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Wang DD, Zhang R, Tang LY, Long GQ, Yan H, Yang YC, Guo ZF, Zheng YY, Wang Y, Jia JM, Wang AH. (±)-Salvicatone A: A Pair of C 27-Meroterpenoid Enantiomers with Skeletons from the Roots and Rhizomes of Salvia castanea Diels f. tomentosa Stib. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37976373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
(±)-Salvicatone A (1), a C27-meroterpenoid featuring a unique 6/6/6/6/6-pentacyclic carbon skeleton with a 7,8,8a,9,10,10a-hexahydropyren-1 (6H)-one motif, was isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Salvia castanea Diels f. tomentosa Stib. Its structure was characterized by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses along with computer-assisted structure elucidation, including ACD/structure elucidator and quantum chemical calculations with 1H/13C NMR and electronic circular dichroism. Biogenetically, compound 1 was constructed from decarboxylation following [4 + 2] Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction between caffeic acid and miltirone analogue. Bioassays showed that (-)-1 and (+)-1 inhibited nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 macrophage cells with an IC50 value of 6.48 ± 1.25 and 15.76 ± 5.55 μM, respectively. The structure-based virtual screening based on the pharmacophores in ePharmaLib, as well as the molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations study, implied that (-)-1 and (+)-1 may potentially bind to retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor C to exert anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Dong Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Lian-Yu Tang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Qing Long
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yan
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Cheng Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Feng Guo
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Ying Zheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Ming Jia
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - An-Hua Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
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2
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Zhang ZM, Zhang J, Cai Q. Enantioselective and collective total synthesis of pentacyclic 19- nor-clerodanes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12598-12605. [PMID: 38020367 PMCID: PMC10646913 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04335e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We report herein the collective asymmetric total synthesis of seven pentacyclic 19-nor-clerodane diterpenoids, namely (+)-teucvin (+)-cracroson A, (+)-cracroson E, (+)-montanin A, (+)-teucvisin C, (+)-teucrin A, and (+)-2-hydroxyteuscorolide. An ytterbium-catalyzed asymmetric inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction of 4-methyl-2-pyrone with a chiral C5-substituted cyclohexa-1,3-dienol silyl ether is the key feature of the synthesis, which provides the common cis-decalin intermediate with five continuous stereocenters in excellent yield and stereoselectivity. From this diversifiable intermediate, the total synthesis of (+)-teucvin and (+)-2-hydroxyteuscorolide was realized in thirteen and eighteen steps, respectively. From (+)-teucvin, five other pentacyclic 19-nor-clerodanes were divergently and concisely generated through late-stage oxidation state adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Mao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Fudan University 220 Handan Rd. Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Junliang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Fudan University 220 Handan Rd. Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Quan Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Fudan University 220 Handan Rd. Shanghai 200433 China
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3
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Turnaturi R, Piana S, Spoto S, Costanzo G, Reina L, Pasquinucci L, Parenti C. From Plant to Chemistry: Sources of Active Opioid Antinociceptive Principles for Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design. Molecules 2023; 28:7089. [PMID: 37894567 PMCID: PMC10609244 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain continues to be an enormous global health challenge, with millions of new untreated or inadequately treated patients reported annually. With respect to current clinical applications, opioids remain the mainstay for the treatment of pain, although they are often associated with serious side effects. To optimize their tolerability profiles, medicinal chemistry continues to study novel ligands and innovative approaches. Among them, natural products are known to be a rich source of lead compounds for drug discovery, and they hold potential for pain management. Traditional medicine has had a long history in clinical practice due to the fact that nature provides a rich source of active principles. For instance, opium had been used for pain management until the 19th century when its individual components, such as morphine, were purified and identified. In this review article, we conducted a literature survey aimed at identifying natural products interacting either directly with opioid receptors or indirectly through other mechanisms controlling opioid receptor signaling, whose structures could be interesting from a drug design perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Turnaturi
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Silvia Piana
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Spoto
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (S.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Giuliana Costanzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Lorena Reina
- Postgraduate School of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia n. 97, 95100 Catania, Italy;
| | - Lorella Pasquinucci
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Carmela Parenti
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (S.S.); (C.P.)
