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Human Monoclonal Antibody Derived from Transchromosomic Cattle Neutralizes Multiple H1 Clades of Influenza A Virus by Recognizing a Novel Conformational Epitope in the Hemagglutinin Head Domain. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00945-20. [PMID: 32847862 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00945-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza remains a global health risk and challenge. Currently, neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors are extensively used to treat influenza, but their efficacy is compromised by the emergence of drug-resistant variants. Neutralizing antibodies targeting influenza A virus surface glycoproteins are critical components of influenza therapeutic agents and may provide alternative strategies to the existing countermeasures. However, the major hurdle for the extensive application of antibody therapies lies in the difficulty of generating nonimmunogenic antibodies in large quantities rapidly. Here, we report that one human monoclonal antibody (MAb), 53C10, isolated from transchromosomic (Tc) cattle exhibits potent neutralization and hemagglutination inhibition titers against different clades of H1N1 subtype influenza A viruses. In vitro selection of antibody escape mutants revealed that 53C10 recognizes a novel noncontinuous epitope in the hemagglutinin (HA) head domain involving three amino acid residues, glycine (G), serine (S), and glutamic acid (E) at positions 172, 207, and 212, respectively. The results of our experiments supported a critical role for substitution of arginine at position 207 (S207R) in mediating resistance to 53C10, while substitutions at either G172E or E212A did not alter antibody recognition and neutralization. The E212A mutation may provide structural stability for the epitope, while the substitution G172E probably compensates for loss of fitness introduced by S207R. Our results offer novel insights into the mechanism of action of MAb 53C10 and indicate its potential role in therapeutic treatment of H1 influenza virus infection in humans.IMPORTANCE Respiratory diseases caused by influenza viruses still pose a serious concern to global health, and neutralizing antibodies constitute a promising area of antiviral therapeutics. However, the potential application of antibodies is often hampered by the challenge in generating nonimmunogenic antibodies in large scale. In the present study, transchromosomic (Tc) cattle were used for the generation of nonimmunogenic monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), and characterization of such MAbs revealed one monoclonal antibody, 53C10, exhibiting a potent neutralization activity against H1N1 influenza viruses. Further characterization of the neutralization escape mutant generated using this MAb showed that three amino acid substitutions in the HA head domain contributed to the resistance. These findings emphasize the importance of Tc cattle in the production of nonimmunogenic MAbs and highlight the potential of MAb 53C10 in the therapeutic application against H1 influenza virus infection in humans.
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Khan A, AlBalwi MA, AlAbdulkareem I, AlMasoud A, AlAsiri A, AlHarbi W, AlSehile F, El-Saed A, Balkhy HH. Atypical influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 strains caused an influenza virus outbreak in Saudi Arabia during the 2009-2011 pandemic season. J Infect Public Health 2019; 12:557-567. [PMID: 30799182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2019.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The triple assortment influenza A(H1N1) virus emerged in spring 2009 and disseminated worldwide, including Saudi Arabia. This study was carried out to characterize Saudi influenza isolates in relation to the global strains and to evaluate the potential role of mutated residues in transmission, adaptation, and the pathogenicity of the virus. METHODS Nasopharyngeal samples (n = 6492) collected between September 2009 to March 2011 from patients with influenza-like illness were screened by PCR for influenza A(H1N1). Phylogenetic and Molecular evolutionary analysis were carried out to place the Saudi strains in relation to the global strains followed by Mutation analysis of surface and internal proteins. RESULTS Concatenated whole-genome phylogenetic analysis along with hemagglutinin (HA) signature changes, that is, Aspartic Acid (D) at position 187, P83S, S203T, and R223Q confirmed that the Saudi strains belong to the antigenic category of A/California/07/2009. However, phylogenetic analysis revealed unusual strains of A(H1N1) circulating in Saudi Arabia, not belonging to any of known clades, appearing in five distinct groups well supported by group-specific mutations and novel mutation complexes. These cases had characteristic inter- and intragroup substitution patterns while few of their closest matches showed up as sporadic cases the world over. Specific mutation patterns were detected within the functional domains of internal proteins PB2, PB1, PA, NP, NS1, and M2 having a putative role in viral fitness and virulence. Bayesian coalescent MCMC analysis revealed that Saudi strains belonged to cluster 2 of A(H1N1)pdm09 and spread a month later as compared to other strains of this cluster. CONCLUSION Influenza outbreak in Saudi Arabia during 2009-2011 was caused by atypical strains of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, probably introduced in this community on multiple occasions. To understand the antigenic significance of these novel point mutations and mutation complexes require functional studies, which will be crucial for risk assessment of emergent strains and defining infection control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Khan
