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Baidya AT, Deshwal S, Das B, Mathew AT, Devi B, Sandhir R, Kumar R. Catalyzing a Cure: Discovery and development of LRRK2 inhibitors for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:106972. [PMID: 37995640 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-related second most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. Despite decades of research, no effective disease modifying therapeutics have reached clinics for treatment/management of PD. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) which controls membrane trafficking and lysosomal function and its variant LRRK2-G2019S are involved in the development of both familial and sporadic PD. LRRK2, is therefore considered as a legitimate target for the development of therapeutics against PD. During the last decade, efforts have been made to develop effective, safe and selective LRRK2 inhibitors and also our understanding about LRRK2 has progressed. However, there is an urge to learn from the previously designed and reported LRRK2 inhibitors in order to effectively approach designing of new LRRK2 inhibitors. In this review, we have aimed to cover the pre-clinical studies undertaken to develop small molecule LRRK2 inhibitors by screening the patents and other available literature in the last decade. We have highlighted LRRK2 as targets in the progress of PD and subsequently covered detailed design, synthesis and development of diverse scaffolds as LRRK2 inhibitors. Moreover, LRRK2 inhibitors under clinical development has also been discussed. LRRK2 inhibitors seem to be potential targets for future therapeutic interventions in the treatment and management of PD and this review can act as a cynosure for guiding discovery, design, and development of selective and non-toxic LRRK2 inhibitors. Although, there might be challenges in developing effective LRRK2 inhibitors, the opportunity to successfully develop novel therapeutics targeting LRRK2 against PD has never been greater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Tk Baidya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.), Varanasi 221005, UP, India
| | - Sonam Deshwal
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Bhanuranjan Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.), Varanasi 221005, UP, India
| | - Alen T Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.), Varanasi 221005, UP, India
| | - Bharti Devi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.), Varanasi 221005, UP, India
| | - Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.), Varanasi 221005, UP, India.
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2
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El Otmani H, Daghi M, Tahiri Jouti N, Lesage S. An overview of the worldwide distribution of LRRK2 mutations in Parkinson's disease. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2023; 13:335-350. [PMID: 38305913 DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2023-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with significant genetic influence. The LRRK2 gene is a major genetic contributor, particularly the Gly2019Ser mutation. This focused review investigates the global distribution of LRRK2 mutations, with emphasis on Gly2019Ser and other pathogenic variants. Prevalence rates of Gly2019Ser are highest in North Africa and the Ashkenazi-Jewish population, indicating a potential common ancestor and founder effect. Other LRRK2 mutations, including Asn1437His, Arg1441Gly/Cys/His, Tyr1699Cys and Ile2020Thr, exhibit varying global prevalences. Understanding these distributions enhances our knowledge of PD genetics and aids personalized medicine. Further research is crucial to unravel clinical implications and develop targeted therapies for LRRK2 mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham El Otmani
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics & Molecular Pathology. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, 20250, Casablanca, Morocco
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Inflammatory, Degenerative & Oncologic Pathophysiology. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, 20250, Morocco
- Department of Neurology. Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca, 20360, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Daghi
- Research Laboratory of Nervous System Diseases, Neurosensory Disorders & Disability. Faculty of Medicine & Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, 20250, Morocco
| | - Nadia Tahiri Jouti
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Inflammatory, Degenerative & Oncologic Pathophysiology. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, 20250, Morocco
| | - Suzanne Lesage
- Sorbonne University, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute, ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, 75013, France
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3
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Cao R, Chen C, Wen J, Zhao W, Zhang C, Sun L, Yuan L, Wu C, Shan L, Xi M, Sun H. Recent advances in targeting leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 as a potential strategy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Bioorg Chem 2023; 141:106906. [PMID: 37837728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Several single gene mutations involved in PD have been identified such as leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), the most common cause of sporadic and familial PD. Its mutations have attracted much attention to therapeutically targeting this kinase. To date, many compounds including small chemical molecules with diverse scaffolds and RNA agents have been developed with significant amelioration in preclinical PD models. Currently, five candidates, DNL201, DNL151, WXWH0226, NEU-723 and BIIB094, have advanced to clinical trials for PD treatment. In this review, we describe the structure, pathogenic mutations and the mechanism of LRRK2, and summarize the development of LRRK2 inhibitors in preclinical and clinical studies, trying to provide an insight into targeting LRRK2 for PD intervention in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiwei Cao
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Fat-soluble Vitamin, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China; Zhejiang Medicine Co. Ltd., Shaoxing 312500, China
| | - Caiping Chen
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Fat-soluble Vitamin, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China; Zhejiang Medicine Co. Ltd., Shaoxing 312500, China
| | - Jing Wen
- Zhejiang Medicine Co. Ltd., Shaoxing 312500, China
| | - Weihe Zhao
- Zhejiang Medicine Co. Ltd., Shaoxing 312500, China
| | | | - Longhui Sun
- Zhejiang Medicine Co. Ltd., Shaoxing 312500, China
| | - Liyan Yuan
- Zhejiang Medicine Co. Ltd., Shaoxing 312500, China
| | - Chunlei Wu
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Fat-soluble Vitamin, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Lei Shan
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Fat-soluble Vitamin, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Meiyang Xi
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Fat-soluble Vitamin, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China.
| | - Haopeng Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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4
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Weng JH, Ma W, Wu J, Sharma PK, Silletti S, McCammon JA, Taylor S. Capturing Differences in the Regulation of LRRK2 Dynamics and Conformational States by Small Molecule Kinase Inhibitors. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:810-821. [PMID: 37043829 PMCID: PMC10127209 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the human leucine rich repeat protein kinase-2 (LRRK2) create risk factors for Parkinson's disease, and pathological functions of LRRK2 are often correlated with aberrant kinase activity. Past research has focused on developing selective LRRK2 kinase inhibitors. In this study, we combined enhanced sampling simulations with HDX-MS to characterize the inhibitor-induced dynamic changes and the allosteric communications within the C-terminal domains of LRRK2, LRRK2RCKW. We find that the binding of MLi-2 (a type I kinase inhibitor) stabilizes a closed kinase conformation and reduces the global dynamics of LRRK2RCKW, leading to a more compact LRRK2RCKW structure. In contrast, the binding of Rebastinib (a type II kinase inhibitor) stabilizes an open kinase conformation, which promotes a more extended LRRK2RCKW structure. By probing the distinct effects of the type I and type II inhibitors, key interdomain interactions are found to regulate the communication between the kinase domain and the GTPase domain. The intermediate states revealed in our simulations facilitate the efforts toward in silico design of allosteric modulators that control LRRK2 conformations and potentially mediate the oligomeric states of LRRK2 and its interactions with other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Hung Weng
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Wen Ma
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Jian Wu
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Pallavi Kaila Sharma
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Steve Silletti
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - J. Andrew McCammon
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Susan Taylor
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
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5
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Candito DA, Simov V, Gulati A, Kattar S, Chau RW, Lapointe BT, Methot JL, DeMong DE, Graham TH, Kurukulasuriya R, Keylor MH, Tong L, Morriello GJ, Acton JJ, Pio B, Liu W, Scott JD, Ardolino MJ, Martinot TA, Maddess ML, Yan X, Gunaydin H, Palte RL, McMinn SE, Nogle L, Yu H, Minnihan EC, Lesburg CA, Liu P, Su J, Hegde LG, Moy LY, Woodhouse JD, Faltus R, Xiong T, Ciaccio P, Piesvaux JA, Otte KM, Kennedy ME, Bennett DJ, DiMauro EF, Fell MJ, Neelamkavil S, Wood HB, Fuller PH, Ellis JM. Discovery and Optimization of Potent, Selective, and Brain-Penetrant 1-Heteroaryl-1 H-Indazole LRRK2 Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. J Med Chem 2022; 65:16801-16817. [PMID: 36475697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) kinase activity represents a genetically supported, chemically tractable, and potentially disease-modifying mechanism to treat Parkinson's disease. Herein, we describe the optimization of a novel series of potent, selective, central nervous system (CNS)-penetrant 1-heteroaryl-1H-indazole type I (ATP competitive) LRRK2 inhibitors. Type I ATP-competitive kinase physicochemical properties were integrated with CNS drug-like properties through a combination of structure-based drug design and parallel medicinal chemistry enabled by sp3-sp2 cross-coupling technologies. This resulted in the discovery of a unique sp3-rich spirocarbonitrile motif that imparted extraordinary potency, pharmacokinetics, and favorable CNS drug-like properties. The lead compound, 25, demonstrated exceptional on-target potency in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, excellent off-target kinase selectivity, and good brain exposure in rat, culminating in a low projected human dose and a pre-clinical safety profile that warranted advancement toward pre-clinical candidate enabling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Candito
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Vladimir Simov
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Anmol Gulati
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Solomon Kattar
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Ryan W Chau
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Blair T Lapointe
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Joey L Methot
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Duane E DeMong
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Thomas H Graham
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Ravi Kurukulasuriya
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Mitchell H Keylor
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Ling Tong
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey07033, United States
| | - Gregori J Morriello
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey07033, United States
| | - John J Acton
