1
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Poursaitidis ET, Gkizis PL, Triandafillidi I, Kokotos CG. Organocatalytic activation of hydrogen peroxide: towards green and sustainable oxidations. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1177-1203. [PMID: 38274062 PMCID: PMC10806817 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05618j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The advent of organocatalysis provided an additional option in every researcher's arsenal, towards the development of elegant and sustainable protocols for various organic transformations. Oxidation reactions are considered to be key in organic synthesis since oxygenated functionalities appear in many natural products. Hydrogen peroxide is categorized as a green oxidant, since its only by-product is water, offering novel opportunities for the development of green and sustainable protocols. In this review article, we intend to present recent developments in the field of the organocatalytic activation of hydrogen peroxide, providing useful insight into the applied oxidative protocols. At the same time, we will present some interesting mechanistic studies, providing information on the oxygen transfer processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymios T Poursaitidis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
| | - Petros L Gkizis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
| | - Ierasia Triandafillidi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
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2
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Dockerill M, Winssinger N. DNA-Encoded Libraries: Towards Harnessing their Full Power with Darwinian Evolution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215542. [PMID: 36458812 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
DNA-encoded library (DEL) technologies are transforming the drug discovery process, enabling the identification of ligands at unprecedented speed and scale. DEL makes use of libraries that are orders of magnitude larger than traditional high-throughput screens. While a DNA tag alludes to a genotype-phenotype connection that is exploitable for molecular evolution, most of the work in the field is performed with libraries where the tag serves as an amplifiable barcode but does not allow "translation" into the synthetic product it is linked to. In this Review, we cover technologies that enable the "translation" of the genetic tag into synthetic molecules, both biochemically and chemically, and explore how it can be used to harness Darwinian evolutionary pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millicent Dockerill
- Department of Organic Chemistry, NCCR Chemical Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Winssinger
- Department of Organic Chemistry, NCCR Chemical Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
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3
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Olivo G, Capocasa G, Del Giudice D, Lanzalunga O, Di Stefano S. New horizons for catalysis disclosed by supramolecular chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:7681-7724. [PMID: 34008654 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00175b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The adoption of a supramolecular approach in catalysis promises to address a number of unmet challenges, ranging from activity (unlocking of novel reaction pathways) to selectivity (alteration of the innate selectivity of a reaction, e.g. selective functionalization of C-H bonds) and regulation (switch ON/OFF, sequential catalysis, etc.). Supramolecular tools such as reversible association and recognition, pre-organization of reactants and stabilization of transition states upon binding offer a unique chance to achieve the above goals disclosing new horizons whose potential is being increasingly recognized and used, sometimes reaching the degree of ripeness for practical use. This review summarizes the main developments that have opened such new frontiers, with the aim of providing a guide to researchers approaching the field. We focus on artificial supramolecular catalysts of defined stoichiometry which, under homogeneous conditions, unlock outcomes that are highly difficult if not impossible to attain otherwise, namely unnatural reactivity or selectivity and catalysis regulation. The different strategies recently explored in supramolecular catalysis are concisely presented, and, for each one, a single or very few examples is/are described (mainly last 10 years, with only milestone older works discussed). The subject is divided into four sections in light of the key design principle: (i) nanoconfinement of reactants, (ii) recognition-driven catalysis, (iii) catalysis regulation by molecular machines and (iv) processive catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Olivo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Dipartimento di Chimica and ISB-CNR Sede Secondaria di Roma - Meccanismi di Reazione, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Capocasa
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Dipartimento di Chimica and ISB-CNR Sede Secondaria di Roma - Meccanismi di Reazione, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Daniele Del Giudice
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Dipartimento di Chimica and ISB-CNR Sede Secondaria di Roma - Meccanismi di Reazione, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Osvaldo Lanzalunga
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Dipartimento di Chimica and ISB-CNR Sede Secondaria di Roma - Meccanismi di Reazione, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefano Di Stefano