- Department of Medical Genomics Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A AlBalwi
- Department of Medical Genomics Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ibraheem AlAbdulkareem
- Intramural health sciences research, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman university, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman AlMasoud
- Department of Medical Genomics Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman AlAsiri
- Department of Medical Genomics Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wardah AlHarbi
- Department of Medical Genomics Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal AlSehile
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aiman El-Saed
- Department of Infection Prevention & Control Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan H Balkhy
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Infection Prevention & Control Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Yasuhara A, Yamayoshi S, Ito M, Kiso M, Yamada S, Kawaoka Y. Isolation and Characterization of Human Monoclonal Antibodies That Recognize the Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus Hemagglutinin Receptor-Binding Site and Rarely Yield Escape Mutant Viruses. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2660. [PMID: 30443246 PMCID: PMC6222141 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza A virus rapidly mutates to escape from antibodies. Here, we isolated and characterized three human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that neutralize A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. Generation of escape mutant viruses suggested that these antibodies recognized conserved residues of the receptor-binding site (RBS) of hemagglutinin (HA) and that mutant viruses that escaped from these mAbs rarely appeared. Moreover, the escape mutant viruses grew significantly slower than wild-type virus, indicating their reduced fitness. These results indicate that these three human mAbs against the RBS of HA have the potential to be anti-influenza agents with a low propensity for the development of resistant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiro Yasuhara
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiya Yamayoshi
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Ito
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Kiso
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamada
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
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Chrysostomou C, Partaourides H, Seker H. Prediction of Influenza A virus infections in humans using an Artificial Neural Network learning approach. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2018; 2017:1186-1189. [PMID: 29060087 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2017.8037042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Influenza type A virus can be considered as one of the most severe viruses that can infect multiple species with often fatal consequences to the hosts. The Haemagglutinin (HA) gene of the virus has the potential to be a target for antiviral drug development realised through accurate identification of its sub-types and possible the targeted hosts. In this paper, to accurately predict if an Influenza type A virus has the capability to infect human hosts, by using only the HA gene, is therefore developed and tested. The predictive model follows three main steps; (i) decoding the protein sequences into numerical signals using EIIP amino acid scale, (ii) analysing these sequences by using Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and extracting DFT-based features, (iii) using a predictive model, based on Artificial Neural Networks and using the features generated by DFT. In this analysis, from the Influenza Research Database, 30724, 18236 and 8157 HA protein sequences were collected for Human, Avian and Swine respectively. Given this set of the proteins, the proposed method yielded 97.36% (± 0.04%), 97.26% (± 0.26%), 0.978 (± 0.004), 0.963 (± 0.005) and 0.945 (±0.005) for the training accuracy validation accuracy, precision, recall and Mathews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) respectively, based on a 10-fold cross-validation. The classification model generated by using one of the largest dataset, if not the largest, yields promising results that could lead to early detection of such species and help develop precautionary measurements for possible human infections.
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Kongsune P, Hannongbua S. The role of conserved QXG and binding affinity of S23G & S26G receptors on avian H5, swine H1 and human H1 of influenza A virus hemagglutinin. J Mol Graph Model 2018; 82:12-19. [PMID: 29625417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of avian, human and swine influenza are a serious concern for public health. In the reproductive cycle of the influenza virus, hemagglutinin (HA) is the primary protein responsible for binding to glycan receptor sites on the host cell surface. MD simulations of avian H5, swine H1 and human H1 complexed with S23G and S26G receptors were performed to study the role of key residues on the receptor conformational behaviors, hydrogen bond formation, binding free energy and residue-wise energy contribution. The obtained results indicated that the relative energies of swH1_S23G and swH1_S26G were found to be close to each other (3.1 kcal/mol) while the relative energies of AvH5 and HuH1 were found to be significantly different (11.1 ± 6.8 and 29.0 ± 8.2 kcal/mol for AvH5 and HuH1, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Panita Kongsune
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Thaksin University, Phattalung, 93210, Thailand.
