1
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Ding J, Wang W, Zhang Y, Mu H, Cai X, Chang Z, Wang G. Improving the ionic conductivity of polymer electrolytes induced by ceramic nanowire fillers with abundant lithium vacancies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:6316-6324. [PMID: 38314534 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05761e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
The addition of ceramic fillers is regarded as an effective strategy for enhancing the ionic conductivity of polymer electrolytes. However, particulate fillers typically fail to provide continuous conductive pathways and effective reinforcement. Herein, we report a ceramic nanowire filler with long-range interfacial conductivity and abundant lithium vacancies for a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based all-solid-state polymer electrolyte. LLZO nanowires (LLZO NWs) with a high aspect ratio are synthesized by combining sol-gel electrospinning and the multi-step process involving pre-oxidation, pre-sintering, and secondary sintering, resulting in a high tensile strength of the composite electrolyte (6.87 MPa). Notably, tantalum-aluminum co-substituted LLZO NWs (TALLZO NWs) release abundant lithium vacancies, further enhancing the Lewis acid-base properties, leading to a rapid ion migration speed (Li+ transfer number = 0.79) and significantly high ionic conductivity (3.80 × 10-4 S cm-1). Due to the synergistic effect of nanostructure modification and heteroatom co-doping, the assembled all-solid-state lithium-sulfur battery exhibits a high initial discharge capacity (776 mA h g-1 at 25 °C), remarkable rate capability, and excellent cycling performance (81% capacity retention after 200 cycles at 0.1C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Ding
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Wenqiang Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Hongchun Mu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Xiaomin Cai
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Zhengyu Chang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Gengchao Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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2
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Zhang S, Ma J, Dong S, Cui G. Designing All-Solid-State Batteries by Theoretical Computation: A Review. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-022-00143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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3
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Vema S, Berge AH, Nagendran S, Grey CP. Clarifying the Dopant Local Structure and Effect on Ionic Conductivity in Garnet Solid-State Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:9632-9646. [PMID: 38047184 PMCID: PMC10687891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c01831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The high Li-ion conductivity and wide electrochemical stability of Li-rich garnets (Li7La3Zr2O12) make them one of the leading solid electrolyte candidates for solid-state batteries. Dopants such as Al and Ga are typically used to enable stabilization of the high Li+ ion-conductive cubic phase at room temperature. Although numerous studies exist that have characterized the electrochemical properties, structure, and lithium diffusion in Al- and Ga-LLZO, the local structure and site occupancy of dopants in these compounds are not well understood. Two broad 27Al or 69,71Ga resonances are often observed with chemical shifts consistent with tetrahedrally coordinated Al/Ga in the magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) spectra of both Al- and Ga-LLZO, which have been assigned to either Al and/or Ga occupying 24d and 96h/48g sites in the LLZO lattice or the different Al/Ga configurations that arise from different arrangements of Li around these dopants. In this work, we unambiguously show that the side products γ-LiAlO2 and LiGaO2 lead to the high frequency resonances observed by NMR spectroscopy and that both Al and Ga only occupy the 24d site in the LLZO lattice. Furthermore, it was observed that the excess Li often used during synthesis leads to the formation of these side products by consuming the Al/Ga dopants. In addition, the consumption of Al/Ga dopants leads to the tetragonal phase formation commonly observed in the literature, even after careful mixing of precursors. The side-products can exist even after sintering, thereby controlling the Al/Ga content in the LLZO lattice and substantially influencing the lithium-ion conductivity in LLZO, as measured here by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundeep Vema
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Astrid H. Berge
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Supreeth Nagendran
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Clare P. Grey
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
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4
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Holland J, Demeyere T, Bhandari A, Hanke F, Milman V, Skylaris CK. A Workflow for Identifying Viable Crystal Structures with Partially Occupied Sites Applied to the Solid Electrolyte Cubic Li 7La 3Zr 2O 12. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10257-10262. [PMID: 37939005 PMCID: PMC10686666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
To date, experimental and theoretical works have been unable to uncover the ground-state configuration of the solid electrolyte cubic Li7La3Zr2O12 (c-LLZO). Computational studies rely on an initial low-energy structure as a reference point. Here, we present a methodology for identifying energetically favorable configurations of c-LLZO for a crystallographically predicted structure. We begin by eliminating structures that involve overlapping Li atoms based on nearest neighbor counts. We further reduce the configuration space by eliminating symmetry images from all remaining structures. Then, we perform a machine learning-based energetic ordering of all remaining structures. By considering the geometrical constraints that emerge from this methodology, we determine that a large portion of previously reported structures may not be feasible or stable. The method developed here could be extended to other ion conductors. We provide a database containing all of the generated structures with the aim of improving accuracy and reproducibility in future c-LLZO research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Holland
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11, U.K.
