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Xie Q, Gao S, Li Y, Xi W, Dong Z, Li Z, Lei M. Effects of 3021 meal replacement powder protect NAFLD via suppressing the ERS, oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16154. [PMID: 37868068 PMCID: PMC10586295 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the specific protective mechanism of 3021 meal replacement powder (MRP) against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Materials and Methods C57BL/6J male mice were divided into four groups: control group, 3021 MRP group, model group and test group. The lipid accumulation and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-related proteins in hepatocytes of mice were detected by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, oil red O staining and Western blotting. Results The expressions of GRP78, GRP94, p-PERK and p-IRE1α were significantly inhibited in test group compared with those in model group. The protein expressions of p-NF-κB, p-JNK, IL-1β, IL-18 and NOX4 in test group were also significantly lower than those in model group. In vivo and in vitro experiments revealed that the body weight and lipid droplet content, and the expressions of ERS-related proteins (including BIP and XBP-1) in liver tissues all significantly declined in model group compared with those in 3021 MRP group. Conclusion In conclusion, 3021 MRP can greatly reduce lipid accumulation by inhibiting ERS, oxidative stress and inflammatory response in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xie
- The Forth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shuqing Gao
- The Forth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuanjudi Li
- Shenzhen Anxintang Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weifang Xi
- Xinchen Biotechnology (Guandong) Company Limited, Dongguan, China
| | - Zhiyun Dong
- Shenzhen Anxintang Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zengning Li
- The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Health, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Min Lei
- The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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2
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Gao H, He C, Hua R, Guo Y, Wang B, Liang C, Gao L, Shang H, Xu JD. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress of Gut Enterocyte and Intestinal Diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:817392. [PMID: 35402506 PMCID: PMC8988245 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.817392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum, a vast reticular membranous network from the nuclear envelope to the plasma membrane responsible for the synthesis, maturation, and trafficking of a wide range of proteins, is considerably sensitive to changes in its luminal homeostasis. The loss of ER luminal homeostasis leads to abnormalities referred to as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Thus, the cell activates an adaptive response known as the unfolded protein response (UPR), a mechanism to stabilize ER homeostasis under severe environmental conditions. ER stress has recently been postulated as a disease research breakthrough due to its significant role in multiple vital cellular functions. This has caused numerous reports that ER stress-induced cell dysfunction has been implicated as an essential contributor to the occurrence and development of many diseases, resulting in them targeting the relief of ER stress. This review aims to outline the multiple molecular mechanisms of ER stress that can elucidate ER as an expansive, membrane-enclosed organelle playing a crucial role in numerous cellular functions with evident changes of several cells encountering ER stress. Alongside, we mainly focused on the therapeutic potential of ER stress inhibition in gastrointestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer. To conclude, we reviewed advanced research and highlighted future treatment strategies of ER stress-associated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengwei He
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rongxuan Hua
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuexin Guo
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Boya Wang
- Undergraduate Student of 2018 Eight Program of Clinical Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Shang
- Experimental Center for Morphological Research Platform, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Dong Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jing-Dong Xu,
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3
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Pan B, Sun J, Liu Z, Wang L, Huo H, Zhao Y, Tu P, Xiao W, Zheng J, Li J. Longxuetongluo Capsule protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through endoplasmic reticulum stress and MAPK-mediated mechanisms. J Adv Res 2021; 33:215-225. [PMID: 34603791 PMCID: PMC8463917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Longxuetongluo Capsule (LTC) is wildly applied to treat ischemic stroke in clinical practice in China. However, the pharmacological mechanism of LTC on ischemic stroke is still unstated. Objective Our research was designed to study the protective effect of LTC against cerebral ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury and reveal the underlying mechanism both in vivo and in vitro. Methods PC12 cells treated with glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) were used to simulate in vitro ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The cell viability, apoptosis rate, and protein expressions of PC12 cells were evaluated. In vivo validation of the protective effect of LTC was carried out by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)/reperfusion treatment, and the underlying mechanism of its anti-apoptosis ability was further revealed by immunohistochemistry staining and Western blotting. Results In the current study, we observed that LTC effectively inhibited oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) induced apoptosis of PC12 cells through suppressing the cleavage of poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), caspase-3, and caspase-9. Further investigation revealed that OGD/R