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Briand MA, Dreano L, Legehar A, Grazhdankin E, Ghemtio L, Xhaard H. Exploring cooperative molecular contacts using a PostgreSQL database system. Mol Inform 2023; 42:e2200235. [PMID: 36653303 DOI: 10.1002/minf.202200235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cooperative molecular contacts play an important role in protein structure and ligand binding. Here, we constructed a PostgreSQL database that stores structural information in the form of atomic environments and allows flexible mining of molecular contacts. Taking the Ser-His-Asp/Glu catalytic triad as a first test case, we demonstrate that the presence of a carboxylate oxygen atom in the vicinity of a His is associated with shorter Ser-OH..N-His bond in the PDB30 subset. We prospectively mine catalytic triads in unannotated proteins, suggesting catalytic functions for unannotated proteins. As a second test case, we demonstrate that this database system can include ligand atoms, represented by Sybyl atom types, by evaluating the proportion of counter-ions for ligand carboxylate oxygens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mael A Briand
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Loïc Dreano
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ashenafi Legehar
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Evgeni Grazhdankin
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Léo Ghemtio
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henri Xhaard
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E), Helsinki, Finland
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Xue W, Fu T, Zheng G, Tu G, Zhang Y, Yang F, Tao L, Yao L, Zhu F. Recent Advances and Challenges of the Drugs Acting on Monoamine Transporters. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:3830-3876. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181009123218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background:
The human Monoamine Transporters (hMATs), primarily including hSERT,
hNET and hDAT, are important targets for the treatment of depression and other behavioral disorders
with more than the availability of 30 approved drugs.
Objective:
This paper is to review the recent progress in the binding mode and inhibitory mechanism of
hMATs inhibitors with the central or allosteric binding sites, for the benefit of future hMATs inhibitor
design and discovery. The Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) and the selectivity for hit/lead compounds
to hMATs that are evaluated by in vitro and in vivo experiments will be highlighted.
Methods:
PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for protein-ligand interaction, novel
inhibitors design and synthesis studies related to hMATs.
Results:
Literature data indicate that since the first crystal structure determinations of the homologous
bacterial Leucine Transporter (LeuT) complexed with clomipramine, a sizable database of over 100 experimental
structures or computational models has been accumulated that now defines a substantial degree
of structural variability hMATs-ligands recognition. In the meanwhile, a number of novel hMATs
inhibitors have been discovered by medicinal chemistry with significant help from computational models.
Conclusion:
The reported new compounds act on hMATs as well as the structures of the transporters
complexed with diverse ligands by either experiment or computational modeling have shed light on the
poly-pharmacology, multimodal and allosteric regulation of the drugs to transporters. All of the studies
will greatly promote the Structure-Based Drug Design (SBDD) of structurally novel scaffolds with high
activity and selectivity for hMATs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Xue
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Tingting Fu
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Guoxun Zheng
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Gao Tu
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Fengyuan Yang
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Lin Tao
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Lixia Yao
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Feng Zhu
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
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Grazhdankin E, Stepniewski M, Xhaard H. Modeling membrane proteins: The importance of cysteine amino-acids. J Struct Biol 2020; 209:107400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Sahlgren C, Meinander A, Zhang H, Cheng F, Preis M, Xu C, Salminen TA, Toivola D, Abankwa D, Rosling A, Karaman DŞ, Salo-Ahen OMH, Österbacka R, Eriksson JE, Willför S, Petre I, Peltonen J, Leino R, Johnson M, Rosenholm J, Sandler N. Tailored Approaches in Drug Development and Diagnostics: From Molecular Design to Biological Model Systems. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28892296 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Approaches to increase the efficiency in developing drugs and diagnostics tools, including new drug delivery and diagnostic technologies, are needed for improved diagnosis and treatment of major diseases and health problems such as cancer, inflammatory diseases, chronic wounds, and antibiotic resistance. Development within several areas of research ranging from computational sciences, material sciences, bioengineering to biomedical sciences and bioimaging is needed to realize innovative drug development and diagnostic (DDD) approaches. Here, an overview of recent progresses within key areas that can provide customizable solutions to improve processes and the approaches taken within DDD is provided. Due to the broadness of the area, unfortunately all relevant aspects such as pharmacokinetics of bioactive molecules and delivery systems cannot be covered. Tailored approaches within (i) bioinformatics and computer-aided drug design, (ii) nanotechnology, (iii) novel materials and technologies for drug delivery and diagnostic systems, and (iv) disease models to predict safety and efficacy of medicines under development are focused on. Current developments and challenges ahead are discussed. The broad scope reflects the multidisciplinary nature of the field of DDD and aims to highlight the convergence of biological, pharmaceutical, and medical disciplines needed to meet the societal challenges of the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Sahlgren
