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Characterization of a new potent and long-lasting single chain peptide agonist of RXFP1 in cells and in vivo translational models. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20435. [PMID: 36443381 PMCID: PMC9705314 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24716-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite beneficial effects in acute heart failure, the full therapeutic potential of recombinant relaxin-2 has been hampered by its short half-life and the need for intravenous administration limiting its use to intensive care units. A multiparametric optimization of the relaxin B-chain led to the identification of single chain lipidated peptide agonists of RXFP1 like SA10SC-RLX with subcutaneous bioavailability and extended half-life. SA10SC-RLX has sub nanomolar activity on cells expressing human RXFP1 and molecular modeling associated with the study of different RXFP1 mutants was used to decipher the mechanism of SA10SC-RLX interaction with RXFP1. Telemetry was performed in rat where SA10SC-RLX was able to engage RXFP1 after subcutaneous administration without tachyphylaxis after repeated dosing. Renal blood flow was then used as a translational model to evaluate RXFP1 activation. SA10SC-RLX increased renal blood flow and decreased renal vascular resistance in rats as reported for relaxin in humans. In conclusion, SA10SC-RLX mimics relaxin activity in in vitro and in vivo models of acute RXFP1 engagement. SA10SC-RLX represents a new class of long-lasting RXFP1 agonist, suitable for once daily subcutaneous administration in patients and potentially paving the way to new treatments for chronic fibrotic and cardiovascular diseases.
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Herrera-Zúñiga LD, Moreno-Vargas LM, Ballaud L, Correa-Basurto J, Prada-Gracia D, Pastré D, Curmi PA, Arrang JM, Maroun RC. Molecular dynamics of the histamine H3 membrane receptor reveals different mechanisms of GPCR signal transduction. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16889. [PMID: 33037273 PMCID: PMC7547658 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73483-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we studied the mechanisms of classical activation and inactivation of signal transduction by the histamine H3 receptor, a 7-helix transmembrane bundle G-Protein Coupled Receptor through long-time-scale atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of the receptor embedded in a hydrated double layer of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline, a zwitterionic polysaturated ordered lipid. Three systems were prepared: the apo receptor, representing the constitutively active receptor; and two holo-receptors-the receptor coupled to the antagonist/inverse agonist ciproxifan, representing the inactive state of the receptor, and the receptor coupled to the endogenous agonist histamine and representing the active state of the receptor. An extensive analysis of the simulation showed that the three states of H3R present significant structural and dynamical differences as well as a complex behavior given that the measured properties interact in multiple and interdependent ways. In addition, the simulations described an unexpected escape of histamine from the orthosteric binding site, in agreement with the experimental modest affinities and rapid off-rates of agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo David Herrera-Zúñiga
- UMR-S U1204, Structure et Activité de Biomolécules Normales et Pathologiques, INSERM/Université d'Evry-Val d'Essonne/Université Paris-Saclay, 91000, Evry, France
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Pharmacologie Moléculaire, INSERM U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 75014, Paris, France
- Área de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores del Oriente del Estado de México, Los Reyes Acaquilpan, Mexico
| | - Liliana Marisol Moreno-Vargas
- Computational Biology and Drug Design Research Unit, Federico Gómez Children's Hospital of Mexico City, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Pharmacologie Moléculaire, INSERM U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Luck Ballaud
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Pharmacologie Moléculaire, INSERM U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 75014, Paris, France
| | - José Correa-Basurto
- UMR-S U1204, Structure et Activité de Biomolécules Normales et Pathologiques, INSERM/Université d'Evry-Val d'Essonne/Université Paris-Saclay, 91000, Evry, France
- Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular y Bioinformática, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diego Prada-Gracia
- Computational Biology and Drug Design Research Unit, Federico Gómez Children's Hospital of Mexico City, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David Pastré
- UMR-S U1204, Structure et Activité de Biomolécules Normales et Pathologiques, INSERM/Université d'Evry-Val d'Essonne/Université Paris-Saclay, 91000, Evry, France
| | - Patrick A Curmi
- UMR-S U1204, Structure et Activité de Biomolécules Normales et Pathologiques, INSERM/Université d'Evry-Val d'Essonne/Université Paris-Saclay, 91000, Evry, France
| | - Jean Michel Arrang
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Pharmacologie Moléculaire, INSERM U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Rachid C Maroun
- UMR-S U1204, Structure et Activité de Biomolécules Normales et Pathologiques, INSERM/Université d'Evry-Val d'Essonne/Université Paris-Saclay, 91000, Evry, France.
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Pharmacologie Moléculaire, INSERM U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 75014, Paris, France.
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Guillot E, Le Bail JC, Paul P, Fourgous V, Briand P, Partiseti M, Cornet B, Janiak P, Philippo C. Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor Agonism: Discovery of Potent Nonlipid Benzofuran Ethanolamine Structures. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 374:283-294. [PMID: 32409422 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.265454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is the natural ligand for two phylogenetically distinct families of receptors (LPA1-3, LPA4-6) whose pathways control a variety of physiologic and pathophysiological responses. Identifying the benefit of balanced activation/repression of LPA receptors has always been a challenge because of the high lability of LPA and the limited availability of selective and/or stable agonists. In this study, we document the discovery of small benzofuran ethanolamine derivatives (called CpX and CpY) behaving as LPA1-3 agonists. Initially found as rabbit urethra contracting agents, their elusive receptors were identified from [35S]GTPγS-binding and β-arrestin2 recruitment investigations and then confirmed by [3H]CpX binding studies (urethra, hLPA1-2 membranes). Both compounds induced a calcium response in hLPA1-3 cells within a range of 0.4-1.5-log lower potency as compared with LPA. The contractions of rabbit urethra strips induced by these compounds perfectly matched binding affinities with values reaching the two-digit nanomolar level. The antagonist, KI16425, dose-dependently antagonized CpX-induced contractions in agreement with its affinity profile (LPA1≥LPA3>>LPA2). The most potent agonist, CpY, doubled intraurethral pressure in anesthetized female rats at 3 µg/kg i.v. Alternatively, CpX was shown to inhibit human preadipocyte differentiation, a process totally reversed by KI16425. Together with original molecular docking data, these findings clearly established these molecules as potent agonists of LPA1-3 and consolidated the pivotal role of LPA1 in urethra/prostate contraction as well as in fat cell development. The discovery of these unique and less labile LPA1-3 agonists would offer new avenues to investigate the roles of LPA receptors. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We report the identification of benzofuran ethanolamine derivatives behaving as potent selective nonlipid LPA1-3 agonists and shown to alter urethra muscle contraction or preadipocyte differentiation. Unique at this level of potency, selectivity, and especially stability, compared with lysophosphatidic acid, they represent more appropriate tools for investigating the physiological roles of lysophosphatidic acid receptors and starting point for optimization of drug candidates for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Guillot
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Unit, Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France (E.G., J.C.L.B., P.B., P.J.); Global Research Portfolio and Project Management, Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France (C.P.); Translational Science Unit, Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France (P.P., V.F.); In-silico design, Chilly-Mazarin, France (B.C.); and Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi R&D, Vitry-Sur-Seine, France (M.P.)
| | - Jean-Christophe Le Bail
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Unit, Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France (E.G., J.C.L.B., P.B., P.J.); Global Research Portfolio and Project Management, Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France (C.P.); Translational Science Unit, Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France (P.P., V.F.); In-silico design, Chilly-Mazarin, France (B.C.); and Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi R&D, Vitry-Sur-Seine, France (M.P.)
| | - Pascal Paul
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Unit, Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France (E.G., J.C.L.B., P.B., P.J.); Global Research Portfolio and Project Management, Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France (C.P.); Translational Science Unit, Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France (P.P., V.F.); In-silico design, Chilly-Mazarin, France (B.C.); and Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi R&D, Vitry-Sur-Seine, France (M.P.)
| | - Valérie Fourgous
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Unit, Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France (E.G., J.C.L.B., P.B., P.J.); Global Research Portfolio and Project Management, Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France (C.P.); Translational Science Unit, Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France (P.P., V.F.); In-silico design, Chilly-Mazarin, France (B.C.); and Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi R&D, Vitry-Sur-Seine, France (M.P.)