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Dipartimento di Chimica and ISB-CNR Sede Secondaria di Roma - Meccanismi di Reazione, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
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4
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Metrano AJ, Chinn AJ, Shugrue CR, Stone EA, Kim B, Miller SJ. Asymmetric Catalysis Mediated by Synthetic Peptides, Version 2.0: Expansion of Scope and Mechanisms. Chem Rev 2020; 120:11479-11615. [PMID: 32969640 PMCID: PMC8006536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Low molecular weight synthetic peptides have been demonstrated to be effective catalysts for an increasingly wide array of asymmetric transformations. In many cases, these peptide-based catalysts have enabled novel multifunctional substrate activation modes and unprecedented selectivity manifolds. These features, along with their ease of preparation, modular and tunable structures, and often biomimetic attributes make peptides well-suited as chiral catalysts and of broad interest. Many examples of peptide-catalyzed asymmetric reactions have appeared in the literature since the last survey of this broad field in Chemical Reviews (Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 5759-5812). The overarching goal of this new Review is to provide a comprehensive account of the numerous advances in the field. As a corollary to this goal, we survey the many different types of catalytic reactions, ranging from acylation to C-C bond formation, in which peptides have been successfully employed. In so doing, we devote significant discussion to the structural and mechanistic aspects of these reactions that are perhaps specific to peptide-based catalysts and their interactions with substrates and/or reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Metrano
- AstraZeneca Oncology R&D, 35 Gatehouse Dr., Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Alex J. Chinn
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
| | - Christopher R. Shugrue
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Stone
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Byoungmoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, United States
| | - Scott J. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sawano
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science; Aoyama Gakuin University; 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku 252-5258 Sagamihara Kanagawa Japan
| | - Hisashi Yamamoto
- Molecular Catalyst Research Center; Chubu University; 1200, Matsumoto-cho Kasugai Aichi 487-8501 Japan
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6
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Swyka RA, Berkowitz DB. The In Situ Enzymatic Screening (ISES) Approach to Reaction Discovery and Catalyst Identification. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN CHEMICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 9:285-305. [PMID: 29241292 PMCID: PMC5734113 DOI: 10.1002/cpch.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The importance of discovering new chemical transformations and/or optimizing catalytic combinations has led to a flurry of activity in reaction screening. The in situ enzymatic screening (ISES) approach described here utilizes biological tools (enzymes/cofactors) to advance chemistry. The protocol interfaces an organic reaction layer with an adjacent aqueous layer containing reporting enzymes that act upon the organic reaction product, giving rise to a spectroscopic signal. ISES allows the experimentalist to rapidly glean information on the relative rates of a set of parallel organic/organometallic reactions under investigation, without the need to quench the reactions or draw aliquots. In certain cases, the real-time enzymatic readout also provides information on sense and magnitude of enantioselectivity and substrate specificity. This article contains protocols for single-well (relative rate) and double-well (relative rate/enantiomeric excess) ISES, in addition to a colorimetric ISES protocol and a miniaturized double-well procedure. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Swyka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska
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7
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Gest AMM, Aguiluz EM, Mays MT, Liu X, Neidhart EK, Witus LS. A colorimetric competitive displacement assay for the evaluation of catalytic peptides. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:10160-10163. [PMID: 29182189 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02032e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
An indicator displacement assay has been adapted to detect the diol products of the aldol reaction between 4-nitrobenzaldehyde and hydroxyacetone in crude reaction mixtures. This provides a rapid colorimetric method of detecting product formation and thus evaluating potential catalysts, which is demonstrated using multiple catalytic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneliese M M Gest
- Department of Chemistry, Macalester College, 1600 Grand Ave., Saint Paul, MN 55105, USA.
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8
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Hook KD, Chambers JT, Hili R. A platform for high-throughput screening of DNA-encoded catalyst libraries in organic solvents. Chem Sci 2017; 8:7072-7076. [PMID: 29147535 PMCID: PMC5637469 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02779f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PEGylation of DNA-encoded libraries enables high-throughput screening of small-molecule catalysts in organic solvents.