insult remarkably triggered the endoplasmic reticulum stress responses (ER stress) to induce PC12 cell apoptosis. LTC treatment alleviated OGD/R induced ER stress by inhibiting the activation of protein kinase RNA (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK)/eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2α) and inositol requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1)/tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) pathways. Additionally, LTC also restrained the OGD/R-induced PC12 cell apoptosis by reversing the activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) through IRE1/TRAF2 pathway. Animal studies demonstrated LTC significantly restricted the infarct region induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)/reperfusion, the activation of ER stress and apoptosis of neuronal cells had also been suppressed by LTC in the penumbra region. Conclusion LTC protects the cerebral neuronal cell against ischemia/reperfusion injury through ER stress and MAPK-mediated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jing Sun
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ziyu Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lingxiao Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huixia Huo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yunfang Zhao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Pengfei Tu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Jiangsu Kanion Parmaceutical Co. Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, China
| | - Jiao Zheng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
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4
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Chen M, Mu L, Wang S, Cao X, Liang S, Wang Y, She G, Yang J, Wang Y, Shi W. A Single Silicon Nanowire-Based Ratiometric Biosensor for Ca 2+ at Various Locations in a Neuron. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1283-1290. [PMID: 32293869 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic calcium (Ca2+) is an important second messenger in cells, particularly in the neuron. A deficiency or excess of Ca2+ would lead to neuronal apoptosis and further injury to the brain. For accurate analysis of intracellular Ca2+, a single silicon nanowire (SiNW)-based ratiometric biosensor was constructed by simultaneously anchoring Ru(bpy)2(mcbpy-O-Su-ester)(PF6)2, as a reference molecule, and Fluo-3, as a response molecule, onto the surface of a single SiNW. The SiNW-based biosensor exhibits high sensitivity and favorable selectivity for detecting Ca2+. With the assistance of a micromanipulator and laser scanning confocal microscope, two single SiNW sensors were placed in the body and the neurites of an individual neuron to detect Ca2+. The difference between the concentrations of Ca2+ in the body and neurites was identified. The results from the present study provide new insights into Ca2+ in neurons at a high spatial resolution, and the strategy used in this study provides a new opportunity to investigate cellular metabolism by combining the advantages of a single-cell detection technique and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lixuan Mu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xingxing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sen Liang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guangwei She
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yongan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Wensheng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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5
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Asymmetric Ir-catalyzed hydrogenation of 4-R-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-ones using a novel phosphoramidite ligand. Russ Chem Bull 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-019-2572-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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6
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Asymmetric Ir-catalyzed hydrogenation of 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-ones using phosphoramidites. Russ Chem Bull 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-018-2068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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7
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Shu Q, Fan H, Li S, Zhou D, Ma W, Zhao X, Yan J, Wu G. Retracted
: Protective effects of Progranulin against focal cerebral ischemia‐reperfusion injury in rats by suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress and NF‐κB activation in reactive astrocytes. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:6584-6597. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Shu
- Department of PharmacyThe Ninth Hospital of Xi'anXi'anChina
| | - Hua Fan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and TechnologyLuoyangChina
| | - Shi‐Jun Li
- Department of PharmacyWuhan Union HospitalWuhanChina
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of PharmacyThe Ninth Hospital of Xi'anXi'anChina
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of PharmacyThe Ninth Hospital of Xi'anXi'anChina
| | - Xiao‐Yan Zhao
- Department of PharmacyThe Ninth Hospital of Xi'anXi'anChina
| | - Jun‐Qiang Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and TechnologyLuoyangChina
| | - Gang Wu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
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8