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey07033, United States
| | - Barbara Pio
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey07033, United States
| | - Weiguo Liu
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey07033, United States
| | - Jack D Scott
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey07033, United States
| | - Michael J Ardolino
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Theodore A Martinot
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Matthew L Maddess
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Xin Yan
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Hakan Gunaydin
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Rachel L Palte
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Spencer E McMinn
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Lisa Nogle
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Hongshi Yu
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Ellen C Minnihan
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Charles A Lesburg
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Ping Liu
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Jing Su
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey07033, United States
| | - Laxminarayan G Hegde
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Lily Y Moy
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Janice D Woodhouse
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Robert Faltus
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Tina Xiong
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Paul Ciaccio
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Jennifer A Piesvaux
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Karin M Otte
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Matthew E Kennedy
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | | | - Erin F DiMauro
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Matthew J Fell
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Santhosh Neelamkavil
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey07033, United States
| | - Harold B Wood
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey07033, United States
| | - Peter H Fuller
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - J Michael Ellis
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
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6
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Thakur G, Kumar V, Lee KW, Won C. Structural Insights and Development of LRRK2 Inhibitors for Parkinson’s Disease in the Last Decade. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081426. [PMID: 36011337 PMCID: PMC9408223 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease, characterized by the specific loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. The pathophysiology of PD is likely caused by a variety of environmental and hereditary factors. Many single-gene mutations have been linked to this disease, but a significant number of studies indicate that mutations in the gene encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are a potential therapeutic target for both sporadic and familial forms of PD. Consequently, the identification of potential LRRK2 inhibitors has been the focus of drug discovery. Various investigations have been conducted in academic and industrial organizations to investigate the mechanism of LRRK2 in PD and further develop its inhibitors. This review summarizes the role of LRRK2 in PD and its structural details, especially the kinase domain. Furthermore, we reviewed in vitro and in vivo findings of selected inhibitors reported to date against wild-type and mutant versions of the LRRK2 kinase domain as well as the current trends researchers are employing in the development of LRRK2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Thakur
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Division of Life Sciences, Department of Bio & Medical Big Data (BK4 Program), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, Department of Bio & Medical Big Data (BK4 Program), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Chungkil Won
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Correspondence:
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7
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Zhong Z, He X, Ge J, Zhu J, Yao C, Cai H, Ye XY, Xie T, Bai R. Discovery of small-molecule compounds and natural products against Parkinson's disease: Pathological mechanism and structural modification. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 237:114378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Kumar S, Behl T, Sehgal A, Chigurupati S, Singh S, Mani V, Aldubayan M, Alhowail A, Kaur S, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Subramaniyan V, Fuloria S, Fuloria NK, Sekar M, Abdel Daim MM. Exploring the focal role of LRRK2 kinase in Parkinson's disease. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:32368-32382. [PMID: 35147886 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The major breakthroughs in our knowledge of how biology plays a role in Parkinson's disease (PD) have opened up fresh avenues designed to know the pathogenesis of disease and identify possible therapeutic targets. Mitochondrial abnormal functioning is a key cellular feature in the pathogenesis of PD. An enzyme, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), involved in both the idiopathic and familial PD risk, is a therapeutic target. LRRK2 has a link to the endolysosomal activity. Enhanced activity of the LRRK2 kinase, endolysosomal abnormalities and aggregation of autophagic vesicles with imperfectly depleted substrates, such as α-synuclein, are all seen in the substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons in PD. Despite the fact that LRRK2 is involved in endolysosomal and autophagic activity, it is undefined if inhibiting LRRK2 kinase activity will prevent endolysosomal dysfunction or minimise the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. The inhibitor's capability of LRRK2 kinase to inhibit endolysosomal and neuropathological alterations in human PD indicates that LRRK2 inhibitors could have significant therapeutic usefulness in PD. G2019S is perhaps the maximum common mutation in PD subjects. Even though LRRK2's well-defined structure has still not been established, numerous LRRK2 inhibitors have been discovered. This review summarises the role of LRRK2 kinase in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India.
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Sridevi Chigurupati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Vasudevan Mani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Aldubayan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alhowail
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Satvinder Kaur
- GHG Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Gurusar Sadhar, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
- School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | | | - Shivkanya Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Centre of Excellence for Biomaterials Engineering, AIMST University, Bedon, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Neeraj Kumar Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Centre of Excellence for Biomaterials Engineering, AIMST University, Bedon, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Mahendran Sekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistrty, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Science, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel Daim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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9
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Patel A, Patel S, Mehta M, Patel Y, Langaliya D, Bhalodiya S, Bambharoliya T. Recent Update on the Development of Leucine- Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) Inhibitors: A Promising Target for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Med Chem 2022; 18:757-771. [PMID: 35168510 DOI: 10.2174/1573406418666220215122136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a relatively common neurological disorder with incidence increasing with age. Since current medications only relieve the symptoms and do not change the course of the disease, therefore, finding disease-modifying therapies is a critical unmet medical need. However, significant progress in understanding how genetics underpins Parkinson's disease (PD) has opened up new opportunities for understanding disease pathogenesis and identifying possible therapeutic targets. One such target is leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), an elusive enzyme implicated in both familial and idiopathic PD risk. As a result, both academia and industry have promoted the development of potent and selective inhibitors of LRRK2. In this review, we have summarized recent progress on the discovery and development of LRKK2 inhibitors as well as the bioactivity of several small-molecule LRRK2 inhibitors that have been used to inhibit LRRK2 kinase activity in vitro or in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT-Campus, Changa-388421, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Stuti Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT-Campus, Changa-388421, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Meshwa Mehta
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT-Campus, Changa-388421, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Yug Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT-Campus, Changa-388421, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Dhruv Langaliya
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT-Campus, Changa-388421, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Shyam Bhalodiya
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT-Campus, Changa-388421, Anand, Gujarat, India
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10
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Gao L, Wang W, Wang X, Yang F, Xie L, Shen J, Brimble MA, Xiao Q, Yao SQ. Fluorescent probes for bioimaging of potential biomarkers in Parkinson's disease. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:1219-1250. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00115e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review comprehensively summarizes various types of fluorescent probes for PD and their applications for detection of various PD biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqian Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Shenzhen, 518107
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Shenzhen, 518107
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Xuan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Shenzhen, 518107
- P. R. China
| | - Fen Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Shenzhen, 518107
- P. R. China
| | - Liuxing Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Shenzhen, 518107
- P. R. China
| | - Jun Shen
- Department of Radiology
- Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences
- The University of Auckland
- Auckland 1010
- New Zealand
| | - Qicai Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Shenzhen, 518107
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Shao Q. Yao
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
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11
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Targeting leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:1953-1977. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a serine-threonine kinase involved in multiple cellular processes and signaling pathways. LRRK2 mutations are associated with autosomal-inherited Parkinson's disease (PD), and evidence suggests that LRRK2 pathogenic variants generally increase kinase activity. Therefore, inhibition of LRRK2 kinase function is a promising therapeutic strategy for PD treatment. The search for drug-like molecules capable of reducing LRRK2 kinase activity in PD led to the design of selective LRRK2 inhibitors predicted to be within the CNS drug-like space. This review highlights the journey that translates chemical tools for interrogating the role of LRRK2 in PD into promising drug candidates, addressing the challenges in discovering selective and brain-penetrant LRRK2 modulators and exploring the structure–activity relationship of distinct LRRK2 inhibitors.