| | - Tom Demeyere
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Arihant Bhandari
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11, U.K.
| | - Felix Hanke
- BIOVIA, 22 Cambridge Science Park, Milton
Road, Cambridge CB4 0FJ, U.K.
| | - Victor Milman
- BIOVIA, 22 Cambridge Science Park, Milton
Road, Cambridge CB4 0FJ, U.K.
| | - Chris-Kriton Skylaris
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11, U.K.
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5
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Zhao X, Gao J, Khalid B, Zijian Z, Wen X, Geng C, Huang Y, Tian G. Sintering analysis of garnet-type ceramic as oxide solid electrolytes for rapid Li+ migration. Ann Ital Chir 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2022.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Kim A, Kang JH, Song K, Kang B. Simultaneously Improved Cubic Phase Stability and Li-Ion Conductivity in Garnet-Type Solid Electrolytes Enabled by Controlling the Al Occupation Sites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:12331-12339. [PMID: 35213140 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Here, we, for the first time, report on the simultaneous enhancement in cubic phase stability and Li-ion conductivity of garnet-type solid electrolytes (SEs) by adding excess Li/Al. The excess Al/Li creates very large grains of up to 170 μm via the segregation of Al at the grain boundaries and enables preferential Al occupation at 96h sites over 24d sites, a behavior contrary to previous observations. The resulting SE shows improved Li-ion conductivity due to the large grain size and less blocking Li pathway caused by different preferential Al occupation. Surprisingly, it is observed that the cubic phase of the garnet-type SE is transformed to the tetragonal phase on the surface and in the bulk under the applied voltage, and the preferential Al occupation enables its cubic phase stability. Under battery operating conditions, the LLZO SE with excess Li/Al can maintain high ionic conductivity due to the cubic phase stability and large grain size. We clearly demonstrate that the cubic phase stability and ionic conductivity of LLZO can be simultaneously improved by excess Li/Al without any post-treatments. The findings and understanding will provide new insights into practical use of the garnet-type SEs for advanced all solid-state batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abin Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hee Kang
- Department of Materials Analysis, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon, Gyeongnam 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Song
- Department of Materials Analysis, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon, Gyeongnam 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungwoo Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
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7
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Challenges and Development of Composite Solid Electrolytes for All-solid-state Lithium Batteries. Chem Res Chin Univ 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-021-0007-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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8
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Ladenstein L, Simic S, Kothleitner G, Rettenwander D, Wilkening HMR. Anomalies in Bulk Ion Transport in the Solid Solutions of Li 7La 3M 2O 12 (M = Hf, Sn) and Li 5La 3Ta 2O 12. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2020; 124:16796-16805. [PMID: 32793327 PMCID: PMC7416620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c03558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cubic Li7La3Zr2O12(LLZO), stabilized by supervalent cations, is one of the most promising oxide electrolyte to realize inherently safe all-solid-state batteries. It is of great interest to evaluate the strategy of supervalent stabilization in similar compounds and to describe its effect on ionic bulk conductivity σ'bulk. Here, we synthesized solid solutions of Li7-x La3M2-x Ta x O12 with M = Hf, Sn over the full compositional range (x = 0, 0.25...2). It turned out that Ta contents at x of 0.25 (M = Hf, LLHTO) and 0.5 (M = Sn, LLSTO) are necessary to yield phase pure cubic Li7-x La3M2-x Ta x O12. The maximum in total conductivity for LLHTO (2 × 10-4 S cm-1) is achieved for x = 1.0; the associated activation energy is 0.46 eV. At x = 0.5 and x = 1.0, we observe two conductivity anomalies that are qualitatively in agreement with the rule of Meyer and Neldel. For LLSTO, at x = 0.75 the conductivity σ'bulk turned out to be 7.94 × 10-5 S cm-1 (0.46 eV); the almost monotonic decrease of ion bulk conductivity from x = 0.75 to x = 2 in this series is in line with Meyer-Neldel's compensation behavior showing that a decrease in E a is accompanied by a decrease of the Arrhenius prefactor. Altogether, the system might serve as an attractive alternative to Al-stabilized (or Ga-stabilized) Li7La3Zr2O12 as LLHTO is also anticipated to be highly stable against Li metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Ladenstein
- Institute
for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, and Christian Doppler Laboratory
for Lithium Batteries, Graz University of
Technology (NAWI Graz), Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Sanja Simic
- Institute
of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis and Graz Centre for Electron
Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Gerald Kothleitner
- Institute
of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis and Graz Centre for Electron
Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Daniel Rettenwander
- Institute
for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, and Christian Doppler Laboratory
for Lithium Batteries, Graz University of
Technology (NAWI Graz), Graz 8010, Austria
| | - H. Martin R. Wilkening
- Institute
