1
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Li D, Loriot Y, Burgoyne AM, Cleary JM, Santoro A, Lin D, Aix SP, Garrido-Laguna I, Sudhagoni R, Guo X, Andrianova S, Paulson S. Cabozantinib plus atezolizumab in previously untreated advanced hepatocellular carcinoma and previously treated gastric cancer and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma: results from two expansion cohorts of a multicentre, open-label, phase 1b trial (COSMIC-021). EClinicalMedicine 2024; 67:102376. [PMID: 38204489 PMCID: PMC10776423 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cabozantinib is approved for previously treated advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (aHCC) and has been investigated in gastric cancer (GC) and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (GEJ). Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab is approved for unresectable or metastatic HCC untreated with prior systemic therapy. We evaluated efficacy and safety of cabozantinib plus atezolizumab in aHCC previously untreated with systemic anticancer therapy or previously treated GC/GEJ. Methods COSMIC-021 (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03170960) is an open-label, phase 1b study in solid tumours with a dose-escalation stage followed by tumour-specific expansion cohorts, including aHCC (cohort 14) and GC/GEJ (cohort 15). Eligible patients were aged ≥18 years with measurable locally advanced, metastatic, or recurrent disease per RECIST version 1.1. Patients received oral cabozantinib 40 mg daily and intravenous atezolizumab 1200 mg once every 3 weeks until progressive disease or unacceptable toxicity. The primary endpoint was investigator-assessed objective response rate per RECIST version 1.1. Findings Patients were screened between February 14, 2019, and May 7, 2020, and 61 (30 aHCC, 31 GC/GEJ) were enrolled and received at least one dose of study treatment. Median duration of follow-up was 31.2 months (IQR 28.5-32.7) for aHCC and 30.4 months (28.7-31.9) for GC/GEJ. Objective response rate was 13% (4/30, 95% CI 4-31) for aHCC and 0% (95% CI 0-11) for GC/GEJ. Six (20%) aHCC patients and three (10%) GC/GEJ patients had treatment-related adverse events resulting in discontinuation of either study drug. Interpretation Cabozantinib plus atezolizumab had clinical activity with a manageable safety profile in aHCC previously untreated with systemic anticancer therapy. Clinical activity of cabozantinib plus atezolizumab was minimal in previously treated GC/GEJ. Funding Exelixis, Inc., Alameda, CA, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daneng Li
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yohann Loriot
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy Institute, INSERM 981, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | | | - James M. Cleary
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Armando Santoro
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Humanitas Cancer Center, Rozzano, Italy
- Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Daniel Lin
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Santiago Ponce Aix
- Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Universidad Complutense and Ciberonc, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Scott Paulson
- Texas Oncology-Baylor Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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2
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Franses JW, Lim M, Burgoyne AM, Mody K, Lennerz J, Chang J, Imperial R, Dybel SN, Dinh TM, Masannat J, Weipert CM, Hsiehchen D. Profile and Predictors of Blood Tumor Mutational Burden in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Oncologist 2022; 27:e908-e911. [PMID: 36103364 PMCID: PMC9632309 DOI: 10.1093/oncolo/oyac189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is responsive to immune checkpoint inhibitors, but there are currently no known biomarkers to predict treatment benefit. Blood TMB (bTMB) estimation via circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) profiling can provide a convenient means to estimate HCC TMB. Here we provide the first landscape of bTMB in advanced HCC using a commercially available next-generation sequencing assay, show that it is approximately three times as high as matched tissue TMB, and show that bTMB correlates with NAFLD cirrhosis etiology and the presence of genomic alterations in HTERT and TP53. These results lay the foundation for subsequent studies evaluating bTMB as an immune therapy predictive biomarker in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Franses
- Corresponding author: Joseph W. Franses, MD, 55 Fruit Street, BHX 2-222, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Mir Lim
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Adam M Burgoyne
- University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, Division of Hematology-Oncology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kabir Mody
- Mayo Clinic, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Jochen Lennerz
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Department of Pathology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeremy Chang
- University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, Division of Hematology-Oncology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robin Imperial
- Mayo Clinic, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Stacey N Dybel
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Department of Pathology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thi M Dinh
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Department of Pathology, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - David Hsiehchen
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dallas, TX, USA
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3
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Dehghan Y, Schnickel GT, Hosseini M, Burgoyne AM, Ajmera VH, Morris GP, Mendler MH, Parekh JR, Abushamat F, Vodkin I, Kono Y. Rescue liver re-transplantation after graft loss due to severe rejection in the setting of pre-transplant nivolumab therapy. Clin J Gastroenterol 2021; 14:1718-1724. [PMID: 34643885 PMCID: PMC8557174 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-021-01521-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have been used to treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) since 2017. The safety of ICIs in the setting of solid organ transplantation remains controversial. When used in the post-transplant setting, ICIs have been associated with high allograft rejection rates, but there are few published reports on the use of ICIs prior to transplant. We present the first reported case of rescue liver re-transplantation after loss of the first allograft due to severe acute rejection with extensive hepatic necrosis in the setting of pre-transplant ICI therapy with the PD-1 inhibitor nivolumab. It is likely that the durable immune response triggered by nivolumab contributes to graft rejection, therefore extreme caution should be taken when using ICIs before transplant until further investigation has been conducted on their safety in the pre-transplant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalda Dehghan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gabriel T Schnickel
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mojgan Hosseini
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Adam M Burgoyne
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Veeral H Ajmera
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gerald P Morris
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michel H Mendler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Justin R Parekh
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Farid Abushamat
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Irine Vodkin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yuko Kono
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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4
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Yebra M, Bhargava S, Kumar A, Burgoyne AM, Tang CM, Yoon H, Banerjee S, Aguilera J, Cordes T, Sheth V, Noh S, Ustoy R, Li S, Advani SJ, Corless CL, Heinrich MC, Kurzrock R, Lippman SM, Fanta PT, Harismendy O, Metallo C, Sicklick JK. Establishment of Patient-Derived Succinate Dehydrogenase-Deficient Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Models for Predicting Therapeutic Response. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 28:187-200. [PMID: 34426440 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-2092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract, with mutant succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) subunits (A-D) comprising less than 7.5% (i.e., 150-200/year) of new cases annually in the United States. Contrary to GISTs harboring KIT or PDGFRA mutations, SDH-mutant GISTs affect adolescents/young adults, often metastasize, and are frequently resistant to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Lack of human models for any SDH-mutant tumors, including GIST, has limited molecular characterization and drug discovery. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We describe methods for establishing novel patient-derived SDH-mutant (mSDH) GIST models and interrogated the efficacy of temozolomide on these tumor models in vitro and in clinical trials of patients with mSDH GIST. RESULTS Molecular and metabolic characterization of our patient-derived mSDH GIST models revealed that these models recapitulate the transcriptional and metabolic hallmarks of parent tumors and SDH deficiency. We further demonstrate that temozolomide elicits DNA damage and apoptosis in our mSDH GIST models. Translating our in vitro discovery to the clinic, a cohort of patients with SDH-mutant GIST treated with temozolomide (n = 5) demonstrated a 40% objective response rate and 100% disease control rate, suggesting that temozolomide represents a promising therapy for this subset of GIST. CONCLUSIONS We report the first methods to establish patient-derived mSDH tumor models, which can be readily employed for understanding patient-specific tumor biology and treatment strategies. We also demonstrate that temozolomide is effective in patients with mSDH GIST who are refractory to existing chemotherapeutic drugs (namely, TKIs) in clinic for GISTs, bringing a promising treatment option for these patients to clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Yebra