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Cell Biology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology; Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku; FI-20520 Turku Finland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Technical University of Eindhoven; 5613 DR Eindhoven Netherlands
| | - Annika Meinander
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Cell Biology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Fang Cheng
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Cell Biology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Maren Preis
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Chunlin Xu
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Natural Materials Technology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Tiina A. Salminen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Diana Toivola
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Cell Biology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling; University of Turku; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Daniel Abankwa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Technical University of Eindhoven; 5613 DR Eindhoven Netherlands
| | - Ari Rosling
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Polymer Technologies; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Didem Şen Karaman
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Outi M. H. Salo-Ahen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Ronald Österbacka
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Physics; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - John E. Eriksson
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Cell Biology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology; Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Stefan Willför
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Natural Materials Technology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Ion Petre
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Computer Science; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Jouko Peltonen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Physical Chemistry; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Reko Leino
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Organic Chemistry; Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Mark Johnson
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Jessica Rosenholm
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Niklas Sandler
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
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5
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Sahlgren C, Meinander A, Zhang H, Cheng F, Preis M, Xu C, Salminen TA, Toivola D, Abankwa D, Rosling A, Karaman DŞ, Salo-Ahen OMH, Österbacka R, Eriksson JE, Willför S, Petre I, Peltonen J, Leino R, Johnson M, Rosenholm J, Sandler N. Tailored Approaches in Drug Development and Diagnostics: From Molecular Design to Biological Model Systems. Adv Healthc Mater 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700258 10.1002/adhm.201700258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Sahlgren
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Cell Biology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology; Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku; FI-20520 Turku Finland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Technical University of Eindhoven; 5613 DR Eindhoven Netherlands
| | - Annika Meinander
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Cell Biology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Fang Cheng
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Cell Biology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Maren Preis
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Chunlin Xu
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Natural Materials Technology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Tiina A. Salminen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Diana Toivola
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Cell Biology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling; University of Turku; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Daniel Abankwa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Technical University of Eindhoven; 5613 DR Eindhoven Netherlands
| | - Ari Rosling
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Polymer Technologies; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Didem Şen Karaman
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Outi M. H. Salo-Ahen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Ronald Österbacka
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Physics; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - John E. Eriksson
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Cell Biology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology; Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Stefan Willför
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Natural Materials Technology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Ion Petre
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Computer Science; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Jouko Peltonen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Physical Chemistry; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Reko Leino
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Organic Chemistry; Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Mark Johnson
