1
|
Bhattacharya S, Piya S, Ma H, Sharma P, Zhang Q, Baran N, Ruvolo VR, McQueen T, Davis RE, Pourebrahim R, Konopleva M, Kantarjian H, Cosford NDP, Andreeff M, Borthakur G. Targeting Unc51-like Autophagy Activating Kinase 1 (ULK1) Overcomes Adaptive Drug Resistance in Acute Myelogenous Leukemia. Mol Cancer Res 2023; 21:548-563. [PMID: 36787422 PMCID: PMC11042682 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-22-0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite effective new therapies, adaptive resistance remains the main obstacle in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) therapy. Autophagy induction is a key mechanism for adaptive resistance. Leukemic blasts at diagnosis express higher levels of the apical autophagy kinase ULK1 compared with normal hematopoietic cells. Exposure to chemotherapy and targeted agents upregulate ULK1, hence we hypothesize that developing ULK1 inhibitors may present the unique opportunity for clinical translation of autophagy inhibition. Accordingly, we demonstrate that ULK1 inhibition, by genetic and pharmacologic means, suppresses treatment-induced autophagy, overcomes adaptive drug-resistance, and synergizes with chemotherapy and emerging antileukemia agents like venetoclax (ABT-199). The study next aims at exploring the underlying mechanisms. Mechanistically, ULK1 inhibition downregulates MCL1 antiapoptotic gene, impairs mitochondrial function and downregulates components of the CD44-xCT system, resulting in impaired reactive oxygen species (ROS) mitigation, DNA damage, and apoptosis. For further validation, several mouse models of AML were generated. In these mouse models, ULK1 deficiency impaired leukemic cell homing and engraftment, delayed disease progression, and improved survival. Therefore, in the study, we validated our hypothesis and identified ULK1 as an important mediator of adaptive resistance to therapy and an ideal candidate for combination therapy in AML. Therefore, we propose ULK1 inhibition as a therapeutically relevant treatment option to overcome adaptive drug-resistance in AML. IMPLICATIONS ULK1 drives a cell-intrinsic adaptive resistance in AML and targeting ULK1-mediated autophagy can synergize with existing and emerging AML therapies to overcome drug-resistance and induce apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seemana Bhattacharya
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sujan Piya
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Huaxian Ma
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qi Zhang
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Natalia Baran
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vivian R. Ruvolo
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Teresa McQueen
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - R. Eric Davis
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rasoul Pourebrahim
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hagop Kantarjian
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Michael Andreeff
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gautam Borthakur
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Han YN, Lambert LJ, De Backer LJS, Wu J, Cosford NDP, Tautz L. Detection of Cellular Target Engagement for Small-Molecule Modulators of Striatal-Enriched Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (STEP). Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2706:167-175. [PMID: 37558948 PMCID: PMC10956569 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3397-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) is a brain-specific enzyme that regulates the signaling molecules that control synaptic plasticity and neuronal function. Dysregulation of STEP is linked to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Experimental results from neurological deficit disease models suggest that the modulation of STEP could be beneficial in a number of these disorders. This prompted our work to identify small-molecule modulators of STEP to provide the foundation of a drug discovery program. As a component of our testing funnel to identify small-molecule STEP inhibitors, we have developed a cellular target engagement assay that can identify compounds that interact with STEP46. We provide a comprehensive protocol to enable the use of this miniaturized assay, and we demonstrate its utility to benchmark the binding of newly discovered compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Na Han
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lester J Lambert
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laurent J S De Backer
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jiaqian Wu
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas D P Cosford
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lutz Tautz
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Haass-Koffler CL, Francis TC, Gandhi P, Patel R, Naemuddin M, Nielsen CK, Bartlett SE, Bonci A, Vasile S, Hood BL, Suyama E, Hedrick MP, Smith LH, Limpert AS, Roberto M, Cosford NDP, Sheffler DJ. Development and use of a high-throughput screen to identify novel modulators of the corticotropin releasing factor binding protein. SLAS Discov 2022; 27:448-459. [PMID: 36210051 PMCID: PMC9762412 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress responses are believed to involve corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), its two cognate receptors (CRF1 and CRF2), and the CRF-binding protein (CRFBP). Whereas decades of research has focused on CRF1, the role of CRF2 in the central nervous system (CNS) has not been thoroughly investigated. We have previously reported that CRF2, interacting with a C terminal fragment of CRFBP, CRFBP(10kD), may have a role in the modulation of neuronal activity. However, the mechanism by which CRF interacts with CRFBP(10kD) and CRF2 has not been fully elucidated due to the lack of useful chemical tools to probe CRFBP. METHODS We miniaturized a cell-based assay, where CRFBP(10kD) is fused as a chimera with CRF2, and performed a high-throughput screen (HTS) of 350,000 small molecules to find negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) of the CRFBP(10kD)-CRF2 complex. Hits were confirmed by evaluating activity toward parental HEK293 cells, toward CRF2 in the absence of CRFBP(10kD), and toward CRF1 in vitro. Hits were further characterized in ex vivo electrophysiology assays that target: 1) the CRF1+ neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) of CRF1:GFP mice that express GFP under the CRF1 promoter, and 2) the CRF-induced potentiation of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR)-mediated synaptic transmission in dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). RESULTS We found that CRFBP(10kD) potentiates CRF-intracellular Ca2+ release specifically via CRF2, indicating that CRFBP may possess excitatory roles in addition to the inhibitory role established by the N-terminal fragment of CRFBP, CRFBP(27kD). We identified novel small molecule CRFBP-CRF2 NAMs that do not alter the CRF1-mediated effects of exogenous CRF but blunt CRF-induced potentiation of NMDAR-mediated synaptic transmission in dopamine neurons in the VTA, an effect mediated by CRF2 and CRFBP. CONCLUSION These results provide the first evidence of specific roles for CRF2 and CRFBP(10kD) in the modulation of neuronal activity and suggest that CRFBP(10kD)-CRF2 NAMs can be further developed for the treatment of stress-related disorders including alcohol and substance use disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina L Haass-Koffler
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School; Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health; Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies; Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence RI, United States.
| | - T Chase Francis
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Intramural Research Program, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Pauravi Gandhi
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Reesha Patel
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Mohammad Naemuddin
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Carsten K Nielsen
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Selena E Bartlett
- Translational Research Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Stefan Vasile
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Becky L Hood
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Eigo Suyama
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Michael P Hedrick
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Layton H Smith
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Allison S Limpert
- NCI Designated Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, United States; Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Marisa Roberto
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Nicholas D P Cosford
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States; NCI Designated Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, United States; Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Douglas J Sheffler
- NCI Designated Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, United States; Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Baranowski MR, Wu J, Han YN, Lambert LJ, Cosford NDP, Tautz L. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Biochemical Inhibition Assays. Bio Protoc 2022; 12:e4510. [PMID: 36248604 PMCID: PMC9516250 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbance of the dynamic balance between protein tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, modulated by protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), is known to be crucial for the development of many human diseases. The discovery of agents that restore this balance has been the subject of many drug research efforts, most of which have focused on tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), resulting in the development of more than 50 FDA-approved TKIs during the past two decades. More recently, accumulating evidence has suggested that members of the PTP superfamily are also promising drug targets, and efforts to discover tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors (TPIs) have increased dramatically. Here, we provide protocols for determining the potency of TPIs in vitro. We focus on the use of fluorescence-based substrates, which exhibit a dramatic increase in fluorescence emission when dephosphorylated by the PTP, and thus allow setting up highly sensitive and miniaturized phosphatase activity assays using 384-well or 1536-well microplates and a continuous (kinetic) assay format. The protocols cover PTP specific activity assays, Michaelis-Menten kinetics, dose-response inhibition assays, and dose-response data analysis for determining IC 50 values. Potential pitfalls are also discussed. While advanced instrumentation is utilized for compound spotting and liquid dispensing, all the assays can be adapted to existing equipment in most laboratories. Assays are described for selected PTP drug targets, including SHP2 ( PTPN11 ), PTP1B ( PTPN1 ), STEP ( PTPN5 ), and VHR ( DUSP3 ). However, all protocols are applicable to members of the PTP enzyme family in general. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marek R. Baranowski
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
,
Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Ludwika Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jiaqian Wu
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ye Na Han
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lester J. Lambert
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicholas D. P. Cosford
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lutz Tautz
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
,
*For correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yue P, Zhu Y, Brotherton-Pleiss C, Fu W, Verma N, Chen J, Nakamura K, Chen W, Chen Y, Alonso-Valenteen F, Mikhael S, Medina-Kauwe L, Kershaw KM, Celeridad M, Pan S, Limpert AS, Sheffler DJ, Cosford NDP, Shiao SL, Tius MA, Lopez-Tapia F, Turkson J. Novel potent azetidine-based compounds irreversibly inhibit Stat3 activation and induce antitumor response against human breast tumor growth in vivo. Cancer Lett 2022; 534:215613. [PMID: 35276290 PMCID: PMC9867837 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)3 is a valid anticancer therapeutic target. We have discovered a highly potent chemotype that amplifies the Stat3-inhibitory activity of lead compounds to levels previously unseen. The azetidine-based compounds, including H172 (9f) and H182, irreversibly bind to Stat3 and selectively inhibit Stat3 activity (IC50 0.38-0.98 μM) over Stat1 or Stat5 (IC50 > 15.8 μM) in vitro. Mass spectrometry detected the Stat3 cysteine peptides covalently bound to the azetidine compounds, and the key residues, Cys426 and Cys468, essential for the high potency inhibition, were confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis. In triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) models, treatment with the azetidine compounds inhibited constitutive and ligand-induced Stat3 signaling, and induced loss of viable cells and tumor cell death, compared to no effect on the induction of Janus kinase (JAK)2, Src, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and other proteins, or weak effects on cells that do not harbor aberrantly-active Stat3. H120 (8e) and H182 as a single agent inhibited growth of TNBC xenografts, and H278 (hydrochloric acid salt of H182) in combination with radiation completely blocked mouse TNBC growth and improved survival in syngeneic models. We identify potent azetidine-based, selective, irreversible Stat3 inhibitors that inhibit TNBC growth in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peibin Yue
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angenes, CA, 90048, USA,Cancer Biology Program, Cedars-Sinai Cancer, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Yinsong Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angenes, CA, 90048, USA,Cancer Biology Program, Cedars-Sinai Cancer, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Christine Brotherton-Pleiss
