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Vertzoni M, Alsenz J, Augustijns P, Bauer-Brandl A, Bergström C, Brouwers J, Müllerz A, Perlovich G, Saal C, Sugano K, Reppas C. UNGAP best practice for improving solubility data quality of orally administered drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 168:106043. [PMID: 34662708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
An important goal of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action UNGAP (UNderstanding Gastrointestinal Absorption-related Processes, www.ungap.eu) is to improve standardization of methods relating to the study of oral drug absorption. Solubility is a general term that refers to the maximum achievable concentration of a compound dissolved in a liquid medium. For orally administered drugs, relevant information on drug properties is crucial during drug (product) development and at the regulatory level. Collection of reliable and reproducible solubility data requires careful application and understanding of the limitations of the selected experimental method. In addition, the purity of a compound and its solid state form, as well as experimental parameters such as temperature of experimentation, media related factors, and sample handling procedures can affect data quality. In this paper, an international consensus developed by the COST UNGAP network on recommendations for collecting high quality solubility data for the development of orally administered drugs is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vertzoni
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Pharmacy, Zografou, Greece
| | - J Alsenz
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - P Augustijns
- KU Leuven, Drug Delivery and Disposition, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Bauer-Brandl
- University of Southern Denmark, Department of Physics Chemistry and Pharmacy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Cas Bergström
- Uppsala University, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Brouwers
- KU Leuven, Drug Delivery and Disposition, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Müllerz
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Pharmacy, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G Perlovich
- The Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Solution Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs, Ivanovo, Russia
| | - C Saal
- Merck KGaA, Analytics Healthcare, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - K Sugano
- Ritsumeikan University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - C Reppas
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Pharmacy, Zografou, Greece.
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Mohammad Y, Prentice RN, Boyd BJ, Rizwan SB. Comparison of cubosomes and hexosomes for the delivery of phenytoin to the brain. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 605:146-154. [PMID: 34311309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability to formulate cubosomes and hexosomes with a single lipid by changing only the colloidal stabiliser presents a unique opportunity to directly compare the biological performance of these uniquely structured nanoparticles. This was explored here via the encapsulation and brain delivery of a model anti-seizure drug, phenytoin, in selachyl alcohol cubosomes and hexosomes. Nanoparticles were prepared with Pluronic® F127 or Tween 80® as the stabiliser and characterised. The internal nanostructure of nanoparticles shifted from hexosomes when using Pluronic® F127 as the stabiliser to cubosomes when using Tween 80® and was conserved following loading of phenytoin, with high encapsulation efficiencies (>97%) in both particle type. Cytotoxicity towards brain endothelial cells using the hCMEC/D3 line was comparable regardless of stabiliser type. Finally, in vivo brain delivery of phenytoin encapsulated in cubosomes and hexosomes after intravenous administration to rats was studied over a period of 60 min, showing cubosomes to be superior to hexosomes, both in terms of brain concentrations and brain to plasma ratio. While the role of stabiliser and/or internal nanostructure remains to be conclusively determined, this study is the first in vivo comparison of cubosomes and hexosomes for the delivery of a therapeutic drug molecule across the BBB and into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younus Mohammad
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Ben J Boyd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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Tsakiridou G, Reppas C, Kuentz M, Kalantzi L. A Novel Rheological Method to Assess Drug-Polymer Interactions Regarding Miscibility and Crystallization of Drug in Amorphous Solid Dispersions for Oral Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11120625. [PMID: 31766731 PMCID: PMC6955678 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11120625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid dispersions provide a key technology to formulate poorly water-soluble drugs, and a main task of early development is appropriate selection of polymer. This study investigates the use of a novel rheology-based approach to evaluate miscibility and interactions of drugs with polymers regarding amorphous solid drug dispersions for oral administration. Tacrolimus was used as model drug and hydroxypropyl cellulose, ethylcellulose, Soluplus®, polyethyleneglycol 6000, Poloxamer-188 (Koliphor-188), and Eudragit® S100 were used as excipients. Solvent-based evaporation methods were used to prepare binary solid dispersions of drug and polymer. Data of the dilute solution viscosimetry were compared with in silico calculations of the Hansen solubility parameter (HSP), as well as phase separation/crystallization data obtained from X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. HSP calculations in some cases led to false positive predictions of tacrolimus miscibility with the tested polymers. The novel rheology-based method provided valuable insights into drug-polymer interactions and likely miscibility with polymer. It is a rather fast, inexpensive, and robust analytical approach, which could be used complementary to in silico-based evaluation of polymers in early formulation development, especially in cases of rather large active pharmaceutical ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Tsakiridou
