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Bala V, Chhonker YS, Morales GA, Maddeboina K, Pal D, Durden DL, Murry DJ. LC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of a dual PI3K/BRD4 inhibitor SF2523 in mouse plasma: application to plasma protein binding and metabolism studies. Biomed Chromatogr 2023:e5643. [PMID: 37042063 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the quantitation of dual PI3K/BRD4 inhibitor SF2523 in mouse plasma. The analysis was performed on a UPLC system connected to a Shimadzu 8060 mass spectrometer by electrospray in positive multiple reaction monitoring mode. Chromatographic separation was carried out on an ACE Excel C18 column with a gradient elution containing 0.1% formic acid and methanol as the mobile phase. The linearity was conducted in the concentration range of 0.1-500 ng/mL for SF2523 in 100μL plasma. The inter- and intra-batch precision (% RSD) were both lower than 13.5 %, with the accuracy (%Bias) ranged from varied from -10.03% to 11.56%. The validated method was successfully applied to plasma protein binding and in vitro metabolism studies. SF2523 was highly bound to mouse plasma proteins (>95% bound). Utilizing mouse S9 fractions, a total of seven phase I and II metabolites were identified with hydroxylation found to be the major metabolic pathway. Metabolites identification included analysis of retention behaviors, molecular weight changes and MS/MS fragment patterns of SF2523 and the metabolites. This newly developed and validated method allows the rapid and easy determination of the SF2523 concentration with high sensitivity in low sample volume and can be applied to future pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veenu Bala
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yashpal S Chhonker
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | | | | | - Donald L Durden
- Levine Cancer Institute, Charlotte, NC, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daryl J Murry
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
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Pal D, Vann KR, Joshi S, Sahar NE, Morales GA, El-Gamal D, Kutateladze TG, Durden DL. The BTK/PI3K/BRD4 axis inhibitor SRX3262 overcomes Ibrutinib resistance in mantle cell lymphoma. iScience 2021; 24:102931. [PMID: 34557659 PMCID: PMC8445847 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and one of the most challenging blood cancers to combat due to frequent relapse after treatment. Here, we developed the first-in-class BTK/PI3K/BRD4 axis inhibitor SRX3262, which simultaneously blocks three interrelated MCL driver pathways - BTK, PI3K-AKT-mTOR and MYC. SRX3262 concomitantly binds to BTK, PI3K, and BRD4, exhibits potent in vitro and in vivo activity against MCL, and overcomes the Ibrutinib resistance resulting from the BTK-C481S mutation. Our results reveal that SRX3262 inhibits IgM-induced BTK and AKT phosphorylation and abrogates binding of BRD4 to MYC loci. SRX3262 promotes c-MYC destabilization, induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and shows antitumor activity in in vivo xenograft models. Together, our study provides mechanistic insights and rationale for the use of the triple BTK/PI3K/BRD4 activity inhibitors as a new approach to treat MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjaya Pal
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics Computational Chemistry, College of Medicine University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kendra R. Vann
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Shweta Joshi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Namood E. Sahar
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics Computational Chemistry, College of Medicine University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Dalia El-Gamal
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Donald L. Durden
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics Computational Chemistry, College of Medicine University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- SignalRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cumming, GA, USA
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Acharya A, Pandey K, Thurman M, Challagundala KB, Vann KR, Kutateladze TG, Morales GA, Durden DL, Byrareddy SN. Blockade of SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro by highly potent PI3K-α/mTOR/BRD4 inhibitor. bioRxiv 2021. [PMID: 33688653 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.02.433604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic viruses like SARS-CoV-2 and HIV hijack the host molecular machinery to establish infection and survival in infected cells. This has led the scientific community to explore the molecular mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 infects host cells, establishes productive infection, and causes life-threatening pathophysiology. Very few targeted therapeutics for COVID-19 currently exist, such as remdesivir. Recently, a proteomic approach explored the interactions of 26 of 29 SARS-CoV-2 proteins with cellular targets in human cells and identified 67 interactions as potential targets for drug development. Two of the critical targets, the bromodomain and extra-terminal domain proteins (BETs): BRD2/BRD4 and mTOR, are inhibited by the dual inhibitory small molecule SF2523 at nanomolar potency. SF2523 is the only known mTOR PI3K-α/(BRD2/BRD4) inhibitor with potential to block two orthogonal pathways necessary for SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis in human cells. Our results demonstrate that SF2523 effectively blocks SARS-CoV-2 replication in lung bronchial epithelial cells in vitro , showing an IC 50 value of 1.5 µM, comparable to IC 50 value of remdesivir (1.1 µM). Further, we demonstrated that the combination of doses of SF2523 and remdesivir is highly synergistic: it allows for the reduction of doses of SF2523 and remdesivir by 25-fold and 4-fold, respectively, to achieve the same potency observed for a single inhibitor. Because SF2523 inhibits two SARS-CoV-2 driven pathogenesis mechanisms involving BRD2/BRD4 and mTOR signaling, our data suggest that SF2523 alone or in combination with remdesivir could be a novel and efficient therapeutic strategy to block SARS-CoV-2 infection and hence be beneficial in preventing severe COVID-19 disease evolution. One Sentence Summary Evidence of in silico designed chemotype (SF2523) targeting PI3K-α/mTOR/BRD4 inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection and is highly synergistic with remdesivir.
