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Navale GR, Ahmed I, Lim MH, Ghosh K. Transition Metal Complexes as Therapeutics: A New Frontier in Combatting Neurodegenerative Disorders through Protein Aggregation Modulation. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2401991. [PMID: 39221545 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202401991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) are a class of debilitating diseases that progressively impair the protein structure and result in neurological dysfunction in the nervous system. Among these disorders, Alzheimer's disease (AD), prion diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), and Parkinson's disease (PD) are caused by protein misfolding and aggregation at the cellular level. In recent years, transition metal complexes have gained significant attention for their potential applications in diagnosing, imaging, and curing these NDDs. These complexes have intriguing possibilities as therapeutics due to their diverse ligand systems and chemical properties and can interact with biological systems with minimal detrimental effects. This review focuses on the recent progress in transition metal therapeutics as a new era of hope in the battle against AD, CJD, and PD by modulating protein aggregation in vitro and in vivo. It may shed revolutionary insights into unlocking new opportunities for researchers to develop metal-based drugs to combat NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govinda R Navale
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemistry Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Imtiaz Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemistry Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kaushik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemistry Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, 247667, India
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Singh S, Navale GR, Agrawal S, Singh HK, Singla L, Sarkar D, Sarma M, Choudhury AR, Ghosh K. Design and synthesis of ruthenium complexes and their studies on the inhibition of amyloid β (1-42) peptide aggregation. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 239:124197. [PMID: 36972817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Misfolding and protein aggregation have been linked to numerous human neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's, prions, and Parkinson's. Due to their interesting photophysical properties, ruthenium (Ru) complexes have received considerable attention in studying protein aggregation. In this study, we synthesized the novel Ru complexes ([Ru(p-cymene)Cl(L-1)][PF6](Ru-1), and [Ru(p-cymene)Cl(L-2)][PF6](Ru-2)) and investigated their inhibitory activity against the bovine serum albumin (BSA) aggregation and the Aβ1-42 peptides amyloid formation. Several spectroscopic methods were used to characterize the complexes, and the molecular structure was determined by X-ray crystallography. Amyloid aggregation and inhibition activity were examined using the Thioflavin-T (ThT) assay, and secondary structures were analyzed by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The cell viability assay was carried out on the neuroblastoma cell line, revealing that the Ru-2 complex showed better protective effects against Aβ1-42 peptide toxicity on neuro-2a cells than the Ru-1 complex. Molecular docking studies elucidate binding sites and interactions between the Ru-complexes and the Aβ1-42 fibrils. The experimental studies revealed that these complexes significantly inhibited BSA aggregation and Aβ1-42 amyloid fibril formation at 1:3 and 1:1 equimolar concentrations, respectively. Antioxidant assays demonstrated that these complexes act as antioxidants, protecting from amyloid-induced oxidative stress. Molecular docking studies with the monomeric Aβ1-42 (PDB: 1IYT) show hydrophobic interaction, and both complexes bind preferably in the central region of the peptide and coordinate with two binding sites of the peptide. Hence, we suggest that the Ru-based complexes could be applied as a potential agent in metallopharmaceutical research against Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sain Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Govinda R Navale
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Sonia Agrawal
- Department of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Haobam Kisan Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Labhini Singla
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, India
| | - Dhiman Sarkar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Manabendra Sarma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Anghuman Roy Choudhury
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, India
| | - Kaushik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, India; Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, India.