| | - Supot Hannongbua
- Computational Chemistry Unit Cell, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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Antiviral potential of natural compounds against influenza virus hemagglutinin. Comput Biol Chem 2017; 71:207-218. [PMID: 29149637 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus of different subtypes H1N1, H2N2, H3N2 and H5N1 cause many human pandemic deaths and threatening the people worldwide. The Hemagglutinin (HA) protein mediates viral attachment to host receptors act as an attractive target. The sixteen natural compounds have been chosen to target the HA protein. Molecular docking studies have been performed to find binding affinity of the compounds. Out of the sixteen, three compounds CI, CII and CIII found to posses a higher binding affinity. The molecular dynamics (MD) simulation has been performed to study the structural, dynamical properties for the nine different complexes CI, CII, CIII bound with H1, H2, H3 proteins and the results were compared. The molecular mechanics Poission-Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) method is used to compare the binding free energy, its different energy components and per residue binding contribution. The H1 subtype shows higher binding preference for all the curcumin derivatives than H2 and H3. The binding capability of protein subtypes with curcumin derivatives and the binding affinity of curcumin compounds are in the order H1>H2>H3 and CI>CII>CIII respectively. The two -O-CH3- groups present in the CI compound help to have strong binding with HA protein than CII and CIII. The van der Waals interaction energy plays a significant role for binding in all the complexes. The hydrogen bonding interactions were monitored throughout the MD simulation. The conserved region (153-155) and the helix region (193-194) of H1, H2, H3 protein subtypes are found to possess higher binding susceptibility for binding of the curcumin derivatives.
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Nutho B, Nunthaboot N, Wolschann P, Kungwan N, Rungrotmongkol T. Metadynamics supports molecular dynamics simulation-based binding affinities of eucalyptol and beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09387j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of various molecular dynamics methods enables the detailed investigation of association processes, like host–guest complexes, including their dynamics and, additionally, the release of the guest compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodee Nutho
- Program in Biotechnology
- Faculty of Science
- Chulalongkorn University
- Bangkok 10330
- Thailand
| | - Nadtanet Nunthaboot
- Department of Chemistry
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Mahasarakham University
- Mahasarakham 44150
| | - Peter Wolschann
- Structural and Computational Biology Research Group
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Chulalongkorn University
- Bangkok 10330
| | - Nawee Kungwan
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Chiang Mai University
- Chiang Mai 50200
- Thailand
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- Structural and Computational Biology Research Group
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Chulalongkorn University
- Bangkok 10330
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pH-controlled doxorubicin anticancer loading and release from carbon nanotube noncovalently modified by chitosan: MD simulations. J Mol Graph Model 2016; 70:70-76. [PMID: 27677150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we describe here the pH condition activating doxorubicin (DOX) anticancer drugs loading and release over single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) non-covalently wrapped with chitosan (CS). The possibility of drug displacement on DOX/CS/SWNT nanocarrier was investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. The drug loading and release were monitored via displacement analysis and binding energy calculations. The simulated results clearly showed that the drugs well interacted with the CS/SWNT at physiological pH (pH 7.4), where CS was in the deprotonated form. Contrastingly, in weakly acidic environments (pH 5.0-6.5) which is a pH characteristics of certain cancer environments, the protonated CS became loosen wrapped around the SWNT and triggered drugs release as a result of charge-charge repulsion between CS and drug molecules. The obtained data fulfil the understanding at atomic level of drug loading and release controlled by pH-sensitive polymer, which might be useful for further cancer therapy researches.