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Shruti Bhargava
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Avi Kumar
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Adam M Burgoyne
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Chih-Min Tang
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Hyunho Yoon
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Sudeep Banerjee
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Joseph Aguilera
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Thekla Cordes
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Vipul Sheth
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Stanford, California
| | - Sangkyu Noh
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Rowan Ustoy
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Sam Li
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Sunil J Advani
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | | | - Michael C Heinrich
- Hematology/Medical Oncology, Portland VA Health Care System and OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.,Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, California
| | - Scott M Lippman
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.,Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, California
| | - Paul T Fanta
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.,Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, California
| | - Olivier Harismendy
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Christian Metallo
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jason K Sicklick
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California. .,Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.,Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, California
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5
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Sharma AK, de la Torre J, IJzerman NS, Sutton TL, Zhao B, Khan TM, Banerjee S, Cui C, Nguyen V, Alkhuziem M, Snaebjornsson P, van Boven H, Bruining A, Tang CM, Yoon H, De la Fuente A, Kato S, Patel H, Heinrich MC, Corless CL, Horgan S, Burgoyne AM, Fanta P, Mesirov JP, Blakely AM, Davis JL, Mayo SC, van Houdt WJ, Steeghs N, Sicklick JK. Location of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) in the Stomach Predicts Tumor Mutation Profile and Drug Sensitivity. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:5334-5342. [PMID: 34326133 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) commonly arise in different regions of the stomach and are driven by various mutations (most often in KIT, PDGFRA, and SDHx). We hypothesized that the anatomic location of gastric GIST is associated with unique genomic profiles and distinct driver mutations. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We compared KIT versus non-KIT status with tumor location within the National Cancer Database (NCDB) for 2,418 patients with primary gastric GIST. Additionally, we compiled an international cohort (TransAtlantic GIST Collaborative, TAGC) of 236 patients and reviewed sequencing results, cross-sectional imaging, and operative reports. Subgroup analyses were performed for tumors located proximally versus distally. Risk factors for KIT versus non-KIT tumors were identified using multivariate regression analysis. A random forest machine learning model was then developed to determine feature importance. RESULTS Within the NCDB cohort, non-KIT mutants dominated distal tumor locations (P < 0.03). Proximal GIST were almost exclusively KIT mutant (96%) in the TAGC cohort, whereas 100% of PDGFRA and SDH-mutant GIST occurred in the distal stomach. On multivariate regression analysis, tumor location was associated with KIT versus non-KIT mutations. Using random forest machine learning analysis, stomach location was the most important feature for predicting mutation status. CONCLUSIONS We provide the first evidence that the mutational landscape of gastric GIST is related to tumor location. Proximal gastric GIST are overwhelmingly KIT mutant, irrespective of morphology or age, whereas distal tumors display non-KIT genomic diversity. Anatomic location of gastric GIST may therefore provide immediate guidance for clinical treatment decisions and selective confirmatory genomic testing when resources are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwyn K Sharma
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jorge de la Torre
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Nikki S IJzerman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas L Sutton
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon
| | - Beiqun Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Tahsin M Khan
- Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sudeep Banerjee
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christina Cui
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Vi Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Maha Alkhuziem
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Petur Snaebjornsson
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hester van Boven
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Bruining
- Department of Radiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chih-Min Tang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Hyunho Yoon
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Alexa De la Fuente
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Shumei Kato
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Hitendra Patel
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Michael C Heinrich
- Department of Medical Oncology, Portland VA Health Care System and Oregon Health and Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon
| | - Christopher L Corless
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health and Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon
| | - Santiago Horgan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Adam M Burgoyne
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Paul Fanta
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Jill P Mesirov
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Andrew M Blakely
- Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeremy L Davis
- Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Skye C Mayo
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon
| | - Winan J van Houdt
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Neeltje Steeghs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jason K Sicklick
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California. .,Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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6
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Yoon H, Tang CM, Banerjee S, Yebra M, Noh S, Burgoyne AM, Torre JDL, Siena MD, Liu M, Klug LR, Choi YY, Hosseini M, Delgado AL, Wang Z, French RP, Lowy A, DeMatteo RP, Heinrich MC, Molinolo AA, Gutkind JS, Harismendy O, Sicklick JK. Cancer-associated fibroblast secretion of PDGFC promotes gastrointestinal stromal tumor growth and metastasis. Oncogene 2021; 40:1957-1973. [PMID: 33603171 PMCID: PMC7979540 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01685-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Targeted therapies for gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) are modestly effective, but GIST cannot be cured with single agent tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In this study, we sought to identify new therapeutic targets in GIST by investigating the tumor microenvironment. Here, we identified a paracrine signaling network by which cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) drive GIST growth and metastasis. Specifically, CAFs isolated from human tumors were found to produce high levels of platelet-derived growth factor C (PDGFC), which activated PDGFC-PDGFRA signal transduction in GIST cells that regulated the expression of SLUG, an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) transcription factor and downstream target of PDGFRA signaling. Together, this paracrine induce signal transduction cascade promoted tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Moreover, in metastatic GIST patients, SLUG expression positively correlated with tumor size and mitotic index. Given that CAF paracrine signaling modulated GIST biology, we directly targeted CAFs with a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, which synergized with imatinib to increase tumor cell killing and in vivo disease response. Taken together, we identified a previously unappreciated cellular target for GIST therapy in order to improve disease control and cure rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunho Yoon
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Chih-Min Tang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sudeep Banerjee
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mayra Yebra
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sangkyu Noh
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Adam M Burgoyne
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jorge De la Torre
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Martina De Siena