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Synthesis of new chiral amidophosphite ligands and their application in hydrogenation of benzodiazepinones and enamides. Russ Chem Bull 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-017-1875-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Asymmetric Ir-catalyzed hydrogenation of 1,5-benzodiazepinones using mixtures of ligands. Russ Chem Bull 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-017-1853-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Xue LX, Liu HY, Cui Y, Dong Y, Wang JQ, Ji QY, He JT, Yao M, Wang YY, Shao YK, Mang J, Xu ZX. Neuroprotective effects of Activin A on endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptotic and autophagic PC12 cell death. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:779-786. [PMID: 28616035 PMCID: PMC5461616 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.206649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Activin A, a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, plays a neuroprotective role in multiple neurological diseases. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptotic and autophagic cell death is implicated in a wide range of diseases, including cerebral ischemia and neurodegenerative diseases. Thapsigargin was used to induce PC12 cell death, and Activin A was used for intervention. Our results showed that Activin A significantly inhibited morphological changes in thapsigargin-induced apoptotic cells, and the expression of apoptosis-associated proteins [cleaved-caspase-12, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and cleaved-caspase-3] and biomarkers of autophagy (Beclin-1 and light chain 3), and downregulated the expression of thapsigargin-induced ER stress-associated proteins [inositol requiring enzyme-1 (IRE1), tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38]. The inhibition of thapsigargin-induced cell death was concentration-dependent. These findings suggest that administration of Activin A protects PC12 cells against ER stress-mediated apoptotic and autophagic cell death by inhibiting the activation of the IRE1-TRAF2-ASK1-JNK/p38 cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Xing Xue
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hong-Yu Liu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yang Cui
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yue Dong
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jiao-Qi Wang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qiu-Ye Ji
- Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jin-Ting He
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Min Yao
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ying-Ying Wang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yan-Kun Shao
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jing Mang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zhong-Xin Xu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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11
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Meyer AG, Smith JA, Hyland C, Williams CC, Bissember AC, Nicholls TP. Seven-Membered Rings. PROGRESS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-100755-6.00016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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12
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Jiang YH, Yan CG. Indium chloride catalyzed three-component reaction for the synthesis of 2-((oxoindolin-3-yl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indol-1-yl)benzamides. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra08811b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the presence of indium chloride as a Lewis acid catalyst, the three-component reaction afforded functionalized 2-((oxoindolin-3-yl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indol-1-yl)benzamides in satisfactory yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Jiang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou 225002
- China
| | - Chao-Guo Yan
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou 225002
- China
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13
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Rong J, Pass I, Diaz PW, Ngo TA, Sauer M, Magnuson G, Zeng FY, Hassig CA, Jackson MR, Cosford NDP, Matsuzawa SI, Reed JC. Cell-Based High-Throughput Luciferase Reporter Gene Assays for Identifying and Profiling Chemical Modulators of Endoplasmic Reticulum Signaling Protein, IRE1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:1232-45. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057115600414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activates three distinct signal transducers on the ER membrane. Inositol-requiring protein 1 (IRE1), the most conserved signal transducer, plays a key role in ER stress-mediated signaling. During ER stress, IRE1 initiates two discrete signaling cascades: the “adaptive” signaling cascade mediated by the XBP1 pathway and the “alarm” signaling cascade mediated by stress-activated protein kinase pathways. Fine-tuning of the balance between the adaptive and alarm signals contributes significantly to cellular fate under ER stress. Thus, we propose that the design of high-throughput screening (HTS) assays to selectively monitor IRE1 mediated-signaling would be desirable for drug discovery. To this end, we report the generation of stable human neural cell lines and development of cell-based HTS luciferase (Luc) reporter gene assays for the identification of pathway-specific chemical modulators of IRE1. We implemented a cell-based Luc assay using a chimeric CHOP-Gal4 transcription factor in 384-well format for monitoring IRE1 kinase-mediated p38MAPK activation and an unfolded response pathway element (URPE)–Luc cell-based assay in 1536-well format for monitoring IRE1’s RNase-mediated activation of XBP1. Chemical library screening was successfully conducted with both the CHOP/Gal4-Luc cells and UPRE-Luc engineered cells. The studies demonstrate the feasibility of using these HTS assays for discovery of pathway-selective modulators of IRE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rong
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ian Pass
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul W. Diaz
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tram A. Ngo
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Sauer
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gavin Magnuson
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Fu-Yue Zeng
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christian A. Hassig
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael R. Jackson
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas D. P. Cosford
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shu-ichi Matsuzawa
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John C. Reed
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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