for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, and Christian Doppler Laboratory
for Lithium Batteries, Graz University of
Technology (NAWI Graz), Graz 8010, Austria
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9
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Gao Y, Nolan AM, Du P, Wu Y, Yang C, Chen Q, Mo Y, Bo SH. Classical and Emerging Characterization Techniques for Investigation of Ion Transport Mechanisms in Crystalline Fast Ionic Conductors. Chem Rev 2020; 120:5954-6008. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yirong Gao
- University of Michigan−Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai CN-200240, China
| | - Adelaide M. Nolan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Peng Du
- University of Michigan−Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai CN-200240, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- University of Michigan−Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai CN-200240, China
| | - Chao Yang
- University of Michigan−Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai CN-200240, China
| | - Qianli Chen
- University of Michigan−Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai CN-200240, China
| | - Yifei Mo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Maryland Energy Innovation Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Shou-Hang Bo
- University of Michigan−Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai CN-200240, China
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10
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Krachkovskiy S, Trudeau ML, Zaghib K. Application of Magnetic Resonance Techniques to the In Situ Characterization of Li-Ion Batteries: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E1694. [PMID: 32260435 PMCID: PMC7178659 DOI: 10.3390/ma13071694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In situ magnetic resonance (MR) techniques, such as nuclear MR and MR imaging, have recently gained significant attention in the battery community because of their ability to provide real-time quantitative information regarding material chemistry, ion distribution, mass transport, and microstructure formation inside an operating electrochemical cell. MR techniques are non-invasive and non-destructive, and they can be applied to both liquid and solid (crystalline, disordered, or amorphous) samples. Additionally, MR equipment is available at most universities and research and development centers, making MR techniques easily accessible for scientists worldwide. In this review, we will discuss recent research results in the field of in situ MR for the characterization of Li-ion batteries with a particular focus on experimental setups, such as pulse sequence programming and cell design, for overcoming the complications associated with the heterogeneous nature of energy storage devices. A comprehensive approach combining proper hardware and software will allow researchers to collect reliable high-quality data meeting industrial standards.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karim Zaghib
- Center of Excellence in Transportation, Electrification and Energy Storage, Hydo-Québec, 1806 Bd. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC J3X 1S1, Canada; (S.K.); (M.L.T.)
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11
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Karasulu B, Emge SP, Groh MF, Grey CP, Morris AJ. Al/Ga-Doped Li 7La 3Zr 2O 12 Garnets as Li-Ion Solid-State Battery Electrolytes: Atomistic Insights into Local Coordination Environments and Their Influence on 17O, 27Al, and 71Ga NMR Spectra. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:3132-3148. [PMID: 31951131 PMCID: PMC7146863 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO)
garnets are among the most promising solid electrolytes for next-generation
all-solid-state Li-ion battery applications due to their high stabilities
and ionic conductivities. To help determine the influence of different
supervalent dopants on the crystal structure and site preferences,
we combine solid-state 17O, 27Al, and 71Ga magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy and density-functional
theory (DFT) calculations. DFT-based defect configuration analysis
for the undoped and Al and/or Ga-doped LLZO variants uncovers an interplay
between the local network of atoms and the observed NMR signals. Specifically,
the two characteristic features observed in both 27Al and 71Ga NMR spectra result from both the deviations in the polyhedral
coordination/site-symmetry within the 4-fold coordinated Li1/24d sites
(rather than the doping of the other Li2/96h or La sites) and with
the number of occupied adjacent Li2 sites that share oxygen atoms
with these dopant sites. The sharp 27Al and 71Ga resonances arise from dopants located at a highly symmetric tetrahedral
24d site with four corner-sharing LiO4 neighbors, whereas
the broader features originate from highly distorted dopant sites
with fewer or no immediate LiO4 neighbors. A correlation
between the size of the 27Al/71Ga quadrupolar
coupling and the distortion of the doping sites (viz. XO4/XO5/XO6 with X = {Al/Ga}) is established. 17O MAS NMR spectra for these systems provide insights into
the oxygen connectivity network: 17O signals originating
from the dopant-coordinating oxygens are resolved and used for further
characterization of the microenvironments at the dopant and other
sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bora Karasulu
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory , University of Cambridge , J. J. Thomson Avenue , Cambridge CB3 0HE , United Kingdom
| | - Steffen P Emge
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Matthias F Groh
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Clare P Grey
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Morris
- School of Metallurgy and Materials , University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT , United Kingdom