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Fondazione Policlinico A.Gemelli Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mengyuan Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lillian R Klug
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Portland VA Health Care System, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Yoon Young Choi
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mojgan Hosseini
- Department of Pathology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Antonio L Delgado
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Randall P French
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Lowy
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ronald P DeMatteo
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael C Heinrich
- Portland VA Health Care System, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Alfredo A Molinolo
- Department of Pathology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Olivier Harismendy
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jason K Sicklick
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
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7
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Okamura R, Kurzrock R, Mallory RJ, Fanta PT, Burgoyne AM, Clary BM, Kato S, Sicklick JK. Comprehensive genomic landscape and precision therapeutic approach in biliary tract cancers. Int J Cancer 2021; 148:702-712. [PMID: 32700810 PMCID: PMC7739197 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biliary tract cancers have dismal prognoses even when cytotoxic chemotherapy is administered. There is an unmet need to develop precision treatment approaches using comprehensive genomic profiling. A total of 121 patients with biliary tract cancers were analyzed for circulating-tumor DNA (ctDNA) and/or tissue-based tumor DNA (tissue-DNA) using clinical-grade next-generation sequencing: 71 patients (59%) had ctDNA; 90 (74%), tissue-DNA; and 40 (33%), both. Efficacy of targeted therapeutic approaches was assessed based upon ctDNA and tissue-DNA. At least one characterized alteration was detected in 76% of patients (54/71) for ctDNA [median, 2 (range, 0-9)] and 100% (90/90) for tissue-DNA [median, 4 (range, 1-9)]. Most common alterations occurred in TP53 (38%), KRAS (28%), and PIK3CA (14%) for ctDNA vs TP53 (44%), CDKN2A/B (33%) and KRAS (29%) for tissue-DNA. In 40 patients who had both ctDNA and tissue-DNA sequencing, overall concordance was higher between ctDNA and metastatic site tissue-DNA than between ctDNA and primary tumor DNA (78% vs 65% for TP53, 100% vs 74% for KRAS and 100% vs 87% for PIK3CA [But not statistical significance]). Among 80 patients who received systemic treatment, the molecularly matched therapeutic regimens based on genomic profiling showed a significantly longer progression-free survival (hazard ratio [95%confidence interval], 0.60 [0.37-0.99]. P = .047 [multivariate]) and higher disease control rate (61% vs 35%, P = .04) than unmatched regimens. Evaluation of ctDNA and tissue-DNA is feasible in biliary tract cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Okamura
- Center for Personalized Cancer TherapyUC San Diego Moores Cancer CenterLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Division of Hematology‐OncologyUC San Diego Moores Cancer CenterLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Center for Personalized Cancer TherapyUC San Diego Moores Cancer CenterLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Division of Hematology‐OncologyUC San Diego Moores Cancer CenterLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Robert J. Mallory
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of SurgeryUC San Diego Moores Cancer CenterLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Paul T. Fanta
- Division of Hematology‐OncologyUC San Diego Moores Cancer CenterLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Adam M. Burgoyne
- Division of Hematology‐OncologyUC San Diego Moores Cancer CenterLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Bryan M. Clary
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of SurgeryUC San Diego Moores Cancer CenterLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Shumei Kato
- Center for Personalized Cancer TherapyUC San Diego Moores Cancer CenterLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Division of Hematology‐OncologyUC San Diego Moores Cancer CenterLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jason K. Sicklick
- Center for Personalized Cancer TherapyUC San Diego Moores Cancer CenterLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of SurgeryUC San Diego Moores Cancer CenterLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
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8
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Banerjee S, Zhao B, Sicklick JK, Aslam S, Burgoyne AM, Kelly KJ. Commission on Cancer Facility Type is Associated with Overall Survival in Patients with Gastric Adenocarcinoma in the United States. Ann Surg Oncol 2021; 28:2846-2855. [PMID: 33389292 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-020-09422-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States, "high-volume" centers for gastric cancer treat significantly fewer cases per year compared with centers in Asia. Factors associated with oncologic outcomes, aside from volume, are poorly understood. METHODS Patients with gastric adenocarcinoma between 2004 and 2015 were analyzed in the NCDB cohort. Commission on Cancer facility types were classified as either Academic/Research Programs (ARP) or Non-Academic Programs (NAP). Factors associated with treatment at facility type were assessed by logistic regression. Overall survival was compared between facility types by Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS Thirty-nine percent of patients were treated at ARPs. In multivariable analysis, patients treated at ARPs were younger, healthier (Charlson-Deyo score), and had lower AJCC stage. Treatment at an ARP was associated with superior median OS compared with treatment at a NAP (17.3 months vs. 11.1 months, respectively, P < 0.001,) and in each stage of disease. Treatment of stages II and III patients at ARPs increased over time. Among patients with stages II and III disease, adherence to therapy guidelines was higher and postoperative mortality was lower at ARPs. CONCLUSION Although patients at ARPs tend to have favorable characteristics, superior overall survival may also be due to better adherence to therapy guidelines and capacity to rescue after surgical complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeep Banerjee
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, UC San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, UC Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Beiqun Zhao
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, UC San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jason K Sicklick
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, UC San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Saima Aslam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Adam M Burgoyne
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kaitlyn J Kelly
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, UC San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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9
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Burgoyne AM, Vann KR, Joshi S, Morales GA, Vega FM, Singh A, Pal D, Merati AB, Kutateladze TG, Durden DL. A triple action CDK4/6-PI3K-BET inhibitor with augmented cancer cell cytotoxicity. Cell Discov 2020; 6:49. [PMID: 32793389 PMCID: PMC7385619 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-020-0181-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Burgoyne
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Kendra R. Vann
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Shweta Joshi
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | | | - Francisco M. Vega
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alok Singh
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Dhananjaya Pal
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Aran B. Merati
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | | | - Donald L. Durden
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- SignalRx Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA USA
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10
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Vann KR, Pal D, Morales GA, Burgoyne AM, Durden DL, Kutateladze TG. Design of thienopyranone-based BET inhibitors that bind multiple synthetic lethality targets. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12027. [PMID: 32694708 PMCID: PMC7374098 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68964-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of small molecule compounds that target several cancer drivers has shown great therapeutic potential. Here, we developed a new generation of highly potent thienopyranone (TP)-based inhibitors for the BET bromodomains (BDs) of the transcriptional regulator BRD4 that have the ability to simultaneously bind to phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) and/or cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6 (CDK4/6). Analysis of the crystal structures of the complexes, NMR titration experiments and IC50 measurements reveal the molecular basis underlying the inhibitory effects and selectivity of these compounds toward BDs of BRD4. The inhibitors show robust cytotoxic effects in multiple cancer cell lines and induce cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. We further demonstrate that concurrent disruption of the acetyllysine binding function of BRD4 and the kinase activities of PI3K and CDK4/6 by the TP inhibitor improves efficacy in several cancer models. Together, these findings provide further compelling evidence that these multi-action inhibitors are efficacious and more potent than single inhibitory chemotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra R Vann