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Gojon G, Morales GA. SG1002 and Catenated Divalent Organic Sulfur Compounds as Promising Hydrogen Sulfide Prodrugs. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:1010-1045. [PMID: 32370538 PMCID: PMC7578191 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Sulfur has a critical role in protein structure/function and redox status/signaling in all living organisms. Although hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and sulfane sulfur (SS) are now recognized as central players in physiology and pathophysiology, the full scope and depth of sulfur metabolome's impact on human health and healthy longevity has been vastly underestimated and is only starting to be grasped. Since many pathological conditions have been related to abnormally low levels of H2S/SS in blood and/or tissues, and are amenable to treatment by H2S supplementation, development of safe and efficacious H2S donors deserves to be undertaken with a sense of urgency; these prodrugs also hold the promise of becoming widely used for disease prevention and as antiaging agents. Recent Advances: Supramolecular tuning of the properties of well-known molecules comprising chains of sulfur atoms (diallyl trisulfide [DATS], S8) was shown to lead to improved donors such as DATS-loaded polymeric nanoparticles and SG1002. Encouraging results in animal models have been obtained with SG1002 in heart failure, atherosclerosis, ischemic damage, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy; with TC-2153 in Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, age-related memory decline, fragile X syndrome, and cocaine addiction; and with DATS in brain, colon, gastric, and breast cancer. Critical Issues: Mode-of-action studies on allyl polysulfides, benzyl polysulfides, ajoene, and 12 ring-substituted organic disulfides and thiosulfonates led several groups of researchers to conclude that the anticancer effect of these compounds is not mediated by H2S and is only modulated by reactive oxygen species, and that their central model of action is selective protein S-thiolation. Future Directions: SG1002 is likely to emerge as the H2S donor of choice for acquiring knowledge on this gasotransmitter's effects in animal models, on account of its unique ability to efficiently generate H2S without byproducts and in a slow and sustained mode that is dose independent and enzyme independent. Efficient tuning of H2S donation characteristics of DATS, dibenzyl trisulfide, and other hydrophobic H2S prodrugs for both oral and parenteral administration will be achieved not only by conventional structural modification of a lead molecule but also through the new "supramolecular tuning" paradigm.
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Burgoyne AM, Vann KR, Joshi S, Morales GA, Vega FM, Singh A, Pal D, Merati AB, Kutateladze TG, Durden DL. A triple action CDK4/6-PI3K-BET inhibitor with augmented cancer cell cytotoxicity. Cell Discov 2020; 6:49. [PMID: 32793389 PMCID: PMC7385619 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-020-0181-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Burgoyne
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Kendra R. Vann
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Shweta Joshi
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | | | - Francisco M. Vega
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alok Singh
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Dhananjaya Pal
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Aran B. Merati
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | | | - Donald L. Durden
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- SignalRx Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA USA
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Vann KR, Pal D, Morales GA, Burgoyne AM, Durden DL, Kutateladze TG. Design of thienopyranone-based BET inhibitors that bind multiple synthetic lethality targets. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12027. [PMID: 32694708 PMCID: PMC7374098 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68964-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of small molecule compounds that target several cancer drivers has shown great therapeutic potential. Here, we developed a new generation of highly potent thienopyranone (TP)-based inhibitors for the BET bromodomains (BDs) of the transcriptional regulator BRD4 that have the ability to simultaneously bind to phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) and/or cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6 (CDK4/6). Analysis of the crystal structures of the complexes, NMR titration experiments and IC50 measurements reveal the molecular basis underlying the inhibitory effects and selectivity of these compounds toward BDs of BRD4. The inhibitors show robust cytotoxic effects in multiple cancer cell lines and induce cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. We further demonstrate that concurrent disruption of the acetyllysine binding function of BRD4 and the kinase activities of PI3K and CDK4/6 by the TP inhibitor improves efficacy in several cancer models. Together, these findings provide further compelling evidence that these multi-action inhibitors are efficacious and more potent than single inhibitory chemotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra R Vann
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Dhananjaya Pal
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Adam M Burgoyne
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Donald L Durden
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- SignalRx Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Tatiana G Kutateladze
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
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7
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Joshi S, Liu KX, Zulcic M, Singh AR, Skola D, Glass CK, Sanders PD, Sharabi AB, Pham TV, Tamayo P, Shiang D, Dinh HQ, Hedrick CC, Morales GA, Garlich JR, Durden DL. Macrophage Syk-PI3Kγ Inhibits Antitumor Immunity: SRX3207, a Novel Dual Syk-PI3K Inhibitory Chemotype Relieves Tumor Immunosuppression. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:755-764. [PMID: 31974273 PMCID: PMC7450492 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages (MΦ) play a critical role in tumor growth, immunosuppression, and inhibition of adaptive immune responses in cancer. Hence, targeting signaling pathways in MΦs that promote tumor immunosuppression will provide therapeutic benefit. PI3Kγ has been recently established by our group and others as a novel immuno-oncology target. Herein, we report that an MΦ Syk-PI3K axis drives polarization of immunosuppressive MΦs that establish an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in in vivo syngeneic tumor models. Genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of Syk and/or PI3Kγ in MΦs promotes a proinflammatory MΦ phenotype, restores CD8+ T-cell activity, destabilizes HIF under hypoxia, and stimulates an antitumor immune response. Assay for transposase-accessible Chromatin using Sequencing (ATAC-seq) analyses on the bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) show that inhibition of Syk kinase promotes activation and binding of NF-κB motif in SykMC-KO BMDMs, thus stimulating immunostimulatory transcriptional programming in MΦs to suppress tumor growth. Finally, we have developed in silico the "first-in-class" dual Syk/PI3K inhibitor, SRX3207, for the combinatorial inhibition of Syk and PI3K in one small molecule. This chemotype demonstrates efficacy in multiple tumor models and represents a novel combinatorial approach to activate antitumor immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/pathology
- Cell Proliferation
- Class Ib Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/chemistry
- Colonic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Colonic Neoplasms/enzymology
- Colonic Neoplasms/immunology
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunosuppression Therapy
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/drug therapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/enzymology
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction
- Syk Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Joshi
- UCSD Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California.
| | - Kevin X Liu
- UCSD Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Muamera Zulcic
- UCSD Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Alok R Singh
- UCSD Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Dylan Skola
- UCSD School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Christopher K Glass
- UCSD School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - P Dominick Sanders
- Moores Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Andrew B Sharabi
- Moores Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Timothy V Pham
- UCSD Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
- Office of Cancer Genomics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Pablo Tamayo
- Office of Cancer Genomics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Daniel Shiang
- UCSD Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Huy Q Dinh
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | | | | | | | - Donald L Durden
- UCSD Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California.
- SignalRx Pharmaceuticals, Omaha, Nebraska
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Joshi S, Liu K, Zulcic M, Singh A, Pham T, Glass CK, Sharabi A, Morales GA, Garlich JR, Durden D. Abstract 109: Myeloid Syk-PI3Kg-HIF axis inhibits anti-tumor adaptive immunity: In silico design of a “first in class” novel dual-Syk/PI3K inhibitor, SRX3207, to block the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Macrophages (MΘs) play important roles in the initiation and progression of solid tumors and in establishing an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) that dampens effective anti-tumor immune responses in cancer. Hence, targeting signaling pathways in MΘs that promote tumor immunosuppression will provide therapeutic benefit. Syk kinase is a well-established cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase that has been extensively studied in adaptive immune responses, but its role in macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses and innate immune responses remains poorly understood. The role of PI3Kγ in tumor growth and immunosuppression has been recently established by our and other groups. Our current study examines whether targeting two crucial signaling entities, which promote macrophage-mediated anti-inflammatory responses viz. Syk kinase and PI3K, would maximally activate the anti-tumor immune response.