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12
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Mauger A, Julien CM, Paolella A, Armand M, Zaghib K. Building Better Batteries in the Solid State: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E3892. [PMID: 31775348 PMCID: PMC6926585 DOI: 10.3390/ma12233892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most of the current commercialized lithium batteries employ liquid electrolytes, despite their vulnerability to battery fire hazards, because they avoid the formation of dendrites on the anode side, which is commonly encountered in solid-state batteries. In a review two years ago, we focused on the challenges and issues facing lithium metal for solid-state rechargeable batteries, pointed to the progress made in addressing this drawback, and concluded that a situation could be envisioned where solid-state batteries would again win over liquid batteries for different applications in the near future. However, an additional drawback of solid-state batteries is the lower ionic conductivity of the electrolyte. Therefore, extensive research efforts have been invested in the last few years to overcome this problem, the reward of which has been significant progress. It is the purpose of this review to report these recent works and the state of the art on solid electrolytes. In addition to solid electrolytes stricto sensu, there are other electrolytes that are mainly solids, but with some added liquid. In some cases, the amount of liquid added is only on the microliter scale; the addition of liquid is aimed at only improving the contact between a solid-state electrolyte and an electrode, for instance. In some other cases, the amount of liquid is larger, as in the case of gel polymers. It is also an acceptable solution if the amount of liquid is small enough to maintain the safety of the cell; such cases are also considered in this review. Different chemistries are examined, including not only Li-air, Li-O2, and Li-S, but also sodium-ion batteries, which are also subject to intensive research. The challenges toward commercialization are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Mauger
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, UMR-CNRS 7590, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Christian M. Julien
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, UMR-CNRS 7590, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Andrea Paolella
- Centre of Excellence in Transportation Electrification and Energy Storage (CETEES), Hydro-Québec, 1806, Lionel-Boulet blvd., Varennes, QC J3X 1S1, Canada;
| | - Michel Armand
- CIC Energigune, Parque Tecnol Alava, 01510 Minano, Spain;
| | - Karim Zaghib
- Centre of Excellence in Transportation Electrification and Energy Storage (CETEES), Hydro-Québec, 1806, Lionel-Boulet blvd., Varennes, QC J3X 1S1, Canada;
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13
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Di Capua R, Gargiulo V, Alfè M, De Luca GM, Skála T, Mali G, Pezzella A. Eumelanin Graphene-Like Integration: The Impact on Physical Properties and Electrical Conductivity. Front Chem 2019; 7:121. [PMID: 30937300 PMCID: PMC6432792 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent development of eumelanin pigment-based blends integrating "classical" organic conducting materials is expanding the scope of eumelanin in bioelectronics. Beyond the achievement of high conductivity level, another major goal lays in the knowledge and feasible control of structure/properties relationship. We systematically investigated different hybrid materials prepared by in situ polymerization of the eumelanin precursor 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) in presence of various amounts of graphene-like layers. Spectroscopic studies performed by solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (ss-NMR), x-ray photoemission, and absorption spectroscopies gave a strong indication of the direct impact that the integration of graphene-like layers into the nascent polymerized DHI-based eumelanin has on the structural organization of the pigment itself, while infrared, and photoemission spectroscopies indicated the occurrence of negligible changes as concerns the chemical units. A tighter packing of the constituent units could represent a strong factor responsible for the observed improved electrical conductivity of the hybrid materials, and could be possible exploited as a tool for electrical conductivity tuning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Di Capua
- Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University of Naples “Federico II” and Superconducting and Other Innovative Materials and Devices Institute (SPIN), CNR, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Michela Alfè
- Institute for Research on Combustion (IRC), CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Maria De Luca
- Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University of Naples “Federico II” and Superconducting and Other Innovative Materials and Devices Institute (SPIN), CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Tomáš Skála
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Gregor Mali
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alessandro Pezzella
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), CNR, Pozzuoli, Italy
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14