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo St, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA,Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI, 96825, USA
| | - Wenzhen Fu
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo St, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA,Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI, 96825, USA
| | - Nagendra Verma
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angenes, CA, 90048, USA,Cancer Biology Program, Cedars-Sinai Cancer, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Jasmine Chen
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo St, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Kayo Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI, 96825, USA
| | - Weiliang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI, 96825, USA
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angenes, CA, 90048, USA,Cancer Biology Program, Cedars-Sinai Cancer, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Felix Alonso-Valenteen
- Cancer Biology Program, Cedars-Sinai Cancer, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Simoun Mikhael
- Cancer Biology Program, Cedars-Sinai Cancer, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Lali Medina-Kauwe
- Cancer Biology Program, Cedars-Sinai Cancer, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Kershaw
- Cancer Biology Program, Cedars-Sinai Cancer, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA,Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Maria Celeridad
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Songqin Pan
- W. M. Keck Proteomics Laboratory, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Allison S. Limpert
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Douglas J. Sheffler
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Nicholas D. P. Cosford
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Stephen L. Shiao
- Cancer Biology Program, Cedars-Sinai Cancer, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA,Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Marcus A. Tius
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo St, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA,Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI, 96825, USA
| | - Francisco Lopez-Tapia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angenes, CA, 90048, USA,Cancer Biology Program, Cedars-Sinai Cancer, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA,Corresponding author. Cancer Biology Program, Cedars-Sinai Cancer, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA. (J. Turkson)
| | - James Turkson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angenes, CA, 90048, USA; Cancer Biology Program, Cedars-Sinai Cancer, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bata N, Chaikuad A, Bakas NA, Limpert AS, Lambert LJ, Sheffler DJ, Berger LM, Liu G, Yuan C, Wang L, Peng Y, Dong J, Celeridad M, Layng F, Knapp S, Cosford NDP. Inhibitors of the Hippo Pathway Kinases STK3/MST2 and STK4/MST1 Have Utility for the Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. J Med Chem 2022; 65:1352-1369. [PMID: 34807584 PMCID: PMC10149138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Serine/threonine-protein kinases 3 and 4 (STK3 and STK4, respectively) are key components of the Hippo signaling pathway, which regulates cell proliferation and death and provides a potential therapeutic target for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Herein, we report the structure-based design of a series of pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives as STK3 and STK4 inhibitors. In an initial screen, the compounds exhibited low nanomolar potency against both STK3 and STK4. Crystallization of compound 6 with STK4 revealed two-point hinge binding in the ATP-binding pocket. Further characterization and analysis demonstrated that compound 20 (SBP-3264) specifically inhibited the Hippo signaling pathway in cultured mammalian cells and possessed favorable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties in mice. We show that genetic knockdown and pharmacological inhibition of STK3 and STK4 suppress the proliferation of AML cells in vitro. Thus, SBP-3264 is a valuable chemical probe for understanding the roles of STK3 and STK4 in AML and is a promising candidate for further advancement as a potential therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bata
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Apirat Chaikuad
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Structural Genomics Consortium, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Max von Lauestrasse 9, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nicole A Bakas
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Allison S Limpert
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lester J Lambert
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Douglas J Sheffler
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lena M Berger
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Structural Genomics Consortium, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Max von Lauestrasse 9, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Guoxiong Liu
- Chemistry Department, Viva Biotech Ltd., 581 Shen Kuo Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Cunxiang Yuan
- Chemistry Department, Viva Biotech Ltd., 581 Shen Kuo Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Wang
- Chemistry Department, Viva Biotech Ltd., 581 Shen Kuo Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi Peng
- Chemistry Department, Viva Biotech Ltd., 581 Shen Kuo Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Chemistry Department, Viva Biotech Ltd., 581 Shen Kuo Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Maria Celeridad
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Fabiana Layng
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Structural Genomics Consortium, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Max von Lauestrasse 9, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Translational cancer network DKTK site Frankfurt/Mainz and Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nicholas D P Cosford
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bata N, Cosford NDP. Cell Survival and Cell Death at the Intersection of Autophagy and Apoptosis: Implications for Current and Future Cancer Therapeutics. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1728-1746. [PMID: 34927007 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy and apoptosis are functionally distinct mechanisms for cytoplasmic and cellular turnover. While these two pathways are distinct, they can also regulate each other, and central components of the apoptosis or autophagy pathway regulate both processes directly. Furthermore, several upstream stress-inducing signaling pathways can influence both autophagy and apoptosis. The crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis has an integral role in pathological processes, including those related to cancer, homeostasis, and aging. Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death, tightly regulated by various cellular and biochemical mechanisms, some of which have been the focus of drug discovery efforts targeting cancer therapeutics. Autophagy is a cellular degradation pathway whereby cells recycle macromolecules and organelles to generate energy when subjected to stress. Autophagy can act as either a prodeath or a prosurvival process and is both tissue and microenvironment specific. In this review we describe five groups of proteins that are integral to the apoptosis pathway and discuss their role in regulating autophagy. We highlight several apoptosis-inducing small molecules and biologics that have been developed and advanced into the clinic and discuss their effects on autophagy. For the most part, these apoptosis-inducing compounds appear to elevate autophagy activity. Under certain circumstances autophagy demonstrates cytoprotective functions and is overactivated in response to chemo- or radiotherapy which can lead to drug resistance, representing a clinical obstacle for successful cancer treatment. Thus, targeting the autophagy pathway in combination with apoptosis-inducing compounds may be a promising strategy for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bata
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nicholas D P Cosford
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Raveendra-Panickar D, Finlay D, Layng FI, Lambert LJ, Celeridad M, Zhao M, Barbosa K, De Backer LJS, Kwong E, Gosalia P, Rodiles S, Holleran J, Ardecky R, Grotegut S, Olson S, Hutchinson JH, Pasquale EB, Vuori K, Deshpande AJ, Cosford NDP, Tautz L. Discovery of novel furanylbenzamide inhibitors that target oncogenic tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 in leukemia cells. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101477. [PMID: 34896393 PMCID: PMC8760490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbance of the dynamic balance between tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of signaling molecules, controlled by protein tyrosine kinases and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), is known to lead to the development of cancer. While most approved targeted cancer therapies are tyrosine kinase inhibitors, PTPs have long been stigmatized as undruggable and have only recently gained renewed attention in drug discovery. One PTP target is the Src-homology 2 domain–containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2). SHP2 is implicated in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and treatment resistance, primarily because of its role as a signaling nexus of the extracellular signal–regulated kinase pathway, acting upstream of the small GTPase Ras. Efforts to develop small molecules that target SHP2 are ongoing, and several SHP2 allosteric inhibitors are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of solid tumors. However, while the reported allosteric inhibitors are highly effective against cells expressing WT SHP2, none have significant activity against the most frequent oncogenic SHP2 variants that drive leukemogenesis in several juvenile and acute leukemias. Here, we report the discovery of novel furanylbenzamide molecules as inhibitors of both WT and oncogenic SHP2. Importantly, these inhibitors readily cross cell membranes, bind and inhibit SHP2 under physiological conditions, and effectively decrease the growth of cancer cells, including triple-negative breast cancer cells, acute myeloid leukemia cells expressing either WT or oncogenic SHP2, and patient-derived acute myeloid leukemia cells. These novel compounds are effective chemical probes of active SHP2 and may serve as starting points for therapeutics targeting WT or mutant SHP2 in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya Raveendra-Panickar
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Darren Finlay
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fabiana Izidro Layng
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lester J Lambert
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maria Celeridad
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ming Zhao
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Karina Barbosa
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Laurent J S De Backer
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Elizabeth Kwong
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Palak Gosalia
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Socorro Rodiles
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John Holleran
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert Ardecky
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Stefan Grotegut
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Steven Olson
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John H Hutchinson
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Elena B Pasquale
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kristiina Vuori
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aniruddha J Deshpande
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicholas D P Cosford
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lutz Tautz
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ren H, Bakas NA, Vamos M, Chaikuad A, Limpert AS, Wimer CD, Brun SN, Lambert LJ, Tautz L, Celeridad M, Sheffler DJ, Knapp S, Shaw RJ, Cosford NDP. Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of an Orally Active Dual-Specific ULK1/2 Autophagy Inhibitor that Synergizes with the PARP Inhibitor Olaparib for the Treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. J Med Chem 2020; 63:14609-14625. [PMID: 33200929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of autophagy, the major cellular recycling pathway in mammalian cells, is a promising strategy for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We previously reported SBI-0206965, a small molecule inhibitor of unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1), which is a key regulator of autophagy initiation. Herein, we describe the design, synthesis, and characterization of new dual inhibitors of ULK1 and ULK2 (ULK1/2). One inhibitor, SBP-7455 (compound 26), displayed improved binding affinity for ULK1/2 compared with SBI-0206965, potently inhibited ULK1/2 enzymatic activity in vitro and in cells, reduced the viability of TNBC cells and had oral bioavailability in mice. SBP-7455 inhibited starvation-induced autophagic flux in TNBC cells that were dependent on autophagy for survival and displayed synergistic cytotoxicity with the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor olaparib against TNBC cells. These data suggest that combining ULK1/2 and PARP inhibition may have clinical utility for the treatment of TNBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Ren
- Cancer Molecules & Structures Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nicole A Bakas
- Cancer Molecules & Structures Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Mitchell Vamos
- Cancer Molecules & Structures Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Apirat Chaikuad