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12
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Ludtmann MHR, Kostic M, Horne A, Gandhi S, Sekler I, Abramov AY. LRRK2 deficiency induced mitochondrial Ca 2+ efflux inhibition can be rescued by Na +/Ca 2+/Li + exchanger upregulation. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:265. [PMID: 30890692 PMCID: PMC6424963 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1469-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Variants of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (lrrk2) are associated with an increased risk in developing Parkinson’s disease (PD). Mitochondrial dysfunction and specifically mitochondrial Ca2+ handling has been linked to the pathogenesis of PD. Here we describe for the second time a mitochondrial Ca2+ efflux deficiency in a model displaying alterations in a PD-associated risk protein. LRRK2 deletion, inhibition and mutations led to an impaired mitochondrial Ca2+ extrusion via Na+/Ca2+/Li+ exchanger (NCLX) which in turn lowered mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) opening threshold and increased cell death. The mitochondrial membrane potential was found not to be the underlying cause for the Ca2+ extrusion deficiency. NCLX activity was rescued by a direct (phosphomimetic NCLX mutant) and indirect (protein kinase A) activation which in turn elevated the PTP opening threshold. Therefore, at least two PD-associated risk protein pathways appear to converge on NCLX controlling mitochondrial Ca2+ extrusion and therefore mitochondrial health. Since mitochondrial Ca2+ overload has been described in many neurological disorders this study warrants further studies into NCLX as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe H R Ludtmann
- Royal Veterinary College, 4 Royal College St, Kings Cross, London, NW1 0TU, UK. .,Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Marko Kostic
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Amy Horne
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sonia Gandhi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, King's Cross, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Israel Sekler
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Andrey Y Abramov
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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13
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Shore DGM, Sweeney ZK, Beresford A, Chan BK, Chen H, Drummond J, Gill A, Kleinheinz T, Liu X, Medhurst AD, McIver EG, Moffat JG, Zhu H, Estrada AA. Discovery of potent azaindazole leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitors possessing a key intramolecular hydrogen bond - Part 2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:674-680. [PMID: 30522953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of disease-modifying therapies for Parkinson's Disease (PD) represents a critical need in neurodegenerative medicine. Genetic mutations in LRRK2 are risk factors for the development of PD, and some of these mutations have been linked to increased LRRK2 kinase activity and neuronal toxicity in cellular and animal models. As such, research towards brain-permeable kinase inhibitors of LRRK2 has received much attention. In the course of a program to identify structurally diverse inhibitors of LRRK2 kinase activity, a 5-azaindazole series was optimized for potency, metabolic stability and brain penetration. A key design element involved the incorporation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond to increase permeability and potency against LRRK2. This communication will outline the structure-activity relationships of this matched pair series including the challenge of obtaining a desirable balance between metabolic stability and brain penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G M Shore
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Zachary K Sweeney
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Alan Beresford
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, UK
| | - Bryan K Chan
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Huifen Chen
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jason Drummond
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Andrew Gill
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, UK
| | - Tracy Kleinheinz
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Xingrong Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Andrew D Medhurst
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, UK
| | - Edward G McIver
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage SG1 2FX, UK
| | - John G Moffat
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Haitao Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Anthony A Estrada
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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14
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Nagarajan N, Chellam J, Kannan RR. Exploring the functional impact of mutational drift in LRRK2 gene and identification of specific inhibitors for the treatment of Parkinson disease. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:4878-4889. [PMID: 29369408 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a disorder of the central nervous system that is caused due to the death of the dopaminergic neurons in the region of the brain called substantia nigra. Mutations in LRRK2 genes are associated with disease condition and it's been reported as crucial factor for drug resistance. Identification of deleterious mutations and studying the structural and functional impact of such mutations may lead to the identification of potential selective inhibitors. In this study, we analyzed 52 PD associated mutations, among that 20 were identified as highly deleterious. The deleterious mutations G2019S and I2020T in the kinase domain were playing a key role in causing resistance to drug levedopa. Molecular docking analyses have been performed to understand the binding affinity of levodapa with LRRK2 in wild and mutant condition. Molecular docking results show that levedopa binds differentially and obtained less number of hydrogen bonds in compared with wild type LRRK2. In addition, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the efficacy of docked complexes and it was observed that the efficacy of the mutant complexes (G2019S-Levodopa and I2020T-Levodopa) affected in the presence of mutation. Finally, through virtual screening approach specific inhibitors SCHEMBL6473053 and SCHEMBL1278779 have been identified that could potentially inhibit LLRK2 mutants G2019S and I2020T respectively. Over all this computational investigation correlates the impact of genotypic modulation in structure and function of drug target which enhanced in the identification of precision medicine to treat PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagasundaram Nagarajan
- Molecular and Nanomedicine Research Unit, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sathyabama University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jaynthy Chellam
- Department of Bioinformatics, Sathyabama University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajaretinam Rajesh Kannan
- Molecular and Nanomedicine Research Unit, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sathyabama University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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15
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Wang M, Gao M, Xu Z, Zheng QH. Synthesis of [11C]HG-10-102-01 as a new potential PET agent for imaging of LRRK2 enzyme in Parkinson’s disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1351-1355. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Hatcher JM, Choi HG, Alessi DR, Gray NS. Small-Molecule Inhibitors of LRRK2. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 14:241-264. [PMID: 28353288 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-49969-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) protein have been genetically and functionally linked to Parkinson's disease (PD). The kinase activity of LRRK2 is increased by pathogenic mutations; therefore, modulation of LRRK2 kinase activity by a selective small-molecule inhibitor has been proposed as a potentially viable treatment for Parkinson's disease. This chapter presents a historical overview of the development and bioactivity of several small-molecule LRRK2 inhibitors that have been used to inhibit LRRK2 kinase activity in vitro or in vivo. These compounds are important tools for understanding the cellular biology of LRRK2 and for evaluating the potential of LRRK2 inhibitors as disease-modifying PD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Hatcher
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Hwan Geun Choi
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, 80 Cheombok-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41061, South Korea
| | - Dario R Alessi
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Sir James Black Centre, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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17
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Mendivil-Perez M, Velez-Pardo C, Jimenez-Del-Rio M. Neuroprotective Effect of the LRRK2 Kinase Inhibitor PF-06447475 in Human Nerve-Like Differentiated Cells Exposed to Oxidative Stress Stimuli: Implications for Parkinson's Disease. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2675-2692. [PMID: 27394417 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1982-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) has been implicated in oxidative stress (OS) and neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the pathophysiological mechanism of the LRRK2 kinase in neurons under stress stimuli is not yet understood. We demonstrate that rotenone (ROT), a mitochondria complex I inhibitor frequently used to generate in vitro and in vivo experimental models of PD, induces LRRK2 phosphorylation at serine 935 p-(S935) concomitant with cell death in nerve-like differentiated cells (NLCs). Indeed, ROT (50 µM) at 6 h exposure significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) (~100 %), p-(S935)-LRRK2 kinase [~2 f(old)-(i)ncrease] level, induced nuclei condensation/fragmentation (16 %), increased the expression of NF-κB (5.6 f-i), p53 (5.3 f-i), c-Jun (5.4 f-i) transcription factors, activated caspase-3 (8.0 f-i) and AIF (6.8 f-i) proteins; but significantly decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ψm, ~21 %), indicative of apoptosis -a type of regulated cell death process- compared to untreated cells. Strikingly, the LRRK2 kinase inhibitor PF-06447475 (PF-475, 1 µM) protects NLCs against ROT induced noxious effect. The inhibitor not only blocked the p-(S935)-LRRK2 kinase phosphorylation but also completely abolished ROS, and significantly reversed all ROT-induced apoptosis signaling and OS associated markers to comparable control values. We conclude that wild-type LRRK2 may act as a pro-apoptotic factor under OS stimuli. Our findings suggest an association between OS and LRRK2 phosphorylation in the NLCs death process, as PD model. Therefore, the pharmacological inhibition of LRRK2 might help to understand the OS-mediated kinase activation in PD neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Mendivil-Perez
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412, SIU Medellin, Colombia
| | - Carlos Velez-Pardo
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412, SIU Medellin, Colombia
| | - Marlene Jimenez-Del-Rio
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412, SIU Medellin, Colombia.