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Kun R, Langer F, Delle Piane M, Ohno S, Zeier WG, Gockeln M, Colombi Ciacchi L, Busse M, Fekete I. Structural and Computational Assessment of the Influence of Wet-Chemical Post-Processing of the Al-Substituted Cubic Li 7La 3Zr 2O 12. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:37188-37197. [PMID: 30296374 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b09789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) and related compounds are considered as promising candidates for future all-solid-state Li-ion battery applications. Still, the processing of those materials into thin membranes with the right stoichiometry and crystal structure is difficult and laborious. The sensitivity of the Li-ion conductive garnets against moisture and the associated Li+/H+ cation exchange makes their processing even more difficult. Formulation of suitable polymer/ceramic hybrid solid state electrolytes could be a prosperous way to reach the future large scale production of solid state Li-ion batteries. In fact, solvent mediated and/or slurry based wet-processing of the LLZO, e.g., tape-casting, could result in irreversible Li-ion loss of the pristine material due to Li+/H+ cation exchange. The concomitant structural changes and loss in functionality in terms of Li-ion conductivity are the results of the above process. Therefore, in the present work a systematic study on the chemical stability and structural retention of Al-substituted LLZO in different solvents is reported. It was found that Li+/H+ exchange in LLZO occurs upon solvent immersion, and its magnitude is dependent on the availability of -OH functional groups of the solvent molecules. As a result, a larger degree of Li+/H+ exchange causes higher increase of the lattice parameter of the LLZO, determined by synchrotron diffraction analyses. The expansion of the cubic unit cell was ascertained, when Li+ was replaced by H+ in the host lattice, by ab initio computational studies. The application of the most common solvent as dispersion medium, i.e., high purity water, causes the most significant Li+/H+ exchange and, therefore, structural change, while acetonitrile was proven to be the best suitable solvent for wet postprocessing of LLZO. Finally, computational calculations suggested that the Li+/H+ exchange could result in diminished ionic, i.e., mixed Li+-H+, conductivity due to the insertion of protons with lower mobility than that of Li-ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kun
- Faculty of Production Engineering, Innovative Sensor- and Functional Materials Research Group , University of Bremen , Badgasteiner Str. 1 , 28359 Bremen , Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials - IFAM , Wiener Str. 12 , 28359 Bremen , Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes , University of Bremen , Bibliothekstr. 1 , 28359 Bremen , Germany
| | - Frederieke Langer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials - IFAM , Wiener Str. 12 , 28359 Bremen , Germany
| | - Massimo Delle Piane
- Faculty of Production Engineering and Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science , University of Bremen , Am Fallturm 1 , 28359 Bremen , Germany
| | - Saneyuki Ohno
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Wolfgang G Zeier
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Michael Gockeln
- Faculty of Production Engineering, Innovative Sensor- and Functional Materials Research Group , University of Bremen , Badgasteiner Str. 1 , 28359 Bremen , Germany
| | - Lucio Colombi Ciacchi
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes , University of Bremen , Bibliothekstr. 1 , 28359 Bremen , Germany
- Faculty of Production Engineering and Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science , University of Bremen , Am Fallturm 1 , 28359 Bremen , Germany
| | - Matthias Busse
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials - IFAM , Wiener Str. 12 , 28359 Bremen , Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes , University of Bremen , Bibliothekstr. 1 , 28359 Bremen , Germany
| | - István Fekete
- Department of Physical Geography and Informatics, Soil- and Water Analysing Laboratory , University of Szeged , Egyetem u. 2 , 6722 Szeged , Hungary
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15
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Zhan X, Lai S, Gobet MP, Greenbaum SG, Shirpour M. Defect chemistry and electrical properties of garnet-type Li7La3Zr2O12. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:1447-1459. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06768b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The association between lithium vacancies and electron holes is critical to the low-temperature electrical properties of cubic Li7La3Zr2O12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Zhan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
| | - Shen Lai
- Department of Physics
- Hunter College
- City University of New York
- New York
- USA
| | - Mallory P. Gobet
- Department of Physics
- Hunter College
- City University of New York
- New York
- USA
| | | | - Mona Shirpour
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
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16
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Wagner R, Rettenwander D, Redhammer GJ, Tippelt G, Sabathi G, Musso ME, Stanje B, Wilkening M, Suard E, Amthauer G. Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Stability of Cubic Li 7-xLa 3Zr 2-xBi xO 12. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:12211-12219. [PMID: 27934443 PMCID: PMC5141546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Li oxide garnets
are among the most promising candidates for solid-state electrolytes
in novel Li ion and Li metal based battery concepts. Cubic Li7La3Zr2O12 stabilized by a
partial substitution of Zr4+ by Bi5+ has not
been the focus of research yet, despite the fact that Bi5+ would be a cost-effective alternative to other stabilizing cations
such as Nb5+ and Ta5+. In this study, Li7–xLa3Zr2–xBixO12 (x = 0.10, 0.20, ..., 1.00) was prepared by a low-temperature
solid-state synthesis route. The samples have been characterized by
a rich portfolio of techniques, including scanning electron microscopy,
X-ray powder diffraction, neutron powder diffraction, Raman spectroscopy,
and 7Li NMR spectroscopy. Pure-phase cubic garnet samples
were obtained for x ≥ 0.20. The introduction
of Bi5+ leads to an increase in the unit-cell parameters.