We have developed a novel high-throughput screening platform for the discovery of small-molecules catalysts for bond-forming reactions. The method employs an in vitro selection for bond-formation using amphiphilic DNA-encoded small molecules charged with reaction substrate, which enables selections to be conducted in a variety of organic or aqueous solvents. Using the amine-catalysed aldol reaction as a catalytic model and high-throughput DNA sequencing as a selection read-out, we demonstrate the 1200-fold enrichment of a known aldol catalyst from a library of 16.7-million uncompetitive library members.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Delaney Hook
- Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , GA 30602 , USA . ; http://www.yorku.ca/rhili/
| | - John T Chambers
- Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , GA 30602 , USA . ; http://www.yorku.ca/rhili/
| | - Ryan Hili
- Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , GA 30602 , USA . ; http://www.yorku.ca/rhili/.,Department of Chemistry , York University , Toronto , ON M3J 1P3 , Canada
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9
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Cortes-Clerget M, Jover J, Dussart J, Kolodziej E, Monteil M, Migianu-Griffoni E, Gager O, Deschamp J, Lecouvey M. Bifunctional Tripeptide with a Phosphonic Acid as a Brønsted Acid for Michael Addition: Mechanistic Insights. Chemistry 2017; 23:6654-6662. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Margery Cortes-Clerget
- Sorbonne Paris Cité-Laboratoire CSPBAT-CNRS UMR 7244; Université Paris 13; 1 Rue de Chablis 93000 Bobigny France
| | - Jesús Jover
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Avgda. Països Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica; Secció de Química Inorgànica; Universitat de Barcelona; Martí i Franquès 1-11 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Jade Dussart
- Sorbonne Paris Cité-Laboratoire CSPBAT-CNRS UMR 7244; Université Paris 13; 1 Rue de Chablis 93000 Bobigny France
| | - Emilie Kolodziej
- Université Paris Sud, ICMMO, UMR 8182; 15 Rue Georges Clemenceau 91405 Orsay Cedex France
| | - Maelle Monteil
- Sorbonne Paris Cité-Laboratoire CSPBAT-CNRS UMR 7244; Université Paris 13; 1 Rue de Chablis 93000 Bobigny France
| | - Evelyne Migianu-Griffoni
- Sorbonne Paris Cité-Laboratoire CSPBAT-CNRS UMR 7244; Université Paris 13; 1 Rue de Chablis 93000 Bobigny France
| | - Olivier Gager
- Sorbonne Paris Cité-Laboratoire CSPBAT-CNRS UMR 7244; Université Paris 13; 1 Rue de Chablis 93000 Bobigny France
| | - Julia Deschamp
- Sorbonne Paris Cité-Laboratoire CSPBAT-CNRS UMR 7244; Université Paris 13; 1 Rue de Chablis 93000 Bobigny France
| | - Marc Lecouvey
- Sorbonne Paris Cité-Laboratoire CSPBAT-CNRS UMR 7244; Université Paris 13; 1 Rue de Chablis 93000 Bobigny France
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10
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Metrano A, Abascal NC, Mercado BQ, Paulson EK, Hurtley AE, Miller SJ. Diversity of Secondary Structure in Catalytic Peptides with β-Turn-Biased Sequences. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:492-516. [PMID: 28029251 PMCID: PMC5312972 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b11348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
X-ray crystallography has been applied to the structural analysis of a series of tetrapeptides that were previously assessed for catalytic activity in an atroposelective bromination reaction. Common to the series is a central Pro-Xaa sequence, where Pro is either l- or d-proline, which was chosen to favor nucleation of canonical β-turn secondary structures. Crystallographic analysis of 35 different peptide sequences revealed a range of conformational states. The observed differences appear not only in cases where the Pro-Xaa loop-region is altered, but also when seemingly subtle alterations to the flanking residues are introduced. In many instances, distinct conformers of the same sequence were observed, either as symmetry-independent molecules within the same unit cell or as polymorphs. Computational studies using DFT provided additional insight into the analysis of solid-state structural features. Select X-ray crystal structures were compared to the corresponding solution structures derived from measured proton chemical shifts, 3J-values, and 1H-1H-NOESY contacts. These findings imply that the conformational space available to simple peptide-based catalysts is more diverse than precedent might suggest. The direct observation of multiple ground state conformations for peptides of this family, as well as the dynamic processes associated with conformational equilibria, underscore not only the challenge of designing peptide-based catalysts, but also the difficulty in predicting their accessible transition states. These findings implicate the advantages of low-barrier interconversions between conformations of peptide-based catalysts for multistep, enantioselective reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony
J. Metrano
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O.
Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Nadia C. Abascal
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O.
Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Brandon Q. Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O.
Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Eric K. Paulson
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O.
Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Anna E. Hurtley
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O.
Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Scott J. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O.
Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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11
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Abascal NC, Miller SJ. Solution Structures and Molecular Associations of a Peptide-Based Catalyst for the Stereoselective Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation. Org Lett 2016; 18:4646-9. [PMID: 27588823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The structural analysis of a peptide-based catalyst for the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation (BVO) is reported. This unique structure is then analyzed in the context of its previously documented facility to control selectivity (both enantioselectivity and migratory aptitude) in catalytic reactions. The effects of additives on the solution conformation of the peptide are found to be dramatic, revealing substrate-specific interactions and a possible "induced fit" model. The experimental observation of dynamic behavior supports the notion that flexibility in stereoselective catalysts can be an advantageous feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia C Abascal
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 026520-8107, United States
| | - Scott J Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 026520-8107, United States
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12
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Akagawa K, Iwasaki Y, Kudo K. Library Screening in Aqueous Media To Develop a Highly Active Peptide Catalyst for Enantioselective Michael Addition of a Malonate. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Akagawa
- Institute of Industrial Science; University of Tokyo; 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku 153-8505 Tokyo Japan
| | - Yumika Iwasaki
- Institute of Industrial Science; University of Tokyo; 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku 153-8505 Tokyo Japan
| | - Kazuaki Kudo
- Institute of Industrial Science; University of Tokyo; 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku 153-8505 Tokyo Japan
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13
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Giuliano MW, Lin CY, Romney DK, Miller SJ, Anslyn EV. A Synergistic Combinatorial and Chiroptical Study of Peptide Catalysts for Asymmetric Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation. Adv Synth Catal 2015; 357:2301-2309. [PMID: 26543444 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report an approach to the asymmetric Baeyer-Villiger oxidation utilizing bioinformatics-inspired combinatorial screening for catalyst discovery. Scaled-up validation of our on-bead efforts with a circular dichroism-based assay of alcohols derived from the products of solution-phase reactions established the absolute configuration of lactone products; this assay proved equivalent to HPLC in its ability to evaluate catalyst performance, but was far superior in its speed of analysis. Further solution-phase screening of a focused library suggested a mode of asymmetric induction that draws distinct parallels with the mechanism of Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Giuliano
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States,
| | - Chung-Yon Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States,
| | - David K Romney
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States,
| | - Scott J Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States,
| | - Eric V Anslyn
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States,
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14
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15
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Giuliano MW, Miller SJ. Site-Selective Reactions with Peptide-Based Catalysts. SITE-SELECTIVE CATALYSIS 2015; 372:157-201. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2015_653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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16
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Akagawa K, Sakai N, Kudo K. Histidine-Containing Peptide Catalysts Developed by a Facile Library Screening Method. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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17
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Akagawa K, Sakai N, Kudo K. Histidine-containing peptide catalysts developed by a facile library screening method. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:1822-6. [PMID: 25521645 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Although peptide catalysts have a high potential for the use as organocatalysts, the optimization of peptide sequences is laborious and time-consuming. To address this issue, a facile screening method for finding efficient aminocatalysts from a peptide library has been developed. In the screening for the Michael addition of a malonate to an enal, a dye-labeled product is immobilized on resin-bound peptides through reductive amination to visualize active catalysts. This procedure allows for the monitoring of the reactivity of entire peptides without modifying the resin beads beforehand. Peptides containing histidine at an appropriate position were identified by this method. A novel function of the histidyl residue, which enhances the binding of a substrate to the catalyst by capturing an iminium intermediate, was indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Akagawa
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505 (Japan)
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18
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Abascal NC, Lichtor PA, Giuliano MW, Miller SJ. Function-Oriented Investigations of a Peptide-Based Catalyst that Mediates Enantioselective Allylic Alcohol Epoxidation. Chem Sci 2014; 5:4504-4511. [PMID: 25386335 PMCID: PMC4224318 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc01440e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We detail an investigation of a peptide-based catalyst 6 that is effective for the site- (>100:1:1) and enantioselective epoxidation (86% ee) of farnesol. Studies of the substrate scope exhibited by the catalyst are included, along with an exploration of optimized reaction conditions. Mechanistic studies are reported, including relative rate determinations for the catalyst and propionic acid, a historical perspective, truncation studies, and modeling using NMR data. Our compiled data advances our understanding of the inner workings of a catalyst that was identified through combinatorial means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia C. Abascal
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Phillip A. Lichtor
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Michael W. Giuliano
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Scott J. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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19