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Boron nitride nanotube as a delivery system for platinum drugs: Drug encapsulation and diffusion coefficient prediction. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 88:291-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Caglioti C, Selleri M, Rozera G, Giombini E, Zaccaro P, Valli MB, Capobianchi MR. In-Depth Analysis of HA and NS1 Genes in A(H1N1)pdm09 Infected Patients. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155661. [PMID: 27186639 PMCID: PMC4871468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In March/April 2009, a new pandemic influenza A virus (A(H1N1)pdm09) emerged and spread rapidly via human-to-human transmission, giving rise to the first pandemic of the 21th century. Influenza virus may be present in the infected host as a mixture of variants, referred to as quasi-species, on which natural and immune-driven selection operates. Since hemagglutinin (HA) and non-structural 1 (NS1) proteins are relevant in respect of adaptive and innate immune responses, the present study was aimed at establishing the intra-host genetic heterogeneity of HA and NS1 genes, applying ultra-deep pyrosequencing (UDPS) to nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) from patients with confirmed influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection. The intra-patient nucleotide diversity of HA was significantly higher than that of NS1 (median (IQR): 37.9 (32.8–42.3) X 10−4 vs 30.6 (27.4–33.6) X 10−4 substitutions/site, p = 0.024); no significant correlation for nucleotide diversity of NS1 and HA was observed (r = 0.319, p = 0.29). Furthermore, a strong inverse correlation between nucleotide diversity of NS1 and viral load was observed (r = - 0.74, p = 0.004). For both HA and NS1, the variants appeared scattered along the genes, thus indicating no privileged mutation site. Known polymorphisms, S203T (HA) and I123V (NS1), were observed as dominant variants (>98%) in almost all patients; three HA and two NS1 further variants were observed at frequency >40%; a number of additional variants were detected at frequency <6% (minority variants), of which three HA and four NS1 variants were novel. In few patients multiple variants were observed at HA residues 203 and 222. According to the FLUSURVER tool, some of these variants may affect immune recognition and host range; however, these inferences are based on H5N1, and their extension to A(H1N1)pdm09 requires caution. More studies are necessary to address the significance of the composite nature of influenza virus quasi-species within infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Caglioti
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani”, I.R.C.C.S., Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Selleri
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani”, I.R.C.C.S., Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Rozera
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani”, I.R.C.C.S., Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Giombini
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani”, I.R.C.C.S., Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Zaccaro
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani”, I.R.C.C.S., Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Valli
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani”, I.R.C.C.S., Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Capobianchi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani”, I.R.C.C.S., Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Rehman Z, Zafar R, Amir U, Niazi UHK, Fahim A. Characterization of evolutionary changes in hemagglutinin of influenza H1N1 virus: a computational analysis. Virusdisease 2016; 27:34-40. [PMID: 26925442 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-015-0294-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus continues to evolve due to changes in the genome and the new strain of virus is more pathogenic then the previous strain. These changes may also help the virus to cross specie barrier and may also affect the binding pattern of virus.The main theme of the current study is the identification of changes in the hemagglutinin sequence of H1N1 virus from 1960 to 2011 and also how these changes affect the binding properties of virus. From 1960 to 2000 following important changes were observed: Ala198Asp and Gly225Glu in 1980; and Gly225Asp in 1999. From 1999 to 2011 many changes were observed, most of the changes were transient, but two of the changes, Gly225Asp and Ala227Glu, were consistent in the period of 1999-2010. These residues make the binding stronger. The important conserved residues are Asp190, Tyr98, His183 and Gln226. The current study will provide an understanding how virus evolve with the passage of time. The current study also helps to understand the changes in the binding pattern of virus. It will also help for the identification of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira Rehman
- Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rehan Zafar
- Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Amir
- National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Umer H K Niazi
- Research Centre for Modeling and Simulation, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ammad Fahim
- Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Rungnim C, Rungrotmongkol T, Kungwan N, Hannongbua S. Protein-protein interactions between SWCNT/chitosan/EGF and EGF receptor: a model of drug delivery system. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 34:1919-29. [PMID: 26381241 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1095114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) was used as the targeting ligand to enhance the specificity of a cancer drug delivery system (DDS) via its specific interaction with the EGF receptor (EGFR) that is overexpressed on the surface of some cancer cells. To investigate the intermolecular interaction and binding affinity between the EGF-conjugated DDS and the EGFR, 50 ns molecular dynamics simulations were performed on the complex of tethered EGFR and EGF linked to single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) through a biopolymer chitosan wrapping the tube outer surface (EGFR·EGF-CS-SWCNT-Drug complex), and compared to the EGFR·EGF complex and free EGFR. The binding pattern of the EGF-CS-SWCNT-Drug complex to the EGFR was broadly comparable to that for EGF, but the binding affinity of the EGF-CS-SWCNT-Drug complex was predicted to be somewhat better than that for EGF alone. Additionally, the chitosan chain could prevent undesired interactions of SWCNT at the binding pocket region. Therefore, EGF connected to SWCNT via a chitosan linker is a seemingly good formulation for developing a smart DDS served as part of an alternative cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chompoonut Rungnim
- a NANOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) , Pathum Thani , 12120 , Thailand
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- b Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand.,c PhD Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Faculty of Science , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Nawee Kungwan
- d Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai 50200 , Thailand
| | - Supot Hannongbua
- e Computational Chemistry Unit Cell, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok 10330 , Thailand
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Molecular Dynamics Simulation Reveals the Selective Binding of Human Leukocyte Antigen Alleles Associated with Behçet's Disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135575. [PMID: 26331842 PMCID: PMC4557978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Behçet’s disease (BD), a multi-organ inflammatory disorder, is associated with the presence of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) HLA-B*51 allele in many ethnic groups. The possible antigen involvement of the major histocompatibility complex class I chain related gene A transmembrane (MICA-TM) nonapeptide (AAAAAIFVI) has been reported in BD symptomatic patients. This peptide has also been detected in HLA-A*26:01 positive patients. To investigate the link of BD with these two specific HLA alleles, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were applied on the MICA-TM nonapeptide binding to the two BD-associated HLA alleles in comparison with the two non-BD-associated HLA alleles (B*35:01 and A*11:01). The MD simulations were applied on the four HLA/MICA-TM peptide complexes in aqueous solution. As a result, stabilization for the incoming MICA-TM was found to be predominantly contributed from van der Waals interactions. The P2/P3 residue close to the N-terminal and the P9 residue at the C-terminal of the MICA-TM nonapeptide served as the anchor for the peptide accommodated at the binding groove of the BD associated HLAs. The MM/PBSA free energy calculation predicted a stronger binding of the HLA/peptide complexes for the BD-associated HLA alleles than for the non-BD-associated ones, with a ranked binding strength of B*51:01 > B*35:01 and A*26:01 > A*11:01. Thus, the HLAs associated with BD pathogenesis expose the binding efficiency with the MICA-TM nonapeptide tighter than the non-associated HLA alleles. In addition, the residues 70, 73, 99, 146, 147 and 159 of the two BD-associated HLAs provided the conserved interaction for the MICA-TM peptide binding.
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Kannan S, Kolandaivel P. Computational studies of pandemic 1918 and 2009 H1N1 hemagglutinins bound to avian and human receptor analogs. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2015; 34:272-89. [PMID: 25893548 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1027737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to study the binding properties of two pandemic influenza A virus 1918 H1N1 (SC1918) and 2009 H1N1 (CA09) hemagglutinin (HA) with avian and human receptors. The quantum chemical calculations have been performed to analyze the interactions of 130 loop, 190 helix, 220 loop region, and conserved residues 95,145,153-155, of pandemic viruses' HA with sialo-trisaccharide receptor of avian and human using density functional theory. The HA's residues Tyr 95, Ala 138, Gln 191, Arg 220, and Asp 225 from the above regions have stronger interaction with avian receptor. The residues Thr 136, Trp 153, His 183, and Asp 190 of HA are important and play a significant role to bind with human receptor. The residues Tyr 95, Ala 138, Lys 145, Trp 153, Gln 192, and Gln 226 of HA of CA09 virus have found more interaction energies with human than avian receptors. Due to mutations in the active residues of HA of CA09 virus comparing with SC1918, the binding capabilities of HA with human have been increased. The molecular dynamics simulation was made to understand the different dynamical properties of HA and molecular interactions between HA of these two viruses with sialo-trisaccharide receptors of avian and human receptors. The interaction energy of HA of CA09 virus with human receptor decreases due to the human receptor far away from conserved residue region of HA protein. This reveals that the conserved residues particularly Lys 145 play major contribution to interaction with human receptor in HA of CA09 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kannan
- a Department of Physics , Bharathiar University , Coimbatore 641 046 , India
| | - P Kolandaivel
- a Department of Physics , Bharathiar University , Coimbatore 641 046 , India