| | - Pascale Briand
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Unit, Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France (E.G., J.C.L.B., P.B., P.J.); Global Research Portfolio and Project Management, Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France (C.P.); Translational Science Unit, Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France (P.P., V.F.); In-silico design, Chilly-Mazarin, France (B.C.); and Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi R&D, Vitry-Sur-Seine, France (M.P.)
| | - Michel Partiseti
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Unit, Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France (E.G., J.C.L.B., P.B., P.J.); Global Research Portfolio and Project Management, Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France (C.P.); Translational Science Unit, Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France (P.P., V.F.); In-silico design, Chilly-Mazarin, France (B.C.); and Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi R&D, Vitry-Sur-Seine, France (M.P.)
| | - Bruno Cornet
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Unit, Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France (E.G., J.C.L.B., P.B., P.J.); Global Research Portfolio and Project Management, Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France (C.P.); Translational Science Unit, Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France (P.P., V.F.); In-silico design, Chilly-Mazarin, France (B.C.); and Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi R&D, Vitry-Sur-Seine, France (M.P.)
| | - Philip Janiak
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Unit, Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France (E.G., J.C.L.B., P.B., P.J.); Global Research Portfolio and Project Management, Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France (C.P.); Translational Science Unit, Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France (P.P., V.F.); In-silico design, Chilly-Mazarin, France (B.C.); and Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi R&D, Vitry-Sur-Seine, France (M.P.)
| | - Christophe Philippo
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Unit, Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France (E.G., J.C.L.B., P.B., P.J.); Global Research Portfolio and Project Management, Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France (C.P.); Translational Science Unit, Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France (P.P., V.F.); In-silico design, Chilly-Mazarin, France (B.C.); and Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi R&D, Vitry-Sur-Seine, France (M.P.)
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Koensgen F, Da Silva F, Rognan D, Kellenberger E. Unsupervised Classification of G-Protein Coupled Receptors and Their Conformational States Using IChem Intramolecular Interaction Patterns. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:3611-3618. [PMID: 31408338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the ever-growing structural information on G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) has revealed the three-dimensional (3D) characteristics of a receptor structure that is competent for G-protein binding. Structural markers are now commonly used to distinguish GPCR functional states, especially when analyzing molecular dynamics simulations. In particular, the position of the sixth helix within the seven transmembrane domains (TMs) is directly related to the coupling of the G-protein. Here, we show that the structural pattern defined by transmembrane intramolecular interactions (hydrogen bonds excluding backbone/backbone interactions, ionic bonds and aromatic interactions) is suitable for comparison of GPCR 3D structures and unsupervised distinction of the receptor states. First, we analyze a microsecond long molecular dynamic simulation of the human ß2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2). Clustering of the 3D structures by pattern similarity identifies stable states which match the conformational classes defined by structural markers. Furthermore, the method directly spots the few state-specific interactions. Transforming pattern into graph, we extend the method to the comparison of different GPCRs. Clustering all GPCR experimentally determined structures by clique relative size first separates receptors, then their conformational states, thereby suggesting that the interaction patterns are specific of the receptor sequence and that the interaction signatures of conformational states are not shared across distant homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Koensgen
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR7200 CNRS , Université de Strasbourg , 74 Route du Rhin , F-67400 Illkirch , France
| | - Franck Da Silva
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR7200 CNRS , Université de Strasbourg , 74 Route du Rhin , F-67400 Illkirch , France
| | - Didier Rognan
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR7200 CNRS , Université de Strasbourg , 74 Route du Rhin , F-67400 Illkirch , France
| | - Esther Kellenberger
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR7200 CNRS , Université de Strasbourg , 74 Route du Rhin , F-67400 Illkirch , France
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Abstract
Neuropeptides play pivotal roles in various biological events in the nervous, neuroendocrine, and endocrine systems, and are correlated with both physiological functions and unique behavioral traits of animals. Elucidation of functional interaction between neuropeptides and receptors is a crucial step for the verification of their biological roles and evolutionary processes. However, most receptors for novel peptides remain to be identified. Here, we show the identification of multiple G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for species-specific neuropeptides of the vertebrate sister group, Ciona intestinalis Type A, by combining machine learning and experimental validation. We developed an original peptide descriptor-incorporated support vector machine and used it to predict 22 neuropeptide-GPCR pairs. Of note, signaling assays of the predicted pairs identified 1 homologous and 11 Ciona-specific neuropeptide-GPCR pairs for a 41% hit rate: the respective GPCRs for Ci-GALP, Ci-NTLP-2, Ci-LF-1, Ci-LF-2, Ci-LF-5, Ci-LF-6, Ci-LF-7, Ci-LF-8, Ci-YFV-1, and Ci-YFV-3. Interestingly, molecular phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that these receptors, excluding the Ci-GALP receptor, were evolutionarily unrelated to any other known peptide GPCRs, confirming that these GPCRs constitute unprecedented neuropeptide receptor clusters. Altogether, these results verified the neuropeptide-GPCR pairs in the protochordate and evolutionary lineages of neuropeptide GPCRs, and pave the way for investigating the endogenous roles of novel neuropeptides in the closest relatives of vertebrates and the evolutionary processes of neuropeptidergic systems throughout chordates. In addition, the present study also indicates the versatility of the machine-learning-assisted strategy for the identification of novel peptide-receptor pairs in various organisms.
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Ghosh S, Bierig T, Lee S, Jana S, Löhle A, Schnapp G, Tautermann CS, Vaidehi N. Engineering Salt Bridge Networks between Transmembrane Helices Confers Thermostability in G-Protein-Coupled Receptors. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:6574-6585. [PMID: 30359017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction of specific point mutations has been an effective strategy in enhancing the thermostability of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Our previous work showed that a specific residue position on transmembrane helix 6 (TM6) in class A GPCRs consistently yields thermostable mutants. The crystal structure of human chemokine receptor CCR5 also showed increased thermostability upon mutation of two positions, A233D6.33 and K303E7.59. With the goal of testing the transferability of these two thermostabilizing mutations in other chemokine receptors, we tested the mutations A237D6.33 and R307E7.59 in human CCR3 for thermostability and aggregation properties in detergent solution. Interestingly, the double mutant exhibited a 6-10-fold decrease in the aggregation propensity of the wild-type protein. This is in stark contrast to the two single mutants whose aggregation properties resemble the wild type (WT). Moreover, unlike in CCR5, the two single mutants separately showed no increase in thermostability compared to the wild-type CCR3, while the double-mutant A237D6.33/R307E7.59 confers an increase of 2.6 °C in the melting temperature compared to the WT. Extensive all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in detergent micelles show that a salt bridge network between transmembrane helices TM3, TM6, and TM7 that is absent in the two single mutants confers stability in the double mutant. The free energy surface of the double mutant shows conformational homogeneity compared to the single mutants. An annular n-dodecyl maltoside detergent layer packs tighter to the hydrophobic surface of the double-mutant CCR3 compared to the single mutants providing additional stability. The purification of other C-C chemokine receptors lacking such stabilizing residues may benefit from the incorporation of these two point mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumadwip Ghosh
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy , Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope , 1500 East Duarte Road , Duarte , California 91010 , United States
| | - Tobias Bierig
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Company KG , Birkendorfer Strasse 65 , D-88397 Biberach an der Riss , Germany
| | | | | | | | - Gisela Schnapp
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Company KG , Birkendorfer Strasse 65 , D-88397 Biberach an der Riss , Germany
| | - Christofer S Tautermann
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Company KG , Birkendorfer Strasse 65 , D-88397 Biberach an der Riss , Germany
| | - Nagarajan Vaidehi
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy , Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope , 1500 East Duarte Road , Duarte , California 91010 , United States
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Frantz MC, Pellissier LP, Pflimlin E, Loison S, Gandía J, Marsol C, Durroux T, Mouillac B, Becker JAJ, Le Merrer J, Valencia C, Villa P, Bonnet D, Hibert M. LIT-001, the First Nonpeptide Oxytocin Receptor Agonist that Improves Social Interaction in a Mouse Model of Autism. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8670-8692. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Céline Frantz
- Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, F-67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Lucie P. Pellissier
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA UMR-0085, CNRS UMR-7247, IFCE, Inserm, Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Elsa Pflimlin
- Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, F-67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Stéphanie Loison
- Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, F-67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Jorge Gandía
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA UMR-0085, CNRS UMR-7247, IFCE, Inserm, Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Claire Marsol
- Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, F-67412 Illkirch, France
- LabEx MEDALIS, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- PCBIS Plateforme de Chimie Biologique Intégrative de Strasbourg, UMS3286, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thierry Durroux
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U661, Université de Montpellier (IFR3), 141 Rue de la Cardonille, F-34094 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Bernard Mouillac
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U661, Université de Montpellier (IFR3), 141 Rue de la Cardonille, F-34094 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jérôme A. J. Becker
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA UMR-0085, CNRS UMR-7247, IFCE, Inserm, Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Julie Le Merrer
