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Zhu JS, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. Davis-Beirut Reaction: Diverse Chemistries of Highly Reactive Nitroso Intermediates in Heterocycle Synthesis. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:2256-2265. [PMID: 31328502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Indazoles are an important class of nitrogen heterocycles because of their excellent performance in biologically relevant applications, such as in chemical biology and medicinal chemistry. In these applications, convenient synthesis using commercially available and diverse building blocks is highly desirable. Within this broad class, 2H-indazoles are relatively underexploited when compared to 1H-indazole, perhaps because of regioselectivity issues associated with the synthesis of 2H-indazoles. This Account describes our unfolding of the synthetic utility of the Davis-Beirut reaction (DBR) for the construction of 2H-indazoles and their derivatives; parallel unfoldings of mechanistic models for these interrelated N-N bond forming reactions are also summarized. The Davis-Beirut reaction is a robust method that exploits the diverse chemistries of a key nitroso imine or nitroso benzaldehyde intermediate generated in situ under redox neutral conditions. The resulting N-N bond-forming heterocyclization between nucleophilic and electrophilic nitrogens can be leveraged for the synthesis of multiple classes of indazoles and their derivatives, such as simple or fused indazolones, thiazolo-indazoles, 3-alkoxy-2H-indazoles, 2H-indazole N-oxides, and 2H-indazoles with various substitutions on the ring system or the nitrogens. These diverse products can all be synthesized under alkaline conditions and the various strategies for accessing these heterocycles are discussed. Alternatively, we have also developed methods involving mild photochemical conditions for the nitrobenzyl → aci-nitro → nitroso imine sequence. Solvent consideration is especially important for modulating the chemistry of the reactive intermediates in these reactions; the presence of water is critically important in some cases, but water's beneficial effect has a ceiling because of the alternative reaction pathways it enables. Fused 2H-indazoles readily undergo ring opening reactions to give indazolones when treated with nucleophiles or electrophiles. Furthermore, palladium-catalyzed cross coupling, the Sonagashira reaction, EDC amide coupling, 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions with nitrile oxides, copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloadditions (click reaction), as well as copper-free click reactions, can all be used late-stage to modify 2H-indazoles and indazolones. The continued development and applications of the Davis-Beirut reaction has provided many insights for taming the reactivity of highly reactive nitro and nitroso groups, which still has a plethora of underexplored chemistries and challenges. For example, there is currently a limited number of nonfused 2H-indazole examples containing an aryl substitution at nitrogen. This is caused by relatively slow N-N bond formation between N-aryl imine and nitroso reactants, which allows water to add to the key nitroso imine intermediate causing imine bond cleavage to be a competitive reaction pathway rather than proceeding through the desired N-N bond-forming heterocyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie S. Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis California 95616, United States
| | | | - Mark J. Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis California 95616, United States
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2
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Sharghi H, Aberi M, Shiri P. Silica‐supported Cu(II)–quinoline complex: Efficient and recyclable nanocatalyst for one‐pot synthesis of benzimidazolquinoline derivatives and 2
H
‐indazoles. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hashem Sharghi
- Department of ChemistryShiraz University Shiraz 71454 Iran
| | - Mahdi Aberi
- Department of ChemistryShiraz University Shiraz 71454 Iran
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Shahid Rajaee, Shiraz BranchTechnical and Vocational University (TVU) Shiraz Iran
| | - Pezhman Shiri
- Department of ChemistryShiraz University Shiraz 71454 Iran
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3
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Remennikov GY. Synthesis of fused pyrazoles via intramolecular cyclization of appropriately ortho-substituted nitroarenes and nitroheteroarenes. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-017-2028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Soltani Rad MN. Ultrasound promoted mild and facile one-pot, three component synthesis of 2H-indazoles by consecutive condensation, CN and NN bond formations catalysed by copper-doped silica cuprous sulphate (CDSCS) as an efficient heterogeneous nano-catalyst. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2017; 34:865-872. [PMID: 27773314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An ultrasonic promoted facile and convenient one-pot three-component procedure for the synthesis of 2H-indazole derivatives using copper-doped silica cuprous sulphate (CDSCS) as a heterogeneous nano-catalyst has been described. In this approach, ultrasonic mediated reaction of different substituted 2-bromobenzaldehydes, structurally diverse primary amines, and tetrabutylammonium azide (TBAA) as an azide source in the presence of CDSCS in DMSO at room temperature furnishes 2H-indazoles in good to excellent yields. Utilizing ultrasonic irradiation techniques provided the dramatic improvements in terms of higher yields and shorter reaction times compared with conventional heating method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Navid Soltani Rad
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz 71555-313, Iran.