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Dhananjaya Pal
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Adam M Burgoyne
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Donald L Durden
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- SignalRx Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Tatiana G Kutateladze
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
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11
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Neppala P, Banerjee S, Fanta PT, Yerba M, Porras KA, Burgoyne AM, Sicklick JK. Current management of succinate dehydrogenase-deficient gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020; 38:525-535. [PMID: 31773431 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-019-09818-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are increasingly recognized as having diverse biology. With the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors molecularly matched to oncogenic KIT and PDGFRA mutations, GISTs have become a quintessential model for precision oncology. However, about 5-10% of GIST lack these driver mutations and are deficient in succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), an enzyme that converts succinate to fumarate. SDH deficiency leads to accumulation of succinate, an oncometabolite that promotes tumorigenesis. SDH-deficient GISTs are clinically unique in that they generally affect younger patients and are associated with GIST-paraganglioma hereditary syndrome, also known as Carney-Stratakis Syndrome. SDH-deficient GISTs are generally resistant to tyrosine-kinase inhibitors, the standard treatment for advanced or metastatic GIST. Thus, surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment for localized disease, but recurrence is common. Clinical trials are currently underway investigating systemic agents for treatment of advanced SDH-deficient GIST. However, further studies are warranted to improve our understanding of SDH-deficient GIST disease biology, natural history, surgical approaches, and novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpa Neppala
- UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sudeep Banerjee
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul T Fanta
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mayra Yerba
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kevin A Porras
- UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Adam M Burgoyne
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Jason K Sicklick
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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12
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Charo LM, Burgoyne AM, Fanta PT, Patel H, Chmielecki J, Sicklick JK, McHale MT. A Novel PRKAR1B-BRAF Fusion in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Guides Adjuvant Treatment Decision-Making During Pregnancy. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2019. [PMID: 29523662 DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2017.7039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare in pregnancy, with only 11 reported cases. Adjuvant imatinib therapy, which targets the most common driver mutations in GIST (KIT and PDGFRA), is recommended for patients with high-risk GIST, but it has known teratogenicity in the first trimester. A 34-year-old G3P2 woman underwent exploratory laparotomy at 16 weeks' gestation for a presumed adnexal mass. Surgical findings included normal adnexa and a 14-cm solid small bowel mass. The mass was resected en bloc with a segment of jejunum followed by a primary anastomosis. Histopathology and genomic analyses demonstrated a GIST with high-risk features but lack of KIT/PDGFRA mutations and identified the presence of a previously unreported, pathogenic PRKAR1B-BRAF gene fusion. Given her tumor profile, adjuvant therapy with imatinib was not recommended. GIST is rare in pregnancy, but can masquerade as an adnexal mass in women of childbearing age. Because neoadjuvant/adjuvant imatinib has risks of teratogenicity, tumor molecular profiling is critical as we identified a previously unreported gene fusion of PRKAR1B with BRAF that is predicted to be imatinib-resistant. In this case, testing provided the rationale for not offering adjuvant imatinib to avoid unnecessary toxicity to the patient and fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey M Charo
- From the Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Reproductive Medicine, and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California; Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California
| | - Adam M Burgoyne
- From the Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Reproductive Medicine, and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California; Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California
| | - Paul T Fanta
- From the Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Reproductive Medicine, and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California; Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California
| | - Hitendra Patel
- From the Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Reproductive Medicine, and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California; Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California
| | - Juliann Chmielecki
- From the Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Reproductive Medicine, and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California; Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California
| | - Jason K Sicklick
- From the Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Reproductive Medicine, and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California; Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California
| | - Michael T McHale
- From the Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Reproductive Medicine, and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California; Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California
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13
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Stuart E, Banerjee S, de la Torre J, Wang Y, Scherzer N, Burgoyne AM, Parry L, Fanta PT, Ramamoorthy S, Sicklick JK. Frequent rectal gastrointestinal stromal tumor recurrences in the imatinib era: Retrospective analysis of an International Patient Registry. J Surg Oncol 2019; 120:715-721. [PMID: 31297829 PMCID: PMC6699886 DOI: 10.1002/jso.25621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rectal gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is rare and comprises about 3% of GIST. METHODS Registry data was collected by the Life Raft Group June 1976 to November 2017. All patients had a histologic GIST diagnosis. Demographic, clinicopathologic, and clinical outcome data were patient reported. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression analysis. RESULTS Of 1798 patients in the database, 48 had localized rectal GIST (2.7%). Patients were frequently male (58.3%) and non-Hispanic whites (58.3%). Median age at diagnosis was 52 years. Most patients (77%) were diagnosed in the imatinib era (2001 to current). Over half (54.2%) of the cohort had mutation testing and all profiled tumors possessed KIT mutations (exon 9: 7.7%, exon 11: 88.5%, and exon 13: 3.8%). Most evaluable patients (26/28; 92.9%) had high-risk disease (modified NIH criteria) and nearly all patients (95.8%) received imatinib. Median follow-up was 8.8 years (range, 0.3-30.7) and overall RFS was 8.0 years (95% CI, 2.9-13.1). Thirty-two percent (12/37) of patients in the post-imatinib era developed recurrent disease. Diagnosis in the imatinib era was associated with improved RFS (HR = 0.22, 95% CI, 0.08-0.62; P = .004) in the multivariable model. CONCLUSION We find that disease recurrence remains prevalent in one-third of patients treated during the imatinib-era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelia Stuart
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Sudeep Banerjee
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jorge de la Torre
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Yu Wang
- Life Raft Group, Wayne, NJ, United States
| | | | - Adam M. Burgoyne
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Lisa Parry
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Paul T. Fanta
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Sonia Ramamoorthy
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jason K. Sicklick
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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14
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Banerjee S, de la Torre J, Burgoyne AM, Ponsford Tipps AM, Savides TJ, Sicklick JK. Gastric Plexiform Fibromyxoma. J Gastrointest Surg 2019; 23:1936-1939. [PMID: 30761468 PMCID: PMC6692254 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-019-04132-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudeep Banerjee
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code 0987, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0987, USA
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jorge de la Torre
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code 0987, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0987, USA
| | - Adam M Burgoyne
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ann M Ponsford Tipps
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J Savides
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jason K Sicklick
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code 0987, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0987, USA.