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA UMR-0085, CNRS UMR-7247, IFCE, Inserm, Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Christel Valencia
- LabEx MEDALIS, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- PCBIS Plateforme de Chimie Biologique Intégrative de Strasbourg, UMS3286, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Pascal Villa
- LabEx MEDALIS, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- PCBIS Plateforme de Chimie Biologique Intégrative de Strasbourg, UMS3286, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Dominique Bonnet
- Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, F-67412 Illkirch, France
- LabEx MEDALIS, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Marcel Hibert
- Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, F-67412 Illkirch, France
- LabEx MEDALIS, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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Lupala CS, Rasaeifar B, Gomez-Gutierrez P, Perez JJ. Using molecular dynamics for the refinement of atomistic models of GPCRs by homology modeling. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:2436-2448. [PMID: 28728517 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1357503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite GPCRs sharing a common seven helix bundle, analysis of the diverse crystallographic structures available reveal specific features that might be relevant for ligand design. Despite the number of crystallographic structures of GPCRs steadily increasing, there are still challenges that hamper the availability of new structures. In the absence of a crystallographic structure, homology modeling remains one of the important techniques for constructing 3D models of proteins. In the present study we investigated the use of molecular dynamics simulations for the refinement of GPCRs models constructed by homology modeling. Specifically, we investigated the relevance of template selection, ligand inclusion as well as the length of the simulation on the quality of the GPCRs models constructed. For this purpose we chose the crystallographic structure of the rat muscarinic M3 receptor as reference and constructed diverse atomistic models by homology modeling, using different templates. Specifically, templates used in the present work include the human muscarinic M2; the more distant human histamine H1 and the even more distant bovine rhodopsin as shown in the GPCRs phylogenetic tree. We also investigated the use or not of a ligand in the refinement process. Hence, we conducted the refinement process of the M3 model using the M2 muscarinic as template with tiotropium or NMS docked in the orthosteric site and compared with the results obtained with a model refined without any ligand bound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecylia S Lupala
- a Department of Chemical Engineering (ETSEIB) , Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya , Av. Diagonal, 647. 08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Bahareh Rasaeifar
- a Department of Chemical Engineering (ETSEIB) , Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya , Av. Diagonal, 647. 08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Patricia Gomez-Gutierrez
- a Department of Chemical Engineering (ETSEIB) , Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya , Av. Diagonal, 647. 08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Juan J Perez
- a Department of Chemical Engineering (ETSEIB) , Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya , Av. Diagonal, 647. 08028 Barcelona , Spain
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Sakai T, Shiraishi A, Kawada T, Matsubara S, Aoyama M, Satake H. Invertebrate Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-Related Peptides and Their Receptors: An Update. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:217. [PMID: 28932208 PMCID: PMC5592718 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRHs) play pivotal roles in reproductive functions via the hypothalamus, pituitary, and gonad axis, namely, HPG axis in vertebrates. GnRHs and their receptors (GnRHRs) are likely to be conserved in invertebrate deuterostomes and lophotrochozoans. All vertebrate and urochordate GnRHs are composed of 10 amino acids, whereas protostome, echinoderm, and amphioxus GnRH-like peptides are 11- or 12-residue peptide containing two amino acids after an N-terminal pyro-Glu. In urochordates, Halocynthia roretzi GnRH gene encodes two GnRH peptide sequences, whereas two GnRH genes encode three different GnRH peptides in Ciona intestinalis. These findings indicate the species-specific diversification of GnRHs. Intriguingly, the major signaling pathway for GnRHRs is intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in chordates, echinoderms, and protostomes, whereas Ciona GnRHRs (Ci-GnRHRs) are endowed with multiple GnRHergic cAMP production pathways in a ligand-selective manner. Moreover, the ligand-specific modulation of signal transduction via heterodimerization among Ci-GnRHR paralogs suggests the species-specific development of fine-tuning of gonadal functions in ascidians. Echinoderm GnRH-like peptides show high sequence differences compared to those of protostome counterparts, leading to the difficulty in classification of peptides and receptors. These findings also show both the diversity and conservation of GnRH signaling systems in invertebrates. The lack of the HPG axis in invertebrates indicates that biological functions of GnRHs are not release of gonadotropins in current invertebrates and common ancestors of vertebrates and invertebrates. To date, authentic or putative GnRHRs have been characterized from various echinoderms and protostomes as well as chordates and the mRNAs have been found to be distributed not only reproductive organs but also other tissues. Collectively, these findings further support the notion that invertebrate GnRHs have biological roles other than the regulation of reproductive functions. Moreover, recent molecular phylogenetic analysis suggests that adipokinetic hormone (AKH), corazonin (CRZ), and AKH/CRZ-related peptide (ACP) belong to the GnRH superfamily but has led to the different classifications of these peptides and receptors using different datasets including the number of sequences and structural domains. In this review, we provide current knowledge of, and perspectives in, molecular basis and evolutionary aspects of the GnRH, AKH, CRZ, and ACP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Sakai
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Shiraishi
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawada
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shin Matsubara
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masato Aoyama
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, Nara Women’s University, Nara, Japan
| | - Honoo Satake
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
- *Correspondence: Honoo Satake,
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Ratni H, Rogers-Evans M, Bissantz C, Grundschober C, Moreau JL, Schuler F, Fischer H, Alvarez Sanchez R, Schnider P. Discovery of Highly Selective Brain-Penetrant Vasopressin 1a Antagonists for the Potential Treatment of Autism via a Chemogenomic and Scaffold Hopping Approach. J Med Chem 2015; 58:2275-89. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501745f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hasane Ratni
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research
and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mark Rogers-Evans
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research
and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Caterina Bissantz
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research
and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Grundschober
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research
and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Moreau
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research
and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Franz Schuler
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research
and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Holger Fischer
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research
and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ruben Alvarez Sanchez
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research
and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Schnider
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research
and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Bortolato A, Doré AS, Hollenstein K, Tehan BG, Mason JS, Marshall FH. Structure of Class B GPCRs: new horizons for drug discovery. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:3132-45. [PMID: 24628305 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Class B GPCRs of the secretin family are important drug targets in many human diseases including diabetes, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease and psychiatric disorders. X-ray crystal structures for the glucagon receptor and corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 have now been published. In this review, we analyse the new structures and how they compare with each other and with Class A and F receptors. We also consider the differences in druggability and possible similarity in the activation mechanisms. Finally, we discuss the potential for the design of small-molecule modulators for these important targets in drug discovery. This new structural insight allows, for the first time, structure-based drug design methods to be applied to Class B GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bortolato
- Heptares Therapeutics Limited, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, UK
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12
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McCoull W, Barton P, Brown AJH, Bowker SS, Cameron J, Clarke DS, Davies RDM, Dossetter AG, Ertan A, Fenwick M, Green C, Holmes JL, Martin N, Masters D, Moore JE, Newcombe NJ, Newton C, Pointon H, Robb GR, Sheldon C, Stokes S, Morgan D. Identification, Optimization, and Pharmacology of Acylurea GHS-R1a Inverse Agonists. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6128-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500610n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William McCoull
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Peter Barton
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | | | | | - Jennifer Cameron
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - David S. Clarke
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | | | | | - Anne Ertan
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Mark Fenwick
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Clive Green
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Jane L. Holmes
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Nathaniel Martin
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - David Masters
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Jane E. Moore
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | | | - Claire Newton
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Helen Pointon
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Graeme R. Robb
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | | | - Stephen Stokes
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - David Morgan
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
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13
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Webb B, Eswar N, Fan H, Khuri N, Pieper U, Dong G, Sali A. Comparative Modeling of Drug Target Proteins☆. REFERENCE MODULE IN CHEMISTRY, MOLECULAR SCIENCES AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2014. [PMCID: PMC7157477 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409547-2.11133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this perspective, we begin by describing the comparative protein structure modeling technique and the accuracy of the corresponding models. We then discuss the significant role that comparative prediction plays in drug discovery. We focus on virtual ligand screening against comparative models and illustrate the state-of-the-art by a number of specific examples.