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Yong WS, Park S, Yun H, Lee PH. Synthesis of 2H-IndazolesviaTandem Palladium-Catalyzed Deacylative Cross-Coupling and Denitrogenative Cyclization of 2-Iodoazoarenes and 2-Iodoaryltriazenes with Acyldiazoacetates in One-Pot. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Farber KM, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. Davis-Beirut reaction: route to thiazolo-, thiazino-, and thiazepino-2H-indazoles. J Org Chem 2014; 79:6939-45. [PMID: 25019525 PMCID: PMC4120971 DOI: 10.1021/jo501014e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
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Methods for the construction of thiazolo-,
thiazino-, and thiazepino-2H-indazoles from o-nitrobenzaldehydes or o-nitrobenzyl bromides
and S-trityl-protected
1°-aminothioalkanes are reported. The process consists of formation
of the requisite N-(2-nitrobenzyl)(tritylthio)alkylamine,
subsequent deprotection of the trityl moiety with TFA, and immediate
treatment with aq. KOH in methanol under Davis–Beirut reaction
conditions to deliver the target thiazolo-, thiazino-, or thiazepino-2H-indazole in good overall yield. Subsequent S-oxidation gives the corresponding sulfone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli M Farber
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Synthesis, biological evaluation and chemometric analysis of indazole derivatives. 1,2-Disubstituted 5-nitroindazolinones, new prototypes of antichagasic drug. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 58:214-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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8
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Avila B, El-Dakdouki MH, Nazer MZ, Harrison JG, Tantillo DJ, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. Acid and base catalyzed Davis-Beirut reaction: experimental and theoretical mechanistic studies and synthesis of novel 3-amino-2H-indazoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2012; 53:6475-6478. [PMID: 23139435 PMCID: PMC3489190 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Davis-Beirut reaction, which provides an efficient synthesis of 2H-indazoles and, subsequently, indazolones, is shown to proceed rapidly from o-nitrosobenzaldehyde and primary amines under both acid or base catalysis. Experimental and theoretical evidence in support of a reaction mechanism is provided in which o-nitrosobenzylidine imine is a pivotal intermediate in this N,N-bond forming heterocyclization reaction. The Davis-Beirut reaction is also shown to effectively synthesize a number of novel 3-amino-2H-indazole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belem Avila
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
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Conrad WE, Rodriguez KX, Nguyen HH, Fettinger JC, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. A one-pot-three-step route to triazolotriazepinoindazolones from oxazolino-2H-indazoles. Org Lett 2012; 14:3870-3. [PMID: 22823414 PMCID: PMC3427757 DOI: 10.1021/ol3015804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A one-pot-three-step method has been developed for the conversion of oxazolino-2H-indazoles into triazolotriazepinoindazolones with three points of diversity. Step one of this process involves a propargyl bromide-initiated ring opening of the oxazolino-2H-indazole (available by the Davis-Beirut reaction) to give an N(1)-(propargyl)-N(2)-(2-bromoethyl)-disubstituted indazolone, which then undergoes -CH(2)Br → -CH(2)N(3) displacement (step two) followed by an uncatalyzed intramolecular azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (step three) to form the target heterocycle. Employing 7-bromooxazolino-2H-indazole allows for further diversification through, for example, palladium-catalyzed coupling chemistry, as reported here.