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4
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Tran H, McGee P, Barriault L. Formal Synthesis of (±)-Salvinorin A via Gold(I) Catalysis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301640. [PMID: 37310277 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The formal synthesis of (±)-salvinorin A is presented. Our approach utilizes two distinct gold(I) catalytic processes. The combination of a gold(I)-catalyzed reaction with an intermolecular Diels-Alder reaction followed by a gold(I)-catalyzed photoredox reaction generated in eight steps the framework of the natural product with high diastereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy Tran
- NanoVation Therapeutics, 2405 Wesbrook Mall 4th floor, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Philippe McGee
- X-Chem Inc., 7171 Rue Frederick Banting, Montréal, QC H4S 1Z9, Canada
| | - Louis Barriault
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Catalysis, Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
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Hill S, Dao N, Dang VQ, Stahl EL, Bohn LM, Shenvi RA. A Route to Potent, Selective, and Biased Salvinorin Chemical Space. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:1567-1574. [PMID: 37637743 PMCID: PMC10450872 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The salvinorins serve as templates for next generation analgesics, antipruritics, and dissociative hallucinogens via selective and potent agonism of the kappa-opioid receptor (KOR). In contrast to most opioids, the salvinorins lack basic amines and bind with high affinity and selectivity via complex polyoxygenated scaffolds that have frustrated deep-seated modification by synthesis. Here we describe a short asymmetric synthesis that relies on a sterically confined organocatalyst to dissociate acidity from reactivity and effect Robinson annulation of an unactivated nucleophile/unstable electrophile pair. Combined with a cobalt-catalyzed polarized diene-alkyne cycloaddition, the route allows divergent access to a focused library of salvinorins. We appraise the synthesis by its generation of multiple analogs that exceed the potency, selectivity, stability, and functional bias of salvinorin A itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah
J. Hill
- Department
of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Graduate
School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nathan Dao
- Department
of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Graduate
School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Vuong Q. Dang
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, The Herbert Wertheim
UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Edward L. Stahl
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, The Herbert Wertheim
UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Laura M. Bohn
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, The Herbert Wertheim
UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Ryan A. Shenvi
- Department
of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Graduate
School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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6
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Puls K, Wolber G. Solving an Old Puzzle: Elucidation and Evaluation of the Binding Mode of Salvinorin A at the Kappa Opioid Receptor. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020718. [PMID: 36677775 PMCID: PMC9861206 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The natural product Salvinorin A (SalA) was the first nitrogen-lacking agonist discovered for the opioid receptors and exhibits high selectivity for the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) turning SalA into a promising analgesic to overcome the current opioid crisis. Since SalA's suffers from poor pharmacokinetic properties, particularly the absence of gastrointestinal bioavailability, fast metabolic inactivation, and subsequent short duration of action, the rational design of new tailored analogs with improved clinical usability is highly desired. Despite being known for decades, the binding mode of SalA within the KOR remains elusive as several conflicting binding modes of SalA were proposed hindering the rational design of new analgesics. In this study, we rationally determined the binding mode of SalA to the active state KOR by in silico experiments (docking, molecular dynamics simulations, dynophores) in the context of all available mutagenesis studies and structure-activity relationship (SAR) data. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive evaluation of SalA's binding mode since the determination of the active state KOR crystal structure. SalA binds above the morphinan binding site with its furan pointing toward the intracellular core while the C2-acetoxy group is oriented toward the extracellular loop 2 (ECL2). SalA is solely stabilized within the binding pocket by hydrogen bonds (C210ECL2, Y3127.35, Y3137.36) and hydrophobic contacts (V1182.63, I1393.33, I2946.55, I3167.39). With the disruption of this interaction pattern or the establishment of additional interactions within the binding site, we were able to rationalize the experimental data for selected analogs. We surmise the C2-substituent interactions as important for SalA and its analogs to be experimentally active, albeit with moderate frequency within MD simulations of SalA. We further identified the non-conserved residues 2.63, 7.35, and 7.36 responsible for the KOR subtype selectivity of SalA. We are confident that the elucidation of the SalA binding mode will promote the understanding of KOR activation and facilitate the development of novel analgesics that are urgently needed.