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18
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Shen T, Pu J, Si X, Ye R, Zhang B. An update on potential therapeutic strategies for Parkinson's disease based on pathogenic mechanisms. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16:711-22. [PMID: 27138872 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2016.1179112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder mainly caused by the loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons, of which the pathogenesis remains essentially unknown. Current therapeutic strategies help manage signs and symptoms but have no effect in disease modification. Over the past several decades, scientists have devoted a lot of effort to clarifying the pathological mechanism and searching for new targets for Parkinson's disease treatment. AREAS COVERED Treatment of Parkinson's disease. Expert Commentary: Illustrated in this review are newly found discoveries and evidence that contribute to the understanding of Parkinson's disease pathogenic mechanism. Also discussed are potential therapeutic strategies that are being studied, including disease-modifying and genetically mediated small molecule compounds, cell- and gene-based therapeutic strategies, immunization strategies and anti-diabetic therapy, which may be very promising therapeutic methods in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Shen
- a Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Jiali Pu
- a Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Xiaoli Si
- a Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Rong Ye
- a Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Baorong Zhang
- a Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
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19
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Arranz AM, Delbroek L, Van Kolen K, Guimarães MR, Mandemakers W, Daneels G, Matta S, Calafate S, Shaban H, Baatsen P, De Bock PJ, Gevaert K, Vanden Berghe P, Verstreken P, De Strooper B, Moechars D. LRRK2 functions in synaptic vesicle endocytosis through a kinase-dependent mechanism. J Cell Sci 2016; 128:541–52. [PMID: 25501810 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.158196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are associated with Parkinson’s disease, but the precise physiological function of the protein remains ill-defined. Recently, our group proposed a model in which LRRK2 kinase activity is part of an EndoA phosphorylation cycle that facilitates efficient vesicle formation at synapses in the Drosophila melanogaster neuromuscular junctions.Flies harbor only one Lrrk gene, which might encompass the functions of both mammalian LRRK1 and LRRK2. We therefore studied the role of LRRK2 in mammalian synaptic function and provide evidence that knockout or pharmacological inhibition of LRRK2 results in defects in synaptic vesicle endocytosis, altered synaptic morphology and impairments in neurotransmission. In addition, our data indicate that mammalian endophilin A1 (EndoA1,also known as SH3GL2) is phosphorylated by LRRK2 in vitro at T73 and S75, two residues in the BAR domain. Hence, our results indicate that LRRK2 kinase activity has an important role in the regulation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis of synaptic vesicles and subsequent neurotransmission at the synapse.
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20
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Angeles DC, Ho P, Dymock BW, Lim KL, Zhou ZD, Tan EK. Antioxidants inhibit neuronal toxicity in Parkinson's disease-linked LRRK2. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2016; 3:288-94. [PMID: 27081659 PMCID: PMC4818746 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine‐rich repeat kinase‐2 are the most common cause of familial Parkinson's disease. The prevalent G2019S mutation increase oxidative, kinase and toxic activity and inhibit endogenous peroxidases. We initially screened a library of 84 antioxidants and identified seven phenolic compounds that inhibited kinase activity on leucine‐rich repeat kinase‐2 substrates. The representative antioxidants (piceatannol, thymoquinone, and esculetin) with strong kinase inhibitor activity, reduced loss in dopaminergic neurons, oxidative dysfunction, and locomotor defects in G2019S‐expressing neuronal and Drosophila models compared to weak inhibitors. We provide proof of principle that natural antioxidants with dual antioxidant and kinase inhibitor properties could be useful for leucine‐rich repeat kinase‐2‐linked Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario C Angeles
- Department of Neurology Singapore General Hospital 20 College Rd The Academia Discovery Tower Singapore 169856; Departments of Psychology and Pediatrics National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Patrick Ho
- National Neuroscience Institute 11 Tan Tock Seng Singapore 308433
| | - Brian W Dymock
- Department of Pharmacy National University of Singapore 21 Lower Kent Ridge Singapore 119077
| | - Kah-Leong Lim
- National Neuroscience Institute 11 Tan Tock Seng Singapore 308433; Department of Physiology National University of Singapore 21 Lower Kent Ridge Singapore 119077; Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School 8 College Rd Singapore 169857
| | - Zhi-Dong Zhou
- Department of Neurology Singapore General Hospital 20 College Rd The Academia Discovery Tower Singapore 169856
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Department of Neurology Singapore General Hospital 20 College Rd The Academia Discovery Tower Singapore 169856; National Neuroscience Institute 11 Tan Tock Seng Singapore 308433; Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School 8 College Rd Singapore 169857
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21
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Tassini S, Castagnolo D, Scalacci N, Kissova M, Armijos-Rivera JI, Giagnorio F, Maga G, Costantino G, Crespan E, Radi M. A multicomponent pharmacophore fragment-decoration approach to identify selective LRRK2-targeting probes. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00462d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the development of a new versatile chemical tool for the rapid identification of LRRK2-targeting probes as potential anti-Parkinson's agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Tassini
- P4T Group, Dipartimento di Farmacia
- Università degli Studi di Parma
- 43124 Parma
- Italy
| | - Daniele Castagnolo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- King's College London
- SE1 9NH London
- UK
- Northumbria University Newcastle
| | - Nicolò Scalacci
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- King's College London
- SE1 9NH London
- UK
- Northumbria University Newcastle
| | | | | | - Federica Giagnorio
- P4T Group, Dipartimento di Farmacia
- Università degli Studi di Parma
- 43124 Parma
- Italy
- Northumbria University Newcastle
| | | | - Gabriele Costantino
- P4T Group, Dipartimento di Farmacia
- Università degli Studi di Parma
- 43124 Parma
- Italy
| | | | - Marco Radi
- P4T Group, Dipartimento di Farmacia
- Università degli Studi di Parma
- 43124 Parma
- Italy
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22
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Taymans JM, Greggio E. LRRK2 Kinase Inhibition as a Therapeutic Strategy for Parkinson's Disease, Where Do We Stand? Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:214-25. [PMID: 26517051 PMCID: PMC4857626 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666151030102847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most promising therapeutic targets for potential disease-modifying treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) is leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2). Specifically, targeting LRRK2's kinase function has generated a lot of interest from both industry and academia. This work has yielded several published studies showing the feasibility of developing potent, selective and brain permeable LRRK2 kinase inhibitors. The availability of these experimental drugs is contributing to filling in the gaps in our knowledge on the safety and efficacy of LRRK2 kinase inhibition. Recent studies of LRRK2 kinase inhibition in preclinical models point to potential undesired effects in peripheral tissues such as lung and kidney. Also, while strategies are now emerging to measure target engagement of LRRK2 inhibitors, there remains an important need to expand efficacy studies in preclinical models of progressive PD. Future work in the LRRK2 inhibition field must therefore be directed towards developing molecules and treatment regimens which demonstrate efficacy in mammalian models of disease in conditions where safety liabilities are reduced to a minimum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Taymans
- Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, UMR-S1172,rue Polonovski - 1 place de Verdun, 59045 Lille, France.