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Conrad WE, Fukazawa R, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. The Davis-Beirut reaction: N1,N2-disubstituted-1H-indazolones via 1,6-electrophilic addition to 3-alkoxy-2H-indazoles. Org Lett 2011; 13:3138-41. [PMID: 21612219 DOI: 10.1021/ol2010424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A variety of electrophiles (anhydrides, acid chlorides, carbonochloridates, sulfonyl chlorides, and alkyl bromides) react with 3-methoxy-2H-indazole (1a), benzoxazin[3,2-b]indazole (1d), and oxazolino[3,2-b]indazole (1e) - substrates available by the Davis-Beirut reaction - to yield a diverse set of N(1),N(2)-disubstituted-1H-indazolones. With certain electrophiles, an AERORC (Addition of the Electrophile, Ring Opening, and Ring Closure) process on indazole 1d results in indazoloindazolone formation. An intriguing aspect of these N(1),N(2)-disubstituted-1H-indazolones is that they are poised for diversification through, for example, azide-alkyne cycloaddition chemistry reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne E Conrad
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Avila B, Solano DM, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. Facile syntheses of novel benzo-1,3-dioxolo-, benzothiazolo-, pyrido-, and quinolino-fused 5H-benzo[d]-pyrazolo[5,1-b][1,3]-oxazines and 1H-pyrazoles. Org Lett 2011; 13:1060-3. [PMID: 21294577 DOI: 10.1021/ol103108z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A number of novel benzo-1,3-dioxolo-, benzothiazolo-, pyrido-, and quinolino-fused 5H-benzo[d]pyrazolo[5,1-b][1,3]-oxazines and 1H-pyrazoles were synthesized utilizing an easy and effective N,N-bond forming heterocyclization reaction. In so doing, the substrate scope of this heterocyclization reaction, which starts with o-nitroheterocyclic aldehydes, was expanded to provide several unique heterocyclic compounds for biological screening. This work further demonstrates the versatility of this simple, base-mediated, one-pot heterocyclization method in the construction of novel heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belem Avila
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Oakdale JS, Solano DM, Fettinger JC, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. An oxazolo[3,2-b]indazole route to 1H-indazolones. Org Lett 2009; 11:2760-3. [PMID: 19505119 DOI: 10.1021/ol900891s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The novel heterocycle 2,3-dihydrooxazolo[3,2-b]indazole has been synthesized and utilized to provide easy access to 1H-indazolones, particularly the previously unreported 2-(2-alkoxyethyl)-1H-indazol-3(2H)-ones. Mechanistic as well as optimization and reaction scope studies are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Oakdale
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
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14
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Dolle RE, Bourdonnec BL, Goodman AJ, Morales GA, Thomas CJ, Zhang W. Comprehensive Survey of Chemical Libraries for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology: 2007. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:753-802. [PMID: 18991466 DOI: 10.1021/cc800119z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland E. Dolle
- Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, Semafore Pharmaceuticals Inc., 8496 Georgetown Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125
| | - Bertrand Le Bourdonnec
- Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, Semafore Pharmaceuticals Inc., 8496 Georgetown Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125
| | - Allan J. Goodman
- Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, Semafore Pharmaceuticals Inc., 8496 Georgetown Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125
| | - Guillermo A. Morales
- Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, Semafore Pharmaceuticals Inc., 8496 Georgetown Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125
| | - Craig J. Thomas
- Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, Semafore Pharmaceuticals Inc., 8496 Georgetown Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125
| | - Wei Zhang
- Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, Semafore Pharmaceuticals Inc., 8496 Georgetown Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125
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15
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Butler JD, Solano DM, Robins LI, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. A Facile Synthesis of New 5H-Indazolo[3,2-b]benzo[d]-1,3-oxazines via One-Pot Intramolecular Bis-heterocyclizations. J Org Chem 2007; 73:234-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jo702067z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D. Butler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, and Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Danielle M. Solano
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, and Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lori I. Robins
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, and Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Makhluf J. Haddadin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, and Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mark J. Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, and Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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