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Jiang B, Umezaki U, Augustine A, Jayasinghe-Arachchige VM, Serafim LF, He ZMS, Wyss KM, Prabhakar R, Martí AA. Deconvoluting binding sites in amyloid nanofibrils using time-resolved spectroscopy. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1072-1081. [PMID: 36756322 PMCID: PMC9891369 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05418c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy has a central role not only for sensing applications, but also in biophysics and imaging. Light switching probes, such as ruthenium dipyridophenazine complexes, have been used to study complex systems such as DNA, RNA, and amyloid fibrils. Nonetheless, steady-state spectroscopy is limited in the kind of information it can provide. In this paper, we use time-resolved spectroscopy for studying binding interactions between amyloid-β fibrillar structures and photoluminescent ligands. Using time-resolved spectroscopy, we demonstrate that ruthenium complexes with a pyrazino phenanthroline derivative can bind to two distinct binding sites on the surface of fibrillar amyloid-β, in contrast with previous studies using steady-state photoluminescence spectroscopy, which only identified one binding site for similar compounds. The second elusive binding site is revealed when deconvoluting the signals from the time-resolved decay traces, allowing the determination of dissociation constants of 3 and 2.2 μM. Molecular dynamic simulations agree with two binding sites on the surface of amyloid-β fibrils. Time-resolved spectroscopy was also used to monitor the aggregation of amyloid-β in real-time. In addition, we show that common polypyridine complexes can bind to amyloid-β also at two different binding sites. Information on how molecules bind to amyloid proteins is important to understand their toxicity and to design potential drugs that bind and quench their deleterious effects. The additional information contained in time-resolved spectroscopy provides a powerful tool not only for studying excited state dynamics but also for sensing and revealing important information about the system including hidden binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University Houston TX USA
| | - Utana Umezaki
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University Houston TX USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kevin M. Wyss
- Department of Chemistry, Rice UniversityHoustonTXUSA
| | - Rajeev Prabhakar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami Coral Gables FL USA
| | - Angel A. Martí
- Department of Chemistry, Rice UniversityHoustonTXUSA,Department of Bioengineering, Rice UniversityHoustonTXUSA,Department of Materials Science & Nanoengineering, Rice UniversityHoustonTXUSA
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Ren Q, Xu Z, Xue Y, Yang R, Ma X, Sun J, Wang J, Lin S, Wang W, Yang L, Sun Z. Mechanism of calcium signal response to cadmium stress in duckweed. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2119340. [PMID: 36102362 PMCID: PMC9481097 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2119340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) causes serious damage to plants. Although calcium (Ca) signal has been found to respond to certain stress, the localization of Ca and molecular mechanisms underlying Ca signal in plants during Cd stress are largely unknown. In this study, Ca2+-sensing fluorescent reporter (GCaMP3) transgenic duckweed showed the Ca2+ signal response in Lemna turionifera 5511 (duckweed) during Cd stress. Subsequently, the subcellular localization of Ca2+ has been studied during Cd stress by transmission electron microscopy, showing the accumulation of Ca2+ in vacuoles. Also, Ca2+ flow during Cd stress has been measured. At the same time, the effects of exogenous glutamic acid (Glu) and γ-aminobutyric (GABA) on duckweed can better clarify the signal operation mechanism of plants to Cd stress. The molecular mechanism of Ca2+ signal responsed during Cd stress showed that Cd treatment promotes the positive response of Ca signaling channels in plant cells, and thus affects the intracellular Ca content. These novel signal studies provided an important Ca2+ signal molecular mechanism during Cd stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuting Ren
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ziyi Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Xue
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xu Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinge Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuang Lin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenqiao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhanpeng Sun
- Faculty of Education, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
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Jiang B, Martí AA. Probing Amyloid Nanostructures Using Photoluminescent Metal Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jiang
- Department of Chemistry Rice University 6100 Main St, Chemistry MS60 Houston Texas 77005 United States
| | - Angel A. Martí
- Department of Chemistry Department of Bioengineering, and Department of Material Science & NanoEngineering Rice University 6100 Main St, Chemistry MS60 Houston Texas 77005 United States
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Chirality at the Nanoparticle Surface: Functionalization and Applications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10155357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Chiral molecules, such as amino acids and carbohydrates, are the building blocks of nature. As a consequence, most natural supramolecular structures, such as enzymes and receptors, are able to distinguish among different orientations in space of functional groups, and enantiomers of chiral drugs usually have different pharmacokinetic properties and physiological effects. In this regard, the ability to recognize a single enantiomer from a racemic mixture is of paramount importance. Alternatively, the capacity to synthetize preferentially one enantiomer over another through a catalytic process can eliminate (or at least simplify) the subsequent isolation of only one enantiomer. The advent of nanotechnology has led to noteworthy improvements in many fields, from material science to nanomedicine. Similarly, nanoparticles functionalized with chiral molecules have been exploited in several fields. In this review, we report the recent advances of the use of chiral nanoparticles grouped in four major areas, i.e., enantioselective recognition, asymmetric catalysis, biosensing, and biomedicine.