Samples are sensitive to air, which causes the formation of LiOH and
Li2CO3 and the protonation of the garnet phase,
leading to a further increase in the unit-cell parameters. The incorporation
of Bi5+ on the octahedral 16a site was
confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. 7Li NMR spectroscopy shows
that fast Li ion dynamics are only observed for samples with high
Bi5+ contents. The cubic modification of
Li7La3Zr2O12 can be stabilized
by a by a partial substitution of Zr4+ by Bi5+. The incorporation of Bi5+ leads to an increase in the
unit-cell parameters. Samples prepared by a low-temperature preparation
route are sensitive to CO2 and H2O from air,
causing a protonation of the garnet phase. 7Li NMR spectroscopy
shows that fast translational Li ion dynamics are only observed for
samples with high Bi5+ contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Wagner
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg , 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniel Rettenwander
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg , 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Günther J Redhammer
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg , 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gerold Tippelt
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg , 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gebhard Sabathi
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg , 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Maurizio E Musso
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg , 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Bernhard Stanje
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries, Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology , 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Wilkening
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries, Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology , 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Emmanuelle Suard
- Diffraction Group, Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL) , 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Georg Amthauer
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg , 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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17
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Wagner R, Redhammer G, Rettenwander D, Senyshyn A, Schmidt W, Wilkening M, Amthauer G. Crystal Structure of Garnet-Related Li-Ion Conductor Li 7-3x Ga x La 3Zr 2O 12: Fast Li-Ion Conduction Caused by a Different Cubic Modification? CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2016; 28:1861-1871. [PMID: 27019548 PMCID: PMC4806310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Li-oxide garnets such as Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) are among the most promising candidates for solid-state electrolytes to be used in next-generation Li-ion batteries. The garnet-structured cubic modification of LLZO, showing space group Ia-3d, has to be stabilized with supervalent cations. LLZO stabilized with Ga3+ shows superior properties compared to LLZO stabilized with similar cations; however, the reason for this behavior is still unknown. In this study, a comprehensive structural characterization of Ga-stabilized LLZO is performed by means of single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Coarse-grained samples with crystal sizes of several hundred micrometers are obtained by solid-state reaction. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction results show that Li7-3x Ga x La3Zr2O12 with x > 0.07 crystallizes in the acentric cubic space group I-43d. This is the first definite record of this cubic modification for LLZO materials and might explain the superior electrochemical performance of Ga-stabilized LLZO compared to its Al-stabilized counterpart. The phase transition seems to be caused by the site preference of Ga3+. 7Li NMR spectroscopy indicates an additional Li-ion diffusion process for LLZO with space group I-43d compared to space group Ia-3d. Despite all efforts undertaken to reveal structure-property relationships for this class of materials, this study highlights the potential for new discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Wagner
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse
34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- E-mail:
| | - Günther
J. Redhammer
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse
34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniel Rettenwander
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse
34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- E-mail:
| | - Anatoliy Senyshyn
- Heinz
Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum, Technische Universität
München, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Walter Schmidt
- Institute
for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Wilkening
- Institute
for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Georg Amthauer
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse
34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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18