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14
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Shiraishi A, Niijima S, Brown JB, Nakatsui M, Okuno Y. Chemical genomics approach for GPCR-ligand interaction prediction and extraction of ligand binding determinants. J Chem Inf Model 2013; 53:1253-62. [PMID: 23721295 DOI: 10.1021/ci300515z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemical genomics research has revealed that G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) interact with a variety of ligands and that a large number of ligands are known to bind GPCRs even with low transmembrane (TM) sequence similarity. It is crucial to extract informative binding region propensities from large quantities of bioactivity data. To address this issue, we propose a machine learning approach that enables identification of both chemical substructures and amino acid properties that are associated with ligand binding, which can be applied to virtual ligand screening on a GPCR-wide scale. We also address the question of how to select plausible negative noninteraction pairs based on a statistical approach in order to develop reliable prediction models for GPCR-ligand interactions. The key interaction sites estimated by our approach can be of great use not only for screening of active compounds but also for modification of active compounds with the aim of improving activity or selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Shiraishi
- Department of Systems Biosciences for Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto
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15
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Renault N, Laurent X, Farce A, El Bakali J, Mansouri R, Gervois P, Millet R, Desreumaux P, Furman C, Chavatte P. Virtual Screening of CB2Receptor Agonists from Bayesian Network and High-Throughput Docking: Structural Insights into Agonist-Modulated GPCR Features. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 81:442-54. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Kooistra AJ, Roumen L, Leurs R, de Esch IJ, de Graaf C. From Heptahelical Bundle to Hits from the Haystack. Methods Enzymol 2013; 522:279-336. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407865-9.00015-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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17
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Vohra S, Taddese B, Conner AC, Poyner DR, Hay DL, Barwell J, Reeves PJ, Upton GJG, Reynolds CA. Similarity between class A and class B G-protein-coupled receptors exemplified through calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor modelling and mutagenesis studies. J R Soc Interface 2012; 10:20120846. [PMID: 23235263 PMCID: PMC3565703 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2012.0846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Modelling class B G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) using class A GPCR structural templates is difficult due to lack of homology. The plant GPCR, GCR1, has homology to both class A and class B GPCRs. We have used this to generate a class A–class B alignment, and by incorporating maximum lagged correlation of entropy and hydrophobicity into a consensus score, we have been able to align receptor transmembrane regions. We have applied this analysis to generate active and inactive homology models of the class B calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor, and have supported it with site-directed mutagenesis data using 122 CGRP receptor residues and 144 published mutagenesis results on other class B GPCRs. The variation of sequence variability with structure, the analysis of polarity violations, the alignment of group-conserved residues and the mutagenesis results at 27 key positions were particularly informative in distinguishing between the proposed and plausible alternative alignments. Furthermore, we have been able to associate the key molecular features of the class B GPCR signalling machinery with their class A counterparts for the first time. These include the [K/R]KLH motif in intracellular loop 1, [I/L]xxxL and KxxK at the intracellular end of TM5 and TM6, the NPXXY/VAVLY motif on TM7 and small group-conserved residues in TM1, TM2, TM3 and TM7. The equivalent of the class A DRY motif is proposed to involve Arg2.39, His2.43 and Glu3.46, which makes a polar lock with T6.37. These alignments and models provide useful tools for understanding class B GPCR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabana Vohra
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK
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18
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Shao X, Zou C, Naider F, Zerbe O. Comparison of fragments comprising the first two helices of the human Y4 and the yeast Ste2p G-protein-coupled receptors. Biophys J 2012; 103:817-26. [PMID: 22947943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Solution NMR techniques are used to determine the structure and the topology of micelle integration of a large fragment of the Y4 receptor, a human G-protein-coupled receptor, that contains the entire N-terminal domain plus the first two transmembrane (TM) segments. The structure calculations reveal that the putative TM helices are indeed helical to a large extent, but that interruptions of secondary structure occur close to internal polar or charged residues. This view is supported by (15)N relaxation data, amide-water exchange rates, and attenuations from micelle-integrating spin labels. No contacts between different helices are observed. This is in contrast to a similar TM1-TM2 fragment from the yeast Ste2p receptor for which locations of the secondary and the tertiary structure agreed well with the predictions from a homology model. The difference in structure is discussed in terms of principal biophysical properties of residues within central regions of the putative TM helices. Overall, using the biophysical scale of Wimley and White the TM regions of Ste2p display much more favorable free energies for membrane integration. Accordingly, the full secondary structure and the tertiary structure in TM1-TM2 of the Y4 receptor is likely to be formed only when tertiary contacts with other TM segments are created during folding of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Shao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Barwell J, Gingell JJ, Watkins HA, Archbold JK, Poyner DR, Hay DL. Calcitonin and calcitonin receptor-like receptors: common themes with family B GPCRs? Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:51-65. [PMID: 21649645 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01525.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcitonin receptor (CTR) and calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) are two of the 15 human family B (or Secretin-like) GPCRs. CTR and CLR are of considerable biological interest as their pharmacology is moulded by interactions with receptor activity-modifying proteins. They also have therapeutic relevance for many conditions, such as osteoporosis, diabetes, obesity, lymphatic insufficiency, migraine and cardiovascular disease. In light of recent advances in understanding ligand docking and receptor activation in both the family as a whole and in CLR and CTR specifically, this review reflects how applicable general family B GPCR themes are to these two idiosyncratic receptors. We review the main functional domains of the receptors; the N-terminal extracellular domain, the juxtamembrane domain and ligand interface, the transmembrane domain and the intracellular C-terminal domain. Structural and functional findings from the CLR and CTR along with other family B GPCRs are critically appraised to gain insight into how these domains may function. The ability for CTR and CLR to interact with receptor activity-modifying proteins adds another level of sophistication to these receptor systems but means careful consideration is needed when trying to apply generic GPCR principles. This review encapsulates current thinking in the realm of family B GPCR research by highlighting both conflicting and recurring themes and how such findings relate to two unusual but important receptors, CTR and CLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Barwell
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK
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20
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Marino J, Geertsma ER, Zerbe O. Topogenesis of heterologously expressed fragments of the human Y4 GPCR. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1818:3055-63. [PMID: 22867850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fragments of large membrane proteins have the potential to facilitate structural analysis by NMR, but their folding state remains a concern. Here we determined the quality of folding upon heterologous expression for a series of N- or C-terminally truncated fragments of the human Y4 G-protein coupled receptor, amounting to six different complementation pairs. As the individual fragments lack a specific function that could be used to ascertain proper folding, we instead assessed folding on a basic level by studying their membrane topology and by comparing it to well-established structural models of GPCRs. The topology of the fragments was determined using a reporter assay based on C-terminal green fluorescent protein- or alkaline phosphatase-fusions. N-terminal fusions to Lep or Mistic were used if a periplasmic orientation of the N-terminus of the fragments was expected based on predictions. Fragments fused to Mistic expressed at comparably high levels, whereas Lep fusions were produced to a much lower extent. Though none of the fragments exclusively adopted one orientation, often the correct topology predominated. In addition, systematic analysis of the fragment series suggested that the C-terminal half of the Y4 receptor is more important for adopting the correct topology than the N-terminal part. Using the detergent dodecylphosphocholine, selected fragments were solubilized from the membrane and proved sufficiently stable to allow purification. Finally, as a first step toward reconstituting a functional receptor from two fragments, we observed a physical interaction between complementing fragments pairs upon co-expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Marino
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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21
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Osguthorpe DJ, Sherman W, Hagler AT. Generation of Receptor Structural Ensembles for Virtual Screening Using Binding Site Shape Analysis and Clustering. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 80:182-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2012.01396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Lundström L, Bissantz C, Beck J, Wettstein JG, Woltering TJ, Wichmann J, Gatti S. Structural determinants of allosteric antagonism at metabotropic glutamate receptor 2: mechanistic studies with new potent negative allosteric modulators. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:521-37. [PMID: 21470207 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Altered glutamatergic neurotransmission is linked to several neurological and psychiatric disorders. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGlu₂) plays an important role on the presynaptic control of glutamate release and negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) acting on mGlu₂/₃ receptors are under assessment for their potential as antidepressants, neurogenics and cognitive enhancers. Two new potent mGlu₂/₃ NAMs, RO4988546 and RO5488608, are described in this study and the allosteric binding site in the transmembrane (TM) domain of mGlu₂ is characterized. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Site directed mutagenesis, functional measurements and β₂-adrenoceptor-based modelling of mGlu₂ were employed to identify important molecular determinants of two new potent mGlu₂/₃ NAMs. KEY RESULTS RO4988546 and RO5488608 affected both [³H]-LY354740 agonist binding at the orthosteric site and the binding of a tritiated positive allosteric modulator (³H-PAM), indicating that NAMs and PAMs could have overlapping binding sites in the mGlu₂ TM domain. We identified eight residues in the allosteric binding pocket that are crucial for non-competitive antagonism of agonist-dependent activation of mGlu₂ and directly interact with the NAMs: Arg³·²⁸, Arg³·²⁹, Phe³·³⁶, His(E2.52) , Leu⁵·⁴³, Trp⁶·⁴⁸, Phe⁶·⁵⁵ and Val⁷·⁴³. The mGlu₂ specific residue His(E2.52) is likely to be involved in selectivity and residues located in the outer part of the binding pocket are more important for [³H]-LY354740 agonist binding inhibition, which is independent of the highly conserved Trp⁶·⁴⁸ residue. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This is the first complete molecular investigation of the allosteric binding pocket of mGlu₂ and Group II mGluRs and provides new information on what determines mGlu₂ NAMs selective interactions and effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lundström