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Romney DK, Colvin SM, Miller SJ. Catalyst control over regio- and enantioselectivity in Baeyer-Villiger oxidations of functionalized ketones. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:14019-22. [PMID: 25250713 PMCID: PMC4195385 DOI: 10.1021/ja508757g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
![]()
We report a peptide-based catalyst
that can strongly influence
the regio- and enantioselectivity of the Baeyer–Villiger (BV)
oxidation of cyclic ketones bearing amide, urea, or sulfonamide functional
groups. Both types of selectivity are thought to arise from a catalyst–substrate
hydrogen-bonding interaction. Furthermore, in selected cases, the
reactions exhibit the hallmarks of parallel kinetic resolution. The
capacity to use catalysis to select between BV products during an
asymmetric process may have broad utility for both the synthesis and
diversification of complex molecules, including natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Romney
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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20
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Han S, Le BV, Hajare HS, Baxter RHG, Miller SJ. X-ray crystal structure of teicoplanin A₂-2 bound to a catalytic peptide sequence via the carrier protein strategy. J Org Chem 2014; 79:8550-6. [PMID: 25147913 PMCID: PMC4168787 DOI: 10.1021/jo501625f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
![]()
We
report the X-ray crystal structure of a site-selective peptide
catalyst moiety and teicoplanin A2-2 complex. The expressed
protein ligation technique was used to couple T4 lysozyme (T4L) and
a synthetic peptide catalyst responsible for the selective phosphorylation
of the N-acetylglucosamine sugar in a teicoplanin
A2-2 derivative. The T4L-Pmh-dPro-Aib-dAla-dAla construct was crystallized in the presence of teicoplanin
A2-2. The resulting 2.3 Å resolution protein–peptide–teicoplanin
complex crystal structure revealed that the nucleophilic nitrogen
of N-methylimidazole in the Pmh residue is in closer
proximity (7.6 Å) to the N-acetylglucosamine
than the two other sugar rings present in teicoplanin (9.3 and 20.3
Å, respectively). This molecular arrangement is consistent with
the observed selectivity afforded by the peptide-based catalyst when
it is applied to a site-selective phosphorylation reaction involving
a teicoplanin A2-2 derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunkyu Han
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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21
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Davis RL, Stiller J, Naicker T, Jiang H, Jørgensen KA. Asymmetric organocatalytic epoxidations: reactions, scope, mechanisms, and applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:7406-26. [PMID: 24919420 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201400241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chiral epoxides serve as versatile building blocks in the synthesis of complex organic frameworks. The high strain imposed by the three-membered ring system makes epoxides prone to a variety of nucleophilic ring-opening reactions. Since the development of the Sharpless epoxidation, there have been many important contributions and advances in this area. With the rapid development of the field of asymmetric organocatalysis, a wide range of organocatalysts is now able to catalyze the epoxidation of broad class of unsaturated carbonyl compounds. In this Minireview, recent progress in the development of organocatalytic asymmetric epoxidation methods, the proposed mechanisms of these reactions and their applications as intermediates is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Davis
- Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C (Denmark); Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 (Canada)
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22
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Davis RL, Stiller J, Naicker T, Jiang H, Jørgensen KA. Organokatalytische asymmetrische Epoxidierungen - Reaktionen, Mechanismen und Anwendungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201400241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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23
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Martin V, Goodell JR, Ingham OJ, Porco JA, Beeler AB. Multidimensional reaction screening for photochemical transformations as a tool for discovering new chemotypes. J Org Chem 2014; 79:3838-46. [PMID: 24697145 PMCID: PMC4017617 DOI: 10.1021/jo500190b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an automated photochemical microfluidics platform that integrates a 1 kW high-pressure Hg vapor lamp and allows for analytical pulse flow or preparative continuous flow reactions. Herein, we will discuss the use of this platform toward the discovery of new chemotypes through multidimensional reaction screening. We will highlight the ability to discretely control wavelengths with optical filters, allowing for control of reaction outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique
I. Martin
- Department
of Chemistry and
Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development (CMLD-BU), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - John R. Goodell
- Department
of Chemistry and
Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development (CMLD-BU), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Oscar J. Ingham
- Department
of Chemistry and
Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development (CMLD-BU), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - John A. Porco
- Department
of Chemistry and
Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development (CMLD-BU), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Aaron B. Beeler
- Department
of Chemistry and
Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development (CMLD-BU), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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24
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Zhu Y, Wang Q, Cornwall RG, Shi Y. Organocatalytic asymmetric epoxidation and aziridination of olefins and their synthetic applications. Chem Rev 2014; 114:8199-256. [PMID: 24785198 DOI: 10.1021/cr500064w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingguang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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25
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Lichtor PA, Miller SJ. Experimental lineage and functional analysis of a remotely directed peptide epoxidation catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:5301-8. [PMID: 24690108 PMCID: PMC4333582 DOI: 10.1021/ja410567a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
![]()
We
describe mechanistic investigations of a catalyst (1)
that leads to selective epoxidation of farnesol at the 6,7-position,
remote from the hydroxyl directing group. The experimental lineage
of peptide 1 and a number of resin-bound peptide analogues
were examined to reveal the importance of four N-terminal residues.
