma R, Bi F, Zhang F, Hu C, Venter H, Semple SJ, Ma S. Novel 5-methyl-2-phenylphenanthridium derivatives as FtsZ-targeting antibacterial agents from structural simplification of natural product sanguinarine. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1825-1831. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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15
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Chan KF, Sun N, Yan SC, Wong ILK, Lui HK, Cheung KC, Yuan J, Chan FY, Zheng Z, Chan EWC, Chen S, Leung YC, Chan TH, Wong KY. Efficient Synthesis of Amine-Linked 2,4,6-Trisubstituted Pyrimidines as a New Class of Bacterial FtsZ Inhibitors. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:7281-7292. [PMID: 30023544 PMCID: PMC6044853 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We have recently identified a new class of filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z (FtsZ)-interacting compounds that possess a 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyrimidine-quinuclidine scaffold with moderate antibacterial activity. Employing this scaffold as a molecular template, a compound library of amine-linked 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyrimidines with 99 candidates was successfully established by employing an efficient convergent synthesis designed to explore their structure-activity relationship. The results of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay against Staphylococcus aureus strains and cytotoxicity assay against the mouse L929 cell line identified those compounds with potent antistaphylococcal properties (MIC ranges from 3 to 8 μg/mL) and some extent of cytotoxicity against normal cells (IC50 ranges from 6 to 27 μM). Importantly, three compounds also exhibited potent antibacterial activities against nine clinically isolated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains. One of the compounds, 14av_amine16, exhibited low spontaneous frequency of resistance, low toxicity against Galleria mellonella larvae, and the ability to rescue G. mellonella larvae (20% survival rate at a dosage of 100 mg/kg) infected with a lethal dose of MRSA ATCC 43300 strain. Biological characterization of compound 14av_amine16 by saturation transfer difference NMR, light scattering assay, and guanosine triphosphatase hydrolysis assay with purified S. aureus FtsZ protein verified that it interacted with the FtsZ protein. Such a property of FtsZ inhibitors was further confirmed by observing iconic filamentous cell phenotype and mislocalization of the Z-ring formation of Bacillus subtilis. Taken together, these 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyrimidine derivatives represent a novel scaffold of S. aureus FtsZ inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin-Fai Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ning Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Siu-Cheong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Iris L K Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hok-Kiu Lui
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kwan-Choi Cheung
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jian Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fung-Yi Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhiwei Zheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, The Hong Kong PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Edward W C Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, The Hong Kong PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yun-Chung Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tak Hang Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - Kwok-Yin Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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16
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Sridevi D, Sudhakar KU, Ananthathatmula R, Nankar RP, Doble M. Mutation at G103 of MtbFtsZ Altered their Sensitivity to Coumarins. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:578. [PMID: 28428773 PMCID: PMC5382161 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Coumarins are natural polyphenol lactones comprising of fused rings of benzene and α-pyrone. The current study demonstrates the inhibitory effect of coumarins with various substitutions on Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2 155. We also demonstrate the effect of pomegranate (Punica granatum) extract containing ellagic acid, on M. smegmatis as well as their affect on MtbFtsZ (FtsZ from Mycobacterium tuberculosis). The ellagic acid extracts from pomegranate peels inhibit mycobacteria with a MIC of 25 μM and 0.3 to 3.5 mg/mL, respectively, but failed to inhibit the polymerization of MtbFtsZ. However, the coumarins were shown to inhibit the polymerization and GTPase activity of the protein as well as have an inhibitory affect on M. smegmatis mc2 155. Docking of the most active coumarin (7-Dimethyl-4-methyl coumarin with MIC of 38.7 μM) to the GTP binding site suggests that it interacted with the G103 residue. Based on the docking results two mutants of varying activity (G103S and G103A) were constructed to elucidate the interaction of MtbFtsZ and coumarins. Mutation of G103 with Serine (a bulky group) results in an inactive mutant and substitution with alanine produces a variant that retains most of the activity of the wild type. There is a disruption of the protofilament formation of the MtbFtsZ upon interaction with coumarins as demonstrated by TEM. The coumarins increase the length of Mycobacteria five times and MtbFtsZ localization is disturbed. The mutant proteins altered the GTPase and polymerization activity of coumarins as compared to wild type protein. The results here support that coumarins inhibit proliferation of Mycobacteria by targeting the assembly of MtbFtsZ and provide the possible binding site of coumarins on MtbFtsZ. This study may aid in the design of natural products as anti-mycobacterial agents. The currently reported GTP analogs for FtsZ are toxic to the human cell lines; natural coumarins targeting the GTP binding site of MtbFtsZ may hold promise as an important drug lead for tuberculosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duggirala Sridevi