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15
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Banerjee S, Corless CL, Miettinen MM, Noh S, Ustoy R, Davis JL, Tang CM, Yebra M, Burgoyne AM, Sicklick JK. Loss of the PTCH1 tumor suppressor defines a new subset of plexiform fibromyxoma. J Transl Med 2019; 17:246. [PMID: 31362756 PMCID: PMC6668176 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1995-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plexiform fibromyxoma (PF) is a rare gastric tumor often confused with gastrointestinal stromal tumor. These so-called "benign" tumors often present with upper GI bleeding and gastric outlet obstruction. It was recently demonstrated that approximately one-third of PF have activation of the GLI1 oncogene, a transcription factor in the hedgehog (Hh) pathway, via a MALAT1-GLI1 fusion protein or GLI1 up-regulation. Despite this discovery, the biology of most PFs remains unknown. METHODS Next generation sequencing (NGS) was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples of PF specimens collected from three institutions (UCSD, NCI and OHSU). Fresh frozen tissue from one tumor was utilized for in vitro assays, including quantitative RT-PCR and cell viability assays following drug treatment. RESULTS Eight patients with PF were identified and 5 patients' tumors were analyzed by NGS. An index case had a mono-allelic PTCH1 deletion of exons 15-24 and a second case, identified in a validation cohort, also had a PTCH1 gene loss associated with a suspected long-range chromosome 9 deletion. Building on the role of Hh signaling in PF, PTCH1, a tumor suppressor protein, functions upstream of GLI1. Loss of PTCH1 induces GLI1 activation and downstream gene transcription. Utilizing fresh tissue from the index PF case, RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated expression of Hh pathway components, SMO and GLI1, as well as GLI1 transcriptional targets, CCND1 and HHIP. In turn, short-term in vitro treatment with a Hh pathway inhibitor, sonidegib, resulted in dose-dependent cell killing. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, we report a novel association between PTCH1 inactivation and the development of plexiform fibromyxoma. Hh pathway inhibition with SMO antagonists may represent a target to study for treating a subset of plexiform fibromyxomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeep Banerjee
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, UC San Diego Health Sciences, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Room 2313, Mail Code 0987, La Jolla, CA 92093-0987 USA
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Christopher L. Corless
- Department of Pathology and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR USA
| | | | - Sangkyu Noh
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, UC San Diego Health Sciences, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Room 2313, Mail Code 0987, La Jolla, CA 92093-0987 USA
| | - Rowan Ustoy
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, UC San Diego Health Sciences, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Room 2313, Mail Code 0987, La Jolla, CA 92093-0987 USA
| | - Jessica L. Davis
- Department of Pathology and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR USA
| | - Chih-Min Tang
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, UC San Diego Health Sciences, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Room 2313, Mail Code 0987, La Jolla, CA 92093-0987 USA
| | - Mayra Yebra
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, UC San Diego Health Sciences, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Room 2313, Mail Code 0987, La Jolla, CA 92093-0987 USA
| | - Adam M. Burgoyne
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Jason K. Sicklick
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, UC San Diego Health Sciences, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Room 2313, Mail Code 0987, La Jolla, CA 92093-0987 USA
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16
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Banerjee S, Tang CM, Yebra M, Medetgul K, Burgoyne AM, Tamayo P, Wechsler-Reya R, Sicklick JK. Abstract 263: KITlow cells mediate Imatinib resistance and disease persistence in gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is commonly driven by oncogenic KIT mutations that are effectively targeted by Imatinib (IM). However, IM does not cure GIST; adjuvant therapy only delays recurrence in high-risk tumors. Therefore, we hypothesized that GIST contains cells with primary IM resistance, representing a critical target for overcoming disease persistence.
METHODS: Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was performed with publicly available data (GSE1596636). Human GIST cell lines (GIST-T1 and 882) and primary KIT-mutant GIST (IRB #090401) were analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to sort KITloCD34+ (KITlo) vs KIThiCD34+ (KIThi) subpopulations using anti-human KIT and CD34 antibodies. RNA was extracted from cell lysates for analysis by quantitative RT-PCR. Cell viability was assessed by CellTiter-Glo or MTT assays following drug treatments.
RESULTS: We performed GSEA on 27 matched GISTs comparing pre- and post-neoadjuvant IM treatment (RTOG S0132). Post-IM samples had 50% lower KIT expression (P=0.002) and were enriched in “cancer stem cell” and Axl/Gas6/NF-κB signaling gene signatures. Similarly, in vitro IM treatment of GIST cell lines resulted in 2-fold reduction of KIT expression and 1.9 to 4.4-fold increased expression of stem-associated transcription factors (SATFs: OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, NANOG). Parallel FACS analysis of IM-treated GIST cell lines (125 nM, 72-h) demonstrated the presence of a KITlo subpopulation (GIST-T1: 0.75%; GIST882: 4%) while untreated cells had 3- to 11-fold fewer KITlo cells. Primary human GISTs also had KITlo cells by FACS (4-8%; N=4), suggesting that the population is not an artifact of in vitro culture. KITlo GIST882 cells were IM-resistant (IC50: KITlo 3641 nM vs KIThi 180 nM) and significantly overexpressed all SATFs by qRT-PCR (2.0 to 4.1-fold; P<0.001) consistent with RTOG S0132 analysis. Moreover, RNAseq confirmed that KITlo cells (relative to KIThi) are enriched in factors present in the “cancer stem cell” gene signature identified by GSEA (KLF4, CCL5, ATF3, JUN, IFIT1, PMP22). Lastly, we tested candidate drugs against targets overexpressed in IM-treated tumors. Unsorted cells were pre-treated with IM (185 nM, 48-h) to enrich for KITlo cells. Subsequent treatment with R428 (AXL inhibitor) or bardoxolone (NF-κB inhibitor) resulted in 70% (R428, 5 μM) and 80% (bardoxolone, 5 μM) cell death. Finally, FACS-sorted KITlo cells were sensitive to both drugs (50% and 88% killing, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS: KITlo cells are a distinct subpopulation in human GIST with intrinsic IM-resistance and may represent a novel mechanism of GIST persistence. These cells overexpress stem cell transcriptional programs, including the Axl/Gas6/NF-κB pathway, which represent novel therapeutic targets in vitro. Further studies are needed to explore the in vivo efficacy of combination or sequential targeting of KITlo cells in GIST.