- Neuroscience Research, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
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23
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Fanelli F, De Benedetti PG. Update 1 of: computational modeling approaches to structure-function analysis of G protein-coupled receptors. Chem Rev 2011; 111:PR438-535. [PMID: 22165845 DOI: 10.1021/cr100437t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fanelli
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 183, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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de Graaf C, Rein C, Piwnica D, Giordanetto F, Rognan D. Structure-based discovery of allosteric modulators of two related class B G-protein-coupled receptors. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:2159-69. [PMID: 21994134 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the availability of X-ray crystal structure data for several members of the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily, structure-based discovery of GPCR ligands has been exclusively restricted to class A (rhodopsin-like) receptors. Herein we report the identification, by a docking-based virtual screening approach, of noncompetitive ligands for two related class B (secretin-like) GPCRs: the glucagon receptor (GLR) and the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R). Starting from a knowledge-based three-dimensional model of the GLR, a database of 1.9 million commercially available drug-like compounds was screened for chemical similarity to existing GLR noncompetitive antagonists and docked to the transmembrane cavity of the GLR; 23 compounds were then selected based on protein-ligand interaction fingerprints, and were then purchased and evaluated for in vitro binding to GLR and modulation of glucagon-induced cAMP release. Two of the 23 compounds inhibited the effect of glucagon in a dose-dependent manner, with one inhibitor exhibiting the same potency as L-168 049, a reference noncompetitive GLR antagonist, in a whole-cell-based functional assay. Interestingly, one virtual hit that was inactive at the GLR was shown to bind to GLP-1R and potentiate the response to the endogenous GLP-1 ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris de Graaf
- Structural Chemogenomics Group, Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR 7200 CNRS-UdS, 74 route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch, France
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De Wachter R, de Graaf C, Keresztes A, Vandormael B, Ballet S, Tóth G, Rognan D, Tourwé D. Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Automated Docking of Constrained Analogues of the Opioid Peptide H-Dmt-d-Ala-Phe-Gly-NH2 Using the 4- or 5-Methyl Substituted 4-Amino-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-2-benzazepin-3-one Scaffold. J Med Chem 2011; 54:6538-47. [DOI: 10.1021/jm2003574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rien De Wachter
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chris de Graaf
- Structural Chemogenomics, UMR 7200 CNRS-UdS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch F-67401, France
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Atilla Keresztes
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bart Vandormael
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Steven Ballet
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Géza Tóth
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Didier Rognan
- Structural Chemogenomics, UMR 7200 CNRS-UdS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch F-67401, France
| | - Dirk Tourwé
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Sanders MPA, Verhoeven S, de Graaf C, Roumen L, Vroling B, Nabuurs SB, de Vlieg J, Klomp JPG. Snooker: a structure-based pharmacophore generation tool applied to class A GPCRs. J Chem Inf Model 2011; 51:2277-92. [PMID: 21866955 DOI: 10.1021/ci200088d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important drug targets for various diseases and of major interest to pharmaceutical companies. The function of individual members of this protein family can be modulated by the binding of small molecules at the extracellular side of the structurally conserved transmembrane (TM) domain. Here, we present Snooker, a structure-based approach to generate pharmacophore hypotheses for compounds binding to this extracellular side of the TM domain. Snooker does not require knowledge of ligands, is therefore suitable for apo-proteins, and can be applied to all receptors of the GPCR protein family. The method comprises the construction of a homology model of the TM domains and prioritization of residues on the probability of being ligand binding. Subsequently, protein properties are converted to ligand space, and pharmacophore features are generated at positions where protein ligand interactions are likely. Using this semiautomated knowledge-driven bioinformatics approach we have created pharmacophore hypotheses for 15 different GPCRs from several different subfamilies. For the beta-2-adrenergic receptor we show that ligand poses predicted by Snooker pharmacophore hypotheses reproduce literature supported binding modes for ∼75% of compounds fulfilling pharmacophore constraints. All 15 pharmacophore hypotheses represent interactions with essential residues for ligand binding as observed in mutagenesis experiments and compound selections based on these hypotheses are shown to be target specific. For 8 out of 15 targets enrichment factors above 10-fold are observed in the top 0.5% ranked compounds in a virtual screen. Additionally, prospectively predicted ligand binding poses in the human dopamine D3 receptor based on Snooker pharmacophores were ranked among the best models in the community wide GPCR dock 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijn P A Sanders
- Computational Drug Discovery Group, CMBI, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Agonist-dependent effects of mutations in the sphingosine-1-phosphate type 1 receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 667:105-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Coopman K, Wallis R, Robb G, Brown AJH, Wilkinson GF, Timms D, Willars GB. Residues within the transmembrane domain of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor involved in ligand binding and receptor activation: modelling the ligand-bound receptor. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:1804-18. [PMID: 21868452 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-terminal regions of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) bind to the N terminus of the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R), facilitating interaction of the ligand N terminus with the receptor transmembrane domain. In contrast, the agonist exendin-4 relies less on the transmembrane domain, and truncated antagonist analogs (e.g. exendin 9-39) may interact solely with the receptor N terminus. Here we used mutagenesis to explore the role of residues highly conserved in the predicted transmembrane helices of mammalian GLP-1Rs and conserved in family B G protein coupled receptors in ligand binding and GLP-1R activation. By iteration using information from the mutagenesis, along with the available crystal structure of the receptor N terminus and a model of the active opsin transmembrane domain, we developed a structural receptor model with GLP-1 bound and used this to better understand consequences of mutations. Mutation at Y152 [transmembrane helix (TM) 1], R190 (TM2), Y235 (TM3), H363 (TM6), and E364 (TM6) produced similar reductions in affinity for GLP-1 and exendin 9-39. In contrast, other mutations either preferentially [K197 (TM2), Q234 (TM3), and W284 (extracellular loop 2)] or solely [D198 (TM2) and R310 (TM5)] reduced GLP-1 affinity. Reduced agonist affinity was always associated with reduced potency. However, reductions in potency exceeded reductions in agonist affinity for K197A, W284A, and R310A, while H363A was uncoupled from cAMP generation, highlighting critical roles of these residues in translating binding to activation. Data show important roles in ligand binding and receptor activation of conserved residues within the transmembrane domain of the GLP-1R. The receptor structural model provides insight into the roles of these residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Coopman
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Garcia-Perez J, Rueda P, Alcami J, Rognan D, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Lagane B, Kellenberger E. Allosteric model of maraviroc binding to CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5). J Biol Chem 2011; 286:33409-21. [PMID: 21775441 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.279596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Maraviroc is a nonpeptidic small molecule human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry inhibitor that has just entered the therapeutic arsenal for the treatment of patients. We recently demonstrated that maraviroc binding to the HIV-1 coreceptor, CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), prevents it from binding the chemokine CCL3 and the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 by an allosteric mechanism. However, incomplete knowledge of ligand-binding sites and the lack of CCR5 crystal structures have hampered an in-depth molecular understanding of how the inhibitor works. Here, we addressed these issues by combining site-directed mutagenesis (SDM) with homology modeling and docking. Six crystal structures of G-protein-coupled receptors were compared for their suitability for CCR5 modeling. All CCR5 models had equally good geometry, but that built from the recently reported dimeric structure of the other HIV-1 coreceptor CXCR4 bound to the peptide CVX15 (Protein Data Bank code 3OE0) best agreed with the SDM data and discriminated CCR5 from non-CCR5 binders in a virtual screening approach. SDM and automated docking predicted that maraviroc inserts deeply in CCR5 transmembrane cavity where it can occupy three different binding sites, whereas CCL3 and gp120 lie on distinct yet overlapped regions of the CCR5 extracellular loop 2. Data suggesting that the transmembrane cavity remains accessible for maraviroc in CCL3-bound and gp120-bound CCR5 help explain our previous observation that the inhibitor enhances dissociation of preformed ligand-CCR5 complexes. Finally, we identified residues in the predicted CCR5 dimer interface that are mandatory for gp120 binding, suggesting that receptor dimerization might represent a target for new CCR5 entry inhibitors.