Methodology: 1) We generated myeloid-specific conditional Syk k/o mice to investigate if the deletion of Syk has any role in a) macrophage polarization in vitro and in vivo; b) tumor growth in various syngeneic mouse models including LLC, B16, CT26, and MC38 carcinoma; c) tumor immunosuppression including polarization of macrophages into immunosuppressive phenotype, infiltration of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory T cells; and d) infiltration and activation of CD8+T cells in the TME. 2) We used commercially available Syk inhibitor, R788, to study the role of Syk in the control of the aforementioned phenotypes. 3) We used computational chemistry methods to develop a novel chemotype, SRX3207, which inhibits both PI3K and Syk (with a single molecule) as a strategy for combinatorial activation of anti-cancer immunity.
Results: Our results suggest that macrophage, Syk, functions upstream of Rac2 GTPase and PI-3K to modulate integrin (αvβ3/αvβ5&α4β1)-mediated polarization of immunosuppressive macrophages and tumor growth in in vivo syngeneic tumor models. Genetic or pharmacological blockade of Syk in MΘs promotes a pro-inflammatory MΘ phenotype, restores CD8+ T cell activity, destabilizes HIF under hypoxia, and stimulates an antitumor immune response. Moreover, Syk-regulated immune response gene signature predicts survival in cancer patients. Novel dual-Syk/PI3K inhibitor, SRX3207, shows great efficacy in various syngeneic tumor models with no toxicity.
Conclusions: Our results validate the concept of combined Syk and PI3K inhibition as an effective approach to treat macrophage-driven, devastating cancers. This study will open new avenues to explore this chemotype in combination with other immuno-oncologic agents as the majority of cancer patients do not respond to single agent anti-PD1 or other checkpoint inhibitors currently in clinical use.
Citation Format: Shweta Joshi, Kevin Liu, Muamera Zulcic, Alok Singh, Timothy Pham, Christopher K. Glass, Andrew Sharabi, Guillermo A. Morales, Joseph R. Garlich, Donald Durden. Myeloid Syk-PI3Kg-HIF axis inhibits anti-tumor adaptive immunity: In silico design of a “first in class” novel dual-Syk/PI3K inhibitor, SRX3207, to block the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 109.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Joshi
- 1University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Kevin Liu
- 1University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | | | - Alok Singh
- 1University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Timothy Pham
- 1University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
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Ropp PJ, Spiegel JO, Walker JL, Green H, Morales GA, Milliken KA, Ringe JJ, Durrant JD. Gypsum-DL: an open-source program for preparing small-molecule libraries for structure-based virtual screening. J Cheminform 2019; 11:34. [PMID: 31127411 PMCID: PMC6534830 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-019-0358-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational techniques such as structure-based virtual screening require carefully prepared 3D models of potential small-molecule ligands. Though powerful, existing commercial programs for virtual-library preparation have restrictive and/or expensive licenses. Freely available alternatives, though often effective, do not fully account for all possible ionization, tautomeric, and ring-conformational variants. We here present Gypsum-DL, a free, robust open-source program that addresses these challenges. As input, Gypsum-DL accepts virtual compound libraries in SMILES or flat SDF formats. For each molecule in the virtual library, it enumerates appropriate ionization, tautomeric, chiral, cis/trans isomeric, and ring-conformational forms. As output, Gypsum-DL produces an SDF file containing each molecular form, with 3D coordinates assigned. To demonstrate its utility, we processed 1558 molecules taken from the NCI Diversity Set VI and 56,608 molecules taken from a Distributed Drug Discovery (D3) combinatorial virtual library. We also used 4463 high-quality protein–ligand complexes from the PDBBind database to show that Gypsum-DL processing can improve virtual-screening pose prediction. Gypsum-DL is available free of charge under the terms of the Apache License, Version 2.0.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Ropp
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Jacob O Spiegel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Jennifer L Walker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Harrison Green
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Guillermo A Morales
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Innoventyx, LLC, Oro Valley, AZ, 85737, USA
| | - Katherine A Milliken
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - John J Ringe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Jacob D Durrant
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
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10
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Joshi S, Singh AR, Liu KX, Pham TV, Zulcic M, Skola D, Chun HB, Glass CK, Morales GA, Garlich JR, Durden DL. SF2523: Dual PI3K/BRD4 Inhibitor Blocks Tumor Immunosuppression and Promotes Adaptive Immune Responses in Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1036-1044. [PMID: 31018997 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages (MΘs) are key immune infiltrates in solid tumors and serve as major drivers behind tumor growth, immune suppression, and inhibition of adaptive immune responses in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) protein, BRD4, which binds to acetylated lysine on histone tails, has recently been reported to promote gene transcription of proinflammatory cytokines but has rarely been explored for its role in IL4-driven MΘ transcriptional programming and MΘ-mediated immunosuppression in the TME. Herein, we report that BET bromodomain inhibitor, JQ1, blocks association of BRD4 with promoters of arginase and other IL4-driven MΘ genes, which promote immunosuppression in TME. Pharmacologic inhibition of BRD4 using JQ1 and/or PI3K using dual PI3K/BRD4 inhibitor SF2523 (previously reported by our group as a potent inhibitor to block tumor growth and metastasis in various cancer models) suppresses tumor growth in syngeneic and spontaneous murine cancer models; reduces infiltration of myeloid-derived suppressor cells; blocks polarization of immunosuppressive MΘs; restores CD8+ T-cell activity; and stimulates antitumor immune responses. Finally, our results suggest that BRD4 regulates the immunosuppressive myeloid TME, and BET inhibitors and dual PI3K/BRD4 inhibitors are therapeutic strategies for cancers driven by the MΘ-dependent immunosuppressive TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Joshi
- UCSD Department of Pediatrics, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.
| | - Alok R Singh
- UCSD Department of Pediatrics, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Kevin X Liu
- UCSD Department of Pediatrics, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Timothy V Pham
- UCSD Department of Pediatrics, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Muamera Zulcic
- UCSD Department of Pediatrics, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Dylan Skola
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Hyun Bae Chun
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | | | | | - Donald L Durden
- UCSD Department of Pediatrics, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.