Citation Format: Sudeep Banerjee, Chih-Min Tang, Mayra Yebra, Kwat Medetgul, Adam M. Burgoyne, Pablo Tamayo, Robert Wechsler-Reya, Jason K. Sicklick. KITlow cells mediate Imatinib resistance and disease persistence in gastrointestinal stromal tumor [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 263.
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de la Torre J, Banerjee S, Baumgartner J, Lin GY, Burgoyne AM, Kirane A, Sicklick J. Tumor Symbiosis: Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor as a Host for Primary Peritoneal Mesothelioma. J Gastrointest Surg 2019; 23:879-881. [PMID: 30132292 PMCID: PMC6384158 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-018-3918-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge de la Torre
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, UC San Diego Health Sciences, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Room 2313, Mail Code 0987, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0987, USA
| | - Sudeep Banerjee
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, UC San Diego Health Sciences, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Room 2313, Mail Code 0987, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0987, USA
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joel Baumgartner
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, UC San Diego Health Sciences, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Room 2313, Mail Code 0987, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0987, USA
| | - Grace Y Lin
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Adam M Burgoyne
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amanda Kirane
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jason Sicklick
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, UC San Diego Health Sciences, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Room 2313, Mail Code 0987, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0987, USA.
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Burgoyne AM, De Siena M, Alkhuziem M, Tang CM, Medina B, Fanta PT, Belinsky MG, von Mehren M, Thorson JA, Madlensky L, Bowler T, D'Angelo F, Stupack DG, Harismendy O, DeMatteo RP, Sicklick JK. Duodenal-Jejunal Flexure GI Stromal Tumor Frequently Heralds Somatic NF1 and Notch Pathway Mutations. JCO Precis Oncol 2017; 2017. [PMID: 29938249 DOI: 10.1200/po.17.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose GI stromal tumors (GISTs) are commonly associated with somatic mutations in KIT and PDGFRA. However, a subset arises from mutations in NF1, most commonly associated with neurofibromatosis type 1. We define the anatomic distribution of NF1 alterations in GIST. Methods We describe the demographic/clinicopathologic features of 177 patients from two institutions whose GISTs underwent next-generation sequencing of ≥315 cancer-related genes. Results We initially identified six (9.7%) of 62 GISTs with NF1 genomic alterations from the first cohort. Of these six patients, five (83.3%) had unifocal tumors at the duodenal-jejunal flexure (DJF). Two additional patients with DJF GISTs had non-NF1 (KIT and BRAF) genomic alterations. After excluding one DJF GIST with an NF1 single nucleotide polymorphism, four (57.1%) of seven sequenced DJF tumors demonstrated deleterious NF1 alterations, whereas only one (1.8%) of 55 sequenced non-DJF GISTs had a deleterious NF1 somatic mutation (P < .001). One patient with DJF GIST had a germline NF1 variant that was associated with incomplete penetrance of clinical neurofibromatosis type 1 features along with a somatic NF1 mutation. Of the five DJF GISTs with any NF1 alteration, three (60%) had KIT mutations, and three (60%) had Notch pathway mutations (NOTCH2, MAML2, CDC73). We validated these findings in a second cohort of 115 GISTs, where two (40%) of five unifocal NF1-mutated GISTs arose at the DJF, and one of these also had a Notch pathway mutation (EP300). Conclusion Broad genomic profiling of adult GISTs has revealed that NF1 alterations are enriched in DJF GISTs. These tumors also may harbor concurrent activating KIT and/or inactivating Notch pathway mutations. In some cases, germline NF1 genetic testing may be appropriate for patients with DJF GISTs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martina De Siena
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Sapienza e Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Paul T Fanta
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Burgoyne AM, Vega FM, Singh A, Joshi S, Garlich JR, Morales GA, Kutateladze TG, Durden DL. Abstract LB-298: The novel triple PI3K-CDK4/6-BRD4 inhibitor SRX3177 harnesses synthetic lethality relationships to orthogonally disrupt cancer cell signaling. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-lb-298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Dysregulation of the cell cycle is a hallmark of nearly all cancers, and efforts to target signaling pathways regulating cell growth and proliferation have driven much of cancer drug discovery. Despite advances in novel therapeutics, however, most patients with advanced neoplasms do not achieve long-term survival with single agent targeted therapy. Here, we describe a novel “triple inhibitor” (i.e., SRX3177) that simultaneously targets three oncogenes promoting cancer cell growth: phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6), and the epigenetic regulator BRD4. This rationally-designed, thieno-pyranone scaffold-based small molecule inhibitor uses known synthetic lethality relationships to orthogonally disrupt three targets within the cancer cell with one agent. Single agent CDK4/6 inhibitors such as palbociclib, which is FDA-approved in combination with hormone therapy in estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer, suffer from being cytostatic in nature, requiring combinations to be more effective and avoid development of resistance. Concurrent PI3K inhibition can prevent resistance to CDK4/6 inhibition, and combined CDK4/6 and PI3K inhibition leads to synthetic lethality reported in a number of cancer types, including breast cancer and mantle cell lymphoma. Moreover, blocking the chromatin reader protein BRD4 downregulates MYC and cyclin D1 transcription, further promoting cell cycle arrest in G1. Thus, we designed SRX3177 as a triple inhibitor of PI3K, CDK4/6, and BRD4 to maximally block cell cycle progression and cancer cell growth. SRX3177 is a potent ATP competitive CDK4/6 inhibitor (IC50: CDK4 = 2.54 nM, CDK6 = 3.26 nM), PI3K inhibitor (IC50: PI3Kα = 79.3 nM, PI3Kδ = 83.4 nM), and BRD4 inhibitor (IC50: BD1 = 32.9 nM, BD2 = 88.8 nM). In a panel of mantle cell lymphoma, neuroblastoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines, SRX3177 has maximal IC50 values of 578 nM, 385 nM, and 495 nM respectively. This represents a 19 to 82-fold increase in potency compared to palbociclib. SRX3177 is 5-fold more potent in cancer cells than the combination of similar potency single PI3K, CD4/6, and BRD4 inhibitors (i.e., BKM120 + palbociclib + JQ1). SRX3177 is also 40-fold less toxic to normal epithelial cells than the co-treatment with single inhibitors. Furthermore, SRX3177 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in propidium iodide and annexin V assays, respectively. Finally, SRX3177 inhibits Akt and Rb phosphorylation (downstream of PI3K and CDK4/6 signaling, respectively) and blocks BRD4 binding to chromatin. Thus, our triple inhibitor SRX3177 is efficacious, is more potent and less toxic to normal cells than administration of three individual inhibitors, and has robust pharmacodynamic effects on its targets. Taken together, our data support the development of SRX3177 as a novel therapeutic agent for multiple cancers.