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60438, Germany.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Allison S Limpert
- Cancer Molecules & Structures Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Carina D Wimer
- Cancer Molecules & Structures Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Sonja N Brun
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92037, United States
| | - Lester J Lambert
- Cancer Molecules & Structures Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lutz Tautz
- Cancer Molecules & Structures Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Maria Celeridad
- Cancer Molecules & Structures Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Douglas J Sheffler
- Cancer Molecules & Structures Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60438, Germany.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Reuben J Shaw
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92037, United States
| | - Nicholas D P Cosford
- Cancer Molecules & Structures Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yamasaki T, Zhang X, Kumata K, Zhang Y, Deng X, Fujinaga M, Chen Z, Mori W, Hu K, Wakizaka H, Hatori A, Xie L, Ogawa M, Nengaki N, Van R, Shao Y, Sheffler DJ, Cosford NDP, Liang SH, Zhang MR. Identification and Development of a New Positron Emission Tomography Ligand 4-(2-Fluoro-4-[ 11C]methoxyphenyl)-5-((1-methyl-1 H-pyrazol-3-yl)methoxy)picolinamide for Imaging Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtype 2 (mGlu 2). J Med Chem 2020; 63:11469-11483. [PMID: 32960052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGlu2) is a known target for treating several central nervous system (CNS) disorders. To develop a viable positron emission tomography (PET) ligand for mGlu2, we identified new candidates 5a-i that are potent negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) of mGlu2. Among these candidates, 4-(2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-5-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)methoxy)picolinamide (5i, also named as [11C]MG2-1812) exhibited high potency, high subtype selectivity, and favorable lipophilicity. Compound 5i was labeled with positron-emitting carbon-11 (11C) to obtain [11C]5i in high radiochemical yield and high molar activity by O-[11C]methylation of the phenol precursor 12 with [11C]CH3I. In vitro autoradiography with [11C]5i showed heterogeneous radioactive accumulation in the brain tissue sections, ranked in the order: cortex > striatum > hippocampus > cerebellum ≫ thalamus > pons. PET study of [11C]5i indicated in vivo specific binding of mGlu2 in the rat brain. Based on the [11C]5i scaffold, further optimization for new candidates is underway to identify a more suitable ligand for imaging mGlu2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoteru Yamasaki
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Katsushi Kumata
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yiding Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Xiaoyun Deng
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Masayuki Fujinaga
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Zhen Chen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Wakana Mori
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kuan Hu
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hidekatsu Wakizaka
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Akiko Hatori
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masanao Ogawa
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.,SHI Accelerator Service, Ltd., 1-17-6 Osaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0032, Japan
| | - Nobuki Nengaki
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.,SHI Accelerator Service, Ltd., 1-17-6 Osaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0032, Japan
| | - Richard Van
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Yihan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Douglas J Sheffler
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program and Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nicholas D P Cosford
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program and Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Steven H Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang X, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Shao T, Van R, Kumata K, Deng X, Fu H, Yamasaki T, Rong J, Hu K, Hatori A, Xie L, Yu Q, Ye W, Xu H, Sheffler DJ, Cosford NDP, Shao Y, Tang P, Wang L, Zhang MR, Liang SH. Synthesis and preliminary studies of 11C-labeled tetrahydro-1,7-naphthyridine-2-carboxamides for PET imaging of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2. Theranostics 2020; 10:11178-11196. [PMID: 33042277 PMCID: PMC7532674 DOI: 10.7150/thno.42587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGlu2) represents a novel therapeutic approach for treating brain disorders, including schizophrenia, depression, Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), drug abuse and addiction. Imaging mGlu2 using positron emission tomography (PET) would allow for in vivo quantification under physiological and pathological conditions and facilitate drug discovery by enabling target engagement studies. In this paper, we aimed to develop a novel specific radioligand derived from negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) for PET imaging of mGlu2. Methods. A focused small molecule library of mGlu2 NAMs with tetrahydro naphthyridine scaffold was synthesized for pharmacology and physicochemical evaluation. GIRK dose-response assays and CNS panel binding selectivity assays were performed to study the affinity and selectivity of mGlu2 NAMs, among which compounds 14a and 14b were selected as PET ligand candidates. Autoradiography in SD rat brain sections was used to confirm the in vitro binding specificity and selectivity of [11C]14a and [11C]14b towards mGlu2. In vivo binding specificity was then studied by PET imaging. Whole body biodistribution study and radiometabolite analysis were conducted to demonstrate the pharmacokinetic properties of [11C]14b as most promising PET mGlu2 PET ligand. Results. mGlu2 NAMs 14a-14g were synthesized in 14%-20% yields in five steps. NAMs 14a and 14b were selected to be the most promising ligands due to their high affinity in GIRK dose-response assays. [11C]14a and [11C]14b displayed similar heterogeneous distribution by autoradiography, consistent with mGlu2 expression in the brain. While PET imaging study showed good brain permeability for both tracers, compound [11C]14b demonstrated superior binding specificity compared to [11C]14a. Further radiometabolite analysis of [11C]14b showed excellent stability in the brain. Conclusions. Compound 14b exhibited high affinity and excellent subtype selectivity, which was then evaluated by in vitro autoradiography and in vivo PET imaging study after labeling with carbon-11. Ligand [11C]14b, which we named [11C]MG2-1904, demonstrated high brain uptake and excellent in vitro/in vivo specific binding towards mGlu2 with high metabolic stability in the brain. As proof-of-concept, our preliminary work demonstrated a successful example of visualizing mGlu2in vivo derived from NAMs, which represents a promising chemotype for further development and optimization aimed for clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Zhang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yiding Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Zhen Chen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Tuo Shao
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Richard Van
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Katsushi Kumata
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Xiaoyun Deng
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Hualong Fu
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Tomoteru Yamasaki
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Jian Rong
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Kuan Hu
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Akiko Hatori
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Qingzhen Yu
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Weijian Ye
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 West Huangpu Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 West Huangpu Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Douglas J. Sheffler
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program and Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nicholas D. P. Cosford
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program and Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yihan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Pingping Tang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 West Huangpu Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lambert LJ, Romero C, Sheffler DJ, Celeridad M, Cosford NDP, Tautz L. Assessing Cellular Target Engagement by SHP2 (PTPN11) Phosphatase Inhibitors. J Vis Exp 2020. [PMID: 32744526 DOI: 10.3791/61457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The Src-homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2), encoded by the PTPN11 proto-oncogene, is a key mediator of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-driven cell signaling, promoting cell survival and proliferation. In addition, SHP2 is recruited by immune check point receptors to inhibit B and T cell activation. Aberrant SHP2 function has been implicated in the development, progression, and metastasis of many cancers. Indeed, small molecule SHP2 inhibitors have recently entered clinical trials for the treatment of solid tumors with Ras/Raf/ERK pathway activation, including tumors with some oncogenic Ras mutations. However, the current class of SHP2 inhibitors is not effective against the SHP2 oncogenic variants that occur frequently in leukemias, and the development of specific small molecules that target oncogenic SHP2 is the subject of current research. A common problem with most drug discovery campaigns involving cytosolic proteins like SHP2 is that the primary assays that drive chemical discovery are often in vitro assays that do not report the cellular target engagement of candidate compounds. To provide a platform for measuring cellular target engagement, we developed both wild-type and mutant SHP2 cellular thermal shift assays. These assays reliably detect target engagement of SHP2 inhibitors in cells. Here, we provide a comprehensive protocol of this assay, which provides a valuable tool for the assessment and characterization of SHP2 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lester J Lambert
- Cancer Metabolism & Signaling Networks Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute
| | - Celeste Romero
- Cancer Metabolism & Signaling Networks Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute
| | - Douglas J Sheffler
- Cancer Metabolism & Signaling Networks Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute
| | - Maria Celeridad
- Cancer Metabolism & Signaling Networks Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute
| | - Nicholas D P Cosford
- Cancer Metabolism & Signaling Networks Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute
| | - Lutz Tautz
- Cancer Metabolism & Signaling Networks Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Affiliation(s)
- Thien An Phung Hai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Laurent J. S. De Backer
- Cancer Metabolism & Signaling Networks Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nicholas D. P. Cosford
- Cancer Metabolism & Signaling Networks Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Michael D. Burkart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
- The California Center for Algae Biotechnology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0368, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Romero C, Lambert LJ, Sheffler DJ, De Backer LJS, Raveendra-Panickar D, Celeridad M, Grotegut S, Rodiles S, Holleran J, Sergienko E, Pasquale EB, Cosford NDP, Tautz L. A cellular target engagement assay for the characterization of SHP2 (PTPN11) phosphatase inhibitors. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:2601-2613. [PMID: 31953320 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonreceptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) SHP2 is encoded by the proto-oncogene PTPN11 and is a ubiquitously expressed key regulator of cell signaling, acting on a number of cellular processes and components, including the Ras/Raf/Erk, PI3K/Akt, and JAK/STAT pathways and immune checkpoint receptors. Aberrant SHP2 activity has been implicated in all phases of tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. Gain-of-function PTPN11 mutations drive oncogenesis in several leukemias and cause developmental disorders with increased risk of malignancy such as Noonan syndrome. Until recently, small molecule-based targeting of SHP2 was hampered by the failure of orthosteric active-site inhibitors to achieve selectivity and potency within a useful therapeutic window. However, new SHP2 allosteric inhibitors with excellent potency and selectivity have sparked renewed interest in the selective targeting of SHP2 and other PTP family members. Crucially, drug discovery campaigns focusing on SHP2 would greatly benefit from the ability to validate the cellular target engagement of candidate inhibitors. Here, we report a cellular thermal shift assay that reliably detects target engagement of SHP2 inhibitors. Using this assay, based on the DiscoverX InCell Pulse enzyme complementation technology, we characterized the binding of several SHP2 allosteric inhibitors in intact cells. Moreover, we demonstrate the robustness and reliability of a 384-well miniaturized version of the assay for the screening of SHP2 inhibitors targeting either WT SHP2 or its oncogenic E76K variant. Finally, we provide an example of the assay's ability to identify and characterize novel compounds with specific cellular potency for either WT or mutant SHP2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Romero
- Cancer Metabolism & Signaling Networks Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Lester J Lambert