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Shin DO, Oh K, Kim KM, Park KY, Lee B, Lee YG, Kang K. Synergistic multi-doping effects on the Li7La3Zr2O12 solid electrolyte for fast lithium ion conduction. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18053. [PMID: 26666197 PMCID: PMC4678301 DOI: 10.1038/srep18053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we investigate the doping effects on the lithium ion transport behavior in garnet Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) from the combined experimental and theoretical approach. The concentration of Li ion vacancy generated by the inclusion of aliovalent dopants such as Al(3+) plays a key role in stabilizing the cubic LLZO. However, it is found that the site preference of Al in 24d position hinders the three dimensionally connected Li ion movement when heavily doped according to the structural refinement and the DFT calculations. In this report, we demonstrate that the multi-doping using additional Ta dopants into the Al-doped LLZO shifts the most energetically favorable sites of Al in the crystal structure from 24d to 96 h Li site, thereby providing more open space for Li ion transport. As a result of these synergistic effects, the multi-doped LLZO shows about three times higher ionic conductivity of 6.14 × 10(-4) S cm(-1) than that of the singly-doped LLZO with a much less efforts in stabilizing cubic phases in the synthetic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ok Shin
- Reseach Section of Power Control Devices, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), 218 Gajeongno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-700, Republic of Korea.,Department of Advanced Device Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeongno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-350, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungbae Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Man Kim
- Reseach Section of Power Control Devices, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), 218 Gajeongno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-700, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Young Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungju Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Gi Lee
- Reseach Section of Power Control Devices, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), 218 Gajeongno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-700, Republic of Korea
| | - Kisuk Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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19
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Rettenwander D, Geiger C, Tribus M, Tropper P, Wagner R, Tippelt G, Lottermoser W, Amthauer G. The solubility and site preference of Fe 3+ in Li 7-3x Fe x La 3Zr 2O 12 garnets. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2015; 230:266-271. [PMID: 26435549 PMCID: PMC4554257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of Fe3+-bearing Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) garnets was synthesized using solid-state synthesis methods. The synthetic products were characterized compositionally using electron microprobe analysis and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and structurally using X-ray powder diffraction and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. A maximum of about 0.25 Fe3+ pfu could be incorporated in Li7-3x Fe x La3Zr2O12 garnet solid solutions. At Fe3+ concentrations lower than about 0.16 pfu, both tetragonal and cubic garnets were obtained in the synthesis experiments. X-ray powder diffraction analysis showed only a garnet phase for syntheses with starting materials having intended Fe3+ contents lower than 0.52 Fe3+ pfu. Back-scattered electron images made with an electron microprobe also showed no phase other than garnet for these compositions. The lattice parameter, a0, for all solid-solution garnets is similar with a value of a0≈12.98 Å regardless of the amount of Fe3+. 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopic measurements indicate the presence of poorly- or nano-crystalline FeLaO3 in syntheses with Fe3+ contents greater than 0.16 Fe3+ pfu. The composition of different phase pure Li7-3x Fe x La3Zr2O12 garnets, as determined by electron microprobe (Fe, La, Zr) and ICP-OES (Li) measurements, give Li6.89Fe0.03La3.05Zr2.01O12, Li6.66Fe0.06La3.06Zr2.01O12, Li6.54Fe0.12La3.01Zr1.98O12, and Li6.19Fe0.19La3.02Zr2.04O12. The 57Fe Mössbauer spectrum of cubic Li6.54Fe0.12La3.01Zr1.98O12 garnet indicates that most Fe3+ occurs at the special crystallographic 24d position, which is the standard tetrahedrally coordinated site in garnet. Fe3+ in smaller amounts occurs at a general 96h site, which is only present for certain Li-oxide garnets, and in Li6.54Fe0.12La3.01Zr1.98O12 this Fe3+ has a distorted 4-fold coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Rettenwander
- Department of Materials Research and Physics, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - C.A. Geiger
- Department of Materials Research and Physics, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - M. Tribus
- Institute of Mineralogy and Petrography, Faculty of Geo- and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - P. Tropper
- Institute of Mineralogy and Petrography, Faculty of Geo- and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - R. Wagner
- Department of Materials Research and Physics, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - G. Tippelt
- Department of Materials Research and Physics, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - W. Lottermoser
- Department of Materials Research and Physics, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - G. Amthauer
- Department of Materials Research and Physics, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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20