- SignalRx Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California
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Burgoyne AM, Vega FM, Singh A, Joshi S, Garlich JR, Morales GA, Kutateladze TG, Durden DL. Abstract LB-298: The novel triple PI3K-CDK4/6-BRD4 inhibitor SRX3177 harnesses synthetic lethality relationships to orthogonally disrupt cancer cell signaling. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-lb-298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Dysregulation of the cell cycle is a hallmark of nearly all cancers, and efforts to target signaling pathways regulating cell growth and proliferation have driven much of cancer drug discovery. Despite advances in novel therapeutics, however, most patients with advanced neoplasms do not achieve long-term survival with single agent targeted therapy. Here, we describe a novel “triple inhibitor” (i.e., SRX3177) that simultaneously targets three oncogenes promoting cancer cell growth: phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6), and the epigenetic regulator BRD4. This rationally-designed, thieno-pyranone scaffold-based small molecule inhibitor uses known synthetic lethality relationships to orthogonally disrupt three targets within the cancer cell with one agent. Single agent CDK4/6 inhibitors such as palbociclib, which is FDA-approved in combination with hormone therapy in estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer, suffer from being cytostatic in nature, requiring combinations to be more effective and avoid development of resistance. Concurrent PI3K inhibition can prevent resistance to CDK4/6 inhibition, and combined CDK4/6 and PI3K inhibition leads to synthetic lethality reported in a number of cancer types, including breast cancer and mantle cell lymphoma. Moreover, blocking the chromatin reader protein BRD4 downregulates MYC and cyclin D1 transcription, further promoting cell cycle arrest in G1. Thus, we designed SRX3177 as a triple inhibitor of PI3K, CDK4/6, and BRD4 to maximally block cell cycle progression and cancer cell growth. SRX3177 is a potent ATP competitive CDK4/6 inhibitor (IC50: CDK4 = 2.54 nM, CDK6 = 3.26 nM), PI3K inhibitor (IC50: PI3Kα = 79.3 nM, PI3Kδ = 83.4 nM), and BRD4 inhibitor (IC50: BD1 = 32.9 nM, BD2 = 88.8 nM). In a panel of mantle cell lymphoma, neuroblastoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines, SRX3177 has maximal IC50 values of 578 nM, 385 nM, and 495 nM respectively. This represents a 19 to 82-fold increase in potency compared to palbociclib. SRX3177 is 5-fold more potent in cancer cells than the combination of similar potency single PI3K, CD4/6, and BRD4 inhibitors (i.e., BKM120 + palbociclib + JQ1). SRX3177 is also 40-fold less toxic to normal epithelial cells than the co-treatment with single inhibitors. Furthermore, SRX3177 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in propidium iodide and annexin V assays, respectively. Finally, SRX3177 inhibits Akt and Rb phosphorylation (downstream of PI3K and CDK4/6 signaling, respectively) and blocks BRD4 binding to chromatin. Thus, our triple inhibitor SRX3177 is efficacious, is more potent and less toxic to normal cells than administration of three individual inhibitors, and has robust pharmacodynamic effects on its targets. Taken together, our data support the development of SRX3177 as a novel therapeutic agent for multiple cancers.
Citation Format: Adam M. Burgoyne, Francisco M. Vega, Alok Singh, Shweta Joshi, Joseph R. Garlich, Guillermo A. Morales, Tatiana G. Kutateladze, Donald L. Durden. The novel triple PI3K-CDK4/6-BRD4 inhibitor SRX3177 harnesses synthetic lethality relationships to orthogonally disrupt cancer cell signaling [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-298. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-LB-298
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alok Singh
- 1University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Shweta Joshi
- 1University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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12
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Bennett RP, Stewart RA, Hogan PA, Ptak RG, Mankowski MK, Hartman TL, Buckheit RW, Snyder BA, Salter JD, Morales GA, Smith HC. An analog of camptothecin inactive against Topoisomerase I is broadly neutralizing of HIV-1 through inhibition of Vif-dependent APOBEC3G degradation. Antiviral Res 2016; 136:51-59. [PMID: 27825797 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Camptothecin (CPT) is a natural product discovered to be active against various cancers through its ability to inhibit Topoisomerase I (TOP1). CPT analogs also have anti-HIV-1 (HIV) activity that was previously shown to be independent of TOP1 inhibition. We show that a cancer inactive CPT analog (O2-16) inhibits HIV infection by disrupting multimerization of the HIV protein Vif. Antiviral activity depended on the expression of the cellular viral restriction factor APOBEC3G (A3G) that, in the absence of functional Vif, has the ability to hypermutate HIV proviral DNA during reverse transcription. Our studies demonstrate that O2-16 has low cytotoxicity and inhibits Vif-dependent A3G degradation, enabling A3G packaging into HIV viral particles that results in A3G signature hypermutations in viral genomes. This antiviral activity was A3G-dependent and broadly neutralizing against sixteen HIV clinical isolates from groups M (subtypes A-G), N, and O as well as seven single and multi-drug resistant strains of HIV. Molecular modeling predicted binding near the PPLP motif crucial for Vif multimerization and activity. O2-16 also was active in blocking Vif degradation of APOBEC3F (A3F). We propose that CPT analogs not active against TOP1 have novel therapeutic potential as Vif antagonists that enable A3G-dependent hypermutation of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Bennett
- OyaGen, Inc., 77 Ridgeland Rd., Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - Ryan A Stewart
- OyaGen, Inc., 77 Ridgeland Rd., Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - Priscilla A Hogan
- Southern Research Institute, Department of Infectious Disease Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Roger G Ptak
- Southern Research Institute, Department of Infectious Disease Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Marie K Mankowski
- Southern Research Institute, Department of Infectious Disease Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Beth A Snyder
- Southern Research Institute, Department of Infectious Disease Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jason D Salter
- OyaGen, Inc., 77 Ridgeland Rd., Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | | | - Harold C Smith
- OyaGen, Inc., 77 Ridgeland Rd., Rochester, NY 14623, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Environmental Health Sciences Center, Center for RNA Biology, Center for AIDS Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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13
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Singh AR, Joshi S, Burgoyne AM, Sicklick JK, Ikeda S, Kono Y, Garlich JR, Morales GA, Durden DL. Single Agent and Synergistic Activity of the "First-in-Class" Dual PI3K/BRD4 Inhibitor SF1126 with Sorafenib in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2553-2562. [PMID: 27496136 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Deregulated PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Ras/Raf/MAPK, and c-Myc signaling pathways are of prognostic significance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Sorafenib, the only drug clinically approved for patients with advanced HCC, blocks the Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway but it does not inhibit the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway or c-Myc activation. Hence, there is an unmet medical need to identify potent PI3K/BRD4 inhibitors, which can be used either alone or in combination with sorafenib to treat patients with advanced HCC. Herein, we show that SF1126 (pan PI3K/BRD4 inhibitor) as single agent or in combination with sorafenib inhibited proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and multiple key enzymes in PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway in Hep3B, HepG2, SK-Hep1, and Huh7 HCC cell lines. We demonstrate that the active moiety of the SF1126 prodrug LY294002 binds to and blocks BRD4 interaction with the acetylated histone-H4 chromatin mark protein and displaced BRD4 coactivator protein from the transcriptional start site of MYC in Huh7 and SK-Hep1 HCC cell lines. Moreover, SF1126 blocked expression levels of c-Myc in HCC cells. Treatment of SF1126 either alone or in combination with sorafenib showed significant antitumor activity in vivo Our results establish that SF1126 is a dual PI3K/BRD4 inhibitor. This agent has completed a phase I clinical trial in humans with good safety profile. Our data support the potential future consideration of a phase II clinical trial of SF1126, a clinically relevant dual "first-in-class" PI3K/BRD4 inhibitor in advanced HCC, and a potential combination with sorafenib. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(11); 2553-62. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok R Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Shweta Joshi
- Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Adam M Burgoyne
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jason K Sicklick
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Sadakatsu Ikeda
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Yuko Kono
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | | | | | - Donald L Durden
- Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.