- Cancer Metabolism & Signaling Networks Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Douglas J Sheffler
- Cancer Metabolism & Signaling Networks Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Laurent J S De Backer
- Cancer Metabolism & Signaling Networks Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Dhanya Raveendra-Panickar
- Cancer Metabolism & Signaling Networks Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Maria Celeridad
- Cancer Metabolism & Signaling Networks Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Stefan Grotegut
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Socorro Rodiles
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - John Holleran
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Eduard Sergienko
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Elena B Pasquale
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Nicholas D P Cosford
- Cancer Metabolism & Signaling Networks Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Lutz Tautz
- Cancer Metabolism & Signaling Networks Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Limpert AS, Lambert LJ, Bakas NA, Bata N, Brun SN, Shaw RJ, Cosford NDP. Autophagy in Cancer: Regulation by Small Molecules. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:1021-1032. [PMID: 30454769 PMCID: PMC6349222 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During times of stress, autophagy is a cellular process that enables cells to reclaim damaged components by a controlled recycling pathway. This mechanism for cellular catabolism is dysregulated in cancer, with evidence indicating that cancer cells rely on autophagy in the hypoxic and nutrient-poor microenvironment of solid tumors. Mounting evidence suggests that autophagy has a role in the resistance of tumors to standard-of-care (SOC) therapies. Therefore, there is significant interest in the discovery of small molecules that can safely modulate autophagy. In this review, we describe recent advances in the identification of new pharmacological compounds that modulate autophagy, with a focus on their mode of action, value as probe compounds, and validation as potential therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison S Limpert
- NCI Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; These authors contributed equally
| | - Lester J Lambert
- NCI Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; These authors contributed equally
| | - Nicole A Bakas
- NCI Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Bata
- NCI Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sonja N Brun
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Reuben J Shaw
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas D P Cosford
- NCI Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Barnes SA, Sheffler DJ, Semenova S, Cosford NDP, Bespalov A. Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 as a Target for the Treatment of Depression and Smoking: Robust Preclinical Data but Inconclusive Clinical Efficacy. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:955-962. [PMID: 29628194 PMCID: PMC5953810 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability of novel pharmacological compounds to improve outcomes in preclinical models is often not translated into clinical efficacy. Psychiatric disorders do not have biological boundaries, and identifying mechanisms to improve the translational bottleneck between preclinical and clinical research domains is an important and challenging task. Glutamate transmission is disrupted in several neuropsychiatric disorders. Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors represent a diverse class of receptors that contribute to excitatory neurotransmission. Given the wide, yet region-specific manner of expression, developing pharmacological compounds to modulate mGlu receptor activity provides an opportunity to subtly and selectively modulate excitatory neurotransmission. This review focuses on the potential involvement of mGlu5 receptor disruption in major depressive disorder and substance and/or alcohol use disorders. We provide an overview of the justification of targeting mGlu5 receptors in the treatment of these disorders, summarize the preclinical evidence for negatively modulating mGlu5 receptors as a therapeutic target for major depressive disorders and nicotine dependence, and highlight the outcomes of recent clinical trials. While the evidence of mGlu5 receptor negative allosteric modulation has been promising in preclinical investigations, these beneficial effects have not translated into clinical efficacy. In this review, we identify key challenges that may contribute to poor clinical translation and provide suggested approaches moving forward to potentially improve the translation from preclinical to clinical domains. Such approaches may increase the success of clinical trials and may reduce the translational bottleneck that exists in drug discovery for psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A. Barnes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0603, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Douglas J. Sheffler
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Svetlana Semenova
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0603, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA,PAREXEL International, 1560 E Chevy Chase Dr, suite 140, Glendale, CA 91206, USA
| | - Nicholas D. P. Cosford
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Anton Bespalov
- EXCIVA, Heidelberg, Germany; Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pinkerton AB, Sergienko E, Bravo Y, Dahl R, Ma CT, Sun Q, Jackson MR, Cosford NDP, Millán JL. Discovery of 5-((5-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)sulfonamido)nicotinamide (SBI-425), a potent and orally bioavailable tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 28:31-34. [PMID: 29174347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is an ectoenzyme crucial for bone matrix mineralization via its ability to hydrolyze extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate (ePPi), a potent mineralization inhibitor, to phosphate (Pi). By the controlled hydrolysis of ePPi, TNAP maintains the correct ratio of Pi to ePPi and therefore enables normal skeletal and dental calcification. In other areas of the body low ePPi levels lead to the development of pathological soft-tissue calcification, which can progress to a number of disorders. TNAP inhibitors have been shown to prevent these processes via an increase of ePPi. Herein we describe the use of a whole blood assay to optimize a previously described series of TNAP inhibitors resulting in 5-((5-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)sulfonamido)nicotinamide (SBI-425), a potent, selective and oral bioavailable compound that robustly inhibits TNAP in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony B Pinkerton
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Eduard Sergienko
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yalda Bravo
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Russell Dahl
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chen-Ting Ma
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Qing Sun
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael R Jackson
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicholas D P Cosford
- NCI Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - José Luis Millán
- Sanford Children's Health Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang X, Kumata K, Yamasaki T, Cheng R, Hatori A, Ma L, Zhang Y, Xie L, Wang L, Kang HJ, Sheffler DJ, Cosford NDP, Zhang MR, Liang SH. Synthesis and Preliminary Studies of a Novel Negative Allosteric Modulator, 7-((2,5-Dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)-4-(2-fluoro-4-[ 11C]methoxyphenyl) quinoline-2-carboxamide, for Imaging of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 2. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:1937-1948. [PMID: 28565908 PMCID: PMC5607115 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate 2 receptors (mGlu2) are involved in the pathogenesis of several CNS disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacological modulation of this target represents a potential disease-modifying approach for the treatment of substance abuse, depression, schizophrenia, and dementias. While quantification of mGlu2 receptors in the living brain by positron emission tomography (PET) would help us better understand signaling pathways relevant to these conditions, few successful examples have been demonstrated to image mGlu2 in vivo, and a suitable PET tracer is yet to be identified. Herein we report the design and synthesis of a radiolabeled negative allosteric modulator (NAM) for mGlu2 PET tracer development based on a quinoline 2-carboxamide scaffold. The most promising candidate, 7-((2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)-4-(2-fluoro-4-[11C]methoxyphenyl) quinoline-2-carboxamide ([11C]QCA) was prepared in 13% radiochemical yield (non-decay-corrected at the end of synthesis) with >99% radiochemical purity and >74 GBq/μmol (2 Ci/μmol) specific activity. While the tracer showed limited brain uptake (0.3 SUV), probably attributable to effects on PgP/Bcrp efflux pump, in vitro autoradiography studies demonstrated heterogeneous brain distribution and specific binding. Thus, [11C]QCA is a chemical probe that provides the basis for the development of a new generation mGlu2 PET tracers.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/deficiency
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/genetics
- Adhesins, Escherichia coli
- Allosteric Regulation
- Animals
- Autoradiography
- Brain/diagnostic imaging
- Brain/metabolism
- Drug Design
- Humans
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Male
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Microsomes, Liver/drug effects
- Microsomes, Liver/metabolism
- Molecular Structure
- Positron-Emission Tomography
- Preliminary Data
- Pyrrolidines/chemistry
- Quinolines/chemistry
- Radiopharmaceuticals/chemical synthesis
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/metabolism
- Tissue Distribution
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Zhang
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai Unviersity, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Katsushi Kumata
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoteru Yamasaki
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ran Cheng
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Akiko Hatori
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Longle Ma
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Yiding Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Lu Wang
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Hye Jin Kang
- Department of Pharmacology & National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27515, USA
| | - Douglas J. Sheffler
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Program and Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Nicholas D. P. Cosford
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Program and Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
The heterogeneous group of diseases collectively termed cancer results not just from aberrant cellular proliferation but also from a lack of accompanying homeostatic cell death. Indeed, cancer cells regularly acquire resistance to programmed cell death, or apoptosis, which not only supports cancer progression but also leads to resistance to therapeutic agents. Thus, various approaches have been undertaken in order to induce apoptosis in tumor cells for therapeutic purposes. Here, we will focus our discussion on agents that directly affect the apoptotic machinery itself rather than on drugs that induce apoptosis in tumor cells indirectly, such as by DNA damage or kinase dependency inhibition. As the roles of the Bcl-2 family have been extensively studied and reviewed recently, we will focus in this review specifically on the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family. IAPs are a disparate group of proteins that all contain a baculovirus IAP repeat domain, which is important for the inhibition of apoptosis in some, but not all, family members. We describe each of the family members with respect to their structural and functional similarities and differences and their respective roles in cancer. Finally, we also review the current state of IAPs as targets for anti-cancer therapeutics and discuss the current clinical state of IAP antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren Finlay
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Peter Teriete
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Mitchell Vamos
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Nicholas D P Cosford
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kristiina Vuori
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pagano N, Teriete P, Mattmann ME, Yang L, Snyder BA, Cai Z, Heil ML, Cosford NDP. An integrated chemical biology approach reveals the mechanism of action of HIV replication inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:6248-6265. [PMID: 28442262 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Continuous flow (microfluidic) chemistry was employed to prepare a small focused library of dihydropyrimidinone (DHPM) derivatives. Compounds in this class have been reported to exhibit activity against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but their molecular target had not been identified. We tested the initial set of DHPMs in phenotypic assays providing a hit (1i) that inhibited the replication of the human immunodeficiency virus HIV in cells. Flow chemistry-driven optimization of 1i led to the identification of HIV replication inhibitors such as 1l with cellular potency comparable with the clinical drug nevirapine (NVP). Mechanism of action (MOA) studies using cellular and biochemical assays coupled with 3D fingerprinting and in silico modeling demonstrated that these drug-like probe compounds exert their effects by inhibiting the viral reverse transcriptase polymerase (RT). This led to the design and synthesis of the novel DHPM 1at that inhibits the replication of drug resistant strains of HIV. Our work demonstrates that combining flow chemistry-driven analogue refinement with phenotypic assays, in silico modeling and MOA studies is a highly effective strategy for hit-to-lead optimization applicable to the discovery of future therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Pagano