- Bioengineering and Drug Design Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology MadrasChennai, India
| | - Karpagam U Sudhakar
- Bioengineering and Drug Design Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology MadrasChennai, India
| | - Ragamanvitha Ananthathatmula
- Bioengineering and Drug Design Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology MadrasChennai, India
| | - Rakesh P Nankar
- Bioengineering and Drug Design Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology MadrasChennai, India
| | - Mukesh Doble
- Bioengineering and Drug Design Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology MadrasChennai, India
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17
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Ojima I, Awasthi D, Wei L, Haranahalli K. Strategic incorporation of fluorine in the drug discovery of new-generation antitubercular agents targeting bacterial cell division protein FtsZ. J Fluor Chem 2017; 196:44-56. [PMID: 28555087 PMCID: PMC5445929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This article presents an account of our research on the discovery and development of new-generation fluorine-containing antibacterial agents against drug-resistant tuberculosis, targeting FtsZ. FtsZ is an essential protein for bacterial cell division and a highly promising therapeutic target for antibacterial drug discovery. Through design, synthesis and semi-HTP screening of libraries of novel benzimidazoles, followed by SAR studies, we identified highly potent lead compounds. However, these lead compounds were found to lack sufficient metabolic and plasma stabilities. Accordingly, we have performed extensive study on the strategic incorporation of fluorine into lead compounds to improve pharmacological properties. This study has led to the development of highly efficacious fluorine-containing benzimidazoles as potential drug candidates. We have also performed computational docking analysis of these novel FtsZ inhibitors to identify their putative binding site. Based on the structural data and docking analysis, a plausible mode-of-action for this novel class of FtsZ inhibitors is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwao Ojima
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University—State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400, USA
- Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University—State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400, USA
| | - Divya Awasthi
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University—State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400, USA
- Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University—State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400, USA
| | - Longfei Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University—State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400, USA
| | - Krupanandan Haranahalli
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University—State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400, USA
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18
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Artola M, Ruíz-Avila LB, Ramírez-Aportela E, Martínez RF, Araujo-Bazán L, Vázquez-Villa H, Martín-Fontecha M, Oliva MA, Martín-Galiano AJ, Chacón P, López-Rodríguez ML, Andreu JM, Huecas S. The structural assembly switch of cell division protein FtsZ probed with fluorescent allosteric inhibitors. Chem Sci 2017; 8:1525-1534. [PMID: 28616148 PMCID: PMC5460597 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc03792e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
FtsZ is a widely conserved tubulin-like GTPase that directs bacterial cell division and a new target for antibiotic discovery. This protein assembly machine cooperatively polymerizes forming single-stranded filaments, by means of self-switching between inactive and actively associating monomer conformations. The structural switch mechanism was proposed to involve a movement of the C-terminal and N-terminal FtsZ domains, opening a cleft between them, allosterically coupled to the formation of a tight association interface between consecutive subunits along the filament. The effective antibacterial benzamide PC190723 binds into the open interdomain cleft and stabilizes FtsZ filaments, thus impairing correct formation of the FtsZ ring for cell division. We have designed fluorescent analogs of PC190723 to probe the FtsZ structural assembly switch. Among them, nitrobenzoxadiazole probes specifically bind to assembled FtsZ rather than to monomers. Probes with several spacer lengths between the fluorophore and benzamide moieties suggest a binding site extension along the interdomain cleft. These probes label FtsZ rings of live Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, without apparently modifying normal cell morphology and growth, but at high concentrations they induce impaired bacterial division phenotypes typical of benzamide antibacterials. During the FtsZ assembly-disassembly process, the fluorescence anisotropy of the probes changes upon binding and dissociating from FtsZ, thus reporting open and closed FtsZ interdomain clefts. Our results demonstrate the structural mechanism of the FtsZ assembly switch, and suggest that the probes bind into the open clefts in cellular FtsZ polymers preferably to unassembled FtsZ in the bacterial cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Artola