- SignalRx Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, UCSD Rady Children's Hospital, University of California San Diego Health System, La Jolla, California
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14
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Singh AR, Joshi S, Zulcic M, Alcaraz M, Garlich JR, Morales GA, Cho YJ, Bao L, Levy ML, Newbury R, Malicki D, Messer K, Crawford J, Durden DL. PI-3K Inhibitors Preferentially Target CD15+ Cancer Stem Cell Population in SHH Driven Medulloblastoma. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150836. [PMID: 26938241 PMCID: PMC4777592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (SHH) medulloblastoma (MB) subtype is driven by a proliferative CD15+ tumor propagating cell (TPC), also considered in the literature as a putative cancer stem cell (CSC). Despite considerable research, much of the biology of this TPC remains unknown. We report evidence that phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K) play a crucial role in the propagation, survival and potential response to therapy in this CD15+ CSC/TPC-driven malignant disease. Using the ND2-SmoA1 transgenic mouse model for MB, mouse genetics and patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), we demonstrate that the CD15+TPCs are 1) obligately required for SmoA1Tg-driven tumorigenicity 2) regulated by PTEN and PI-3K signaling 3) selectively sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of pan PI-3K inhibitors in vitro and in vivo but resistant to chemotherapy 4) in the SmoA1Tg mouse model are genomically similar to the SHH human MB subgroup. The results provide the first evidence that PTEN plays a role in MB TPC signaling and biology and that PI-3K inhibitors target and suppress the survival and proliferation of cells within the mouse and human CD15+ cancer stem cell compartment. In contrast, CD15+ TPCs are resistant to cisplatinum, temozolomide and the SHH inhibitor, NVP-LDE-225, agents currently used in treatment of medulloblastoma. These studies validate the therapeutic efficacy of pan PI-3K inhibitors in the treatment of CD15+ TPC dependent medulloblastoma and suggest a sequential combination of PI-3K inhibitors and chemotherapy will have augmented efficacy in the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok R. Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health System, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Shweta Joshi
- Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health System, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Muamera Zulcic
- Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health System, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael Alcaraz
- Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health System, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | | | | | - Yoon J. Cho
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Lei Bao
- Biostatistics Department, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health System, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Levy
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSD Rady Children’s Hospital, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Robert Newbury
- Department of Pathology, UCSD Rady Children’s Hospital, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Denise Malicki
- Department of Pathology, UCSD Rady Children’s Hospital, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Karen Messer
- Biostatistics Department, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health System, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - John Crawford
- Department of Neurosciences Division of Child Neurology, UCSD Rady Children’s Hospital, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Donald L. Durden
- Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health System, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, UCSD Rady Children’s Hospital, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Salter JD, Morales GA, Smith HC. Structural insights for HIV-1 therapeutic strategies targeting Vif. Trends Biochem Sci 2014; 39:373-80. [PMID: 25124760 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 viral infectivity factor (Vif) is a viral accessory protein that is required for HIV-1 infection due largely to its role in recruiting antiretroviral factors of the APOBEC3 (apolipoprotein B editing catalytic subunit-like 3) family to an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex for polyubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation. The crystal structure of the (near) full-length Vif protein in complex with Elongin (Elo)B/C, core-binding factor (CBF)β and Cullin (Cul)5 revealed that Vif has a novel structural fold. In our opinion the structural data revealed not only the protein-protein interaction sites that determine Vif stability and interaction with cellular proteins, but also motifs driving Vif homodimerization, which are essential in Vif functionality and HIV-1 infection. Vif-mediated protein-protein interactions are excellent targets for a new class of antiretroviral therapeutics to combat AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Salter
- OyaGen, Inc, 77 Ridgeland Road, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - Guillermo A Morales
- Cogent Professionals, 101 West Ohio Street, Suite 2000, Indianapolis, IN 46204, USA
| | - Harold C Smith
- OyaGen, Inc, 77 Ridgeland Road, Rochester, NY 14623, USA; University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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16
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Khan KM, Jamil W, Ambreen N, Taha M, Perveen S, Morales GA. An expeditious synthetic approach towards the synthesis of Bis-Schiff bases (aldazines) using ultrasound. Ultrason Sonochem 2014; 21:1200-1205. [PMID: 24398059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aldazines (Bis-Schiff bases) 1-24 were synthesized using aromatic aldehydes (heterocyclic and benzaldehydes) and hydrazine hydrate under reflux using conventional heating and/or via ultrasound irradiation using BiCl3 as catalyst. Ultrasonication conditions with cat. BiCl3 proved to be an effective, environmentally friendly synthetic procedure. This methodology is robust in the presence of electron donating and electron withdrawing groups affording desired products with high yields (>95%) in just a couple of minutes vs. hours using conventional heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid M Khan