- Cancer Metabolism & Signaling Networks Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Peter Teriete
- Cancer Metabolism & Signaling Networks Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Margrith E Mattmann
- Cancer Metabolism & Signaling Networks Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Li Yang
- Cancer Metabolism & Signaling Networks Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Beth A Snyder
- Southern Research Institute, Drug Development Division, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, MD 21701, United States
| | - Zhaohui Cai
- Southern Research Institute, Drug Development Division, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, MD 21701, United States
| | - Marintha L Heil
- Southern Research Institute, Drug Development Division, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, MD 21701, United States
| | - Nicholas D P Cosford
- Cancer Metabolism & Signaling Networks Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Poksay KS, Sheffler DJ, Spilman P, Campagna J, Jagodzinska B, Descamps O, Gorostiza O, Matalis A, Mullenix M, Bredesen DE, Cosford NDP, John V. Screening for Small Molecule Inhibitors of Statin-Induced APP C-terminal Toxic Fragment Production. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:46. [PMID: 28261092 PMCID: PMC5309220 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by neuronal and synaptic loss. One process that could contribute to this loss is the intracellular caspase cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) resulting in release of the toxic C-terminal 31-amino acid peptide APP-C31 along with the production of APPΔC31, full-length APP minus the C-terminal 31 amino acids. We previously found that a mutation in APP that prevents this caspase cleavage ameliorated synaptic loss and cognitive impairment in a murine AD model. Thus, inhibition of this cleavage is a reasonable target for new therapeutic development. In order to identify small molecules that inhibit the generation of APP-C31, we first used an APPΔC31 cleavage site-specific antibody to develop an AlphaLISA to screen several chemical compound libraries for the level of N-terminal fragment production. This antibody was also used to develop an ELISA for validation studies. In both high throughput screening (HTS) and validation testing, the ability of compounds to inhibit simvastatin- (HTS) or cerivastatin- (validation studies) induced caspase cleavage at the APP-D720 cleavage site was determined in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably transfected with wildtype (wt) human APP (CHO-7W). Several compounds, as well as control pan-caspase inhibitor Q-VD-OPh, inhibited APPΔC31 production (measured fragment) and rescued cell death in a dose-dependent manner. The effective compounds fell into several classes including SERCA inhibitors, inhibitors of Wnt signaling, and calcium channel antagonists. Further studies are underway to evaluate the efficacy of lead compounds - identified here using cells and tissues expressing wt human APP - in mouse models of AD expressing mutated human APP, as well as to identify additional compounds and determine the mechanisms by which they exert their effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Poksay
- Bredesen Lab, Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato CA, USA
| | - Douglas J Sheffler
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla CA, USA
| | - Patricia Spilman
- Bredesen Lab, Buck Institute for Research on Aging, NovatoCA, USA; Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los AngelesCA, USA
| | - Jesus Campagna
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles CA, USA
| | - Barbara Jagodzinska
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles CA, USA
| | - Olivier Descamps
- Bredesen Lab, Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato CA, USA
| | - Olivia Gorostiza
- Bredesen Lab, Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato CA, USA
| | - Alex Matalis
- Bredesen Lab, Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato CA, USA
| | | | - Dale E Bredesen
- Bredesen Lab, Buck Institute for Research on Aging, NovatoCA, USA; Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los AngelesCA, USA
| | - Nicholas D P Cosford
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla CA, USA
| | - Varghese John
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Herath A, Cosford NDP. Continuous-flow synthesis of highly functionalized imidazo-oxadiazoles facilitated by microfluidic extraction. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:239-246. [PMID: 28326132 PMCID: PMC5331298 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A versatile continuous-flow synthesis of highly functionalized 1,2,4-oxadiazoles starting from carboxylic acids is reported. This process was applied to the multistep synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl-1,2,4-oxadiazoles, using a three reactor, multistep continuous-flow system without isolation of intermediates. This continuous-flow method was successfully combined with a single-step liquid–liquid microextraction unit to remove high boiling point polar solvents and impurities and provides the target compounds in high purity with excellent overall yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Herath
- Cancer Metabolism & Signaling Networks Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Nicholas D P Cosford
- Cancer Metabolism & Signaling Networks Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Welsh K, Milutinovic S, Ardecky RJ, Gonzalez-Lopez M, Ganji SR, Teriete P, Finlay D, Riedl S, Matsuzawa SI, Pinilla C, Houghten R, Vuori K, Reed JC, Cosford NDP. Characterization of Potent SMAC Mimetics that Sensitize Cancer Cells to TNF Family-Induced Apoptosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161952. [PMID: 27617834 PMCID: PMC5019375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the Inhibitor of APoptosis (IAP) protein family suppress apoptosis within tumor cells, particularly in the context of immune cell-mediated killing by the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily cytokines. Most IAPs are opposed endogenously by the second mitochondrial activator of caspases (SMAC), which binds to selected baculovirus IAP repeat (BIR) domains of IAPs to displace interacting proteins. The development of SMAC mimetics as novel anticancer drugs has gained impetus, with several agents now in human clinical trials. To further understand the cellular mechanisms of SMAC mimetics, we focused on IAP family members cIAP1 and cIAP2, which are recruited to TNF receptor complexes where they support cell survival through NF-κB activation while suppressing apoptosis by preventing caspase activation. We established fluorescence polarization (FP) assays for the BIR2 and BIR3 domains of human cIAP1 and cIAP2 using fluorochrome-conjugated SMAC peptides as ligands. A library of SMAC mimetics was profiled using the FP assays to provide a unique structure activity relationship (SAR) analysis compared to previous assessments of binding to XIAP. Potent compounds displayed mean inhibitory binding constants (Ki) of 9 to 27 nM against the BIR3 domains of cIAP1 and cIAP2, respectively. Selected compounds were then characterized using cytotoxicity assays in which a cytokine-resistant human tumor cell line was sensitized to either TNF or lymphotoxin-α (LT-α). Cytotoxicity correlated closely with cIAP1 and cIAP2 BIR3 binding activity with the most potent compounds able to reduce cell viability by 50%. Further testing demonstrated that active compounds also inhibit RIP1 binding to BIR3 of cIAP1 and cIAP2 in vitro and reduce steady-state cIAP1 protein levels in cells. Altogether, these data inform the SAR for our SMAC mimetics with respect to cIAP1 and cIAP2, suggesting that these IAP family members play an important role in tumor cell resistance to cytotoxicity mediated by TNF and LT-α.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Welsh
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, United States of America
| | - Snezana Milutinovic
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Ardecky
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, United States of America
| | - Marcos Gonzalez-Lopez
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, United States of America
| | - Santhi Reddy Ganji
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, United States of America
| | - Peter Teriete
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, United States of America
| | - Darren Finlay
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, United States of America
| | - Stefan Riedl
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, United States of America
| | - Shu-ichi Matsuzawa
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, United States of America
| | - Clemencia Pinilla
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 3550 General Atomics Ct, San Diego, CA, 92121, United States of America & 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987, United States of America
| | - Richard Houghten
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 3550 General Atomics Ct, San Diego, CA, 92121, United States of America & 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987, United States of America
| | - Kristiina Vuori
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, United States of America
| | - John C. Reed
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, United States of America
| | - Nicholas D. P. Cosford
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rong J, Pass I, Diaz PW, Ngo TA, Sauer M, Magnuson G, Zeng FY, Hassig CA, Jackson MR, Cosford NDP, Matsuzawa SI, Reed JC. Cell-Based High-Throughput Luciferase Reporter Gene Assays for Identifying and Profiling Chemical Modulators of Endoplasmic Reticulum Signaling Protein, IRE1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:1232-45. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057115600414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activates three distinct signal transducers on the ER membrane. Inositol-requiring protein 1 (IRE1), the most conserved signal transducer, plays a key role in ER stress-mediated signaling. During ER stress, IRE1 initiates two discrete signaling cascades: the “adaptive” signaling cascade mediated by the XBP1 pathway and the “alarm” signaling cascade mediated by stress-activated protein kinase pathways. Fine-tuning of the balance between the adaptive and alarm signals contributes significantly to cellular fate under ER stress. Thus, we propose that the design of high-throughput screening (HTS) assays to selectively monitor IRE1 mediated-signaling would be desirable for drug discovery. To this end, we report the generation of stable human neural cell lines and development of cell-based HTS luciferase (Luc) reporter gene assays for the identification of pathway-specific chemical modulators of IRE1. We implemented a cell-based Luc assay using a chimeric CHOP-Gal4 transcription factor in 384-well format for monitoring IRE1 kinase-mediated p38MAPK activation and an unfolded response pathway element (URPE)–Luc cell-based assay in 1536-well format for monitoring IRE1’s RNase-mediated activation of XBP1. Chemical library screening was successfully conducted with both the CHOP/Gal4-Luc cells and UPRE-Luc engineered cells. The studies demonstrate the feasibility of using these HTS assays for discovery of pathway-selective modulators of IRE1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rong
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ian Pass
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul W. Diaz
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tram A. Ngo
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Sauer
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gavin Magnuson
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Fu-Yue Zeng
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christian A. Hassig
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael R. Jackson
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas D. P. Cosford
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shu-ichi Matsuzawa
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John C. Reed
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zou H, Limpert AS, Zou J, Dembo A, Lee PS, Grant D, Ardecky R, Pinkerton AB, Magnuson GK, Goldman ME, Rong J, Teriete P, Sheffler DJ, Reed JC, Cosford NDP. Benzodiazepinone derivatives protect against endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated cell death in human neuronal cell lines. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:464-75. [PMID: 25544056 PMCID: PMC4368043 DOI: 10.1021/cn500297v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
Endoplasmic
reticulum (ER) stress causes neuronal dysfunction followed
by cell death and is recognized as a feature of many neurodegenerative
diseases. Using a phenotypic screen, we recently identified benzodiazepinone
derivatives that reduce ER stress-mediated apoptosis in a rat neuronal
progenitor cell line (CSM14.1). Herein we describe how structure–activity
relationship (SAR) studies around these screening hits led to compounds
that display robust cytoprotective activity against thapsigargin-induced
ER stress in SH-SY5Y and H4 human neuronal cell lines. We demonstrate
that the most potent of these derivatives, compound 4hh, inhibits the activation of p38 MAP kinase (p38) and c-Jun N-terminal
kinase (JNK), protein kinases that are downstream signal effectors
of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Compound 4hh specifically
protects against thapsigargin-induced cell death and displays no protection
against other insults known to induce cellular stress or activate
p38. However, compound 4hh provides moderate inhibition
of p38 activity stimulated by compounds that disrupt calcium homeostasis.