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Matter H, Sotriffer C. Applications and Success Stories in Virtual Screening. METHODS AND PRINCIPLES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527633326.ch12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Löwer M, Geppert T, Schneider P, Hoy B, Wessler S, Schneider G. Inhibitors of Helicobacter pylori protease HtrA found by 'virtual ligand' screening combat bacterial invasion of epithelia. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17986. [PMID: 21483848 PMCID: PMC3069028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The human pathogen Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a main cause for gastric inflammation and cancer. Increasing bacterial resistance against antibiotics demands for innovative strategies for therapeutic intervention. Methodology/Principal Findings We present a method for structure-based virtual screening that is based on the comprehensive prediction of ligand binding sites on a protein model and automated construction of a ligand-receptor interaction map. Pharmacophoric features of the map are clustered and transformed in a correlation vector (‘virtual ligand’) for rapid virtual screening of compound databases. This computer-based technique was validated for 18 different targets of pharmaceutical interest in a retrospective screening experiment. Prospective screening for inhibitory agents was performed for the protease HtrA from the human pathogen H. pylori using a homology model of the target protein. Among 22 tested compounds six block E-cadherin cleavage by HtrA in vitro and result in reduced scattering and wound healing of gastric epithelial cells, thereby preventing bacterial infiltration of the epithelium. Conclusions/Significance This study demonstrates that receptor-based virtual screening with a permissive (‘fuzzy’) pharmacophore model can help identify small bioactive agents for combating bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Löwer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tim Geppert
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Petra Schneider
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Hoy
- Division of Microbiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Silja Wessler
- Division of Microbiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gisbert Schneider
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Grinter SZ, Liang Y, Huang SY, Hyder SM, Zou X. An inverse docking approach for identifying new potential anti-cancer targets. J Mol Graph Model 2011; 29:795-9. [PMID: 21315634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Inverse docking is a relatively new technique that has been used to identify potential receptor targets of small molecules. Our docking software package MDock is well suited for such an application as it is both computationally efficient, yet simultaneously shows adequate results in binding affinity predictions and enrichment tests. As a validation study, we present the first stage results of an inverse-docking study which seeks to identify potential direct targets of PRIMA-1. PRIMA-1 is well known for its ability to restore mutant p53's tumor suppressor function, leading to apoptosis in several types of cancer cells. For this reason, we believe that potential direct targets of PRIMA-1 identified in silico should be experimentally screened for their ability to inhibit cancer cell growth. The highest-ranked human protein of our PRIMA-1 docking results is oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC), which is part of the cholesterol synthetic pathway. The results of two followup experiments which treat OSC as a possible anti-cancer target are promising. We show that both PRIMA-1 and Ro 48-8071, a known potent OSC inhibitor, significantly reduce the viability of BT-474 and T47-D breast cancer cells relative to normal mammary cells. In addition, like PRIMA-1, we find that Ro 48-8071 results in increased binding of p53 to DNA in BT-474 cells (which express mutant p53). For the first time, Ro 48-8071 is shown as a potent agent in killing human breast cancer cells. The potential of OSC as a new target for developing anticancer therapies is worth further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Z Grinter
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
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Baud O, Etter S, Spreafico M, Bordoli L, Schwede T, Vogel H, Pick H. The mouse eugenol odorant receptor: structural and functional plasticity of a broadly tuned odorant binding pocket. Biochemistry 2010; 50:843-53. [PMID: 21142015 DOI: 10.1021/bi1017396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular interactions of odorants with their olfactory receptors (ORs) are of central importance for the ability of the mammalian olfactory system to detect and discriminate a vast variety of odors with a limited set of receptors. How a particular OR binds and distinguishes different odorant molecules remains largely unknown on a structural basis. Here we investigated this question for the mouse eugenol receptor (mOR-EG). By screening a large odorant library, we discovered a wide range of chemical structures activating the receptor in heterologous mammalian cells. Potent agonists comprise (i) benzene, (ii) cyclohexane, or (iii) polycyclic structures substituted with alcohol, aldehyde, keto, ether, or esterified carboxylic groups. To detect those amino acids within the receptor that are in contact with a particular bound odorant molecule, we investigated how distinct mOR-EG point mutants were activated by the different odorant agonists found for the wild-type receptor. We identified 11 amino acids as a part of the receptor's ligand binding pocket. Molecular modeling predicted 10 of these residues in transmembrane helices TM3-TM6 and one in the extracellular loop between TM2 and TM3. These amino acids participate in odorant binding with variable importance depending on the type of odorant, revealing functional "fingerprints" of ligand-receptor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Baud
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Phatak SS, Gatica EA, Cavasotto CN. Ligand-Steered Modeling and Docking: A Benchmarking Study in Class A G-Protein-Coupled Receptors. J Chem Inf Model 2010; 50:2119-28. [DOI: 10.1021/ci100285f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharangdhar S. Phatak
- School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7000 Fannin, Suite 690, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Edgar A. Gatica
- School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7000 Fannin, Suite 690, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Claudio N. Cavasotto
- School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7000 Fannin, Suite 690, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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Chugunov AO, Simms J, Poyner DR, Dehouck Y, Rooman M, Gilis D, Langer I. Evidence that interaction between conserved residues in transmembrane helices 2, 3, and 7 are crucial for human VPAC1 receptor activation. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 78:394-401. [PMID: 20573782 DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.063578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The VPAC(1) receptor belongs to family B of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR-B) and is activated upon binding of the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Despite the recent determination of the structure of the N terminus of several members of this receptor family, little is known about the structure of the transmembrane (TM) region and about the molecular mechanisms leading to activation. In the present study, we designed a new structural model of the TM domain and combined it with experimental mutagenesis experiments to investigate the interaction network that governs ligand binding and receptor activation. Our results suggest that this network involves the cluster of residues Arg(188) in TM2, Gln(380) in TM7, and Asn(229) in TM3. This cluster is expected to be altered upon VIP binding, because Arg(188) has been shown previously to interact with Asp(3) of VIP. Several point mutations at positions 188, 229, and 380 were experimentally characterized and were shown to severely affect VIP binding and/or VIP-mediated cAMP production. Double mutants built from reciprocal residue exchanges exhibit strong cooperative or anticooperative effects, thereby indicating the spatial proximity of residues Arg(188), Gln(380), and Asn(229). Because these residues are highly conserved in the GPCR-B family, they can moreover be expected to have a general role in mediating function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton O Chugunov
- Unité de Bioinformatique Génomique et Structurale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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36
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Katritch V, Rueda M, Lam PCH, Yeager M, Abagyan R. GPCR 3D homology models for ligand screening: lessons learned from blind predictions of adenosine A2a receptor complex. Proteins 2010; 78:197-211. [PMID: 20063437 DOI: 10.1002/prot.22507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Proteins of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family present numerous attractive targets for rational drug design, but also a formidable challenge for identification and conformational modeling of their 3D structure. A recently performed assessment of blind predictions of adenosine A2a receptor (AA2AR) structure in complex with ZM241385 (ZMA) antagonist provided a first example of unbiased evaluation of the current modeling algorithms on a GPCR target with approximately 30% sequence identity to the closest structural template. Several of the 29 groups participating in this assessment exercise (Michino et al., doi: 10.1038/nrd2877) successfully predicted the overall position of the ligand ZMA in the AA2AR ligand binding pocket, however models from only three groups captured more than 40% the ligand-receptor contacts. Here we describe two of these top performing approaches, in which all-atom models of the AA2AR were generated by homology modeling followed by ligand guided backbone ensemble receptor optimization (LiBERO). The resulting AA2AR-ZMA models, along with the best models from other groups are assessed here for their vitual ligand screening (VLS) performance on a large set of GPCR ligands. We show that ligand guided optimization was critical for improvement of both ligand-receptor contacts and VLS performance as compared to the initial raw homology models. The best blindly predicted models performed on par with the crystal structure of AA2AR in selecting known antagonists from decoys, as well as from antagonists for other adenosine subtypes and AA2AR agonists. These results suggest that despite certain inaccuracies, the optimized homology models can be useful in the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vsevolod Katritch