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Jessica Rosenholm
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Niklas Sandler
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
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Zhang Y, Borrel A, Ghemtio L, Regad L, Boije af Gennäs G, Camproux AC, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Xhaard H. Structural Isosteres of Phosphate Groups in the Protein Data Bank. J Chem Inf Model 2017; 57:499-516. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.6b00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandre Borrel
- Laboratoire
Molécules Thérapeutiques in silico (MTi), UMRS-973, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, F-75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Leslie Regad
- Laboratoire
Molécules Thérapeutiques in silico (MTi), UMRS-973, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, F-75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Anne-Claude Camproux
- Laboratoire
Molécules Thérapeutiques in silico (MTi), UMRS-973, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, F-75013 Paris, France
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Stein AC, Müller LG, Ferreira AG, Braga A, Betti AH, Centurião FB, Scherer EB, Kolling J, von Poser GL, Wyse AT, Rates SM. Uliginosin B, a natural phloroglucinol derivative with antidepressant-like activity, increases Na+,K+-ATPase activity in mice cerebral cortex. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Asciutto EK, Gedeon PC, General IJ, Madura JD. Structure and Dynamics Study of LeuT Using the Markov State Model and Perturbation Response Scanning Reveals Distinct Ion Induced Conformational States. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:8361-8. [PMID: 27311999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b02053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial leucine transporter (LeuT), a close homologue of the eukaryote monoamine transporters (MATs), currently serves as a powerful template for computer simulations of MATs. Transport of the amino acid leucine through the membrane is made possible by the sodium electrochemical potential. Recent reports indicate that the substrate transport mechanism is based on structural changes such as hinge movements of key transmembrane domains. In order to further investigate the role of sodium ions in the uptake of leucine, here we present a Markov state model analysis of atomistic simulations of lipid embedded LeuT in different environments, generated by varying the presence of binding pocket sodium ions and substrate. Six metastable conformations are found, and structural differences between them along with transition probabilities are determined. We complete the analysis with the implementation of perturbation response scanning on our system, determining the most sensitive and influential regions of LeuT, in each environment. Our results show that the occupation of sites Na1 and Na2, along with the presence of the substrate, selectively influences the geometry of LeuT. In particular, the occupation of each site Na1/Na2 has strong effects (in terms of changes in influence and/or sensitivity, as compared to the case without ions) in specific regions of LeuT, and the effects are different for simultaneous occupation. Our results strengthen the rationale and provide a conformational mechanism for a putative transport mechanism in which Na2 is necessary, but may not be sufficient, to initiate and stabilize extracellular substrate access to the binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana K Asciutto
- School of Science and Technology, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CONICET , San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patrick C Gedeon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ignacio J General
- School of Science and Technology, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CONICET , San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jeffry D Madura
- Center for Computational Sciences & Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15208, United States
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Centurião FB, Braga A, Machado FR, Tagliari B, Müller LG, Kolling J, Poser GV, Wyse ATS, Rates SMK. Study of antidepressant-like activity of an enriched phloroglucinol fraction obtained from Hypericum caprifoliatum. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2014; 52:105-110. [PMID: 24102122 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.816970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hypericum caprifoliatum Cham & Schlecht (Guttiferae) extracts have a potential antidepressant-like effect in rodents. However, the molecular mechanisms by which these extracts exert this effect remain unclear. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the effect of HC1, a fraction obtained from H. caprifoliatum enriched in phloroglucinol derivatives, on the Na⁺, K⁺ ATPase activity in mouse brain and verified the influence of veratrine on the effect of HC1 in the forced swimming test (FST). MATERIALS AND METHODS Veratrine (0.06 mg/kg) and HC1 (360 mg/kg) were given alone or combined i.p. 60 and p.o. 30 min, respectively, before FST. The effect of single and repeated administration (once a day for 3 consecutive days) of HC1 (360 mg/kg) on Na⁺, K⁺ ATPase activity was evaluated ex vivo in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of mice subjected or not to FST. RESULTS HC1 reduced the immobility time (103.15 ± 18.67 s), when compared to the control group (183.6 ± 9.51 s). This effect was prevented by veratrine (151.75 ± 22.19 s). Mice repeatedly treated with HC1 presented a significant increase in Na⁺, K⁺ ATPase activity, both in cerebral cortex (46 ± 2.41 nmol Pi/min·mg protein) and hippocampus (49.83 ± 2.31 nmol Pi/min·mg protein), in relation to the respective controls (30 ± 2.66 and 29.83 ± 2.31 nmol Pi/min·mg protein respectively). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The HC1 antidepressant-like effect on FST might be related to its capacity to inhibit Na⁺ influx. HC1 increases hippocampal and cortical Na⁺, K⁺ ATPase activities possibly through long-term regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda B Centurião