Our data indicate that probe compound 4hh is a valuable
small molecule tool that can be used to investigate the effects of
ER stress on human neurons. This approach may provide the basis for
the future development of therapeutics for the treatment of neurodegenerative
diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Zou
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Research Program,
NCI-Designated Cancer Center, and ‡Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical
Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North
Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Allison S. Limpert
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Research Program,
NCI-Designated Cancer Center, and ‡Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical
Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North
Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jiwen Zou
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Research Program,
NCI-Designated Cancer Center, and ‡Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical
Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North
Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Anna Dembo
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Research Program,
NCI-Designated Cancer Center, and ‡Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical
Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North
Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Pooi-San Lee
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Research Program,
NCI-Designated Cancer Center, and ‡Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical
Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North
Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Daniel Grant
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Research Program,
NCI-Designated Cancer Center, and ‡Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical
Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North
Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Robert Ardecky
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Research Program,
NCI-Designated Cancer Center, and ‡Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical
Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North
Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Anthony B. Pinkerton
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Research Program,
NCI-Designated Cancer Center, and ‡Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical
Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North
Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Gavin K. Magnuson
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Research Program,
NCI-Designated Cancer Center, and ‡Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical
Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North
Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Mark E. Goldman
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Research Program,
NCI-Designated Cancer Center, and ‡Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical
Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North
Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Juan Rong
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Research Program,
NCI-Designated Cancer Center, and ‡Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical
Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North
Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Peter Teriete
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Research Program,
NCI-Designated Cancer Center, and ‡Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical
Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North
Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Douglas J. Sheffler
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Research Program,
NCI-Designated Cancer Center, and ‡Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical
Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North
Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - John C. Reed
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Research Program,
NCI-Designated Cancer Center, and ‡Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical
Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North
Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nicholas D. P. Cosford
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Research Program,
NCI-Designated Cancer Center, and ‡Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical
Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North
Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
McCabe KE, Bacos K, Lu D, Delaney JR, Vamos M, Cosford NDP, Stupack DG. Abstract 1340: Induction of necroptosis in ovarian cancer cells as a therapeutic strategy. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-1340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The standard of care for ovarian cancer patients is carboplatin and paclitaxel. While many tumors initially respond to these drugs, patients often relapse with resistant disease. One of the mechanisms implicated in this development of resistance is evasion of apoptosis. Exploiting alternative death pathways, including necroptosis, is one strategy to treat such recurrent disease. Overexpressed in many cancers, inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) represent one family of promising targets. Treatment of cells with an IAP antagonist can activate apoptosis or, if caspases are blocked, necroptosis. Among a panel of ovarian cancer cell lines screened for sensitivity to an IAP antagonist in combination with a pan-caspase inhibitor, only one (OVCAR3) was found to be sensitive, but this sensitivity was also exhibited by serous ovarian cancer cells isolated from patients. Combination treatment induces the formation of a p62-associated necrosome (RIPK1/RIPK3/FADD/caspase-8), and death can be rescued with inhibitors of RIPK1 and MLKL, two key proteins in the necroptosis pathway. All sensitive cell lines, but no resistant lines, express RIPK3 protein, and data from knockdown and ectopic expression studies demonstrate the dependency of cell death on kinase-active RIPK3, as well as caspase-8. Studies using a TNFα neutralizing antibody suggest that the combination elicits autocrine production of TNFα, which likely, in turn, activates the extrinsic death pathway in these cells. In conclusion, these findings illustrate that necroptosis can be induced in RIPK3-expressing ovarian cancer cells and indicate that in vivo studies are warranted.
Citation Format: Katelyn E. McCabe, Karl Bacos, Dan Lu, Joe R. Delaney, Mitchell Vamos, Nicholas D. P. Cosford, Dwayne G. Stupack. Induction of necroptosis in ovarian cancer cells as a therapeutic strategy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1340. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1340
Collapse
|
27
|
Bravo Y, Teriete P, Dhanya RP, Dahl R, Lee PS, Kiffer-Moreira T, Ganji SR, Sergienko E, Smith LH, Farquharson C, Millán JL, Cosford NDP. Design, synthesis and evaluation of benzoisothiazolones as selective inhibitors of PHOSPHO1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4308-11. [PMID: 25124115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report the discovery and characterization of a series of benzoisothiazolone inhibitors of PHOSPHO1, a newly identified soluble phosphatase implicated in skeletal mineralization and soft tissue ossification abnormalities. High-throughput screening (HTS) of a small molecule library led to the identification of benzoisothiazolones as potent and selective inhibitors of PHOSPHO1. Critical structural requirements for activity were determined, and the compounds were subsequently derivatized and measured for in vitro activity and ADME parameters including metabolic stability and permeability. On the basis of its overall profile the benzoisothiazolone analogue 2q was selected as MLPCN probe ML086.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yalda Bravo
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Research Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Peter Teriete
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Research Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Raveendra-Panickar Dhanya
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Research Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Russell Dahl
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Research Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Pooi San Lee
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Research Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tina Kiffer-Moreira
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Santhi Reddy Ganji
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Research Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eduard Sergienko
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Layton H Smith
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Colin Farquharson
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - José Luis Millán
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicholas D P Cosford
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Research Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dhanya RP, Sheffler DJ, Dahl R, Davis M, Lee PS, Yang L, Nickols HH, Cho HP, Smith LH, D'Souza MS, Conn PJ, Der-Avakian A, Markou A, Cosford NDP. Design and synthesis of systemically active metabotropic glutamate subtype-2 and -3 (mGlu2/3) receptor positive allosteric modulators (PAMs): pharmacological characterization and assessment in a rat model of cocaine dependence. J Med Chem 2014; 57:4154-72. [PMID: 24735492 PMCID: PMC4033659 DOI: 10.1021/jm5000563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
![]()
As
part of our ongoing small-molecule metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor
positive allosteric modulator (PAM) research, we performed structure–activity
relationship (SAR) studies around a series of group II mGlu PAMs.
Initial analogues exhibited weak activity as mGlu2 receptor
PAMs and no activity at mGlu3. Compound optimization led
to the identification of potent mGlu2/3 selective PAMs
with no in vitro activity at mGlu1,4–8 or 45 other
CNS receptors. In vitro pharmacological characterization of representative
compound 44 indicated agonist-PAM activity toward mGlu2 and PAM activity at mGlu3. The most potent mGlu2/3 PAMs were characterized in assays predictive of ADME/T
and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, allowing the discovery of systemically
active mGlu2/3 PAMs. On the basis of its overall profile,
compound 74 was selected for behavioral studies and was
shown to dose-dependently decrease cocaine self-administration in
rats after intraperitoneal administration. These mGlu2/3 receptor PAMs have significant potential as small molecule tools
for investigating group II mGlu pharmacology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raveendra-Panickar Dhanya
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Program and Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute , 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Glutamate excitotoxicity contributes to the neuronal injury and death associated with many neurodegenerative diseases. The glutamate transporter EAAT2, which is primarily localized on astrocytic processes, facilitates glutamate clearance from synapses, thus preventing neuronal damage. In this issue of the JCI, Kong et al. characterize a compound that upregulates EAAT2 translation, thereby increasing glutamate uptake by glial cells. Furthermore, this strategy for alleviating excitotoxicity was found to be beneficial in mouse models of both amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and epilepsy, suggesting that future development in this chemical series may lead to much-needed treatments for these disorders.
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
A practical and efficient method for the synthesis of substituted 2-aminopyridines from pyridine N-oxides is reported. Yields of purified, isolated products of up to 84% are observed for the one-pot, two-step process. The reaction involves an in situ deprotection of an isolable N-formylaminopyridine intermediate and facilitates the synthesis of 2-aminopyridines for which other methods fail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Vamos
- Cell Death & Survival Networks Program and Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute , 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Finlay D, Vamos M, González-López M, Ardecky RJ, Ganji SR, Yuan H, Su Y, Cooley TR, Hauser CT, Welsh K, Reed JC, Cosford NDP, Vuori K. Small-molecule IAP antagonists sensitize cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis: roles of XIAP and cIAPs. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 13:5-15. [PMID: 24194568 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a promising anticancer agent because it shows apoptosis-inducing activity in transformed, but not in normal, cells. As with most anticancer agents, however, its clinical use is restricted by either inherent or acquired resistance by cancer cells. We demonstrate here that small-molecule SMAC mimetics that antagonize the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) potently sensitize previously resistant human cancer cell lines, but not normal cells, to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, and that they do so in a caspase-8-dependent manner. We further show that the compounds have no cytotoxicity as single agents. Also, we demonstrate that several IAP family members likely participate in the modulation of cellular sensitivity to TRAIL. Finally, we note that the compounds that sensitize cancer cells to TRAIL are the most efficacious in binding to X-linked IAP, and in inducing cellular-IAP (cIAP)-1 and cIAP-2 degradation. Our studies thus describe valuable compounds that allow elucidation of the signaling events occurring in TRAIL resistance, and demonstrate that these agents act as potent TRAIL-sensitizing agents in a variety of cancer cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren Finlay