- Molsoft LLC, 3366 N. Torrey Pines Court, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Varin T, Gutiérrez-de-Terán H, Castro M, Brea J, Fabis F, Dauphin F, Åqvist J, Lepailleur A, Perez P, Burgueño J, Vela JM, Loza MI, Rodrigo J. Phe369(7.38) at human 5-HT(7) receptors confers interspecies selectivity to antagonists and partial agonists. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 159:1069-81. [PMID: 19922537 PMCID: PMC2839265 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00481.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Human and rat 5-HT(7) receptors were studied with a particular emphasis on the molecular interactions involved in ligand binding, searching for an explanation to the interspecies selectivity observed for a set of compounds. We performed affinity studies, molecular modelling and site-directed mutagenesis, with special focus on residue Phe(7.38) of the human 5-HT(7) receptor [Cys(7.38) in rat]. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Competition binding studies were performed for seven 5-HT(7) receptor ligands at three different 5-HT(7) receptors. The functional behaviour was evaluated by measuring 5-carboxytryptamine-stimulated cAMP production. Computational simulations were carried out to explore the structural bases in ligand binding observed for these compounds. KEY RESULTS Competition experiments showed a remarkable selectivity for the human receptor when compared with the rat receptor. These results indicate that mutating Cys to Phe at position 7.38 profoundly affects the binding affinities at the 5-HT(7) receptor. Computational simulations provide a structural interpretation for this key finding. Pharmacological characterization of compounds mr25020, mr25040 and mr25053 revealed a competitive antagonistic behaviour. Compounds mr22423, mr22433, mr23284 and mr25052 behaved as partial agonists. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We propose that the interspecies difference in binding affinities observed for the compounds at human and rat 5-HT(7) receptors is due to the nature of the residue at position 7.38. Our molecular modelling simulations suggest that Phe(7.38) in the human receptor is integrated in the hydrophobic pocket in the central part of the binding site [Phe(6.51)-Phe(6.52)] and allows a tighter binding of the ligands when compared with the rat receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Varin
- Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN), UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Caen Basse-NormandieCaen, France
| | - Hugo Gutiérrez-de-Terán
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Hospital Clínico Universitario de SantiagoSantiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marián Castro
- BioFarma Research Group, Departamento de Farmacoloxia, Facultade de Farmacia, Instituto de Farmacia Industrial, Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Brea
- BioFarma Research Group, Departamento de Farmacoloxia, Facultade de Farmacia, Instituto de Farmacia Industrial, Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Frederic Fabis
- Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN), UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Caen Basse-NormandieCaen, France
| | - François Dauphin
- Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN), UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Caen Basse-NormandieCaen, France
| | - Johan Åqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala UniversityUppsala, Sweden
| | - Alban Lepailleur
- Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN), UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Caen Basse-NormandieCaen, France
| | - Pilar Perez
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratorios EsteveBarcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Burgueño
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratorios EsteveBarcelona, Spain
| | | | - Maria Isabel Loza
- BioFarma Research Group, Departamento de Farmacoloxia, Facultade de Farmacia, Instituto de Farmacia Industrial, Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jordi Rodrigo
- Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN), UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Caen Basse-NormandieCaen, France
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Frantz MC, Rodrigo J, Boudier L, Durroux T, Mouillac B, Hibert M. Subtlety of the Structure−Affinity and Structure−Efficacy Relationships around a Nonpeptide Oxytocin Receptor Agonist. J Med Chem 2010; 53:1546-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901084f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Céline Frantz
- Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR 7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, BP60024, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Jordi Rodrigo
- Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR 7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, BP60024, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Laure Boudier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle UMR CNRS 5203/INSERM U661/Université Montpellier I & II, Dept Pharmacologie Moléculaire, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Durroux
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle UMR CNRS 5203/INSERM U661/Université Montpellier I & II, Dept Pharmacologie Moléculaire, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Bernard Mouillac
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle UMR CNRS 5203/INSERM U661/Université Montpellier I & II, Dept Pharmacologie Moléculaire, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Marcel Hibert
- Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR 7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, BP60024, 67401 Illkirch, France
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Lim HD, de Graaf C, Jiang W, Sadek P, McGovern PM, Istyastono EP, Bakker RA, de Esch IJP, Thurmond RL, Leurs R. Molecular determinants of ligand binding to H4R species variants. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 77:734-43. [PMID: 20103609 DOI: 10.1124/mol.109.063040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The histamine H(4) receptor (H(4)R) is the latest identified histamine receptor to emerge as a potential drug target for inflammatory diseases. Animal models are employed to validate this potential drug target. Concomitantly, various H(4)R orthologs have been cloned, including the human, mouse, rat, guinea pig, monkey, pig, and dog H(4)Rs. In this article, we expressed all these H(4)R orthologs in human embryonic kidney 293T cells and compared their interactions with currently used standard H(4)R ligands, including the H(4)R agonists histamine, 4-methylhistamine, guanidinylethyl isothiourea (VUF 8430), the H(4)R antagonists 1-[(5-chloro-1H-indol-2-yl)carbonyl]-4-methylpiperazine (JNJ 7777120) and [(5-chloro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)carbonyl]-4-methylpiperazine (VUF 6002), and the inverse H(4)R agonist thioperamide. Most of the evaluated ligands display significantly different affinities at the different H(4)R orthologs. These "natural mutants" of H(4)R were used to study ligand-receptor interactions by using chimeric human-pig-human and pig-human-pig H(4)R proteins and site-directed mutagenesis. Our results are a useful reference for ligand selection for studies in animal models of diseases and offer new insights in the understanding of H(4)R-ligand receptor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman D Lim
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Shamovsky I, de Graaf C, Alderin L, Bengtsson M, Bladh H, Börjesson L, Connolly S, Dyke HJ, van den Heuvel M, Johansson H, Josefsson BG, Kristoffersson A, Linnanen T, Lisius A, Männikkö R, Nordén B, Price S, Ripa L, Rognan D, Rosendahl A, Skrinjar M, Urbahns K. Increasing selectivity of CC chemokine receptor 8 antagonists by engineering nondesolvation related interactions with the intended and off-target binding sites. J Med Chem 2009; 52:7706-23. [PMID: 19954248 DOI: 10.1021/jm900713y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic stability and selectivity of a series of CCR8 antagonists against binding to the hERG ion channel and cytochrome Cyp2D6 are studied by principal component analysis. It is demonstrated that an efficient way of increasing metabolic stability and selectivity of this series is to decrease compound lipophilicity by engineering nondesolvation related attractive interactions with CCR8, as rationalized by three-dimensional receptor models. Although such polar interactions led to increased compound selectivity, such a strategy could also jeopardize the DMPK profile of compounds. However, once increased potency is found, the lipophilicity can be readjusted by engineering hydrophobic substituents that fit to CCR8 but do not fit to hERG. Several such lipophilic fragments are identified by two-dimensional fragment-based QSAR analysis. Electrophysiological measurements and site-directed mutagenesis studies indicated that the repulsive interactions of these fragments with hERG are caused by steric hindrances with residue F656.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Shamovsky
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca R&D Lund, S-22187 Lund, Sweden.