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Waqas Jamil
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Institute of Advance Research Studies in Chemical Sciences, University of Sindh Jamshoro, Hyderabad 76080, Pakistan
| | - Nida Ambreen
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Taha
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Research Institute of Natural Products for Drug Discovery (RiND), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Shahnaz Perveen
- PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Karachi, Shahrah-e-Dr. Salimuzzaman Siddiqui, Karachi 75280, Pakistan
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17
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Morales GA, Garlich JR, Su J, Peng X, Newblom J, Weber K, Durden DL. Synthesis and cancer stem cell-based activity of substituted 5-morpholino-7H-thieno[3,2-b]pyran-7-ones designed as next generation PI3K inhibitors. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1922-39. [PMID: 23410005 DOI: 10.1021/jm301522m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway in a wide range of tumors has made PI3K a consensus target to inhibit as illustrated by more than 15 inhibitors now in clinical trials. Our previous work, built on the early pioneering multikinase inhibitor LY294002, resulted in the only PI3K vascular-targeted PI3K inhibitor prodrug, SF1126, which has now completed Phase I clinical trials. This inhibitor has properties that impart more in vivo activity than should be warranted by its enzymatic potency, which in general is much lower than other clinical stage PI3K inhibitors. We embarked on the exploration of scaffolds that retained such properties while simultaneously exhibiting an increased potency toward PI3K. This work resulted in the discovery of the 5-morpholino-7H-thieno[3,2-b]pyran-7-one system as the foundation of a new compound class of potential PI3K inhibitors having improved potency toward PI3K. The synthesis and cancer stem cell-based activity of these compounds are reported herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo A Morales
- BIO5 Institute (Oro Valley), The University of Arizona, 1580 East Hanley Boulevard, Oro Valley, Arizona 85737, United States.
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18
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Schmitt DC, Morales GA, Fronczek FR, Watkins SF. 3-(Trimethylsilyl)prop-2-ynyl p-toluenesulfonate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2011; 67:o3110. [PMID: 22220113 PMCID: PMC3247495 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536811043595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C13H18O3SSi, the SO3 group displays a partial rotational (ca 50°) disorder about the C—S bond, with relative proportions 0.7744 (13):0.2256 (13). This disorder also forces the propynyl CH2 group to be disordered.
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19
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Dolle RE, Bourdonnec BL, Worm K, Morales GA, Thomas CJ, Zhang W. Comprehensive survey of chemical libraries for drug discovery and chemical biology: 2009. J Comb Chem 2010; 12:765-806. [PMID: 20923157 PMCID: PMC4140011 DOI: 10.1021/cc100128w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland E Dolle
- Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, USA.
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Dolle RE, Bourdonnec BL, Goodman AJ, Morales GA, Thomas CJ, Zhang W. Comprehensive Survey of Chemical Libraries for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology: 2008. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 11:739-90. [PMID: 19715292 DOI: 10.1021/cc9000828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Morales GA. QSAR allows going a step further by measuring and quantifying cause-effect information to chemical structures. Mol Divers 2009; 13:275-6. [PMID: 19585248 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-009-9180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
This short commentary takes a stroll through the early days of the field of combinatorial chemistry and molecular diversity. It offers a high-level perspective on the field's beginnings--and its future--as it relates to journals, books, pioneers, and advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H Moos
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
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Morales GA. Molecular Diversity: a new scope and path for 2009 and on. Mol Divers 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-008-9105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Dolle RE, Bourdonnec BL, Goodman AJ, Morales GA, Thomas CJ, Zhang W. Comprehensive Survey of Chemical Libraries for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology: 2007. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:753-802. [PMID: 18991466 DOI: 10.1021/cc800119z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland E. Dolle
- Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, Semafore Pharmaceuticals Inc., 8496 Georgetown Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125
| | - Bertrand Le Bourdonnec
- Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, Semafore Pharmaceuticals Inc., 8496 Georgetown Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125
| | - Allan J. Goodman
- Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, Semafore Pharmaceuticals Inc., 8496 Georgetown Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125
| | - Guillermo A. Morales
- Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, Semafore Pharmaceuticals Inc., 8496 Georgetown Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125
| | - Craig J. Thomas
- Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, Semafore Pharmaceuticals Inc., 8496 Georgetown Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125
| | - Wei Zhang
- Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, Semafore Pharmaceuticals Inc., 8496 Georgetown Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125
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Dolle RE, Le Bourdonnec B, Goodman AJ, Morales GA, Salvino JM, Zhang W. Comprehensive survey of chemical libraries for drug discovery and chemical biology: 2006. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 9:855-902. [PMID: 17877417 DOI: 10.1021/cc700111e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland E Dolle
- Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland E Dolle
- Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, USA.