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Nguyen MV, Han JW, Le Dang Q, Ryu SM, Lee D, Kim H, Choi GJ. Clerodane Diterpenoids Identified from Polyalthia longifolia Showing Antifungal Activity against Plant Pathogens. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:10527-10535. [PMID: 34469148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the search for new natural resources showing plant disease control effects, we found that the methanol extract of Polyalthia longifolia suppressed fungal disease development in plants. To identify the bioactive substances, the methanol extract of P. longifolia was extracted by organic solvents, and consequently, four new 2-oxo-clerodane diterpenes (1-4), a new 4(3 → 2)-abeo-clerodane diterpene (5), together with ten known compounds (6-16) were isolated and identified from the extracts. Of the new compounds, compound 2 showed a broad spectrum of antifungal activity with moderated minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values in a range of 50-100 μg/mL against tested fungal pathogens. Considering with the known compounds, compound 6 showed the most potent antifungal activity with an MIC value in the range of 6.3-12.5 μg/mL. When compound 6 was evaluated for an in vivo antifungal activity against rice blast, tomato late blight, and pepper anthracnose, compound 6 reduced the plant disease by at least 60% compared to the untreated control at concentrations of 250 and 500 μg/mL. Together, our results suggested that the methanol extract of twigs and leaves of P. longifolia and its major compound 6 could be used as a source for the development of eco-friendly plant protection agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Van Nguyen
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Jae Woo Han
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Quang Le Dang
- Research and Development Center of Bioactive Compounds, Vietnam Institute of Industrial Chemistry, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Seung Mok Ryu
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju 58245, Korea
| | - Dongho Lee
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
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8
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Hill SJ, Brion AUCM, Shenvi RA. Chemical syntheses of the salvinorin chemotype of KOR agonist. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:1478-1496. [PMID: 32808003 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00028k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2000 to 2020 The hallucinogenic diterpene salvinorin A potently and selectively agonizes the human kappa-opioid receptor (KOR). Its unique attributes-lack of a basic nitrogen, rapid brain penetrance, short half-life-combined with the potential of KOR as an emerging target for analgesics have stimulated extensive medicinal chemistry based on semi-synthesis from extracts of Salvia divinorum. Total synthesis efforts have delivered multiple, orthogonal routes to salvinorin A, its congeners and related analogs with the goal of optimizing its activity towards multiple functional endpoints. Here we review total syntheses of the salvinorin chemotype and discuss outstanding problems that synthesis can address in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Hill
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| | - Aurélien U C M Brion
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| | - Ryan A Shenvi
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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9
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4,5-Seco-18-nor-ent-clerodanoids and their derivatives: Structure elucidation, synthesis and resistant reversal activities against fluconazole-resistance Candida albicans. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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10
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Keasling AW, Pandey P, Doerksen RJ, Pedrino GR, Costa EA, da Cunha LC, Zjawiony JK, Fajemiroye JO. Salvindolin elicits opioid system-mediated antinociceptive and antidepressant-like activities. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:865-881. [PMID: 31192780 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119849821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salvinorin A is known as a highly selective kappa opioid receptor agonist with antinociceptive but mostly pro-depressive effects. AIMS In this article, we present its new semisynthetic analog with preferential mu opioid affinity, and promising antinociceptive, as well as antidepressant-like activities. METHODS Competitive binding studies were performed for salvindolin with kappa opioid and mu opioid. The mouse model of nociception (acetic-acid-induced writhing, formalin, and hot plate tests), depression (forced swim and tail suspension tests), and the open field test, were used to evaluate antinociceptive, antidepressant-like, and locomotion effects, respectively, of salvindolin. We built a 3-D molecular model of the kappa opioid receptor, using a mu opioid X-ray crystal structure as a template, and docked salvindolin into the two proteins. RESULTS/OUTCOMES Salvindolin showed affinity towards kappa opioid and mu opioid receptors but with 100-fold mu opioid preference. Tests of salvindolin in mice revealed good oral bioavailability, antinociceptive, and antidepressive-like effects, without locomotor incoordination. Docking of salvindolin showed strong interactions with the mu opioid receptor which matched well with experimental binding data. Salvindolin-induced behavioral changes in the hot plate and forced swim tests were attenuated by naloxone (nonselective opioid receptor antagonist) and/or naloxonazine (selective mu opioid receptor antagonist) but not by nor-binaltorphimine (selective kappa opioid receptor antagonist). In addition, WAY100635 (a selective serotonin 1A receptor antagonist) blocked the antidepressant-like effect of salvindolin. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION By simple chemical modification, we were able to modulate the pharmacological profile of salvinorin A, a highly selective kappa opioid receptor agonist, to salvindolin, a ligand with preferential mu opioid receptor affinity and activity on the serotonin 1A receptor. With its significant antinociceptive and antidepressive-like activities, salvindolin has the potential to be an analgesic and/or antidepressant drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W Keasling
- 1 Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.,2 Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Pankaj Pandey
- 3 Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Robert J Doerksen
- 2 Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.,3 Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Gustavo R Pedrino
- 4 Department of Physiology, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Elson A Costa
- 5 Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Luiz C da Cunha
- 6 Center for Studies and Toxicological-Pharmacological Research, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Jordan K Zjawiony
- 1 Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.,2 Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - James O Fajemiroye
- 5 Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.,6 Center for Studies and Toxicological-Pharmacological Research, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.,7 Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University Center of Anápolis - Unievangélica, Anápolis, Brazil
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Abstract
Total syntheses of clerodane diterpenoids have been reviewed from the literature since 2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisahiro Hagiwara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishiku, Niigata, Japan
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12
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Huffman BJ, Shenvi RA. Natural Products in the "Marketplace": Interfacing Synthesis and Biology. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3332-3346. [PMID: 30682249 PMCID: PMC6446556 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Drugs are discovered through the biological screening of collections of compounds, followed by optimization toward functional end points. The properties of screening collections are often balanced between diversity, physicochemical favorability, intrinsic complexity, and synthetic tractability (Huggins, D. J.; et al. ACS Chem. Biol. 2011, 6, 208; DOI: 10.1021/cb100420r ). Whereas natural product (NP) collections excel in the first three attributes, NPs suffer a disadvantage on the last point. Academic total synthesis research has worked to solve this problem by devising syntheses of NP leads, diversifying late-stage intermediates, or derivatizing the NP target. This work has led to the discovery of reaction mechanisms, the invention of new methods, and the development of FDA-approved drugs. Few drugs, however, are themselves NPs; instead, NP analogues predominate. Here we highlight past examples of NP analogue development and successful NP-derived drugs. More recently, chemists have explored how NP analogues alter the retrosynthetic analysis of complex scaffolds, merging structural design and synthetic design. This strategy maintains the intrinsic complexity of the NP but can alter the physicochemical properties of the scaffold, like core instability that renders the NP a poor chemotype. Focused libraries based on these syntheses may exclude the NP but maintain the molecular properties that distinguish NP space from synthetic space (Stratton, C. F.; et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2015, 25, 4802; DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.014 ), properties that have statistical advantages in clinical progression (Luker, T.; et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2011, 21, 5673, DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.07.074 ; Ritchie, T. J.; Macdonald, S. J. F. Drug Discovery Today 2009, 14, 1011, DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2009.07.014 ). Research that expedites synthetic access to NP motifs can prevent homogeneity of chemical matter available for lead discovery. Easily accessed, focused libraries of NP scaffolds can fill empty but active gaps in screening sets and expand the molecular diversity of synthetic collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Huffman
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ryan A. Shenvi
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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13