| | - Elisa Greggio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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23
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Estrada AA, Sweeney ZK. Chemical Biology of Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:6733-46. [PMID: 25915084 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for the development of Parkinson's disease (PD) treatments that can slow disease progression. The leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) protein has been genetically and functionally linked to PD, and modulation of LRRK2 enzymatic activity has been proposed as a novel therapeutic strategy. In this review, we describe the bioactivity of selected small molecules that have been used to inhibit LRRK2 kinase activity in vitro or in vivo. These compounds are important tools for understanding the cellular biology of LRRK2 and for evaluating the potential of LRRK2 inhibitors as disease-modifying PD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A Estrada
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zachary K Sweeney
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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24
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Gilsbach BK, Messias AC, Ito G, Sattler M, Alessi DR, Wittinghofer A, Kortholt A. Structural Characterization of LRRK2 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:3751-6. [PMID: 25897865 DOI: 10.1021/jm5018779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Kinase inhibition is considered to be an important therapeutic target for LRRK2 mediated Parkinson's disease (PD). Many LRRK2 kinase inhibitors have been reported but have yet to be optimized in order to qualify as drug candidates for the treatment of the disease. In order to start a structure-function analysis of such inhibitors, we mutated the active site of Dictyostelium Roco4 kinase to resemble LRRK2. Here, we show saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR and the first cocrystal structures of two potent in vitro inhibitors, LRRK2-IN-1 and compound 19, with mutated Roco4. Our data demonstrate that this system can serve as an excellent tool for the structural characterization and optimization of LRRK2 inhibitors using X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd K Gilsbach
- †Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ana C Messias
- ‡Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,§Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Genta Ito
- ∥University of Dundee, DD1 4HN Dundee, Scotland
| | - Michael Sattler
- ‡Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,§Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| | | | | | - Arjan Kortholt
- †Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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25
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Ryan BJ, Hoek S, Fon EA, Wade-Martins R. Mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy in Parkinson's: from familial to sporadic disease. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 40:200-10. [PMID: 25757399 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by the preferential loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Mitochondrial dysfunction is increasingly appreciated as a key determinant of dopaminergic neuronal susceptibility in PD and is a feature of both familial and sporadic disease, as well as in toxin-induced Parkinsonism. Recently, the mechanisms by which PD-associated mitochondrial proteins phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN)-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and parkin function and induce neurodegeneration have been identified. In addition, increasing evidence implicates other PD-associated proteins such as α-synuclein (α-syn) and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) in mitochondrial dysfunction in genetic cases of PD with the potential for a large functional overlap with sporadic disease. This review highlights how recent advances in understanding familial PD-associated proteins have identified novel mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for addressing mitochondrial dysfunction in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent J Ryan
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Selim Hoek
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Edward A Fon
- McGill Parkinson Program, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.
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26
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Identifying a kinase network regulating FGF14:Nav1.6 complex assembly using split-luciferase complementation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117246. [PMID: 25659151 PMCID: PMC4319734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinases play fundamental roles in the brain. Through complex signaling pathways, kinases regulate the strength of protein:protein interactions (PPI) influencing cell cycle, signal transduction, and electrical activity of neurons. Changes induced by kinases on neuronal excitability, synaptic plasticity and brain connectivity are linked to complex brain disorders, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these cellular events remain for the most part elusive. To further our understanding of brain disease, new methods for rapidly surveying kinase pathways in the cellular context are needed. The bioluminescence-based luciferase complementation assay (LCA) is a powerful, versatile toolkit for the exploration of PPI. LCA relies on the complementation of two firefly luciferase protein fragments that are functionally reconstituted into the full luciferase enzyme by two interacting binding partners. Here, we applied LCA in live cells to assay 12 kinase pathways as regulators of the PPI complex formed by the voltage-gated sodium channel, Nav1.6, a transmembrane ion channel that elicits the action potential in neurons and mediates synaptic transmission, and its multivalent accessory protein, the fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14). Through extensive dose-dependent validations of structurally-diverse kinase inhibitors and hierarchical clustering, we identified the PI3K/Akt pathway, the cell-cycle regulator Wee1 kinase, and protein kinase C (PKC) as prospective regulatory nodes of neuronal excitability through modulation of the FGF14:Nav1.6 complex. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis shows convergence of these pathways on glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and functional assays demonstrate that inhibition of GSK3 impairs excitability of hippocampal neurons. This combined approach provides a versatile toolkit for rapidly surveying PPI signaling, allowing the discovery of new modular pathways centered on GSK3 that might be the basis for functional alterations between the normal and diseased brain.
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27
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Rudenko IN, Cookson MR. Heterogeneity of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 mutations: genetics, mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Neurotherapeutics 2014; 11:738-50. [PMID: 24957201 PMCID: PMC4391379 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-014-0284-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation within and around the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene is associated with familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we discuss the prevalence of LRRK2 substitutions in different populations and their association with PD, as well as molecular and cellular mechanisms of pathologically relevant LRRK2 mutations. Kinase activation was proposed as a universal molecular mechanism for all pathogenic LRRK2 mutations, but later reports revealed heterogeneity in the effect of mutations on different activities of LRRK2. One mutation (G2019S) increases kinase activity, whereas mutations in the Ras of complex proteins (ROC)-C-terminus of ROC (COR) bidomain impair the GTPase function of LRRK2. Some risk factor variants, including G2385R in the WD40 domain, actually decrease the kinase activity of LRRK2. We suggest a model where LRRK2 mutations exert different molecular mechanisms but interfere with normal cellular function of LRRK2 at different levels of the same downstream pathway. Finally, we discuss the current state of therapeutic approaches for LRRK2-related PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iakov N. Rudenko
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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28
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Galatsis P, Henderson JL, Kormos BL, Han S, Kurumbail RG, Wager TT, Verhoest PR, Noell GS, Chen Y, Needle E, Berger Z, Steyn SJ, Houle C, Hirst WD. Kinase domain inhibition of leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) using a [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4132-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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29
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Indolinone based LRRK2 kinase inhibitors with a key hydrogen bond. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4630-4637. [PMID: 25219901 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The most prevalent leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutation G2019S is associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). It enhances kinase activity and has been identified in both familial and sporadic cases. Kinase activity was reported to be required for LRRK2 mutants to exert their toxic effects. Hence LRRK2 kinase inhibition may be a promising therapeutic target for PD. Here we report on the discovery and characterization of indolinone based LRRK2 inhibitors. Indolinone 15b, the most potent and selective inhibitor of the present series, is characterized by an IC50 of 15nM against wild-type LRRK2 and 10nM against the LRRK2 G2019S mutant, respectively. Compound 15b was further evaluated in a kinase panel including 46 human protein kinases and in a zebrafish embryo phenotype assay, which enabled toxicity determination in whole organisms.
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30
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The LRRK2 inhibitor GSK2578215A induces protective autophagy in SH-SY5Y cells: involvement of Drp-1-mediated mitochondrial fission and mitochondrial-derived ROS signaling. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1368. [PMID: 25118928 PMCID: PMC4454299 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene have been associated with Parkinson's disease, and its inhibition opens potential new therapeutic options. Among the drug inhibitors of both wild-type and mutant LRRK2 forms is the 2-arylmethyloxy-5-subtitutent-N-arylbenzamide GSK257815A. Using the well-established dopaminergic cell culture model SH-SY5Y, we have investigated the effects of GSK2578215A on crucial neurodegenerative features such as mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy. GSK2578215A induces mitochondrial fragmentation of an early step preceding autophagy. This increase in autophagosome results from inhibition of fusion rather than increases in synthesis. The observed effects were shared with LRRK2-IN-1, a well-described, structurally distinct kinase inhibitor compound or when knocking down LRRK2 expression using siRNA. Studies using the drug mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 indicated that translocation of the dynamin-related protein-1 has a relevant role in this process. In addition, autophagic inhibitors revealed the participation of autophagy as a cytoprotective response by removing damaged mitochondria. GSK2578215A induced oxidative stress as evidenced by the accumulation of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in SH-SY5Y cells. The mitochondrial-targeted reactive oxygen species scavenger MitoQ positioned these species as second messengers between mitochondrial morphologic alterations and autophagy. Altogether, our results demonstrated the relevance of LRRK2 in mitochondrial-activated pathways mediating in autophagy and cell fate, crucial features in neurodegenerative diseases.