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Cheng L, Chen W, Kunz M, Persson K, Tamura N, Chen G, Doeff M. Effect of surface microstructure on electrochemical performance of garnet solid electrolytes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:2073-81. [PMID: 25563572 DOI: 10.1021/am508111r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cubic garnet phases based on Al-substituted Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) have high ionic conductivities and exhibit good stability versus metallic lithium, making them of particular interest for use in next-generation rechargeable battery systems. However, high interfacial impedances have precluded their successful utilization in such devices until the present. Careful engineering of the surface microstructure, especially the grain boundaries, is critical to achieving low interfacial resistances and enabling long-term stable cycling with lithium metal. This study presents the fabrication of LLZO heterostructured solid electrolytes, which allowed direct correlation of surface microstructure with the electrochemical characteristics of the interface. Grain orientations and grain boundary distributions of samples with differing microstructures were mapped using high-resolution synchrotron polychromatic X-ray Laue microdiffraction. The electrochemical characteristics are strongly dependent upon surface microstructure, with small grained samples exhibiting much lower interfacial resistances and better cycling behavior than those with larger grain sizes. Low area specific resistances of 37 Ω cm(2) were achieved; low enough to ensure stable cycling with minimal polarization losses, thus removing a significant obstacle toward practical implementation of solid electrolytes in high energy density batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cheng
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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21
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Gargiulo V, Alfè M, Capua RD, Togna AR, Cammisotto V, Fiorito S, Musto A, Navarra A, Parisi S, Pezzella A. Supplementing π-systems: eumelanin and graphene-like integration towards highly conductive materials for the mammalian cell culture bio-interface. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:5070-5079. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00343a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Eumelanin and graphene-like integration towards a competitive exploitation in the materials science of the melanic human pigment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michela Alfè
- Istituto di Ricerche sulla Combustione (IRC) – CNR
- I-80125 Naples
- Italy
| | - Roberto Di Capua
- Dipartimento di Fisica
- Università di Napoli Federico II via Cintia
- Naples
- Italy
- CNR-SPIN via Cintia
| | - Anna Rita Togna
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”
- Sapienza University of Rome
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
| | - Vittoria Cammisotto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”
- Sapienza University of Rome
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
| | - Silvana Fiorito
- Department of Clinical Medicine
- Sapienza University of Rome
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
- Inst. of Translational Pharmacology
| | - Anna Musto
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology
- University of Naples “Federico II”
- Naples
- 5- 80131- Napoli
- Italy
| | - Angelica Navarra
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology
- University of Naples “Federico II”
- Naples
- 5- 80131- Napoli
- Italy
| | - Silvia Parisi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology
- University of Naples “Federico II”
- Naples
- 5- 80131- Napoli
- Italy
| | - Alessandro Pezzella
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Naples “Federico II” Via Cintia 4
- I-80126 Naples
- Italy
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB)
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22
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Rettenwander D, Geiger CA, Tribus M, Tropper P, Amthauer G. A synthesis and crystal chemical study of the fast ion conductor Li(7-3x)Ga(x)La3 Zr2O12 with x = 0.08 to 0.84. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:6264-9. [PMID: 24874559 PMCID: PMC4061145 DOI: 10.1021/ic500803h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fast-conducting phase-pure cubic Ga-bearing Li7La3Zr2O12 was obtained using solid-state synthesis methods with 0.08 to 0.52 Ga(3+) pfu in the garnet. An upper limit of 0.72 Ga(3+) pfu in garnet was obtained, but the synthesis was accompanied by small amounts of La2Zr2O12 and LiGaO3. The synthetic products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, electron microprobe and SEM analyses, ICP-OES measurements, and (71)Ga MAS NMR spectroscopy. The unit-cell parameter, a0, of the various garnets does not vary significantly as a function of Ga(3+) content, with a value of about 12.984(4) Å. Full chemical analyses for the solid solutions were obtained giving: Li7.08Ga0.06La2.93Zr2.02O12, Li6.50Ga0.15La2.96Zr2.05O12, Li6.48Ga0.23La2.93Zr2.04O12, Li5.93Ga0.36La2.94Zr2.01O12, Li5.38Ga0.53La2.96Zr1.99O12, Li4.82Ga0.60La2.96Zr2.00O12, and Li4.53Ga0.72La2.94Zr1.98O12. The NMR spectra are interpreted as indicating that Ga(3+) mainly occurs in a distorted 4-fold coordinated environment that probably corresponds to the general 96h crystallographic site of garnet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rettenwander
- Department
of Materials Science and Physics, University
of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse
34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Charles A. Geiger
- Department
of Materials Science and Physics, University
of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse
34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martina Tribus
- Institute
of Mineralogy and Petrography, Faculty of Geo- and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Tropper
- Institute
of Mineralogy and Petrography, Faculty of Geo- and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Georg Amthauer
- Department
of Materials Science and Physics, University
of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse
34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
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