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Pelot KA, Hagelthorn DM, Hong YJ, Tantillo DJ, Zerbe P. Diterpene Synthase‐Catalyzed Biosynthesis of Distinct Clerodane Stereoisomers. Chembiochem 2018; 20:111-117. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A. Pelot
- Department of Plant Biology University of California Davis One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - David M. Hagelthorn
- Department of Plant Biology University of California Davis One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Young J. Hong
- Department of Chemistry University of California Davis One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Dean J. Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry University of California Davis One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant Biology University of California Davis One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
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Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonist Mesyl Sal B Attenuates Behavioral Sensitization to Cocaine with Fewer Aversive Side-Effects than Salvinorin A in Rodents. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102602. [PMID: 30314288 PMCID: PMC6222496 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The acute activation of kappa opioid receptors (KOPr) produces antinociceptive and anti-cocaine effects, however, their side-effects have limited further clinical development. Mesyl Sal B is a potent and selective KOPr analogue of Salvinorin A (Sal A), a psychoactive natural product isolated from the plant Salvia divinorum. We assessed the antinociceptive, anti-cocaine, and side-effects of Mesyl Sal B. The anti-cocaine effects are evaluated in cocaine-induced hyperactivity and behavioral sensitization to cocaine in male Sprague Dawley rats. Mesyl Sal B was assessed for anhedonia (conditioned taste aversion), aversion (conditioned place aversion), pro-depressive effects (forced swim test), anxiety (elevated plus maze) and learning and memory deficits (novel object recognition). In male B6.SJL mice, the antinociceptive effects were evaluated in warm-water (50 °C) tail withdrawal and intraplantar formaldehyde (2%) assays and the sedative effects measured with the rotarod performance task. Mesyl Sal B (0.3 mg/kg) attenuated cocaine-induced hyperactivity and behavioral sensitization to cocaine without modulating sucrose self-administration and without producing aversion, sedation, anxiety, or learning and memory impairment in rats. However, increased immobility was observed in the forced swim test indicating pro-depressive effects. Mesyl Sal B was not as potent as Sal A at reducing pain in the antinociceptive assays. In conclusion, Mesyl Sal B possesses anti-cocaine effects, is longer acting in vivo and has fewer side-effects when compared to Sal A, however, the antinociceptive effects are limited.
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15
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Funes M, Garro MF, Tosso RD, Maria AO, Saad JR, Enriz RD. Antinociceptive effect of neo-clerodane diterpenes obtained from Baccharis flabellata. Fitoterapia 2018; 130:94-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Hirasawa S, Cho M, Brust TF, Roach JJ, Bohn LM, Shenvi RA. O6C-20-nor-salvinorin A is a stable and potent KOR agonist. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2770-2772. [PMID: 29426768 PMCID: PMC6067998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Salvinorin A (SalA) is a potent and selective agonist of the kappa-opioid receptor (KOR), but its instability has frustrated medicinal chemistry efforts. Treatment of SalA with weak bases like DBU leads to C8 epimerization with loss of receptor affinity and signaling potency. Here we show that replacement of C20 with H and replacement of O6 with CH2 stabilizes the SalA scaffold relative to its C8 epimer, so much so that epimerization is completely supressed. This new compound, O6C-20-nor-SalA, retains high potency for agonism of KOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Hirasawa
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Min Cho
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Tarsis F Brust
- The Scripps Research Institute, Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience,Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Jeremy J Roach
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Laura M Bohn
- The Scripps Research Institute, Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience,Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Ryan A Shenvi
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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17
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Roach JJ, Shenvi RA. A review of salvinorin analogs and their kappa-opioid receptor activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1436-1445. [PMID: 29615341 PMCID: PMC5912166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The plant metabolite salvinorin A potently and selectively agonizes the human kappa-opioid receptor, an emerging target for next-generation analgesics. Here we review analogs of the salvinorin chemotype and their effects on selectivity, affinity and potency. Extensive peripheral modifications using isolated salvinorin A have delivered a trove of SAR information. More deep-seated changes are now possible by advances in chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Roach
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ryan A Shenvi