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Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are well known for their role in allergic conditions. This cell can be activated by various types of secretagogues, ranging from a small chemical to a huge protein. Mast cell activation by secretagogues triggers the increase in intracellular calcium (iCa2+) concentration, granule trafficking, and exocytosis. Activated mast cells release their intra-granular pre-stored mediator or the newly synthesized mediator in the exocytosis process, in the form of degranulation or secretion. There are at least three types of exocytosis in mast cells, which are suggested to contribute to the release of different mediators, i.e.,, piecemeal, kiss-and-run, and compound exocytosis. The status of mast cells, i.e., activated or resting, is often determined by measuring the concentration of the released mediator such as histamine or β-hexosaminidase. This review summarizes several mast cell components that have been and are generally used as mast cell activation indicator, from the classical histamine and β-hexosaminidase measurement, to eicosanoid and granule trafficking observation. Basic principle of the component determination is also explained with their specified research application and purpose. The information will help to predict the experiment results with a certain study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Novrizal Abdi Sahid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada , Yogyakarta, Indonesia.,Curcumin Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Univeristas Gadjah Mada , Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Takeshi Kiyoi
- Division of Analytical Bio-medicine, Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University , Toon, Ehime, Japan
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Arora H, Ramesh M, Rajasekhar K, Govindaraju T. Molecular Tools to Detect Alloforms of Aβ and Tau: Implications for Multiplexing and Multimodal Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20190356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harshit Arora
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur P.O., Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhu Ramesh
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur P.O., Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Kolla Rajasekhar
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur P.O., Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Thimmaiah Govindaraju
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur P.O., Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
- VNIR Biotechnologies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore Bioinnovation Center, Helix Biotech Park, Electronic City Phase I, Bengaluru 560100, Karnataka, India
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Synthesis of Chiral Penicillamine-Coated Gold Nanoparticles and Effect on PC12 Cells for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. J CLUST SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-019-01712-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Chen K, Cui M. Recent progress in the development of metal complexes as β-amyloid imaging probes in the brain. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:1393-1407. [PMID: 30108850 PMCID: PMC6072098 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00064b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we have focused on the recent progress in metal complexes that are able to bind to β-amyloid (Aβ) species. We have discussed various radioactive complexes of 99mTc, 68Ga, 64Cu, 89Zr, and 111In, which were designed as Aβ imaging agents for positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging, non-radioactive Re and Ru complexes as Aβ sensors using luminescence methods, and Gd3+ complexes as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals , Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 10 58808891
| | - Mengchao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals , Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 10 58808891
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Sun D, Zhang W, Yu Q, Chen X, Xu M, Zhou Y, Liu J. Chiral penicillamine-modified selenium nanoparticles enantioselectively inhibit metal-induced amyloid β aggregation for treating Alzheimer's disease. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 505:1001-1010. [PMID: 28693096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanometer-scale chirality has gained significant interest from different research fields due to its fundamental importance in nature and living matter. In this study, we design and synthesize chiral penicillamine-capped selenium nanoparticles (l-/d-Pen@Se NPs) that can act as a novel class of chiral amyloid-β (Aβ) inhibitors. In this work, d-Pen@Se NPs demonstrate higher inhibition efficiency, as well as ameliorate cognition and memory impairments. We used rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells to perform real-time cell analysis assay (RTCA) to probe the potential cytotoxicity of l-/d-Pen@Se NPs. At any given time point, the cell index decreases