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Abstract
Discovery of two ill horses and three dogs naturally infected with Trypanosoma evansi near an experimental station in the Eastern Plains of Colombia led to a search for reservoir hosts of the parasite. Infection was detected in 8/33 healthy capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), none of the remaining 14 horses, and none of 32 Zebu cattle (Bos indicus), 18 paca (Cuniculus paca) and 20 spiny rats (Proechimys sp.). Contrary to common opinion, the results indicated a carrier state in the capybara. Diagnosis was based on morphology, behaviour in albino rats, and pathogenicity and host range in domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Morales
- Pathology and Epidemiology Sections, Animal Health Program, CIAT, apartado aéreo 67-13, Cali, Colombia, SA
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Liu B, Barkley MD, Morales GA, McLaughlin ML, Callis PR. Fluorescence Properties of Benz[f]indole, a Wavelength and Quenching Selective Tryptophan Analog. J Phys Chem B 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9925536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Patrik R. Callis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717
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Morales GA, Pinto de Morales L, Arteaga C, Matinella L, Rojas H. [Prevalence of intestinal helminthiasis in 100 municipalities in Venezuela (1989-1992)]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1999; 32:263-70. [PMID: 10380565 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86821999000300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 113,254 individuals from 100 venezuelan municipalities were studied by mean of Kato-Katz coprological examination and the geohelminth prevalences were established. The national prevalences of T. trichiura, A. lumbricoides and Anquilostomideos were 32.6%, 26.9% and 5.6% respectively+. For T. trichiura the highest values were obtained for the following municipalities: Arévalo González (54.6%) in Miranda state, Urama (76.9%) in Carabobo state and Punta de Piedra (78.4%) in Sucre state. For A. lumbricoides the highest values were determined in Punta de Piedra (63%), Tunapuy (61.9%) in Sucre state and Arévalo González (62.7%) in Miranda state. For hookworm the highest values were detected in El Amparo (39.5%) and San Camilo (35.9%) in the state of Apure. In relation to the age, the highest prevalence of Ascariosis and Trichuriosis were determined in pre-school and school children and for hookworm in adolescents and adults. A high variability between the municipalities belonging to the same state for the three geohelminths was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Morales
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Instituto de Investigaciones Veterinarias, CENIAP-FONAIAP, Araqua, Venezuela
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Abstract
Cyclohexanespiro-5'-hydantoin monohydrate, C8H12N2O2.H2O, has a chair-shaped cyclohexane ring with endocyclic torsion-angle magnitudes in the range 54.4 (2)-56.3 (2) degrees. All potential hydrogen-bond donors are involved in intermolecular hydrogen bonding, with lengths in the range 2.760 (2)-2.908 (2) A. In its indolyl adduct, 2-(3-indolyl)cyclohexanespiro-5'-hydantoin monohydrate, C16H17N3O2.H2O, the cyclohexane moiety adopts a chair conformation with the indolyl substituent in an equatorial position. The N-H portion of the hydantoin ring is cis to indolyl, while the C=O of the hydantoin is trans. Endocyclic torsion-angle magnitudes of the cyclohexane ring are in the range 54.2 (2)-56.7 (2) degrees. All potential hydrogen-bond donors are involved in intermolecular hydrogen bonds, with lengths 2.828 (2)-3.187 (2) A.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Gauthier
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803-1804, USA
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McMahon LP, Yu HT, Vela MA, Morales GA, Shui L, Fronczek FR, McLaughlin ML, Barkley MD. Conformer Interconversion in the Excited State of Constrained Tryptophan Derivatives. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp963273i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd P. McMahon
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1804
| | - Hong-Tao Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1804
| | - Marco A. Vela
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1804
| | - Guillermo A. Morales
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1804
| | - Li Shui
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1804
| | - Frank R. Fronczek
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1804
| | - Mark L. McLaughlin
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1804
| | - Mary D. Barkley
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1804
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Wysong CL, Yokum TS, Morales GA, Gundry RL, McLaughlin ML, Hammer RP. 4-Aminopiperidine-4-carboxylic Acid: A Cyclic alpha,alpha-Disubstituted Amino Acid for Preparation of Water-Soluble Highly Helical Peptides. J Org Chem 1996; 61:7650-7651. [PMID: 11667711 DOI: 10.1021/jo961594k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pino LA, Morales GA, Chourio-Lozano G, Torres RA, Díaz Anciani I, Calchi La Torre M. [New interpretation of the quantitative fecal examination in humans]. Acta Cient Venez 1994; 45:292-5. [PMID: 9239850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The pattern of spatial disposition of eggs of the parasites (Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Ancylostomidae) into the faeces was found overdispersed, independently of the technique of coprodiagnosis used (Direct smear without standarisation, Stoll, Shore & Lynch, Kato-Katz and Mc Master). Therefore, differences were not detected in the interpretation of the results among the techniques at the population level, in quantitative studies. In an overdispersed pattern, only few hosts are the major responsibles for the environmental contamination. The importance of this spatial arrangement for parasite control purposes, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Pino
- Departamento de Nosología, Instituto de Investigaciones Veterinarias, CENIAP-FONAIAP, Edo. Aragua, Venezuela
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Morales GA, Pino LA, Chourio-Lozano G. [Ecoepidemiology of Ascaris lumbricoides in an endemic area and its relation with blood groups]. Acta Cient Venez 1994; 45:287-91. [PMID: 9239849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
185 children 1 to 14 years old living in the suburb of San Rafael (Zulia State, Venezuela) were selected for this study with the following results: Eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides in the stool samples before administration of a drug to the children and the worms recovered after drug, induced expulsion, showed a high aggregation (K = 0.115 and K = 0.122, respectively); the aggregation of the recovered worms was more intense in girls (K = 0.083), than in boys (K = 0.220); among the blood groups, A. lumbricoides resulted highly prevalent (100%) and less overdispersed in group "AB" (K = 1.26; n = 5), while in the other blood groups the spatial aggregation pattern was strongly overdispersed (A = 0.159; B = 0.133 and O = 0.210); individuals of the blood group "B", make the greatest contribution to environmental contamination, because they presented the greatest values for the abundance and a more intense overdispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Morales
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigaciones Veterinarias, CENIAP-FONAIAP, Aragua, Venezuela
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Giordano JM, Morales GA, Trout HH, DePalma RG. Regional nerve block for femoropopliteal and tibial arterial reconstructions. J Vasc Surg 1986; 4:351-4. [PMID: 3761477 DOI: 10.1067/mva.1986.avs0040351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen high-risk patients underwent lower extremity revascularization anesthetized with a regional nerve block technique. The sciatic, femoral, and obturator nerves were infiltrated with 1% lidocaine and 0.25% bupivacaine. Eight femoropopliteal and five femorotibial bypasses were performed for limb salvage (11 patients), disabling claudication (one patient), and popliteal artery aneurysm (one patient). Analgesia was adequate with only one patient who needed supplemental nitrous oxide. One patient died on the sixth postoperative day of a myocardial infarction. Regional nerve block is an effective anesthetic technique that should be considered if general or spinal anesthesia is inappropriate.
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Arce JV, Fernandez AS, Pucci JC, Urzola EG, Flores EM, Morales GA. [Total esophagectomy without thoracotomy]. Ann Chir 1983; 37:133-6. [PMID: 6680809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Abstract
The results of a survey involving more than 4,000 Colombian mammals, carried out to detect Echinococcus infections, are presented. Adult worms were found in 5 of 121 carnivores: E. oligarthrus in 1 of 11 ocelots, 2 of 9 jaguarundi cats and single puma; and E. vogeli in 1 of 15 domestic dogs. Although bush dogs were present, none could be examined. Polycystic larvae were found in 96 of 325 pacas (29.5%) and in 6 of 1,168 (0.5%) spiny rats, Proechimys spp. None of the 118 agouti showed hydatids but an infected heart was provided by hunters. The paca's infection rate increased with age but was not related to sex or geographic region. In 73 of 96 pacas the infection was due to E. vogeli, and the cysts were located in the liver. In 3 it was due to E. oligarthrus and the hydatids were extrahepatic, mainly attached to muscles. In the remaining 20, the species involved could not be determined. The parasites in two of the spiny rats, and in the agouti heart were E. oligarthrus. Although most of the infected animals were collected in the eastern plains, other records and verbal information indicate that, at least in Colombia where man has not exterminated pacas, agoutis, wild canids and felids, one still can find enzootic neotropical Echinococcus infection. The cycle of E. vogeli involves the bush dog and paca as hosts, and that of E. oligarthrus, the paca, agouti, spiny rat, and several species of wild felids.