- Dept. Química Orgánica I , Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , UCM , 28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - Laura B Ruíz-Avila
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas , CSIC , Ramiro de Maeztu 9 , 28040 Madrid , Spain . ;
| | - Erney Ramírez-Aportela
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas , CSIC , Ramiro de Maeztu 9 , 28040 Madrid , Spain . ;
- Instituto de Química-Física Rocasolano , CSIC , Serrano 119 , 20006 Madrid , Spain
| | - R Fernando Martínez
- Dept. Química Orgánica I , Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , UCM , 28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - Lidia Araujo-Bazán
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas , CSIC , Ramiro de Maeztu 9 , 28040 Madrid , Spain . ;
| | - Henar Vázquez-Villa
- Dept. Química Orgánica I , Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , UCM , 28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - Mar Martín-Fontecha
- Dept. Química Orgánica I , Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , UCM , 28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - María A Oliva
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas , CSIC , Ramiro de Maeztu 9 , 28040 Madrid , Spain . ;
| | | | - Pablo Chacón
- Instituto de Química-Física Rocasolano , CSIC , Serrano 119 , 20006 Madrid , Spain
| | | | - José M Andreu
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas , CSIC , Ramiro de Maeztu 9 , 28040 Madrid , Spain . ;
| | - Sonia Huecas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas , CSIC , Ramiro de Maeztu 9 , 28040 Madrid , Spain . ;
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19
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Haranahalli K, Tong S, Ojima I. Recent advances in the discovery and development of antibacterial agents targeting the cell-division protein FtsZ. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:6354-6369. [PMID: 27189886 PMCID: PMC5157688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains, there is a dire need for new drug targets for antibacterial drug discovery and development. Filamentous temperature sensitive protein Z (FtsZ), is a GTP-dependent prokaryotic cell division protein, sharing less than 10% sequence identity with the eukaryotic cell division protein, tubulin. FtsZ forms a dynamic Z-ring in the middle of the cell, leading to septation and subsequent cell division. Inhibition of the Z-ring blocks cell division, thus making FtsZ a highly attractive target. Various groups have been working on natural products and synthetic small molecules as inhibitors of FtsZ. This review summarizes the recent advances in the development of FtsZ inhibitors, focusing on those in the last 5years, but also includes significant findings in previous years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Tong
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Iwao Ojima
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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20
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Araújo-Bazán L, Ruiz-Avila LB, Andreu D, Huecas S, Andreu JM. Cytological Profile of Antibacterial FtsZ Inhibitors and Synthetic Peptide MciZ. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1558. [PMID: 27752253 PMCID: PMC5045927 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division protein FtsZ is the organizer of the cytokinetic ring in almost all bacteria and a target for the discovery of new antibacterial agents that are needed to counter widespread antibiotic resistance. Bacterial cytological profiling, using quantitative microscopy, is a powerful approach for identifying the mechanism of action of antibacterial molecules affecting different cellular pathways. We have determined the cytological profile on Bacillus subtilis cells of a selection of small molecule inhibitors targeting FtsZ on different binding sites. FtsZ inhibitors lead to long undivided cells, impair the normal assembly of FtsZ into the midcell Z-rings, induce aberrant ring distributions, punctate FtsZ foci, membrane spots and also modify nucleoid length. Quantitative analysis of cell and nucleoid length combined, or the Z-ring distribution, allows categorizing FtsZ inhibitors and to distinguish them from antibiotics with other mechanisms of action, which should be useful for identifying new antibacterial FtsZ inhibitors. Biochemical assays of FtsZ polymerization and GTPase activity combined explain the cellular effects of the FtsZ polymer stabilizing agent PC190723 and its fragments. MciZ is a 40-aminoacid endogenous inhibitor of cell division normally expressed during sporulation in B. subtilis. Using FtsZ cytological profiling we have determined that exogenous synthetic MciZ is an effective inhibitor of B. subtilis cell division, Z-ring formation and localization. This finding supports our cell-based approach to screen for FtsZ inhibitors and opens new possibilities for peptide inhibitors of bacterial cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Araújo-Bazán