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31
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Kethiri RR, Bakthavatchalam R. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 inhibitors: a review of recent patents (2011 – 2013). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 24:745-57. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.907275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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32
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Vancraenenbroeck R, De Raeymaecker J, Lobbestael E, Gao F, De Maeyer M, Voet A, Baekelandt V, Taymans JM. In silico, in vitro and cellular analysis with a kinome-wide inhibitor panel correlates cellular LRRK2 dephosphorylation to inhibitor activity on LRRK2. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:51. [PMID: 24917786 PMCID: PMC4042160 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a complex, multidomain protein which is considered a valuable target for potential disease-modifying therapeutic strategies for Parkinson's disease (PD). In mammalian cells and brain, LRRK2 is phosphorylated and treatment of cells with inhibitors of LRRK2 kinase activity can induce LRRK2 dephosphorylation at a cluster of serines including Ser910/935/955/973. It has been suggested that phosphorylation levels at these sites reflect LRRK2 kinase activity, however kinase-dead variants of LRRK2 or kinase activating variants do not display altered Ser935 phosphorylation levels compared to wild type. Furthermore, Ser910/935/955/973 are not autophosphorylation sites, therefore, it is unclear if inhibitor induced dephosphorylation depends on the activity of compounds on LRRK2 or on yet to be identified upstream kinases. Here we used a panel of 160 ATP competitive and cell permeable kinase inhibitors directed against all branches of the kinome and tested their activity on LRRK2 in vitro using a peptide-substrate-based kinase assay. In neuronal SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing LRRK2 we used compound-induced dephosphorylation of Ser935 as readout. In silico docking of selected compounds was performed using a modeled LRRK2 kinase structure. Receiver operating characteristic plots demonstrated that the obtained docking scores to the LRRK2 ATP binding site correlated with in vitro and cellular compound activity. We also found that in vitro potency showed a high degree of correlation to cellular compound induced LRRK2 dephosphorylation activity across multiple compound classes. Therefore, acute LRRK2 dephosphorylation at Ser935 in inhibitor treated cells involves a strong component of inhibitor activity on LRRK2 itself, without excluding a role for upstream kinases. Understanding the regulation of LRRK2 phosphorylation by kinase inhibitors aids our understanding of LRRK2 signaling and may lead to development of new classes of LRRK2 kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Vancraenenbroeck
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Modelling, Division of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joren De Raeymaecker
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Modelling, Division of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evy Lobbestael
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fangye Gao
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc De Maeyer
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Modelling, Division of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arnout Voet
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Modelling, Division of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium ; Zhang Initiative Research Unit, Riken Saitama, Japan
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marc Taymans
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
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33
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Estrada AA, Chan BK, Baker-Glenn C, Beresford A, Burdick DJ, Chambers M, Chen H, Dominguez SL, Dotson J, Drummond J, Flagella M, Fuji R, Gill A, Halladay J, Harris SF, Heffron TP, Kleinheinz T, Lee DW, Pichon CEL, Liu X, Lyssikatos JP, Medhurst AD, Moffat JG, Nash K, Scearce-Levie K, Sheng Z, Shore DG, Wong S, Zhang S, Zhang X, Zhu H, Sweeney ZK. Discovery of Highly Potent, Selective, and Brain-Penetrant Aminopyrazole Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) Small Molecule Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:921-36. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401654j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A. Estrada
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan K. Chan
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Baker-Glenn
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Beresford
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Burdick
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Chambers
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Huifen Chen
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Sara L. Dominguez
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Jennafer Dotson
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Drummond
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Flagella
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Reina Fuji
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Gill
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Halladay
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Seth F. Harris
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy P. Heffron
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy Kleinheinz
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Donna W. Lee
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Claire E. Le Pichon
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Xingrong Liu
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph P. Lyssikatos
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Medhurst
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - John G. Moffat
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Nash
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberly Scearce-Levie
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Zejuan Sheng
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel G. Shore
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Wong
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Haitao Zhu
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Zachary K. Sweeney
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
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Zhu H, Chen H, Cho W, Estrada AA, Sweeney ZK. From Human Genetics to Drug Candidates: An Industrial Perspective on LRRK2 Inhibition as a Treatment for Parkinson's Disease. METHODS AND PRINCIPLES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527677252.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Feng Y, Chambers JW, Iqbal S, Koenig M, Park H, Cherry L, Hernandez P, Figuera-Losada M, LoGrasso PV. A small molecule bidentate-binding dual inhibitor probe of the LRRK2 and JNK kinases. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:1747-54. [PMID: 23751758 DOI: 10.1021/cb3006165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Both JNK and LRRK2 are associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). Here we report a reasonably selective and potent kinase inhibitor (compound 6) that bound to both JNK and LRRK2 (a dual inhibitor). A bidentate-binding strategy that simultaneously utilized the ATP hinge binding and a unique protein surface site outside of the ATP pocket was applied to the design and identification of this kind of inhibitor. Compound 6 was a potent JNK3 and modest LRRK2 dual inhibitor with an enzyme IC50 value of 12 nM and 99 nM (LRRK2-G2019S), respectively. Compound 6 also exhibited good cell potency, inhibited LRRK2:G2019S-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in SHSY5Y cells, and was demonstrated to be reasonably selective against a panel of 116 kinases from representative kinase families. Design of such a probe molecule may help enable testing if dual JNK and LRRK2 inhibitions have added or synergistic efficacy in protecting against neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangbo Feng
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Biology, §Modeling/Crystallography
Facility, Translational Research Institute, and ∥Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida,
Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Jeremy W. Chambers
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Biology, §Modeling/Crystallography
Facility, Translational Research Institute, and ∥Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida,
Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Sarah Iqbal
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Biology, §Modeling/Crystallography
Facility, Translational Research Institute, and ∥Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida,
Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Marcel Koenig
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Biology, §Modeling/Crystallography
Facility, Translational Research Institute, and ∥Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida,
Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - HaJeung Park
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Biology, §Modeling/Crystallography
Facility, Translational Research Institute, and ∥Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida,
Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Lisa Cherry
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Biology, §Modeling/Crystallography
Facility, Translational Research Institute, and ∥Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida,
Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Pamela Hernandez
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Biology, §Modeling/Crystallography
Facility, Translational Research Institute, and ∥Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida,
Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Mariana Figuera-Losada
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Biology, §Modeling/Crystallography
Facility, Translational Research Institute, and ∥Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida,
Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Philip V. LoGrasso
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Biology, §Modeling/Crystallography
Facility, Translational Research Institute, and ∥Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida,
Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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36
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Schulz S, Göring S, Schmidt B, Hopf C. LRRK2 Kinase Inhibitors as New Drugs for Parkinson’s Disease? EMERGING DRUGS AND TARGETS FOR PARKINSON’S DISEASE 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849737357-00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
It is a rare event in drug discovery that mutations in a gene associated with the autosomal dominant forms of a disease, for which there is a large unmet medical need, affect a protein that belongs to a major class of drug targets. As a consequence, in recent years leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) has emerged as a major target candidate for therapies of Parkinson’s disease, and selective inhibitors of this kinase are being evaluated as possible new drugs for this detrimental disease. In this chapter, we review recent advances in the design of potent and selective LRRK2 inhibitors as well as the availability of models for their pharmacological evaluation. We also touch upon the challenges ahead – for further improvement of small molecule inhibitors and for in vivo pharmacological target validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schulz
- Instrumental Analysis and Bioanalytics Mannheim University of Applied Sciences Mannheim, Germany
- Center for Applied Research in Biomedical Mass Spectrometry ABIMAS Mannheim University of Applied Sciences Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Göring
- Clemens Schöpf‐Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Technische Universität Darmstadt Darmstadt, Germany c.hopf@hs‐mannheim.de;
| | - Boris Schmidt
- Clemens Schöpf‐Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Technische Universität Darmstadt Darmstadt, Germany c.hopf@hs‐mannheim.de;
| | - Carsten Hopf
- Instrumental Analysis and Bioanalytics Mannheim University of Applied Sciences Mannheim, Germany
- Center for Applied Research in Biomedical Mass Spectrometry ABIMAS Mannheim University of Applied Sciences Mannheim, Germany
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37
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Discovery of novel indolinone-based, potent, selective and brain penetrant inhibitors of LRRK2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4085-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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38
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The development of CNS-active LRRK2 inhibitors using property-directed optimisation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3690-6. [PMID: 23721803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in PARK8/LRRK2 are the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease. Inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity has neuroprotective benefits, and provides a means of addressing the underlying biochemical cause of Parkinson's disease for the first time. Initial attempts to develop LRRK2 inhibitors were largely unsuccessful and highlight shortcomings intrinsic to traditional, high throughput screening methods of lead discovery. Recently, amino-pyrimidine GNE-7915 was reported as a potent (IC50=9 nM) selective (1/187 kinases), brain-penetrant and non-toxic inhibitor of LRRK2. The use of in silico modelling, extensive in vitro assays and resource-efficient in vivo techniques to produce GNE-7915, reflects a trend towards the concerted optimisation of potency, selectivity and pharmacokinetic properties in early-stage drug development.