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Ebrahimi M, Aghagolzadeh P, Shamabadi N, Tahmasebi A, Alsharifi M, Adelson DL, Hemmatzadeh F, Ebrahimie E. Understanding the undelaying mechanism of HA-subtyping in the level of physic-chemical characteristics of protein. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96984. [PMID: 24809455 PMCID: PMC4014573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of the influenza A virus to increase its host range is a major concern worldwide. Molecular mechanisms of increasing host range are largely unknown. Influenza surface proteins play determining roles in reorganization of host-sialic acid receptors and host range. In an attempt to uncover the physic-chemical attributes which govern HA subtyping, we performed a large scale functional analysis of over 7000 sequences of 16 different HA subtypes. Large number (896) of physic-chemical protein characteristics were calculated for each HA sequence. Then, 10 different attribute weighting algorithms were used to find the key characteristics distinguishing HA subtypes. Furthermore, to discover machine leaning models which can predict HA subtypes, various Decision Tree, Support Vector Machine, Naïve Bayes, and Neural Network models were trained on calculated protein characteristics dataset as well as 10 trimmed datasets generated by attribute weighting algorithms. The prediction accuracies of the machine learning methods were evaluated by 10-fold cross validation. The results highlighted the frequency of Gln (selected by 80% of attribute weighting algorithms), percentage/frequency of Tyr, percentage of Cys, and frequencies of Try and Glu (selected by 70% of attribute weighting algorithms) as the key features that are associated with HA subtyping. Random Forest tree induction algorithm and RBF kernel function of SVM (scaled by grid search) showed high accuracy of 98% in clustering and predicting HA subtypes based on protein attributes. Decision tree models were successful in monitoring the short mutation/reassortment paths by which influenza virus can gain the key protein structure of another HA subtype and increase its host range in a short period of time with less energy consumption. Extracting and mining a large number of amino acid attributes of HA subtypes of influenza A virus through supervised algorithms represent a new avenue for understanding and predicting possible future structure of influenza pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Ebrahimi
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Sciences, University of Qom, Qom, Iran
| | - Parisa Aghagolzadeh
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Narges Shamabadi
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Sciences, University of Qom, Qom, Iran
| | | | - Mohammed Alsharifi
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - David L. Adelson
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Farhid Hemmatzadeh
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- * E-mail: (FH); (EE)
| | - Esmaeil Ebrahimie
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- * E-mail: (FH); (EE)
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Ruggiero T, De Rosa F, Cerutti F, Pagani N, Allice T, Stella ML, Milia MG, Calcagno A, Burdino E, Gregori G, Urbino R, Di Perri G, Ranieri MV, Ghisetti V. A(H1N1)pdm09 hemagglutinin D222G and D222N variants are frequently harbored by patients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and advanced respiratory assistance for severe A(H1N1)pdm09 infection. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013; 7:1416-26. [PMID: 23927713 PMCID: PMC4634302 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In patients with A(H1N1)pdm09 infection, severe lung involvement requiring admission to intensive care units (ICU) has been reported. Mutations at the hemagglutinin (HA) receptor binding site (RBS) have been associated with increased virulence and disease severity, representing a potential marker of critical illness. Objectives To assess the contribution of HA‐RBS variability in critically ill patients, A(H1N1)pdm09 virus from adult patients with severe infection admitted to ICU for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support (ECMO) during influenza season 2009–2011 in Piemonte (4·2 million inhabitants), northwestern Italy, was studied. Patients and methods We retrospectively analyzed HA‐RBS polymorphisms in ICU patients and compared with those from randomly selected inpatients with mild A(H1N1)pdm09 disease and outpatients with influenza from the local surveillance program. Results By HA‐RBS direct sequencing of respiratory specimens, D222G and D222N viral variants were identified in a higher proportion in ICU patients (n = 8/24, 33·3%) than in patients with mild disease (n = 2/34, 6%) or in outpatients (n = 0/44) (Fisher's exact test P < 0·0001; OR 38·5; CI 95% 4·494–329·9). Eleven ICU patients died (42%), three of them carrying the D222G variant, which was associated with RBS mutation S183P in two. D222G and D222N mutants were identified in upper and lower respiratory samples. Conclusions A(H1N1)pdm09 HA substitutions D222G and D222N were harbored in a significantly higher proportion by patients with acute respiratory distress for A(H1N1)pdm09 severe infection requiring ICU admission and ECMO. These data emphasize the importance of monitoring viral evolution for understanding virus–host adaptation aimed at the surveillance of strain circulation and the study of viral correlates of disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Ruggiero
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