- Corresponding Author: Kristiina Vuori, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Prigozhina NL, Heisel AJ, Seldeen JR, Cosford NDP, Price JH. Amphiphilic suramin dissolves Matrigel, causing an 'inhibition' artefact within in vitro angiogenesis assays. Int J Exp Pathol 2013; 94:412-7. [PMID: 23998420 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of study concerning promotion and/or inhibition of angiogenesis has gathered much attention in the scientific community. A great deal of work has been invested towards defining reproducible assays to gauge for promotion or inhibition of angiogenesis in response to drug treatments or growth conditions. Two common components of these assays were noted by our group to have an unexpected and previously unreported interaction. Suramin is a commercially available compound, commonly used as a positive control for in vitro angiogenic inhibition assays. Matrigel is a popular extracellular substrate that supports angiogenic network formation when endothelial cells are cultured on its surface. However, our group demonstrated that suramin alone (without the presence of cells) will actively dissolve Matrigel, causing the extracellular matrix to transition from the gel-like physical state to a more liquid state. This causes cells on the Matrigel to congregate and sink to the bottom of the well. Therefore, previous observations of inhibition of endothelial cell angiogenesis through the incubation with suramin (including previous observations made by our group) are, largely, an artefact caused by suramin and matrix interaction rather than suramin and cells interaction, as previously reported. Our results suggest that the presence of sulphate groups and amphiphilic properties of suramin are likely responsible for the disruption of the matrix layer. We believe that this information is of prime importance to anyone using similar in vitro models, or employing suramin in any therapy or drug development assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie L Prigozhina
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Vala Sciences Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ardecky RJ, Welsh K, Finlay D, Lee PS, González-López M, Ganji SR, Ravanan P, Mace PD, Riedl SJ, Vuori K, Reed JC, Cosford NDP. Design, synthesis and evaluation of inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) antagonists that are highly selective for the BIR2 domain of XIAP. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4253-7. [PMID: 23743278 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.04.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported the systematic ligand-based rational design and synthesis of monovalent Smac mimetics that bind preferentially to the BIR2 domain of the anti-apoptotic protein XIAP. Expanded structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies around these peptidomimetics led to compounds with significantly improved selectivity (>60-fold) for the BIR2 domain versus the BIR3 domain of XIAP. The potent and highly selective IAP antagonist 8q (ML183) sensitized TRAIL-resistant prostate cancer cells to apoptotic cell death, highlighting the merit of this probe compound as a valuable tool to investigate the biology of XIAP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Ardecky
- Program in Apoptosis and Cell Death, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Vamos M, Welsh K, Finlay D, Lee PS, Mace PD, Snipas SJ, Gonzalez ML, Ganji SR, Ardecky RJ, Riedl SJ, Salvesen GS, Vuori K, Reed JC, Cosford NDP. Expedient synthesis of highly potent antagonists of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) with unique selectivity for ML-IAP. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:725-32. [PMID: 23323685 DOI: 10.1021/cb3005512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel, potent antagonists of the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) were synthesized in a highly convergent and rapid fashion (≤6 steps) using the Ugi four-component reaction as the key step, thus enabling rapid optimization of binding potency. These IAP antagonists compete with caspases 3, 7, and 9 for inhibition by X chromosome-linked IAP (XIAP) and bind strongly (nanomolar binding constants) to several crucial members of the IAP family of cancer pro-survival proteins to promote apoptosis, with a particularly unique selectivity for melanoma IAP (ML-IAP). Experiments in cell culture revealed powerful cancer cell growth inhibitory activity in multiple (breast, ovarian, and prostate) cell lines with single agent toxicity at low nanomolar levels against SKOV-3 human ovarian carcinoma cells. Administration of the compounds to human foreskin fibroblast cells revealed no general toxicity to normal cells. Furthermore, computational modeling was performed, revealing key contacts between the IAP proteins and antagonists, suggesting a structural basis for the observed potency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Vamos
- Program in Apoptosis and Cell Death and NCI Designated
Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
| | - Kate Welsh
- Program in Apoptosis and Cell Death and NCI Designated
Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
| | - Darren Finlay
- Program in Apoptosis and Cell Death and NCI Designated
Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
| | - Pooi San Lee
- Program in Apoptosis and Cell Death and NCI Designated
Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
| | - Peter D. Mace
- Program in Apoptosis and Cell Death and NCI Designated
Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
| | - Scott J. Snipas
- Program in Apoptosis and Cell Death and NCI Designated
Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
| | - Monica L. Gonzalez
- Program in Apoptosis and Cell Death and NCI Designated
Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
| | - Santhi Reddy Ganji
- Program in Apoptosis and Cell Death and NCI Designated
Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
| | - Robert J. Ardecky
- Program in Apoptosis and Cell Death and NCI Designated
Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
| | - Stefan J. Riedl
- Program in Apoptosis and Cell Death and NCI Designated
Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
| | - Guy S. Salvesen
- Program in Apoptosis and Cell Death and NCI Designated
Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
| | - Kristiina Vuori
- Program in Apoptosis and Cell Death and NCI Designated
Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
| | - John C. Reed
- Program in Apoptosis and Cell Death and NCI Designated
Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
| | - Nicholas D. P. Cosford
- Program in Apoptosis and Cell Death and NCI Designated
Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Limpert AS, Mattmann ME, Cosford NDP. Recent progress in the discovery of small molecules for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:717-32. [PMID: 23766784 PMCID: PMC3678841 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder with few therapeutic options. While several gene mutations have been implicated in ALS, the exact cause of neuronal dysfunction is unknown and motor neurons of affected individuals display numerous cellular abnormalities. Ongoing efforts to develop novel ALS treatments involve the identification of small molecules targeting specific mechanisms of neuronal pathology, including glutamate excitotoxicity, mutant protein aggregation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, loss of trophic factors, oxidative stress, or neuroinflammation. Herein, we review recent advances in the discovery and preclinical characterization of lead compounds that may ultimately provide novel drugs to treat patients suffering from ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison S Limpert
- Apoptosis and Cell Death Research Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
The optimization of active hits, commonly derived from high-throughput screening campaigns (see Chapters 2 and 4), into promising small-molecule lead compounds is one of the fundamental steps in early drug discovery. Directions taken during this stage can have important consequences reaching through lead optimization into preclinical development and beyond. Considering the ever-increasing costs of preclinical as well as clinical development phases (DiMasi et al., J Health Econ 22:151-185, 2003) the choices made at the early stages of drug discovery can have a real impact on the likelihood of the best lead becoming a viable candidate (Bleicher et al., Nat Rev Drug Discov 2:369-378, 2003). Thus it is important to utilize proven and robust methodologies to turn promising hits into suitable lead series with propitious characteristics. Here, we describe such an approach using the example of a tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (see Chapter 3) inhibitor developed in our group (Sidique et al., Bioorg Med Chem Lett 19:222-225, 2009).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Teriete
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sidique S, Dhanya RP, Sheffler DJ, Nickols HH, Yang L, Dahl R, Mangravita-Novo A, Smith LH, D'Souza MS, Semenova S, Conn PJ, Markou A, Cosford NDP. Orally active metabotropic glutamate subtype 2 receptor positive allosteric modulators: structure-activity relationships and assessment in a rat model of nicotine dependence. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9434-45. [PMID: 23009245 DOI: 10.1021/jm3005306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Compounds that modulate metabotropic glutamate subtype 2 (mGlu(2)) receptors have the potential to treat several disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) including drug dependence. Herein we describe the synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies around a series of mGlu(2) receptor positive allosteric modulators (PAMs). The effects of N-substitution (R(1)) and substitutions on the aryl ring (R(2)) were identified as key areas for SAR exploration (Figure 3). Investigation of the effects of varying substituents in both the isoindolinone (2) and benzisothiazolone (3) series led to compounds with improved in vitro potency and/or efficacy. In addition, several analogues exhibited promising pharmacokinetic (PK) properties. Furthermore, compound 2 was shown to dose-dependently decrease nicotine self-administration in rats following oral administration. Our data, showing for the first time efficacy of an mGlu(2) receptor PAM in this in vivo model, suggest potential utility for the treatment of nicotine dependence in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shyama Sidique
- Apoptosis and Cell Death Research Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sheffler DJ, Wenthur CJ, Bruner JA, Carrington SJ, Vinson PN, Gogi KK, Blobaum AL, Morrison RD, Vamos M, Cosford NDP, Stauffer SR, Daniels JS, Niswender CM, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW. Development of a novel, CNS-penetrant, metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (mGlu3) NAM probe (ML289) derived from a closely related mGlu5 PAM. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3921-5. [PMID: 22607673 PMCID: PMC3365510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.04.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the discovery and SAR of a novel metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (mGlu(3)) NAM probe (ML289) with 15-fold selectivity versus mGlu(2). The mGlu(3) NAM was discovered via a 'molecular switch' from a closely related, potent mGlu(5) positive allosteric modulator (PAM), VU0092273. This NAM (VU0463597, ML289) displays an IC(50) value of 0.66 μM and is inactive against mGlu(5).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J. Sheffler
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Cody J. Wenthur
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Joshua A. Bruner
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sheridan J.S. Carrington
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Paige N. Vinson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kiran K. Gogi
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Anna L. Blobaum
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ryan D. Morrison
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Mitchell Vamos
- Apoptosis and Cell Death Research Program and Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Nicholas D. P. Cosford
- Apoptosis and Cell Death Research Program and Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Shaun R. Stauffer
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - J. Scott Daniels
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Colleen M. Niswender
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sergienko E, Xu J, Liu WH, Dahl R, Critton DA, Su Y, Brown BT, Chan X, Yang L, Bobkova EV, Vasile S, Yuan H, Rascon J, Colayco S, Sidique S, Cosford NDP, Chung TDY, Mustelin T, Page R, Lombroso PJ, Tautz L. Inhibition of hematopoietic protein tyrosine phosphatase augments and prolongs ERK1/2 and p38 activation. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:367-77. [PMID: 22070201 DOI: 10.1021/cb2004274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The hematopoietic protein tyrosine phosphatase (HePTP) is implicated in the development of blood cancers through its ability to negatively regulate the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) ERK1/2 and p38. Small-molecule modulators of HePTP activity may become valuable in treating hematopoietic malignancies such as T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Moreover, such compounds will further elucidate the regulation of MAPKs in hematopoietic cells. Although transient activation of MAPKs is crucial for growth and proliferation, prolonged activation of these important signaling molecules induces differentiation, cell cycle arrest, cell senescence, and apoptosis. Specific HePTP inhibitors may promote the latter and thereby may halt the growth of cancer cells. Here, we report the development of a small molecule that augments ERK1/2 and p38 activation in human T cells, specifically by inhibiting HePTP. Structure-activity relationship analysis, in silico docking studies, and mutagenesis experiments reveal how the inhibitor achieves selectivity for HePTP over related phosphatases by interacting with unique amino acid residues in the periphery of the highly conserved catalytic pocket. Importantly, we utilize this compound to show that pharmacological inhibition of HePTP not only augments but also prolongs activation of ERK1/2 and, especially, p38. Moreover, we present similar effects in leukocytes from mice intraperitoneally injected with the inhibitor at doses as low as 3 mg/kg. Our results warrant future studies with this probe compound that may establish HePTP as a new drug target for acute leukemic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - David A. Critton
- Department
of Molecular Biology,
Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rebecca Page
- Department
of Molecular Biology,
Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
The multistep continuous flow assembly of 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)thiazoles using a Syrris AFRICA® synthesis station is reported. Sequential Hantzsch thiazole synthesis, deketalization and Fischer indole synthesis provides rapid and efficient access to highly functionalized, pharmacologically significant 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)thiazoles. These complex, drug-like small molecules are generated in reaction times of less than 15 min and in high yields (38%-82% over three chemical steps without isolation of intermediates).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Pagano