Citation Format: Adam M. Burgoyne, Francisco M. Vega, Alok Singh, Shweta Joshi, Joseph R. Garlich, Guillermo A. Morales, Tatiana G. Kutateladze, Donald L. Durden. The novel triple PI3K-CDK4/6-BRD4 inhibitor SRX3177 harnesses synthetic lethality relationships to orthogonally disrupt cancer cell signaling [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-298. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-LB-298
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alok Singh
- 1University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Shweta Joshi
- 1University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Shi E, Chmielecki J, Tang CM, Wang K, Heinrich MC, Kang G, Corless CL, Hong D, Fero KE, Murphy JD, Fanta PT, Ali SM, De Siena M, Burgoyne AM, Movva S, Madlensky L, Heestand GM, Trent JC, Kurzrock R, Morosini D, Ross JS, Harismendy O, Sicklick JK. FGFR1 and NTRK3 actionable alterations in "Wild-Type" gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Transl Med 2016; 14:339. [PMID: 27974047 PMCID: PMC5157084 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-1075-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background About 10–15% of adult, and most pediatric, gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) lack mutations in KIT, PDGFRA, SDHx, or RAS pathway components (KRAS, BRAF, NF1). The identification of additional mutated genes in this rare subset of tumors can have important clinical benefit to identify altered biological pathways and select targeted therapies. Methods We performed comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) for coding regions in more than 300 cancer-related genes of 186 GISTs to assess for their somatic alterations. Results We identified 24 GIST lacking alterations in the canonical KIT/PDGFRA/RAS pathways, including 12 without SDHx alterations. These 24 patients were mostly adults (96%). The tumors had a 46% rate of nodal metastases. These 24 GIST were more commonly mutated at 7 genes: ARID1B, ATR, FGFR1, LTK, SUFU, PARK2 and ZNF217. Two tumors harbored FGFR1 gene fusions (FGFR1–HOOK3, FGFR1–TACC1) and one harbored an ETV6–NTRK3 fusion that responded to TRK inhibition. In an independent sample set, we identified 5 GIST cases lacking alterations in the KIT/PDGFRA/SDHx/RAS pathways, including two additional cases with FGFR1–TACC1 and ETV6–NTRK3 fusions. Conclusions Using patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and CGP, we show that GIST lacking alterations in canonical genes occur in younger patients, frequently metastasize to lymph nodes, and most contain deleterious genomic alterations, including gene fusions involving FGFR1 and NTRK3. If confirmed in larger series, routine testing for these translocations may be indicated for this subset of GIST. Moreover, these findings can be used to guide personalized treatments for patients with GIST. Trial registration NCT 02576431. Registered October 12, 2015 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-016-1075-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Shi
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Chih-Min Tang
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health Sciences, University of California San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Room 2313, Mail Code 0987, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0987, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael C Heinrich
- Portland VA Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Guhyun Kang
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Pathology, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - David Hong
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katherine E Fero
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,UCSD Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James D Murphy
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,UCSD Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul T Fanta
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Siraj M Ali
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Martina De Siena
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health Sciences, University of California San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Room 2313, Mail Code 0987, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0987, USA
| | - Adam M Burgoyne
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sujana Movva
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lisa Madlensky
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,UCSD Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gregory M Heestand
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan C Trent
- Sarcoma Medical Oncology Program, University of Miami Sylvester Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Olivier Harismendy
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Oncogenomics Laboratory, Division of Biomedical Informatics, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health Sciences, University of California San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Room 4335, Mail Code 0820, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0820, USA.
| | - Jason K Sicklick
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health Sciences, University of California San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Room 2313, Mail Code 0987, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0987, USA.
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Singh AR, Joshi S, Burgoyne AM, Sicklick JK, Ikeda S, Kono Y, Garlich JR, Morales GA, Durden DL. Single Agent and Synergistic Activity of the "First-in-Class" Dual PI3K/BRD4 Inhibitor SF1126 with Sorafenib in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2553-2562. [PMID: 27496136 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Deregulated PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Ras/Raf/MAPK, and c-Myc signaling pathways are of prognostic significance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Sorafenib, the only drug clinically approved for patients with advanced HCC, blocks the Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway but it does not inhibit the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway or c-Myc activation. Hence, there is an unmet medical need to identify potent PI3K/BRD4 inhibitors, which can be used either alone or in combination with sorafenib to treat patients with advanced HCC. Herein, we show that SF1126 (pan PI3K/BRD4 inhibitor) as single agent or in combination with sorafenib inhibited proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and multiple key enzymes in PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway in Hep3B, HepG2, SK-Hep1, and Huh7 HCC cell lines. We demonstrate that the active moiety of the SF1126 prodrug LY294002 binds to and blocks BRD4 interaction with the acetylated histone-H4 chromatin mark protein and displaced BRD4 coactivator protein from the transcriptional start site of MYC in Huh7 and SK-Hep1 HCC cell lines. Moreover, SF1126 blocked expression levels of c-Myc in HCC cells. Treatment of SF1126 either alone or in combination with sorafenib showed significant antitumor activity in vivo Our results establish that SF1126 is a dual PI3K/BRD4 inhibitor. This agent has completed a phase I clinical trial in humans with good safety profile. Our data support the potential future consideration of a phase II clinical trial of SF1126, a clinically relevant dual "first-in-class" PI3K/BRD4 inhibitor in advanced HCC, and a potential combination with sorafenib. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(11); 2553-62. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok R Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Shweta Joshi
- Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Adam M Burgoyne
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jason K Sicklick
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Sadakatsu Ikeda
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Yuko Kono
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | | | | | - Donald L Durden
- Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.