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura B Ruiz-Avila
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid, Spain
| | - David Andreu
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Huecas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Andreu
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid, Spain
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21
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Duggirala S, Napoleon JV, Nankar RP, Senu Adeeba V, Manheri MK, Doble M. FtsZ inhibition and redox modulation with one chemical scaffold: Potential use of dihydroquinolines against mycobacteria. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 123:557-567. [PMID: 27517804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The dual effect of FtsZ inhibition and oxidative stress by a group of 1,2-dihydroquinolines that culminate in bactericidal effect on mycobacterium strains is demonstrated. They inhibited the non-pathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis mc(2) 155 with MIC as low as 0.9 μg/mL and induced filamentation. Detailed studies revealed their ability to inhibit polymerization and GTPase activity of MtbFtsZ (Mycobacterial filamentous temperature sensitive Z) with an IC50 value of ∼40 μM. In addition to such target specific effects, these compounds exerted a global cellular effect by causing redox-imbalance that was evident from overproduction of ROS in treated cells. Such multi-targeting effect with one chemical scaffold has considerable significance in this era of emerging drug resistance and could offer promise in the development of new therapeutic agents against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridevi Duggirala
- Bioengineering and Drug Design Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - John Victor Napoleon
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - Rakesh P Nankar
- Bioengineering and Drug Design Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - V Senu Adeeba
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | | | - Mukesh Doble
- Bioengineering and Drug Design Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India.
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22
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Abstract
Filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z (FtsZ), an essential cell division protein in bacteria, has recently emerged as an important and exploitable antibacterial target. Cytokinesis in bacteria is regulated by the assembly dynamics of this protein, which is ubiquitously present in eubacteria. The perturbation of FtsZ assembly has been found to have a deleterious effect on the cytokinetic machinery and, in turn, upon cell survival. FtsZ is highly conserved among prokaryotes, offering the possibility of broad-spectrum antibacterial agents, while its limited sequence homology with tubulin (an essential protein in eukaryotic mitosis) offers the possibility of selective toxicity. This review aims to summarize current knowledge regarding the mechanism of action of FtsZ, and to highlight existing attempts toward the development of clinically useful inhibitors.
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23
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Liu Y, Frirdich E, Taylor JA, Chan ACK, Blair KM, Vermeulen J, Ha R, Murphy MEP, Salama NR, Gaynor EC, Tanner ME. A Bacterial Cell Shape-Determining Inhibitor. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:981-91. [PMID: 26735022 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori and Campylobacter jejuni are human pathogens and causative agents of gastric ulcers/cancer and gastroenteritis, respectively. Recent studies have uncovered a series of proteases that are responsible for maintaining the helical shape of these organisms. The H. pylori metalloprotease Csd4 and its C. jejuni homologue Pgp1 cleave the amide bond between meso-diaminopimelate and iso-d-glutamic acid in truncated peptidoglycan side chains. Deletion of either csd4 or pgp1 results in bacteria with a straight rod phenotype, a reduced ability to move in viscous media, and reduced pathogenicity. In this work, a phosphinic acid-based pseudodipeptide inhibitor was designed to act as a tetrahedral intermediate analog against the Csd4 enzyme. The phosphinic acid was shown to inhibit the cleavage of the alternate substrate, Ac-l-Ala-iso-d-Glu-meso-Dap, with a Ki value of 1.5 μM. Structural analysis of the Csd4-inhibitor complex shows that the phosphinic acid displaces the zinc-bound water and chelates the metal in a bidentate fashion. The phosphinate oxygens also interact with the key acid/base residue, Glu222, and the oxyanion-stabilizing residue, Arg86. The results are consistent with the "promoted-water pathway" mechanism for carboxypeptidase A catalysis. Studies on cultured bacteria showed that the inhibitor causes significant cell straightening when incubated with H. pylori at millimolar concentrations. A diminished, yet observable, effect on the morphology of C. jejuni was also apparent. Cell straightening was more pronounced with an acapsular C. jejuni mutant strain compared to the wild type, suggesting that the capsule impaired inhibitor accessibility. These studies demonstrate that a highly polar compound is capable of crossing the outer membrane and altering cell shape, presumably by inhibiting cell shape determinant proteases. Peptidoglycan proteases acting as cell shape determinants represent novel targets for the development of antimicrobials against these human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Liu