We examined the selectivity of truncated analogues to find that a
trimer is sufficient to furnish the remote selectivity. Both 1D and
2D 1H NMR studies were used to determine possible catalyst
conformations, culminating in proposed models showing possible interactions
of farnesol with a protected Thr side chain and backbone NH. The models
were used to rationalize the selectivity of a modified catalyst (17) for the 6,7-position relative to an ether moiety in two
related substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip A Lichtor
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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26
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Ohmatsu K, Hara Y, Ooi T. In situ generation of ion-paired chiral ligands: rapid identification of the optimal ligand for palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylation. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc01032a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A method for the in situ generation of ion-paired chiral ligands has been established and successfully applied in combinatorial ligand screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohsuke Ohmatsu
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM)
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya University
- Chikusa, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Hara
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM)
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya University
- Chikusa, Japan
| | - Takashi Ooi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM)
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya University
- Chikusa, Japan
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27
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de la Torre AF, Rivera DG, Ferreira MAB, Corrêa AG, Paixão MW. Multicomponent Combinatorial Development and Conformational Analysis of Prolyl Peptide–Peptoid Hybrid Catalysts: Application in the Direct Asymmetric Michael Addition. J Org Chem 2013; 78:10221-32. [DOI: 10.1021/jo401609z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel G. Rivera
- Departamento
de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São
Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
- Center
for Natural Products Study, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, Zapata y G, 10400 La Habana, Cuba
| | - Marco A. B. Ferreira
- Departamento
de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São
Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Arlene G. Corrêa
- Departamento
de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São
Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Márcio W. Paixão
- Departamento
de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São
Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
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28
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Lichtor PA, Miller SJ. Combinatorial evolution of site- and enantioselective catalysts for polyene epoxidation. Nat Chem 2012; 4:990-5. [PMID: 23174978 PMCID: PMC3506257 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Selectivity in the catalytic functionalization of complex molecules is a major challenge in chemical synthesis. The problem is magnified when there are several possible stereochemical outcomes and when similar functional groups occur repeatedly within the same molecule. Selective polyene oxidation provides an archetypical example of this challenge. Historically, enzymatic catalysis has provided the only precedents. Although non-enzymatic catalysts that meet some of these challenges became known, a comprehensive solution has remained elusive. Here, we describe low molecular weight peptide-based catalysts, discovered through a combinatorial synthesis and screening protocol, that exhibit site- and enantioselective oxidation of certain positions of various isoprenols. This diversity-based approach, which exhibits features reminiscent of the directed evolution of enzymes, delivers catalysts that compare favourably to the state-of-the-art for the asymmetric oxidation of these compounds. Moreover, the approach culminated in catalysts that exhibit alternative-site selectivity in comparison to oxidation catalysts previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip A Lichtor
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, PO Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, USA
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29
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Abstract
Over the past decade several peptides have been developed as effective asymmetric catalysts for a range of synthetically useful reactions. Many have properties that are difficult to achieve with other catalysts. The article highlights features that render peptidic organocatalysts unique and attractive for future applications. Challenges such as the design of peptidic catalysts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helma Wennemers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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30
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Friest JA, Broussy S, Chung WJ, Berkowitz DB. Combinatorial catalysis employing a visible enzymatic beacon in real time: synthetically versatile (pseudo)halometalation/carbocyclizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:8895-9. [PMID: 21905180 PMCID: PMC3517167 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201103365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A. Friest
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588 (USA), Fax: (+001) 402-472-9402
| | - Sylvain Broussy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588 (USA), Fax: (+001) 402-472-9402
| | - Woo Jin Chung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588 (USA), Fax: (+001) 402-472-9402
| | - David B. Berkowitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588 (USA), Fax: (+001) 402-472-9402
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31
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Friest JA, Broussy S, Chung WJ, Berkowitz DB. Combinatorial Catalysis Employing a Visible Enzymatic Beacon in Real Time: Synthetically Versatile (Pseudo)Halometalation/Carbocyclizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201103365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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