- Apoptosis and Cell Death Research Program & Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Marintha L. Heil
- Southern Research Institute, Drug Development Division, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, MD 21701 Fax: 858-795-5221
| | - Nicholas D. P. Cosford
- Apoptosis and Cell Death Research Program & Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sharma V, Ichikawa M, He P, Scott DA, Bravo Y, Dahl R, Ng BG, Cosford NDP, Freeze HH. Phosphomannose isomerase inhibitors improve N-glycosylation in selected phosphomannomutase-deficient fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:39431-8. [PMID: 21949237 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.285502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are rare genetic disorders due to impaired glycosylation. The patients with subtypes CDG-Ia and CDG-Ib have mutations in the genes encoding phosphomannomutase 2 (PMM2) and phosphomannose isomerase (MPI or PMI), respectively. PMM2 (mannose 6-phosphate → mannose 1-phosphate) and MPI (mannose 6-phosphate ⇔ fructose 6-phosphate) deficiencies reduce the metabolic flux of mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P) into glycosylation, resulting in unoccupied N-glycosylation sites. Both PMM2 and MPI compete for the same substrate, Man-6-P. Daily mannose doses reverse most of the symptoms of MPI-deficient CDG-Ib patients. However, CDG-Ia patients do not benefit from mannose supplementation because >95% Man-6-P is catabolized by MPI. We hypothesized that inhibiting MPI enzymatic activity would provide more Man-6-P for glycosylation and possibly benefit CDG-Ia patients with residual PMM2 activity. Here we show that MLS0315771, a potent MPI inhibitor from the benzoisothiazolone series, diverts Man-6-P toward glycosylation in various cell lines including fibroblasts from CDG-Ia patients and improves N-glycosylation. Finally, we show that MLS0315771 increases mannose metabolic flux toward glycosylation in zebrafish embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Sharma
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Noberini R, De SK, Zhang Z, Wu B, Raveendra-Panickar D, Chen V, Vazquez J, Qin H, Song J, Cosford NDP, Pellecchia M, Pasquale EB. A disalicylic acid-furanyl derivative inhibits ephrin binding to a subset of Eph receptors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2011; 78:667-78. [PMID: 21791013 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and ephrin ligands control many physiological and pathological processes, and molecules interfering with their interaction are useful probes to elucidate their complex biological functions. Moreover, targeting Eph receptors might enable new strategies to inhibit cancer progression and pathological angiogenesis as well as promote nerve regeneration. Because our previous work suggested the importance of the salicylic acid group in antagonistic small molecules targeting Eph receptors, we screened a series of salicylic acid derivatives to identify novel Eph receptor antagonists. This identified a disalicylic acid-furanyl derivative that inhibits ephrin-A5 binding to EphA4 with an IC(50) of 3 μm in ELISAs. This compound, which appears to bind to the ephrin-binding pocket of EphA4, also targets several other Eph receptors. Furthermore, it inhibits EphA2 and EphA4 tyrosine phosphorylation in cells stimulated with ephrin while not affecting phosphorylation of EphB2, which is not a target receptor. In endothelial cells, the disalicylic acid-furanyl derivative inhibits EphA2 phosphorylation in response to TNFα and capillary-like tube formation on Matrigel, two effects that depend on EphA2 interaction with endogenous ephrin-A1. These findings suggest that salicylic acid derivatives could be used as starting points to design new small molecule antagonists of Eph receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Noberini
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Pagano N, Herath A, Cosford NDP. An Automated Process for a Sequential Heterocycle/Multicomponent Reaction: Multistep Continuous Flow Synthesis of 5-(Thiazol-2-yl)-3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2( 1H)-ones. J Flow Chem 2011; 1:28-31. [PMID: 25237558 PMCID: PMC4164902 DOI: 10.1556/jfchem.2011.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The first example of a sequential heterocycle formation/multicomponent reaction using an automated continuous flow microreactor assembly is reported. Consecutive Hantzsch thiazole synthesis, deketalization, and Biginelli multicomponent reaction provides rapid and efficient access to highly functionalized, pharmacologically significant 5-(thiazol-2-yl)-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones without isolation of intermediates. These complex small molecules are generated in reaction times less than 15 min and in high yields (39-46%) over three continuous chemical steps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Pagano
- Apoptosis and Cell Death Research Program & Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ananda Herath
- Apoptosis and Cell Death Research Program & Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicholas D. P. Cosford
- Apoptosis and Cell Death Research Program & Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Sheffler DJ, Pinkerton AB, Dahl R, Markou A, Cosford NDP. Recent progress in the synthesis and characterization of group II metabotropic glutamate receptor allosteric modulators. ACS Chem Neurosci 2011; 2:382-93. [PMID: 22860167 DOI: 10.1021/cn200008d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Group II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors consist of the metabotropic glutamate 2 (mGlu(2)) and metabotropic glutamate 3 (mGlu(3)) receptor subtypes which modulate glutamate transmission by second messenger activation to negatively regulate the activity of adenylyl cyclase. Excessive accumulation of glutamate in the perisynaptic extracellular region triggers mGlu(2) and mGlu(3) receptors to inhibit further release of glutamate. There is growing evidence that the modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission by small molecule modulators of Group II mGlu receptors has significant potential for the treatment of several neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. This review provides an overview of recent progress on the synthesis and pharmacological characterization of positive and negative allosteric modulators of the Group II mGlu receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J. Sheffler
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Anthony B. Pinkerton
- Apoptosis and Cell Death Research Program and Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Russell Dahl
- Apoptosis and Cell Death Research Program and Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Athina Markou
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Nicholas D. P. Cosford
- Apoptosis and Cell Death Research Program and Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
González-López M, Welsh K, Finlay D, Ardecky RJ, Ganji SR, Su Y, Yuan H, Teriete P, Mace PD, Riedl SJ, Vuori K, Reed JC, Cosford NDP. Design, synthesis and evaluation of monovalent Smac mimetics that bind to the BIR2 domain of the anti-apoptotic protein XIAP. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4332-6. [PMID: 21680182 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 05/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We report the systematic rational design and synthesis of new monovalent Smac mimetics that bind preferentially to the BIR2 domain of the anti-apoptotic protein XIAP. Characterization of compounds in vitro (including 9i; ML101) led to the determination of key structural requirements for BIR2 binding affinity. Compounds 9h and 9j sensitized TRAIL-resistant breast cancer cells to apoptotic cell death, highlighting the value of these probe compounds as tools to investigate the biology of XIAP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos González-López
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Dahl R, Bravo Y, Sharma V, Ichikawa M, Dhanya RP, Hedrick M, Brown B, Rascon J, Vicchiarelli M, Mangravita-Novo A, Yang L, Stonich D, Su Y, Smith LH, Sergienko E, Freeze HH, Cosford NDP. Potent, selective, and orally available benzoisothiazolone phosphomannose isomerase inhibitors as probes for congenital disorder of glycosylation Ia. J Med Chem 2011; 54:3661-8. [PMID: 21539312 DOI: 10.1021/jm101401a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We report the discovery and validation of a series of benzoisothiazolones as potent inhibitors of phosphomannose isomerase (PMI), an enzyme that converts mannose-6-phosphate (Man-6-P) into fructose-6-phosphate (Fru-6-P) and, more importantly, competes with phosphomannomutase 2 (PMM2) for Man-6-P, diverting this substrate from critical protein glycosylation events. In congenital disorder of glycosylation type Ia, PMM2 activity is compromised; thus, PMI inhibition is a potential strategy for the development of therapeutics. High-throughput screening (HTS) and subsequent chemical optimization led to the identification of a novel class of benzoisothiazolones as potent PMI inhibitors having little or no PMM2 inhibition. Two complementary synthetic routes were developed, enabling the critical structural requirements for activity to be determined, and the compounds were subsequently profiled in biochemical and cellular assays to assess efficacy. The most promising compounds were also profiled for bioavailability parameters, including metabolic stability, plasma stability, and permeability. The pharmacokinetic profile of a representative of this series (compound 19; ML089) was also assessed, demonstrating the potential of this series for in vivo efficacy when dosed orally in disease models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Russell Dahl
- Apoptosis and Cell Death Research Program, Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Dhanya RP, Sidique S, Sheffler DJ, Nickols HH, Herath A, Yang L, Dahl R, Ardecky R, Semenova S, Markou A, Conn PJ, Cosford NDP. Design and synthesis of an orally active metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype-2 (mGluR2) positive allosteric modulator (PAM) that decreases cocaine self-administration in rats. J Med Chem 2010; 54:342-53. [PMID: 21155570 DOI: 10.1021/jm1012165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The modification of 3'-((2-cyclopentyl-6,7-dimethyl-1-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yloxy)methyl)biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid (BINA, 1) by incorporating heteroatoms into the structure and replacing the cyclopentyl moiety led to the development of new mGluR2 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) with optimized potency and superior druglike properties. These analogues are more potent than 1 in vitro and are highly selective for mGluR2 vs other mGluR subtypes. They have significantly improved pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, with excellent oral bioavailability and brain penetration. The benzisothiazol-3-one derivative 14 decreased cocaine self-administration in rats, providing proof-of-concept for the use of mGluR2 PAMs for the treatment of cocaine dependence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raveendra-Panickar Dhanya
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Herath A, Cosford NDP. One-step continuous flow synthesis of highly substituted pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid derivatives via in situ hydrolysis of tert-butyl esters. Org Lett 2010; 12:5182-5. [PMID: 20964284 DOI: 10.1021/ol102216x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The first one-step, continuous flow synthesis of pyrrole-3-carboxylic acids directly from tert-butyl acetoacetates, amines, and 2-bromoketones is reported. The HBr generated as a byproduct in the Hantzsch reaction was utilized in the flow method to hydrolyze the t-butyl esters in situ to provide the corresponding acids in a single microreactor. The protocol was used in the multistep synthesis of pyrrole-3-carboxamides, including two CB1 inverse agonists, directly from commercially available starting materials in a single continuous process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Herath
- Apoptosis and Cell Death Research Program & Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
The first continuous flow synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carboxylic acids directly from 2-aminopyridines and bromopyruvic acid has been developed, representing a significant advance over the corresponding in-flask method. The process was applied to the multistep synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carboxamides, including a Mur ligase inhibitor, using a two microreactor, multistep continuous flow process without isolation of intermediates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Herath
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Burnham Institute for
Medical Research 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Russell Dahl
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Burnham Institute for
Medical Research 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Nicholas D. P. Cosford
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Burnham Institute for
Medical Research 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Dahl R, Sergienko EA, Su Y, Mostofi YS, Yang L, Simao AM, Narisawa S, Brown B, Mangravita-Novo A, Vicchiarelli M, Smith LH, O'Neill WC, Millán JL, Cosford NDP. Discovery and validation of a series of aryl sulfonamides as selective inhibitors of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP). J Med Chem 2009; 52:6919-25. [PMID: 19821572 DOI: 10.1021/jm900383s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the characterization and optimization of drug-like small molecule inhibitors of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), an enzyme critical for the regulation of extracellular matrix calcification during bone formation and growth. High-throughput screening (HTS) of a small molecule library led to the identification of arylsulfonamides as potent and selective inhibitors of TNAP. Critical structural requirements for activity were determined, and the compounds were subsequently profiled for in vitro activity and bioavailability parameters including metabolic stability and permeability. The plasma levels following subcutaneous administration of a member of the lead series in rat was determined, demonstrating the potential of these TNAP inhibitors as systemically active therapeutic agents to target various diseases involving soft tissue calcification. A representative member of the series was also characterized in mechanistic and kinetic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Russell Dahl
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|