- SignalRx Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, UCSD Rady Children's Hospital, University of California San Diego Health System, La Jolla, California
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Murphy JD, Ma GL, Baumgartner JM, Madlensky L, Burgoyne AM, Tang CM, Martinez ME, Sicklick JK. Increased risk of additional cancers among patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A population-based study. Cancer 2015; 121:2960-7. [PMID: 25930983 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are considered nonhereditary or sporadic. However, single-institution studies suggest that GIST patients develop additional malignancies at increased frequencies. It was hypothesized that greater insight could be gained into possible associations between GISTs and other malignancies with a national cancer database inquiry. METHODS Patients diagnosed with GISTs (2001-2011) in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database were included. Standardized prevalence ratios (SPRs) and standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were used to quantify cancer risks incurred by GIST patients before and after GIST diagnoses, respectively, in comparison with the general US population. RESULTS There were 6112 GIST patients, and 1047 (17.1%) had additional cancers. There were significant increases in overall cancer rates: 44% (SPR, 1.44) before the GIST diagnosis and 66% (SIR, 1.66) after the GIST diagnosis. Malignancies with significantly increased occurrence both before and after diagnoses included other sarcomas (SPR, 5.24; SIR, 4.02), neuroendocrine-carcinoid tumors (SPR, 3.56; SIR, 4.79), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (SPR, 1.69; SIR, 1.76), and colorectal adenocarcinoma (SPR, 1.51; SIR, 2.16). Esophageal adenocarcinoma (SPR, 12.0), bladder adenocarcinoma (SPR, 7.51), melanoma (SPR, 1.46), and prostate adenocarcinoma (SPR, 1.20) were significantly more common only before the GIST diagnosis. Ovarian carcinoma (SIR, 8.72), small intestine adenocarcinoma (SIR, 5.89), papillary thyroid cancer (SIR, 5.16), renal cell carcinoma (SIR, 4.46), hepatobiliary adenocarcinoma (SIR, 3.10), gastric adenocarcinoma (SIR, 2.70), pancreatic adenocarcinoma (SIR, 2.03), uterine adenocarcinoma (SIR, 1.96), non-small cell lung cancer (SIR, 1.74), and transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (SIR, 1.65) were significantly more common only after the GIST diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS This is the first population-based study to characterize the associations and temporal relations between GISTs and other cancers by both site and histological type. These associations may carry important clinical implications for future cancer screening and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Murphy
- Department of Radiation and Applied Sciences, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Grace L Ma
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joel M Baumgartner
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Lisa Madlensky
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Adam M Burgoyne
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Chih-Min Tang
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Maria Elena Martinez
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jason K Sicklick
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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Burgoyne AM, Palomo JM, Phillips-Mason PJ, Burden-Gulley SM, Major DL, Zaremba A, Robinson S, Sloan AE, Vogelbaum MA, Miller RH, Brady-Kalnay SM. PTPmu suppresses glioma cell migration and dispersal. Neuro Oncol 2010; 11:767-78. [PMID: 19304959 DOI: 10.1215/15228517-2009-019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell-surface receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase mu (PTPmu) is a homophilic cell adhesion molecule expressed in CNS neurons and glia. Glioblastomas (GBMs) are the highest grade of primary brain tumors with astrocytic similarity and are characterized by marked dispersal of tumor cells. PTPmu expression was examined in human GBM, low-grade astrocytoma, and normal brain tissue. These studies revealed a striking loss of PTPmu protein expression in highly dispersive GBMs compared to less dispersive low-grade astrocytomas and normal brain. We hypothesized that PTPmu contributes to contact inhibition of glial cell migration by transducing signals in response to cell adhesion. Therefore, loss of PTPmu may contribute to the extensive dispersal of GBMs. The migration of brain tumor cells was assessed in vitro using a scratch wound assay. Parental U-87 MG cells express PTPmu and exhibited limited migration. However, short-hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown of PTPmu induced a morphological change and increased migration. Next, a brain slice assay replicating the three-dimensional environment of the brain was used. To assess migration, labeled U-87 MG glioma cells were injected into adult rat brain slices, and their movement was followed over time. Parental U-87 MG cells demonstrated limited dispersal in this assay. However, PTPmu shRNA induced migration and dispersal of U-87 MG cells in the brain slice. Finally, in a mouse xenograft model of intracranially injected U-87 MG cells, PTPmu shRNA induced morphological heterogeneity in these xenografts. Together, these data suggest that loss of PTPmu in human GBMs contributes to tumor cell migration and dispersal, implicating loss of PTPmu in glioma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Burgoyne
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Burgoyne AM, Phillips-Mason PJ, Burden-Gulley SM, Robinson S, Sloan AE, Miller RH, Brady-Kalnay SM. Proteolytic cleavage of protein tyrosine phosphatase mu regulates glioblastoma cell migration. Cancer Res 2009; 69:6960-8. [PMID: 19690139 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-0863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common malignant primary brain tumor, represents a significant disease burden. GBM tumor cells disperse extensively throughout the brain parenchyma, and the need for tumor-specific drug targets and pharmacologic agents to inhibit cell migration and dispersal is great. The receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase mu (PTPmu) is a homophilic cell adhesion molecule. The full-length form of PTPmu is down-regulated in human glioblastoma. In this article, overexpression of full-length PTPmu is shown to suppress migration and survival of glioblastoma cells. Additionally, proteolytic cleavage is shown to be the mechanism of PTPmu down-regulation in glioblastoma cells. Proteolysis of PTPmu generates a series of proteolytic fragments, including a soluble catalytic intracellular domain fragment that translocates to the nucleus. Only proteolyzed PTPmu fragments are detected in human glioblastomas. Short hairpin RNA-mediated down-regulation of PTPmu fragments decreases glioblastoma cell migration and survival. A peptide inhibitor of PTPmu function blocks fragment-induced glioblastoma cell migration, which may prove to be of therapeutic value in GBM treatment. These data suggest that loss of cell surface PTPmu by proteolysis generates catalytically active PTPmu fragments that contribute to migration and survival of glioblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Burgoyne
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4960, USA
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