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Pharmathen S/A, 15125 Marousi, Greece;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Zografou, Greece;
| | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Zografou, Greece;
| | - Martin Kuentz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland;
| | - Lida Kalantzi
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Pharmathen S/A, 15125 Marousi, Greece;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-210-66-04-300
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Deshpande TM, Shi H, Pietryka J, Hoag SW, Medek A. Investigation of Polymer/Surfactant Interactions and Their Impact on Itraconazole Solubility and Precipitation Kinetics for Developing Spray-Dried Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:962-974. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi M. Deshpande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Helen Shi
- Vertex Pharmaceutical Incorporated, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - John Pietryka
- Vertex Pharmaceutical Incorporated, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Stephen W. Hoag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Ales Medek
- Vertex Pharmaceutical Incorporated, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
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Page S, Maurer R, Wyttenbach N. Structured Development Approach for Amorphous Systems. FORMULATING POORLY WATER SOLUBLE DRUGS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42609-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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He Y, Ho C. Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Utilization and Challenges in Drug Discovery and Development. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:3237-58. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Patel BB, Patel JK, Chakraborty S, Shukla D. Revealing facts behind spray dried solid dispersion technology used for solubility enhancement. Saudi Pharm J 2015; 23:352-65. [PMID: 27134535 PMCID: PMC4834693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor solubility and bioavailability of an existing or newly synthesized drug always pose challenge in the development of efficient pharmaceutical formulation. Numerous technologies can be used to improve the solubility and among them amorphous solid dispersion based spray drying technology can be successfully useful for development of product from lab scale to commercial scale with a wide range of powder characteristics. Current review deals with the importance of spray drying technology in drug delivery, basically for solubility and bioavailability enhancement. Role of additives, selection of polymer, effect of process and formulation parameters, scale up optimization, and IVIVC have been covered to gain the interest of readers about the technology. Design of experiment (DoE) to optimize the spray drying process has been covered in the review. A lot more research work is required to evaluate spray drying as a technology for screening the right polymer for solid dispersion, especially to overcome the issue related to drug re-crystallization and to achieve a stable product both in vitro and in vivo. Based on the recent FDA recommendation, the need of the hour is also to adopt Quality by Design approach in the manufacturing process to carefully optimize the spray drying technology for its smooth transfer from lab scale to commercial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavesh B. Patel
- Ph.D. Research Scholar in Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan 384265, Gujarat, India
- Technical Service, Pharma Polymer & Services, Evonik India Pvt Ltd., Mumbai 400 072, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Subhashis Chakraborty
- Technical Service, Pharma Polymer & Services, Evonik India Pvt Ltd., Mumbai 400 072, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dali Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, IIT, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
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Kuentz M. Analytical technologies for real-time drug dissolution and precipitation testing on a small scale. J Pharm Pharmacol 2014; 67:143-59. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This review focuses on real-time analytics of drug dissolution and precipitation testing on a comparatively small scale.
Key findings
Miniaturisation of test equipment is an important trend in pharmaceutics, and several small-scale experiments have been reported for drug dissolution and precipitation testing. Such tests typically employ analytics in real-time. Fibre optic ultraviolet (UV) analytics has become a well-established method in this field. Novel imaging techniques are emerging that use visible or UV light; also promising is Fourier transform infrared imaging based on attenuated total reflection. More information than just a rate constant is obtained from these methods. The early phase of a dissolution process can be assessed and drug precipitation may eventually be observed. Some real-time techniques are particularly well suited to studying drug precipitation during formulation dispersion; for example, turbidity, focused beam reflectance measurement and Raman spectroscopy.