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brasil and
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Manepalli S, Surratt CK, Madura JD, Nolan TL. Monoamine transporter structure, function, dynamics, and drug discovery: a computational perspective. AAPS JOURNAL 2012; 14:820-31. [PMID: 22918625 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-012-9391-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
With the breakthrough crystallization of the bacterial leucine transporter protein LeuT, the first available X-ray structure for the neurotransmitter/sodium symporter family, development of 3-D computational models is suddenly essential for structure-function studies on the plasmalemmal monoamine transporters (MATs). LeuT-based MAT models have been used to guide elucidation of substrate and inhibitor binding pockets, and molecular dynamics simulations using these models are providing insight into conformations involved in the substrate translocation cycle. With credible MAT models finally in hand, structure-based virtual screening for novel ligands is yielding lead compounds toward the development of new medications for psychostimulant dependence, attention deficit hyperactivity, depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and other disorders associated with dopamine, norepinephrine, or serotonin dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Manepalli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Computational Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Merchant BA, Madura JD. Insights from molecular dynamics: the binding site of cocaine in the dopamine transporter and permeation pathways of substrates in the leucine and dopamine transporters. J Mol Graph Model 2012; 38:1-12. [PMID: 23079638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine transporter (DAT) facilitates the regulation of synaptic neurotransmitter levels. As a target for therapeutic and illicit psycho-stimulant drugs like antidepressants and cocaine, DAT has been studied intensively. Despite a wealth of mutational and physiological data regarding DAT, the structure remains unsolved and details of the transport mechanism, binding sites and conformational changes remain debated. A bacterial homolog of DAT, the leucine transporter (LeuT(Aa)) has been used as a template and framework for modeling and understanding DAT. Free energy profiles obtained from Multi-Configuration Thermodynamic Integration simulations allowed us to correctly identify the primary and secondary binding pockets of LeuT(Aa). A comparison of free energy profiles for dopamine and cocaine in DAT suggests that the binding site of cocaine is located in a secondary pocket, not the primary substrate site. Two recurring primary pathways for intracellular substrate release from the primary pocket are identified in both transporters using the Random Acceleration Molecular Dynamics method. One pathway appears to follow transmembranes (TMs) 1a and 6b while the other pathway follows along TMs 6b and 8. Interestingly, we observe that a single sodium ion is co-transported with leucine during both simulation types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie A Merchant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Computational Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
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12
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Kristensen AS, Andersen J, Jørgensen TN, Sørensen L, Eriksen J, Loland CJ, Strømgaard K, Gether U. SLC6 neurotransmitter transporters: structure, function, and regulation. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:585-640. [PMID: 21752877 DOI: 10.1124/pr.108.000869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter transporters (NTTs) belonging to the solute carrier 6 (SLC6) gene family (also referred to as the neurotransmitter-sodium-symporter family or Na(+)/Cl(-)-dependent transporters) comprise a group of nine sodium- and chloride-dependent plasma membrane transporters for the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), dopamine, and norepinephrine, and the amino acid neurotransmitters GABA and glycine. The SLC6 NTTs are widely expressed in the mammalian brain and play an essential role in regulating neurotransmitter signaling and homeostasis by mediating uptake of released neurotransmitters from the extracellular space into neurons and glial cells. The transporters are targets for a wide range of therapeutic drugs used in treatment of psychiatric diseases, including major depression, anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy. Furthermore, psychostimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines have the SLC6 NTTs as primary targets. Beginning with the determination of a high-resolution structure of a prokaryotic homolog of the mammalian SLC6 transporters in 2005, the understanding of the molecular structure, function, and pharmacology of these proteins has advanced rapidly. Furthermore, intensive efforts have been directed toward understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in regulation of the activity of this important class of transporters, leading to new methodological developments and important insights. This review provides an update of these advances and their implications for the current understanding of the SLC6 NTTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders S Kristensen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Zhang P, Cyriac G, Kopajtic T, Zhao Y, Javitch JA, Katz JL, Newman AH. Structure-activity relationships for a novel series of citalopram (1-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-carbonitrile) analogues at monoamine transporters. J Med Chem 2010; 53:6112-21. [PMID: 20672825 DOI: 10.1021/jm1005034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