as d-Pen@Se NPs concentration increases, demonstrating a concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect on PC12 cells. In addition, d-Pen@Se NPs also reduced Zn2+-induced intracellular Aβ40 fibrillation, while l-Pen@Se NPs did not. The histological analysis demonstrates that mice treated with d-Pen@Se NPs did not exhibit signs of in vivo systemic toxicity in major organs. Our findings are highly encouraging in terms of providing substantial evidence of the safety of chiral d-Pen@Se NPs for biomedical application. We expect that these results will be relevant for other chiral NPs for treatment of Alzheimer's disease and have broad implications in NP-based studies and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Qianqian Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yanhui Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Palmeros-Suárez PA, Massange-Sánchez JA, Sánchez-Segura L, Martínez-Gallardo NA, Espitia Rangel E, Gómez-Leyva JF, Délano-Frier JP. AhDGR2, an amaranth abiotic stress-induced DUF642 protein gene, modifies cell wall structure and composition and causes salt and ABA hyper-sensibility in transgenic Arabidopsis. PLANTA 2017; 245:623-640. [PMID: 27988887 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
An amaranth DGR gene, induced under abiotic stress, modifies cell wall structure and causes hypersensitivity to ABA and salt when overexpressed in Arabidopsis. DUF642 is a highly conserved plant-specific family of unknown cell wall-associated proteins. The AhDGR2 gene, coding for a DUF642 protein, was significantly induced in grain amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) plants subjected to water-deficit and salinity stress, thereby suggesting its participation in abiotic stress tolerance in this plant. A role in development was also inferred from the higher AhDGR2 expression rates detected in young tissues. Subsequent overexpression of AhDGR2 in transgenic Arabidopsis plants (OE-AhDGR2) supported its possible role in development processes. Thus, OE-AhDGR2 plants generated significantly longer roots when grown in normal MS medium. However, they showed a hypersensitivity to increasing concentrations of abscisic acid or NaCl in the medium, as manifested by shorter root length, smaller and slightly chlorotic rosettes, as well as highly reduced germination rates. Contrary to expectations, OE-AhDGR2 plants were intolerant to abiotic stress. Moreover, cell walls in transgenic plants were thinner, in leaves, and more disorganized, in roots, and had significantly modified pectin levels. Lower pectin methylesterase activity detected in leaves of OE-AhDGR2 plants, but not in roots, was contrary to previous reports associating DUF642 proteins and decreased pectin esterification levels in cell walls. Nonetheless, microarray data identified candidate genes whose expression levels explained the phenotypes observed in leaves of OE-AhDGR2 plants, including several involved in cell wall integrity and extension, growth and development, and resistance to abiotic stress. These results support the role of DUF642 proteins in cell wall-related processes and offer novel insights into their possible role(s) in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola A Palmeros-Suárez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Instituto Tecnológico de Tlajomulco, Jalisco, km 10 Carretera a San Miguel Cuyutlán, CP 45640, Tlajomulco de Zúñiga, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Julio A Massange-Sánchez
- Biotechnology and Biochemistry Department, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I. P. N., Unidad Irapuato, Km 9.6 del Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, CP 36821, Irapuato, GTO., Mexico
| | - Lino Sánchez-Segura
- Biotechnology and Biochemistry Department, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I. P. N., Unidad Irapuato, Km 9.6 del Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, CP 36821, Irapuato, GTO., Mexico
| | - Norma A Martínez-Gallardo
- Biotechnology and Biochemistry Department, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I. P. N., Unidad Irapuato, Km 9.6 del Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, CP 36821, Irapuato, GTO., Mexico
| | - Eduardo Espitia Rangel
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Km 13.5 Carrretera Los Reyes-Texcoco, CP 56250, Coatlinchán Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Juan F Gómez-Leyva
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Instituto Tecnológico de Tlajomulco, Jalisco, km 10 Carretera a San Miguel Cuyutlán, CP 45640, Tlajomulco de Zúñiga, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - John P Délano-Frier
- Biotechnology and Biochemistry Department, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I. P. N., Unidad Irapuato, Km 9.6 del Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, CP 36821, Irapuato, GTO., Mexico.
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Martí AA. Metal complexes and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy for sensing applications. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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