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Davies MN, Bayry J, Tchilian EZ, Vani J, Shaila MS, Forbes EK, Draper SJ, Beverley PCL, Tough DF, Flower DR. Toward the discovery of vaccine adjuvants: coupling in silico screening and in vitro analysis of antagonist binding to human and mouse CCR4 receptors. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8084. [PMID: 20011659 PMCID: PMC2787246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adjuvants enhance or modify an immune response that is made to an antigen. An antagonist of the chemokine CCR4 receptor can display adjuvant-like properties by diminishing the ability of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) to down-regulate immune responses. Methodology Here, we have used protein modelling to create a plausible chemokine receptor model with the aim of using virtual screening to identify potential small molecule chemokine antagonists. A combination of homology modelling and molecular docking was used to create a model of the CCR4 receptor in order to investigate potential lead compounds that display antagonistic properties. Three-dimensional structure-based virtual screening of the CCR4 receptor identified 116 small molecules that were calculated to have a high affinity for the receptor; these were tested experimentally for CCR4 antagonism. Fifteen of these small molecules were shown to inhibit specifically CCR4-mediated cell migration, including that of CCR4+ Tregs. Significance Our CCR4 antagonists act as adjuvants augmenting human T cell proliferation in an in vitro immune response model and compound SP50 increases T cell and antibody responses in vivo when combined with vaccine antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Plasmodium yoelii in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N. Davies
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Newbury, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Newbury, Berkshire, United Kingdom
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 872/Université Paris Descartes - Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 872, Paris, France
| | - Elma Z. Tchilian
- The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Janakiraman Vani
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 872/Université Paris Descartes - Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 872, Paris, France
| | - Melkote S. Shaila
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Emily K. Forbes
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Peter C. L. Beverley
- The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - David F. Tough
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Newbury, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Darren R. Flower
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Newbury, Berkshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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42
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Pick H, Etter S, Baud O, Schmauder R, Bordoli L, Schwede T, Vogel H. Dual activities of odorants on olfactory and nuclear hormone receptors. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:30547-55. [PMID: 19723634 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.040964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have screened an odorant compound library and discovered molecules acting as chemical signals that specifically activate both G-protein-coupled olfactory receptors (ORs) on the cell surface of olfactory sensory neurons and the human nuclear estrogen receptor alpha (ER) involved in transcriptional regulation of cellular differentiation and proliferation in a wide variety of tissues. Hence, these apparent dual active odorants induce distinct signal transduction pathways at different subcellular localizations, which affect both neuronal signaling, resulting in odor perception, and the ER-dependent transcriptional control of specific genes. We demonstrate these effects using fluorescence-based in vitro and cellular assays. Among these odorants, we have identified synthetic sandalwood compounds, an important class of molecules used in the fragrance industry. For one estrogenic odorant we have also identified the cognate OR. This prompted us to compare basic molecular recognition principles of odorants on the two structurally and apparent functionally non-related receptors using computational modeling in combination with functional assays. Faced with the increasing evidence that ORs may perform chemosensory functions in a number of tissues outside of the nasal olfactory epithelium, the unraveling of these molecular ligand-receptor interaction principles is of critical importance. In addition the evidence that certain olfactory sensory neurons naturally co-express ORs and ERs may provide a direct functional link between the olfactory and hormonal systems in humans. Our results are therefore useful for defining the structural and functional characteristics of ER-specific odorants and the role of odorant molecules in cellular processes other than olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horst Pick
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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43
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Coverage and bias in chemical library design. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2008; 12:359-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Revised: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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44
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Costanzi S. On the applicability of GPCR homology models to computer-aided drug discovery: a comparison between in silico and crystal structures of the beta2-adrenergic receptor. J Med Chem 2008; 51:2907-14. [PMID: 18442228 PMCID: PMC2443693 DOI: 10.1021/jm800044k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The publication of the crystal structure of the beta2-adrenergic receptor (beta2-AR) proved that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) share a structurally conserved rhodopsin-like 7TM core. Here, to probe to which extent realistic GPCR structures can be recreated through modeling, carazolol was docked at two rhodopsin-based homology models of the human beta 2-AR. The first featured a rhodopsin-like second extracellular loop, which interfered with ligand docking and with the orientation of several residues in the binding pocket. The second featured a second extracellular loop built completely de novo, which afforded a more accurate model of the binding pocket and a better docking of the ligand. Furthermore, incorporating available biochemical and computational data to the model by correcting the conformation of a single residue lining the binding pocket --Phe290(6.52)--, resulted in significantly improved docking poses. These results support the applicability of GPCR modeling to the design of site-directed mutagenesis experiments and to drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Costanzi
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Abstract
The advent of therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting specific macromolecular components of deregulated signaling pathways associated with particular disease states has given rise to the idea that it should be possible to design ligands as drug candidates to these targets from first principles. This concept has been beckoning for a long time but structure-based ligand design only became feasible once it was possible to determine the 3-D structures of molecular targets at atomic resolution. However, structure-based design turned out to be difficult, chiefly because under physiological conditions both receptors and ligands are not static but they behave dynamically. While it is possible to design ligands with high steric and electronic complementarity to a receptor site, it is always uncertain how biologically relevant the assumed conformations of both ligand and receptor actually are. The fact that it remains beyond our current abilities to predict with sufficient accuracy the affinity between hypothetical ligand and receptor poses is in part connected with this problem and continues to confound the reliable prediction of drug-like ligands for therapeutic targets. Nevertheless, significant progress has been made and so-called virtual screening methods that use computational methods to dock candidate ligands into receptor sites and to score the resulting complexes are now used routinely as one of the components in drug discovery screening campaigns. Here an overview is given of the underlying principles, implementations, and applications of structure-guided computational design technologies. Although the emphasis is on receptor-based strategies, mention will also be made of some of the more established ligand-based approaches, such as similarity analyses and quantitative structure-activity relationship methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Fischer
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences and School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK.
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46
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de Graaf C, Foata N, Engkvist O, Rognan D. Molecular modeling of the second extracellular loop of G-protein coupled receptors and its implication on structure-based virtual screening. Proteins 2008; 71:599-620. [PMID: 17972285 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The current study describes the validation of high-throughput modeling procedures for the construction of the second extracellular loop (ecl2) of all nonolfactory human G Protein-coupled receptors. Our modeling flowchart is based on the alignment of essential residues determining the particular ecl2 fold observed in the bovine rhodopsin (bRho) crystal structure. For a set of GPCR targets, the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2), adenosine A3 receptor (AA3R), and the thromboxane A2 receptor (TA2R), the implications of including ecl2 atomic coordinates is evaluated in terms of structure-based virtual screening accuracy: the suitability of the 3D models to distinguish between known antagonists and randomly chosen decoys using automated docking approaches. The virtual screening results of different models describing increasingly exhaustive receptor representations (seven helices only, seven helices and ecl2 loop, full model) have been compared. Explicit modeling of the ecl2 loop was found to be important in only one of three test cases whereas a loopless model was shown to be accurate enough in the two other receptors. An exhaustive comparison of ecl2 loops of 365 receptors to that of bRho suggests that explicit ecl2 loop modeling should be reserved to receptors where loop building can be guided by experimental restraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris de Graaf
- Bioinformatics of the Drug, CNRS UMR 7175-LC1, Université Louis Pasteur Strasbourg I, Illkirch F-67401, France
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47
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Weil T, Renner S. Homology Model-Based Virtual Screening for GPCR Ligands Using Docking and Target-Biased Scoring. J Chem Inf Model 2008; 48:1104-17. [DOI: 10.1021/ci8000265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Weil
- Chemical R&D, Merz Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Eckenheimer Landstrasse 100, D-60318 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Steffen Renner
- Chemical R&D, Merz Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Eckenheimer Landstrasse 100, D-60318 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Weill N, Rognan D. Development of new in silico methods to identify ligands for orphan GPCR. Chem Cent J 2008. [PMCID: PMC4235238 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-2-s1-s17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Schalon C, Surgand JS, Kellenberger E, Rognan D. A simple and fuzzy method to align and compare druggable ligand-binding sites. Proteins 2008; 71:1755-78. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.21858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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50
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Simon Á, Kéri G, Kardos J. Comparison of the binding modes of TT-232 in somatostatin receptors type 1 and 4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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