Summary
Small-scale dissolution tests equipped with real-time analytics have become important to screen drug candidates as well as to study prototype formulations in early development. Future approaches are likely to combine different analytical techniques including imaging. Miniaturisation started with mini-vessels or small vials and future assays of dissolution research will probably more often reach the level of parallel well plates and microfluidic channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kuentz
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
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Whiteside PT, Zhang J, Parker AP, Madden-Smith CE, Patel N, Jensen J, Sloth J, Roberts CJ. A physical and chemical comparison of material from a conventional spray-dried system and a single particle spray-dried system. Int J Pharm 2013; 455:306-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Miniaturized screening of polymers for amorphous drug stabilization (SPADS): Rapid assessment of solid dispersion systems. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 84:583-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lauer ME, Siam M, Tardio J, Page S, Kindt JH, Grassmann O. Rapid assessment of homogeneity and stability of amorphous solid dispersions by atomic force microscopy--from bench to batch. Pharm Res 2013; 30:2010-22. [PMID: 23673553 PMCID: PMC3695673 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To verify the robustness and fundamental value of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and AFM-based assays to rapidly examine the molecular homogeneity and physical stability of amorphous solid dispersions on Hot-Melt-Extrudates. Methods Amorphous solid dispersions were prepared with a Hot-Melt Extruder (HME) and profiled by Raman Microscopy and AFM following a sequential analytical routine (Multi-Scale-Imaging-of-Miscibiliy (MIMix)). Extrudates were analyzed before and after incubation at elevated temperature and humidity. The data were compared with published results as collected on miniaturized melt models. The value of molecular phase separation rates for long term stability prediction was assessed. Results Data recorded on the extrudates are consistent with those published, and they can be compared side by side. Such direct data comparisons allow the identification of possible sources of extrudate heterogeneities. The surface roughness analysis of fracture-exposed interfaces is a novel quantitative way to trace on the nanometer scale the efficiencies of differently conducted HME-processes. Molecular phase separation rates are shown to be relevant for long term stability predictions. Conclusions The AFM-based assessment of API:excipient combinations is a robust method to rapidly identify miscible and stable solid dispersions in a routine manner. It provides a novel analytical tool for the optimization of HME processes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11095-013-1045-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias E Lauer
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., pRED Small Molecule Research, Discovery Technologies, 4070 Basel, Switzerland.
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Petruševska M, Urleb U, Peternel L. Evaluation of a High-Throughput Screening Method for the Detection of the Excipient-Mediated Precipitation Inhibition of Poorly Soluble Drugs. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2013; 11:117-29. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2012.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marija Petruševska
- Pharmaceutical and Biological Profiling, Sandoz Development Center Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Urleb
- Global Product Development, Sandoz International, Holzkirchen, Germany
| | - Luka Peternel
- Pharmaceutical and Biological Profiling, Sandoz Development Center Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Melt Extrusion in Drug Delivery: Three Decades of Progress. AAPS ADVANCES IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES SERIES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8432-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Shah N, Sandhu H, Choi DS, Kalb O, Page S, Wyttenbach N. Structured Development Approach for Amorphous Systems. FORMULATING POORLY WATER SOLUBLE DRUGS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-1144-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Lauer ME, Grassmann O, Siam M, Tardio J, Jacob L, Page S, Kindt JH, Engel A, Alsenz J. Atomic force microscopy-based screening of drug-excipient miscibility and stability of solid dispersions. Pharm Res 2011; 28:572-84. [PMID: 21046435 PMCID: PMC3044090 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0306-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Development of a method to assess the drug/polymer miscibility and stability of solid dispersions using a melt-based mixing method. METHODS Amorphous fractured films are prepared and characterized with Raman Microscopy in combination with Atomic Force Microscopy to discriminate between homogenously and heterogeneously mixed drug/polymer combinations. The homogenous combinations are analyzed further for physical stability under stress conditions, such as increased humidity or temperature. RESULTS Combinations that have the potential to form a molecular disperse mixture are identified. Their potential to phase separate is determined through imaging at molecular length scales, which results in short observation time. De-mixing is quantified by phase separation analysis, and the drug/polymer combinations are ranked to identify the most stable combinations. CONCLUSIONS The presented results demonstrate that drug/polymer miscibility and stability of solid dispersions, with many mechanistic details, can be analyzed with Atomic Force Microscopy. The assay allows to identify well-miscible and stable combinations within hours or a few days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Eckhard Lauer
- Center for Cellular Imaging and Nanoanalytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 26, CH 4006 Basel, Switzerland.
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