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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18
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19
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Salvihispin A and its glycoside, two neo -clerodane diterpenoids with neurotrophic activities from Salvia hispanica L. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Roach J, Sasano Y, Schmid CL, Zaidi S, Katritch V, Stevens RC, Bohn LM, Shenvi RA. Dynamic Strategic Bond Analysis Yields a Ten-Step Synthesis of 20-nor-Salvinorin A, a Potent κ-OR Agonist. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:1329-1336. [PMID: 29296674 PMCID: PMC5746855 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Salvinorin A (SalA) is a plant metabolite that agonizes the human kappa-opioid receptor (κ-OR) with high affinity and high selectivity over mu- and delta-opioid receptors. Its therapeutic potential has stimulated extensive semisynthetic studies and total synthesis campaigns. However, structural modification of SalA has been complicated by its instability, and efficient total synthesis has been frustrated by its dense, complex architecture. Treatment of strategic bonds in SalA as dynamic and dependent on structural perturbation enabled the identification of an efficient retrosynthetic pathway. Here we show that deletion of C20 simultaneously stabilizes the SalA skeleton, simplifies its synthesis, and retains its high affinity and selectivity for the κ-OR. The resulting 10-step synthesis now opens the SalA scaffold to deep-seated property modification. Finally, we describe a workflow to identify structural changes that retain molecular complexity, but reduce synthetic complexity-two related, but independent ways of looking at complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy
J. Roach
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yusuke Sasano
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Cullen L. Schmid
- Departments
of Molecular Therapeutics and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Saheem Zaidi
- Departments
of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Vsevolod Katritch
- Departments
of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Raymond C. Stevens
- Departments
of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Laura M. Bohn
- Departments
of Molecular Therapeutics and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Ryan A. Shenvi
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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21
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Bautista E, Ortiz-Pastrana N, Pastor-Palacios G, Montoya-Contreras A, Toscano RA, Morales-Jiménez J, Salazar-Olivo LA, Ortega A. neo-Clerodane Diterpenoids from Salvia polystachya Stimulate the Expression of Extracellular Matrix Components in Human Dermal Fibroblasts. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:3003-3009. [PMID: 29135252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Eleven neo-clerodane diterpenoids (1-11) including the new analogues 1, 2, and 10, and 3',5,6,7-tetrahydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone (12) were isolated from the aerial parts of Salvia polystachya. Polystachyne G (1) and 15-epi-polystachyne G (2) were isolated as an epimeric mixture, containing a 5-hydroxyfuran-2(5H)-one unit in the side chain at C-12 of the neo-clerodane framework. Polystachyne H (10) contains a 1(10),2-diene moiety and a tertiary C-4 hydroxy group. The structures of these compounds were established by analysis of their NMR spectroscopic and MS spectrometric data. The absolute configurations of compounds 3, 4, and 10 were determined through single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The antibacterial, antifungal, and phytotoxic activities of the diterpenoids were determined. In addition, the stimulatory effect of the expression of extracellular matrix components of nine of the isolates (1-8 and 11) was assayed. Compounds 1-4, 8, and 11 increased the expression of the genes codifying for type I, type III, and type V collagens and for elastin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naytzé Ortiz-Pastrana
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria , Coyoacán 04510, México City, México
| | | | | | - Rubén A Toscano
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria , Coyoacán 04510, México City, México
| | | | | | - Alfredo Ortega
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria , Coyoacán 04510, México City, México
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22
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Yilmaz A, Crowley RS, Sherwood AM, Prisinzano TE. Semisynthesis and Kappa-Opioid Receptor Activity of Derivatives of Columbin, a Furanolactone Diterpene. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:2094-2100. [PMID: 28718638 PMCID: PMC5665014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Columbin (1) is a furanolactone diterpene isolated from the roots of Jateorhiza and Tinospora species. These species generally grow in Asia and Africa and have been used in folk medicine for their apparent analgesic and antipyretic activities. Columbin (1) is of particular interest due to its structural similarity to the known kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) agonist salvinorin A. Given that the KOR is of interest in the study of many serious diseases, such as anxiety, depression, and drug addiction, obtaining natural or semisynthetic molecules with KOR activity recently has gained much interest. For this reason, in the present study, derivatives of 1 were designed and synthesized using known structure-activity relationships of salvinorin A at KORs. The structures of the columbin analogues prepared were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy, and their KOR activity was investigated in vitro by inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation. Slight improvements in KOR activity were observed in columbin derivatives over their parent compound. However, despite the structural similarities to salvinorin A, neither columbin (1) nor its derivatives were potent KOR ligands. This work represents not only the first evaluation of columbin (1) at the KOR but also one of the first works to explore synthetic strategies that are tolerated on the columbin core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Rachel Saylor Crowley
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Alexander M. Sherwood
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Thomas E. Prisinzano
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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23
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Zhang W, Ghiviriga I, Grenning AJ. A deconjugative alkylation/Diels-Alder cycloaddition strategy to synthesize 2-substituted bicyclic scaffolds. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Sherwood AM, Crowley RS, Paton KF, Biggerstaff A, Neuenswander B, Day VW, Kivell BM, Prisinzano TE. Addressing Structural Flexibility at the A-Ring on Salvinorin A: Discovery of a Potent Kappa-Opioid Agonist with Enhanced Metabolic Stability. J Med Chem 2017; 60:3866-3878. [PMID: 28376298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Previous structure-activity studies on the neoclerodane diterpenoid salvinorin A have demonstrated the importance of the acetoxy functionality on the A-ring in its activity as a κ-opioid receptor agonist. Few studies have focused on understanding the role of conformation in these interactions. Herein we describe the synthesis and evaluation of both flexible and conformationally restricted compounds derived from salvinorin A. One such compound, spirobutyrolactone 14, was synthesized in a single step from salvinorin B and had similar potency and selectivity to salvinorin A (EC50 = 0.6 ± 0.2 nM at κ; >10000 nM at μ and δ). Microsomal stability studies demonstrated that 14 was more metabolically resistant than salvinorin A. Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties revealed similar in vivo effects between 14 and salvinorin A. To our knowledge, this study represents the first example of bioisosteric replacement of an acetate group by a spirobutyrolactone to produce a metabolically resistant derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Sherwood
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Rachel Saylor Crowley
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Kelly F Paton
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Biggerstaff
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin Neuenswander
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Victor W Day
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Bronwyn M Kivell
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Thomas E Prisinzano
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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25
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Synergistic blockade of alcohol escalation drinking in mice by a combination of novel kappa opioid receptor agonist Mesyl Salvinorin B and naltrexone. Brain Res 2017; 1662:75-86. [PMID: 28263712 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mesyl Salvinorin B (MSB) is a potent selective kappa opioid receptor (KOP-r) agonist that has potential for development as an anti-psychostimulant agent with fewer side-effects (e.g., sedation, depression and dysphoria) than classic KOP-r agonists. However, no such study has been done on alcohol. We investigated whether MSB alone or in combination with naltrexone (mu-opioid receptor antagonist) altered voluntary alcohol drinking in both male and female mice. Mice, subjected to 3weeks of chronic escalation drinking (CED) in a two-bottle choice paradigm with 24-h access every other day, developed rapid escalation of alcohol intake and high preference. We found that single, acute administration of MSB dose-dependently reduced alcohol intake and preference in mice after 3-week CED. The effect was specific to alcohol, as shown by the lack of any effect of MSB on sucrose or saccharin intake. We also used the drinking-in-the-dark (DID) model with limited access (4h/day) to evaluate the pharmacological effect of MSB after 3weeks of DID. However, MSB had no effect on alcohol drinking after 3-week DID. Upon investigation of potential synergistic effects between naltrexone and MSB, we found that acute administration of a combination of MSB and naltrexone reduced alcohol intake profoundly after 3-week CED at doses lower than those individual effective doses. Repeated administrations of this combination showed less tolerance development than repeated MSB alone. Our study suggests that the novel KOP-r agonist MSB both alone and in combination with naltrexone shows potential in alcoholism treatment models.