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39
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Dzamko N, Halliday GM. Unlocking the secrets of LRRK2 function with selective kinase inhibitors. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.13.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
LRRK2 is currently considered to be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. A number of pathological mutations, the majority of which lie in the dual catalytic domains of LRRK2, segregate with Parkinson’s disease in an autosomal-dominant fashion. The most common mutation, G2019S, results in an increase in the kinase activity of LRRK2 and much work has, therefore, gone into the development of potent and specific inhibitors of LRRK2 kinase activity. A number of LRRK2 kinase inhibitors have now been employed in the search for the physiological function of LRRK2 and the targets of LRRK2 kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dzamko
- The School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia.
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia
- The School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia
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40
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Liu M, Bender SA, Cuny GD, Sherman W, Glicksman M, Ray SS. Type II kinase inhibitors show an unexpected inhibition mode against Parkinson's disease-linked LRRK2 mutant G2019S. Biochemistry 2013; 52:1725-36. [PMID: 23379419 PMCID: PMC3966205 DOI: 10.1021/bi3012077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A number of well-known type II inhibitors (ATP-noncompetitive) that bind kinases in their DFG-out conformation were tested against wild-type LRRK2 and the most common Parkinson's disease-linked mutation, G2019S. We found that traditional type II inhibitors exhibit surprising variability in their inhibition mechanism between the wild type (WT) and the G2019S mutant of LRRK2. The type II kinase inhibitors were found to work in an ATP-competitive fashion against the G2019S mutant, whereas they appear to follow the expected noncompetitive mechanism against WT. Because the G2019S mutation lies in the DXG motif (DYG in LRRK2 but DFG in most other kinases) of the activation loop, we explored the structural consequence of the mutation on loop dynamics using an enhanced sampling method called metadynamics. The simulations suggest that the G2019S mutation stabilizes the DYG-in state of LRRK2 through a series of hydrogen bonds, leading to an increase in the conformational barrier between the active and inactive forms of the enzyme and a relative stabilization of the active form. The conformational bias toward the active form of LRRK2 mutants has two primary consequences. (1) The mutant enzyme becomes hyperactive, a known contributor to the Parkinsonian phenotype, as a consequence of being "locked" into the activated state, and (2) the mutation creates an unusual allosteric pocket that can bind type II inhibitors but in an ATP-competitive fashion. Our results suggest that developing type II inhibitors, which are generally considered superior to type I inhibitors because of desirable selectivity profiles, might be especially challenging for the G2019S LRRK2 mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard University, 65 Landsdowne St., #452, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | | | - Gregory D Cuny
- Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard University, 65 Landsdowne St., #452, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Woody Sherman
- Schrodinger, 120 W. 45 Street, New York, NY, 10036
- Proteus Discovery Inc. 411 Massachusetts avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139-410
| | - Marcie Glicksman
- Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard University, 65 Landsdowne St., #452, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Soumya S. Ray
- Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard University, 65 Landsdowne St., #452, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
- Proteus Discovery Inc. 411 Massachusetts avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139-410
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41
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Chan BK, Estrada AA, Chen H, Atherall J, Baker-Glenn C, Beresford A, Burdick DJ, Chambers M, Dominguez SL, Drummond J, Gill A, Kleinheinz T, Le Pichon CE, Medhurst AD, Liu X, Moffat JG, Nash K, Scearce-Levie K, Sheng Z, Shore DG, Van de Poël H, Zhang S, Zhu H, Sweeney ZK. Discovery of a Highly Selective, Brain-Penetrant Aminopyrazole LRRK2 Inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:85-90. [PMID: 24900567 DOI: 10.1021/ml3003007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The modulation of LRRK2 kinase activity by a selective small molecule inhibitor has been proposed as a potentially viable treatment for Parkinson's disease. By using aminopyrazoles as aniline bioisosteres, we discovered a novel series of LRRK2 inhibitors. Herein, we describe our optimization effort that resulted in the identification of a highly potent, brain-penetrant aminopyrazole LRRK2 inhibitor (18) that addressed the liabilities (e.g., poor solubility and metabolic soft spots) of our previously disclosed anilino-aminopyrimidine inhibitors. In in vivo rodent PKPD studies, 18 demonstrated good brain exposure and engendered significant reduction in brain pLRRK2 levels post-ip administration. The strategies of bioisosteric substitution of aminopyrazoles for anilines and attenuation of CYP1A2 inhibition described herein have potential applications to other drug discovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan K. Chan
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Drug Metabolism and
Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080,
United States
- Departments of ⊥Chemistry, #Biochemical
and Cellular Pharmacology, and ∇Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park,
Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony A. Estrada
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Drug Metabolism and
Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080,
United States
- Departments of ⊥Chemistry, #Biochemical
and Cellular Pharmacology, and ∇Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park,
Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Huifen Chen
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Drug Metabolism and
Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080,
United States
- Departments of ⊥Chemistry, #Biochemical
and Cellular Pharmacology, and ∇Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park,
Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - John Atherall
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Drug Metabolism and
Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080,
United States
- Departments of ⊥Chemistry, #Biochemical
and Cellular Pharmacology, and ∇Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park,
Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Baker-Glenn
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Drug Metabolism and
Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080,
United States
- Departments of ⊥Chemistry, #Biochemical
and Cellular Pharmacology, and ∇Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park,
Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Beresford
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Drug Metabolism and
Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080,
United States
- Departments of ⊥Chemistry, #Biochemical
and Cellular Pharmacology, and ∇Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park,
Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Burdick
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Drug Metabolism and
Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080,
United States
- Departments of ⊥Chemistry, #Biochemical
and Cellular Pharmacology, and ∇Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park,
Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Chambers
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Drug Metabolism and
Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080,
United States
- Departments of ⊥Chemistry, #Biochemical
and Cellular Pharmacology, and ∇Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park,
Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Sara L. Dominguez
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Drug Metabolism and
Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080,
United States
- Departments of ⊥Chemistry, #Biochemical
and Cellular Pharmacology, and ∇Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park,
Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Drummond
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Drug Metabolism and
Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080,
United States
- Departments of ⊥Chemistry, #Biochemical
and Cellular Pharmacology, and ∇Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park,
Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Gill
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Drug Metabolism and
Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080,
United States
- Departments of ⊥Chemistry, #Biochemical
and Cellular Pharmacology, and ∇Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park,
Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy Kleinheinz
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Drug Metabolism and
Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080,
United States
- Departments of ⊥Chemistry, #Biochemical
and Cellular Pharmacology, and ∇Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park,
Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Claire E. Le Pichon
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Drug Metabolism and
Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080,
United States
- Departments of ⊥Chemistry, #Biochemical
and Cellular Pharmacology, and ∇Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park,
Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Medhurst
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Drug Metabolism and
Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080,
United States
- Departments of ⊥Chemistry, #Biochemical
and Cellular Pharmacology, and ∇Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park,
Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Xingrong Liu
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Drug Metabolism and
Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080,
United States
- Departments of ⊥Chemistry, #Biochemical
and Cellular Pharmacology, and ∇Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park,
Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - John G. Moffat
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Drug Metabolism and
Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080,
United States
- Departments of ⊥Chemistry, #Biochemical
and Cellular Pharmacology, and ∇Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park,
Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Nash
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Drug Metabolism and
Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080,
United States
- Departments of ⊥Chemistry, #Biochemical
and Cellular Pharmacology, and ∇Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park,
Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberly Scearce-Levie
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Drug Metabolism and
Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080,
United States
- Departments of ⊥Chemistry, #Biochemical
and Cellular Pharmacology, and ∇Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park,
Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Zejuan Sheng
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Drug Metabolism and
Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080,
United States
- Departments of ⊥Chemistry, #Biochemical
and Cellular Pharmacology, and ∇Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park,
Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel G. Shore
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Drug Metabolism and
Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080,
United States
- Departments of ⊥Chemistry, #Biochemical
and Cellular Pharmacology, and ∇Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park,
Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Hervé Van de Poël
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Drug Metabolism and
Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080,
United States
- Departments of ⊥Chemistry, #Biochemical
and Cellular Pharmacology, and ∇Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park,
Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Drug Metabolism and
Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080,
United States
- Departments of ⊥Chemistry, #Biochemical
and Cellular Pharmacology, and ∇Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park,
Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Haitao Zhu
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Drug Metabolism and
Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080,
United States
- Departments of ⊥Chemistry, #Biochemical
and Cellular Pharmacology, and ∇Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park,
Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Zachary K. Sweeney
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Drug Metabolism and
Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080,
United States
- Departments of ⊥Chemistry, #Biochemical
and Cellular Pharmacology, and ∇Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park,
Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
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42
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Current understanding of LRRK2 in Parkinson's disease: biochemical and structural features and inhibitor design. Future Med Chem 2013; 4:1701-13. [PMID: 22924508 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) was linked to Parkinson's disease in 2004, kinase activity of LRRK2 has been believed to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. As a result, identification of LRRK2 inhibitors has been a focus for drug discovery. However, most LRRK2 mutations do not simply increase kinase activity. In this review we summarize the potential mechanisms that regulate the kinase activity of LRRK2. We outline some currently available kinase inhibitors, including the identification of a DFG-out (type-II) inhibitor. Finally, we discuss the relationship of LRRK2 with tau and α-synuclein. The fact that all three proteins are autophapgy-related provides a future strategy for the identification of LRRK2 physiological substrate(s).
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Estrada AA, Liu X, Baker-Glenn C, Beresford A, Burdick DJ, Chambers M, Chan BK, Chen H, Ding X, DiPasquale AG, Dominguez SL, Dotson J, Drummond J, Flagella M, Flynn S, Fuji R, Gill A, Gunzner-Toste J, Harris SF, Heffron TP, Kleinheinz T, Lee DW, Le Pichon CE, Lyssikatos JP, Medhurst AD, Moffat JG, Mukund S, Nash K, Scearce-Levie K, Sheng Z, Shore DG, Tran T, Trivedi N, Wang S, Zhang S, Zhang X, Zhao G, Zhu H, Sweeney ZK. Discovery of highly potent, selective, and brain-penetrable leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) small molecule inhibitors. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9416-33. [PMID: 22985112 DOI: 10.1021/jm301020q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There is a high demand for potent, selective, and brain-penetrant small molecule inhibitors of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) to test whether inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity is a potentially viable treatment option for Parkinson's disease patients. Herein we disclose the use of property and structure-based drug design for the optimization of highly ligand efficient aminopyrimidine lead compounds. High throughput in vivo rodent cassette pharmacokinetic studies enabled rapid validation of in vitro-in vivo correlations. Guided by this data, optimal design parameters were established. Effective incorporation of these guidelines into our molecular design process resulted in the discovery of small molecule inhibitors such as GNE-7915 (18) and 19, which possess an ideal balance of LRRK2 cellular potency, broad kinase selectivity, metabolic stability, and brain penetration across multiple species. Advancement of GNE-7915 into rodent and higher species toxicity studies enabled risk assessment for early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A Estrada
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
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Abdel-Magid AF. Inhibitors of LRRK2 as Treatment for Parkinson's Disease: Patent Highlight. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:701-2. [PMID: 24900536 PMCID: PMC4025631 DOI: 10.1021/ml300200p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Chen H, Chan BK, Drummond J, Estrada AA, Gunzner-Toste J, Liu X, Liu Y, Moffat J, Shore D, Sweeney ZK, Tran T, Wang S, Zhao G, Zhu H, Burdick DJ. Discovery of Selective LRRK2 Inhibitors Guided by Computational Analysis and Molecular Modeling. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5536-45. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300452p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huifen Chen
- Discovery
Chemistry Department, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
Department, and ∥Neuroscience Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Bryan K. Chan
- Discovery
Chemistry Department, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
Department, and ∥Neuroscience Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jason Drummond
- Discovery
Chemistry Department, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
Department, and ∥Neuroscience Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Anthony A. Estrada
- Discovery
Chemistry Department, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
Department, and ∥Neuroscience Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Janet Gunzner-Toste
- Discovery
Chemistry Department, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
Department, and ∥Neuroscience Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Xingrong Liu
- Discovery
Chemistry Department, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
Department, and ∥Neuroscience Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yichin Liu
- Discovery
Chemistry Department, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
Department, and ∥Neuroscience Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John Moffat
- Discovery
Chemistry Department, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
Department, and ∥Neuroscience Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Daniel Shore
- Discovery
Chemistry Department, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
Department, and ∥Neuroscience Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zachary K. Sweeney
- Discovery
Chemistry Department, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
Department, and ∥Neuroscience Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thuy Tran
- Discovery
Chemistry Department, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
Department, and ∥Neuroscience Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Shumei Wang
- Discovery
Chemistry Department, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
Department, and ∥Neuroscience Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Guiling Zhao
- Discovery
Chemistry Department, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
Department, and ∥Neuroscience Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Haitao Zhu
- Discovery
Chemistry Department, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
Department, and ∥Neuroscience Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Daniel J. Burdick
- Discovery
Chemistry Department, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
Department, and ∥Neuroscience Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Deng X, S Gray N. Pyrazolopyridines as inhibitors of the kinase LRRK2: a patent evaluation (WO2011141756). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 22:709-13. [PMID: 22607035 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2012.691968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Scientific evaluation of a patent aiming for the development of pyrazolopyridine derivatives as LRRK2 kinase inhibitors, a potential therapeutic target for combating Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianming Deng
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, 250 Longwood Ave, SGM 628, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Lindsley CW, Hopkins CR. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 (mGlu4)-positive allosteric modulators for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: historical perspective and review of the patent literature. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 22:461-81. [PMID: 22506633 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2012.679437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 (mGlu(4)) is a group III GPCR and has been demonstrated to play a major role in a number of therapeutic areas within the CNS. As the orthosteric site of all glutamate receptors is highly conserved, modulating mGlu(4) via allosteric modulation has emerged as a very attractive mode-of-action and has been validated preclinically in a number of animal models for Parkinson's disease, anxiety, pain, and neuroinflammation. AREAS COVERED In this review, the patent literature for mGlu(4)-positive allosteric modulators over the past 4 years will be provided. Patents from all companies are discussed and an overview of the chemical matter and relevant biological properties will be given. EXPERT OPINION Although there has yet to be an mGlu(4)-positive allosteric modulator progressed into clinical trials, there is a wealth of preclinical data from the primary literature that shows the promise of this emerging target. A number of academic and industry laboratories have recently published exciting patent data covering a multitude of chemical matter. Positive allosteric modulation of mGlu(4) remains one of the more attractive non-dopaminergic therapies for Parkinson's disease, as well as emerging data for other indications such as pain, neuroinflammation, schizophrenia and diabetes, which could potentially make mGlu(4) a significant therapeutic target going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig W Lindsley
- Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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