(+/-)-Citalopram (1, 1-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-carbonitrile), and its eutomer, escitalopram (S-(+)-1) are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) that are used clinically to treat anxiety and depression. To further explore structure-activity relationships at the serotonin transporter (SERT), a series of (+/-)-4- and 5-substituted citalopram analogues were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for binding at the SERT, dopamine transporter (DAT) and norepinephrine transporter (NET) in native rodent tissue. Many of these analogues showed high SERT binding affinities (Ki=1-40 nM) and selectivities over both NET and DAT. Selected enantiomeric pairs of analogues were synthesized and both retained enantioselectivity as with S- and R-1, wherein S>R at the SERT. In addition, the enantiomeric pairs of 1 and 5 were tested for binding at the homologous bacterial leucine transporter (LeuT), wherein low affinities and the absence of enantioselectivity suggested distinctive binding sites for these compounds at SERT as compared to LeuT. These novel ligands will provide molecular tools to elucidate drug-protein interactions at the SERT and to relate those to behavioral actions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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Andersen J, Kristensen AS, Bang-Andersen B, Strømgaard K. Recent advances in the understanding of the interaction of antidepressant drugs with serotonin and norepinephrine transporters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:3677-92. [PMID: 19557250 DOI: 10.1039/b903035m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The biogenic monoamine transporters are integral membrane proteins that perform active transport of extracellular dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine into cells. These transporters are targets for therapeutic agents such as antidepressants, as well as addictive substances such as cocaine and amphetamine. Seminal advances in the understanding of the structure and function of this transporter family have recently been accomplished by structural studies of a bacterial transporter, as well as medicinal chemistry and pharmacological studies of mammalian transporters. This feature article focuses on antidepressant drugs that act on the serotonin and/or the norepinephrine transporters. Specifically, we focus on structure-activity relationships of these drugs with emphasis on relationships between their molecular properties and the current knowledge of transporter structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Andersen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Liang YJ, Zhen J, Chen N, Reith MEA. Interaction of catechol and non-catechol substrates with externally or internally facing dopamine transporters. J Neurochem 2009; 109:981-94. [PMID: 19519772 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Our previous work suggested that collapsing the Na(+) gradient and membrane potential converts the dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT) to an inward-facing conformation with a different substrate binding profile. Here, DAT expressing human embryonic kidney 293 cells were permeabilized with digitonin, disrupting ion/voltage gradients and allowing passage of DAT substrates. The potency of p-tyramine and other non-catechols (d-amphetamine, beta-phenethylamine, MPP(+)) in inhibiting cocaine analog binding to DAT in digitonin-treated cells was markedly weakened to a level similar to that observed in cell-free membranes. In contrast, the potency of DA and another catechol, norepinephrine, was not significantly changed by the same treatment, whereas epinephrine showed only a modest reduction. These findings suggest that catechol substrates interact symmetrically with both sides of DAT and non-catechol substrates, favoring binding to outward-facing transporter. In the cocaine analog binding assay, the mutant W84L displayed enhanced intrinsic binding affinity for substrates in interacting with both outward- and inward-facing states; D313N showed wild-type-like symmetric binding; but D267L and E428Q showed an apparent improvement in the permeation pathway from the external face towards the substrate site. Thus, the structure of both substrate and transporter play a role in the sidedness and mode of interaction between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jian Liang
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Millhauser Labs, New York, New York 10016, USA
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Structure and localisation of drug binding sites on neurotransmitter transporters. J Mol Model 2009; 15:1155-64. [PMID: 19238460 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-009-0478-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine (DAT), serotontin (SERT) and noradrenalin (NET) transporters are molecular targets for different classes of psychotropic drugs. The crystal structure of Aquifex aeolicus LeuT(Aa) was used as a template for molecular modeling of DAT, SERT and NET, and two putative drug binding sites (pocket 1 and 2) in each transporter were identified. Cocaine was docked into binding pocket 1 of DAT, corresponding to the leucine binding site in LeuT(Aa), which involved transmembrane helices (TMHs) 1, 3, 6 and 8. Clomipramine was docked into binding pocket 2 of DAT, involving TMHs 1, 3, 6, 10 and 11, and extracellular loops 4 and 6, corresponding to the clomipramine binding site in a crystal structure of a LeuT(Aa)-clomipramine complex. The structures of the proposed cocaine- and tricyclic antidepressant-binding sites may be of particular interest for the design of novel DAT interacting ligands.
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