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Pariani E, Amendola A, Ranghiero A, Anselmi G, Zanetti A. Surveillance of influenza viruses in the post-pandemic era (2010-2012) in Northern Italy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:657-66. [PMID: 23302775 DOI: 10.4161/hv.23262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity and circulation of influenza viruses in Lombardy - Northern Italy - (a region with nearly 10 out of the 60 million inhabitants of Italy) were investigated during two consecutive seasons (2010-2011 and 2011-2012), as part of the Italian Influenza Surveillance Network. The molecular characteristics of the hemagglutinin (HA) sequence of circulating viruses were analyzed to investigate the emergence of influenza viral variants. In the surveyed area, the influenza activity of these two post-pandemic seasons was similar in terms of both time frame and impact. The timing of the influenza epidemics was similar to the timing seen prior to the emergence of the pandemic A(H1N1) virus in 2009. A(H1N1)pdm09 was the predominant virus circulating during the 2010-2011 post-pandemic season and then--unexpectedly--almost disappeared. The HA sequences of these A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses segregated in a different genetic group with respect to those identified during the 2009 pandemic, although they were still closely related to the vaccine viral strain A/California/07/2009. Influenza A(H3N2) viruses were the predominant viruses circulating during the 2011-2012 season, accounting for nearly 88% of influenza viruses identified. All HA sequences of the A(H3N2) viruses isolated in the 2011-2012 season fell into the A/Victoria/208/2009 genetic clade (although the A/Perth/16/2009 virus was the reference vaccine strain). B viruses presented with a mixed circulation of viral variants during these two seasons: viruses belonging to both B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages co-circulated in different proportions, with a notable rise in the proportion of B/Yamagata viruses (B/Wisconsin/1/2010-like) during the 2011-2012 epidemic. In conclusion, the continuous monitoring of the characteristics of circulating viruses is an essential tool for understanding the epidemiological and virological features of influenza viruses, for monitoring their matching with seasonal vaccine strains, and for tuning vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pariani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan, Italy
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Marzano A, Marengo A, Ruggiero T, Allice T, Sanna C, Alessandria C, Morgando A, Sciandrello MC, Franzin AM, Rizzetto M, Ghisetti V. Clinical impact of A/H1/N1/09 influenza in patients with cirrhosis: Experience from a nosocomial cluster of infection. J Med Virol 2012; 85:1-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Rungnim C, Arsawang U, Rungrotmongkol T, Hannongbua S. Molecular dynamics properties of varying amounts of the anticancer drug gemcitabine inside an open-ended single-walled carbon nanotube. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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20
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Priyadarzini TRK, Selvin JFA, Gromiha MM, Fukui K, Veluraja K. Theoretical investigation on the binding specificity of sialyldisaccharides with hemagglutinins of influenza A virus by molecular dynamics simulations. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:34547-57. [PMID: 22846994 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.357061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of cell-surface sialyldisaccharides by influenza A hemagglutinin (HA) triggers the infection process of influenza. The changes in glycosidic torsional linkage and the receptor conformations may alter the binding specificity of HAs to the sialylglycans. In this study, 10-ns molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to examine the structural and dynamic behavior of the HAs bound with sialyldisaccharides Neu5Acα(2-3)Gal (N23G) and Neu5Acα(2-6)Gal (N26G). The analysis of the glycosidic torsional angles and the pair interaction energy between the receptor and the interacting residues of the binding site reveal that N23G has two binding modes for H1 and H5 and a single binding mode for H3 and H9. For N26G, H1 and H3 has two binding modes, and H5 and H9 has a single binding mode. The direct and water-mediated hydrogen bonding interactions between the receptors and HAs play dominant roles in the structural stabilization of the complexes. It is concluded from pair interaction energy and Molecular Mechanic-Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area calculations that N26G is a better receptor for H1 when compared with N23G. N23G is a better receptor for H5 when compared with N26G. However, H3 and H9 can recognize N23G and N26G in equal binding specificity due to the marginal energy difference (≈2.5 kcal/mol). The order of binding specificity of N23G is H3 > H5 > H9 > H1 and N26G is H1 > H3 > H5 > H9, respectively. The proposed conformational models will be helpful in designing inhibitors for influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanu R K Priyadarzini
- Department of Physics, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu 627 012, India
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Pan D, Xue W, Wang X, Guo J, Liu H, Yao X. Molecular mechanism of the enhanced virulence of 2009 pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) virus from D222G mutation in the hemagglutinin: a molecular modeling study. J Mol Model 2012; 18:4355-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-012-1423-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kongsune P, Rungrotmongkol T, Nunthaboot N, Yotmanee P, Sompornpisut P, Poovorawan Y, Wolschann P, Hannongbua S. Molecular insights into the binding affinity and specificity of the hemagglutinin cleavage loop from four highly pathogenic H5N1 isolates towards the proprotein convertase furin. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-011-0690-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Guo J, Wang X, Sun H, Liu H, Shen Y, Yao X. The Evolution of HLA-B*3501 Binding Affinity to Variable Immunodominant NP418-426 Peptides from 1918 to 2009 Pandemic Influenza A Virus: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Free Energy Calculation Study. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 79:1025-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2012.01357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Frequency of D222G and Q223R hemagglutinin mutants of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus in Japan between 2009 and 2010. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30946. [PMID: 22363521 PMCID: PMC3281909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In April 2009, a novel swine-derived influenza A virus (H1N1pdm) emerged and rapidly spread around the world, including Japan. It has been suggested that the virus can bind to both 2,3- and 2,6-linked sialic acid receptors in infected mammals, in contrast to contemporary seasonal H1N1 viruses, which have a predilection for 2,6-linked sialic acid. METHODS/RESULTS To elucidate the existence and transmissibility of α2,3 sialic acid-specific viruses in H1N1pdm, amino acid substitutions within viral hemagglutinin molecules were investigated, especially D187E, D222G, and Q223R, which are related to a shift from human to avian receptor specificity. Samples from individuals infected during the first and second waves of the outbreak in Japan were examined using a high-throughput sequencing approach. In May 2009, three specimens from mild cases showed D222G and/or Q223R substitutions in a minor subpopulation of viruses infecting these individuals. However, the substitutions almost disappeared in the samples from five mild cases in December 2010. The D187E substitution was not widespread in specimens, even in May 2009. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that α2,3 sialic acid-specific viruses, including G222 and R223, existed in humans as a minor population in the early phase of the pandemic, and that D222 and Q223 became more dominant through human-to-human transmission during the first and second waves of the epidemic. These results are consistent with the low substitution rates identified in seasonal H1N1 viruses in 2008.
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Mansur HS, Piscitelli Mansur AA. Fluorescent nanohybrids: quantum dots coupled to polymer recombinant protein conjugates for the recognition of biological hazards. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm31168b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Piralla A, Pariani E, Rovida F, Campanini G, Muzzi A, Emmi V, Iotti GA, Pesenti A, Conaldi PG, Zanetti A, Baldanti F. Segregation of virulent influenza A(H1N1) variants in the lower respiratory tract of critically ill patients during the 2010-2011 seasonal epidemic. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28332. [PMID: 22194826 PMCID: PMC3237448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since its appearance in 2009, the pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus circulated worldwide causing several severe infections. Methods Respiratory samples from patients with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) and acute respiratory distress attending 24 intensive care units (ICUs) as well as from patients with lower respiratory tract infections not requiring ICU admission and community upper respiratory tract infections in the Lombardy region (10 million inhabitants) of Italy during the 2010–2011 winter-spring season, were analyzed. Results In patients with severe ILI, the viral load was higher in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) with respect to nasal swab (NS), (p<0.001) suggesting a higher virus replication in the lower respiratory tract. Four distinct virus clusters (referred to as cluster A to D) circulated simultaneously. Most (72.7%, n = 48) of the 66 patients infected with viruses belonging to cluster A had a severe (n = 26) or moderate ILI (n = 22). Amino acid mutations (V26I, I116M, A186T, D187Y, D222G/N, M257I, S263F, I286L/M, and N473D) were observed only in patients with severe ILI. D222G/N variants were detected exclusively in BAL samples. Conclusions Multiple virus clusters co-circulated during the 2010–2011 winter-spring season. Severe or moderate ILI were associated with specific 2009 influenza A(H1N1) variants, which replicated preferentially in the lower respiratory tract.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Critical Illness/epidemiology
- Epidemics
- Female
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Italy/epidemiology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation/genetics
- Phylogeny
- Receptors, Virus/chemistry
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Respiratory System/virology
- Seasons
- Virulence
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Piralla
- Struttura Semplice Virologia Molecolare, Struttura Complessa Virologia e Microbiologia, Fondazione Istituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Pariani
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica-Microbiologia-Virologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Rovida
- Struttura Semplice Virologia Molecolare, Struttura Complessa Virologia e Microbiologia, Fondazione Istituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia Campanini
- Struttura Semplice Virologia Molecolare, Struttura Complessa Virologia e Microbiologia, Fondazione Istituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alba Muzzi
- Struttura Complessa Direzione Medica di Presidio, Fondazione Istituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Emmi
- Struttura Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione I, Fondazione Istituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giorgio A. Iotti
- Struttura Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione II, Fondazione Istituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Pesenti
- Struttura Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Pier Giulio Conaldi
- Laboratorio di Patologia Clinica, Microbiologia e Virologia Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zanetti
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica-Microbiologia-Virologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Struttura Semplice Virologia Molecolare, Struttura Complessa Virologia e Microbiologia, Fondazione Istituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- * E-mail:
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