- Contribution
from the Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Emilisa Frirdich
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jennifer A. Taylor
- Division
of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Anson C. K. Chan
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kris M. Blair
- Division
of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Program
in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jenny Vermeulen
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Reuben Ha
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Michael E. P. Murphy
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Nina R. Salama
- Division
of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Program
in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Erin C. Gaynor
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Martin E. Tanner
- Contribution
from the Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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24
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Haeusser DP, Margolin W. Splitsville: structural and functional insights into the dynamic bacterial Z ring. Nat Rev Microbiol 2016; 14:305-19. [PMID: 27040757 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria must divide to increase in number and colonize their niche. Binary fission is the most widespread means of bacterial cell division, but even this relatively simple mechanism has many variations on a theme. In most bacteria, the tubulin homologue FtsZ assembles into a ring structure, termed the Z ring, at the site of cytokinesis and recruits additional proteins to form a large protein machine - the divisome - that spans the membrane. In this Review, we discuss current insights into the regulation of the assembly of the Z ring and how the divisome drives membrane invagination and septal cell wall growth while flexibly responding to various cellular inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Haeusser
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Biology Department, Canisius College, 2001 Main Street, Buffalo, New York 14208, USA
| | - William Margolin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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25
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Huecas S, Marcelo F, Perona A, Ruiz-Ávila LB, Morreale A, Cañada FJ, Jiménez-Barbero J, Andreu JM. Beyond a Fluorescent Probe: Inhibition of Cell Division Protein FtsZ by mant-GTP Elucidated by NMR and Biochemical Approaches. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:2382-92. [PMID: 26247422 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
FtsZ is the organizer of cell division in most bacteria and a target in the quest for new antibiotics. FtsZ is a tubulin-like GTPase, in which the active site is completed at the interface with the next subunit in an assembled FtsZ filament. Fluorescent mant-GTP has been extensively used for competitive binding studies of nucleotide analogs and synthetic GTP-replacing inhibitors possessing antibacterial activity. However, its mode of binding and whether the mant tag interferes with FtsZ assembly function were unknown. Mant-GTP exists in equilibrium as a mixture of C2'- and C3'-substituted isomers. We have unraveled the molecular recognition process of mant-GTP by FtsZ monomers. Both isomers bind in the anti glycosidic bond conformation: 2'-mant-GTP in two ribose puckering conformations and 3'-mant-GTP in the preferred C2' endo conformation. In each case, the mant tag strongly interacts with FtsZ at an extension of the GTP binding site, which is also supported by molecular dynamics simulations. Importantly, mant-GTP binding induces archaeal FtsZ polymerization into inactive curved filaments that cannot hydrolyze the nucleotide, rather than straight GTP-hydrolyzing assemblies, and also inhibits normal assembly of FtsZ from the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli but is hydrolyzed by FtsZ from Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis. Thus, the specific interactions provided by the fluorescent mant tag indicate a new way to search for synthetic FtsZ inhibitors that selectively suppress the cell division of bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Huecas
- Centro de Investigaciones
Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Filipa Marcelo
- Centro de Investigaciones
Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Dept. de Química, Faculdade de Ciências
e Tecnologia, UNL, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Almudena Perona
- Unidad de Bioinformática,
Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CBMSO−CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura B. Ruiz-Ávila
- Centro de Investigaciones
Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Morreale
- Unidad de Bioinformática,
Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CBMSO−CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Javier Cañada
- Centro de Investigaciones
Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- Centro de Investigaciones
Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Andreu
- Centro de Investigaciones
Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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