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Wells EA, D'Alessandro A, Morales GA, Angel D. Mammalian wildlife diseases as hazards to man and livestock in an area of the Llanos Orientales of Colombia. J Wildl Dis 1981; 17:153-62. [PMID: 6788961 DOI: 10.7589/0090-3558-17.1.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Development of the LLanos Orientales of Colombia, and access to underdeveloped areas in the Llanos, may create disease hazards to man and domestic animals or introduce exotic pathogens, creating reservoirs of infection for domestic animals and acting as limiting factors on the native wild species. A survey of wild animals common to the Llanos revealed a number of parasites indigenous to the area. A total total of 59 mammalian species, representing eight orders were examined. Haematozoa were represented by Trypanosoma cruzi, T. evansi and T. rangeli. Eight species of ticks were found: Amblyomma cajennense, A. auricularium, A. rotundatum, A. maculatum, A. longirostre, A. pacae, Ixodes luciae and Boophilus microplus. Four species of fleas were found: Rhopalopsyllus lugubris lugubris, R. australis tupinus, R. cacicus saevus and Polygenis klagesi samuelis. A species of Echinococcus was commonly found in Cuniculus paca. Serologic titers and/or isolations of pathogenic viral and bacterial agents generally indicated that the wildlife population had not been exposed to the diseases common to the domestic population. A low prevalence of titers to Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis was found in Cebus apella and Proechimys sp. Neutralizing antibodies to Group B viruses were found in Proechimys sp., Coendor sp. and Nectomys squamipes. Antibodies to Group C viruses were found in Proechimys sp. Serologic titers to Leptospira sejroe and L. tarassovi were found in Proechimys sp. and Didelphis marsupialis. L. tarassovi was isolated from Proechimys sp. Titers to Brucella were not found in 1964 animals. The significance of these findings are discussed.
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Abstract
Described are the characteristics of the polycystic larval cestodes found in an endemic area of echinococcosis in the Easter Plains of Colombia and the tissue reaction evoked in infected rodents. Of 848 free-ranging animals examined, polycystic hydatids were found in 44/93 Cuniculus paca and 1/369 Proechimys sp. None of 20 Dasyprocta fuliginosa examined was infected, but hunters provided a heart with hydatid cysts and information about two additional animals with infected livers. Recognition of an endemic area of polycystic echinococcosis provides a means to investigate the life cycle of the parasites and to study the histogenesis of the larval cestodes in susceptible laboratory animals.
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Morales GA, Guzmán VH, Beltrán LE. Leptospirosis in Colombia: isolation of Leptospira spp. from the kidneys of brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) trapped on infected piggeries. Trop Anim Health Prod 1978; 10:121-3. [PMID: 664013 DOI: 10.1007/bf02235323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Leptospira interrogans serotypes pomona and icterohaemorrhagiae were isolated from the kidneys of Rattus norvegicus trapped on pomona infected piggeries. The isolation of pomona from one of 111 cultured kidneys, although of interest, strongly suggests that this rat does not play an important part in the epidemiology of infection by this serotype. Kidney tubular degeneration, focal mononuclear infiltrations and fibroplasia are morphological traces which remain after an attack of leptospirosis. The high percentage (48.6) of these lesions found in the rat kidneys examined does not seem to be related to serotype pomona but to icterohaemorrhagiae. The importance of this last serotype in swine in the Cauca Valley has yet to be assessed.
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Abstract
Infection with Cruorifilaria tuberocauda caused vascular damage in the kidneys, lungs and heart of the capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris). The most significant lesions observed were in the renal and pulmonary arteries. They consisted of villous endarteritis, intimal and medial hypertrophy of the vessel walls, and large rugose protuberances that encroached upon the lumen leading to pyramidal infarcts in the kidneys. Coronary vascular lesions were related to dead and calcified parasites.
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Eberhard ML, Morales GA, Orihel TC. Cruorifilaria tuberocauda gen. et sp. n. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from the capybara, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris in colombia. J Parasitol 1976; 62:604-7. [PMID: 957038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cruorifilaria tuberocauda gen. et sp. n. is described from blood vessels of the kidney, heart, and lungs of the capybara, Hyrochoerus hydrochaeris, in Colombia, S.A. The adult worms are robust, of moderate size (females approximately 42 mm long, males about 27 mm long), and tapered at both ends. The males have unequal, dissimilar spicules, lack a gubernaculum and possess both pre- and postanal papillae. The unsheathed microfilaria is found in the peripheral blood. Even though a severe tissue response is seen in the walls of the blood vessels occupied by the adult worms, it appears to be a common parasite in the population of capybaras surveyed.
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Morales GA, Carreño F. The Proechimys rat; a potential laboratory host and model for the study of Trypanosoma evansi. Trop Anim Health Prod 1976; 8:122-4. [PMID: 936296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A group of Proechimys rats (family Echimyidae, subfamily Echimyinae( was experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi. The long-term chronic infection induced, and the nature of the tissue lesions encountered, point towards their possible use as laboratory models for the study of T. evansi infections. Comparisons were made with albino rats in which the flagellate produced a short-term infection following inoculation.
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Morales GA, Helmboldt CF, Penner LR. Pathology of experimentally induced schistosome dermatitis in chickens: the role of Ornithobilharzia canaliculata (Rudolphi, 1819) Odhner 1912 (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae). Avian Dis 1971; 15:262-76. [PMID: 5582054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Morales GA, Van Kruiningen HJ. Contagious ovine ecthyma with primary lesions of the rumen and concurrent phycomycosis: a case report. Am J Vet Res 1971; 32:163-6. [PMID: 5541204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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