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26
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Line NJ, Burns AC, Butler SC, Casbohm J, Forsyth CJ. Total Synthesis of (-)-Salvinorin A. Chemistry 2016; 22:17983-17986. [PMID: 27758012 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Salvinorin A (1) is natural hallucinogen that binds the human κ-opioid receptor. A total synthesis has been developed that parlays the stereochemistry of l-(+)-tartaric acid into that of (-)-1 via an unprecedented allylic dithiane intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction to obtain the trans-decalin scaffold. Tsuji allylation set the C9 quaternary center and a late-stage stereoselective chiral ligand-assisted addition of a 3-titanium furan upon a C12 aldehyde/C17 methyl ester established the furanyl lactone moiety. The tartrate diol was finally converted into the C1,C2 keto-acetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Line
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Ave., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Aaron C Burns
- Dart NeuroScience LLC, 12278 Scripps Summit Dr., San Diego, CA, 92131, USA
| | - Sean C Butler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd., Tyler, TX, 75799, USA
| | - Jerry Casbohm
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Ave., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Craig J Forsyth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Ave., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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27
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Li R, Morris-Natschke SL, Lee KH. Clerodane diterpenes: sources, structures, and biological activities. Nat Prod Rep 2016; 33:1166-226. [PMID: 27433555 PMCID: PMC5154363 DOI: 10.1039/c5np00137d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 1990 to 2015The clerodane diterpenoids are a widespread class of secondary metabolites and have been found in several hundreds of plant species from various families and in organisms from other taxonomic groups. These substances have attracted interest in recent years due to their notable biological activities, particularly insect antifeedant properties. In addition, the major active clerodanes of Salvia divinorum can be used as novel opioid receptor probes, allowing greater insight into opioid receptor-mediated phenomena, as well as opening additional areas for chemical investigation. This article provides extensive coverage of naturally occurring clerodane diterpenes discovered from 1990 until 2015, and follows up on the 1992 review by Merritt and Ley in this same journal. The distribution, chemotaxonomic significance, chemical structures, and biological activities of clerodane diterpenes are summarized. In the cases where sufficient information is available, structure activity relationship (SAR) correlations and mode of action of active clerodanes have been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongtao Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568, USA
| | - Susan L. Morris-Natschke
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568, USA
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568, USA
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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28
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Collybolide is a novel biased agonist of κ-opioid receptors with potent antipruritic activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:6041-6. [PMID: 27162327 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1521825113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the opioid receptors, the κ-opioid receptor (κOR) has been gaining considerable attention as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of complex CNS disorders including depression, visceral pain, and cocaine addiction. With an interest in discovering novel ligands targeting κOR, we searched natural products for unusual scaffolds and identified collybolide (Colly), a nonnitrogenous sesquiterpene from the mushroom Collybia maculata. This compound has a furyl-δ-lactone core similar to that of Salvinorin A (Sal A), another natural product from the plant Salvia divinorum Characterization of the molecular pharmacological properties reveals that Colly, like Sal A, is a highly potent and selective κOR agonist. However, the two compounds differ in certain signaling and behavioral properties. Colly exhibits 10- to 50-fold higher potency in activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway compared with Sal A. Taken with the fact that the two compounds are equipotent for inhibiting adenylyl cyclase activity, these results suggest that Colly behaves as a biased agonist of κOR. Behavioral studies also support the biased agonistic activity of Colly in that it exhibits ∼10-fold higher potency in blocking non-histamine-mediated itch compared with Sal A, and this difference is not seen in pain attenuation by these two compounds. These results represent a rare example of functional selectivity by two natural products that act on the same receptor. The biased agonistic activity, along with an easily modifiable structure compared with Sal A, makes Colly an ideal candidate for the development of novel therapeutics targeting κOR with reduced side effects.
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29
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Simonson B, Morani AS, Ewald AWM, Walker L, Kumar N, Simpson D, Miller JH, Prisinzano TE, Kivell BM. Pharmacology and anti-addiction effects of the novel κ opioid receptor agonist Mesyl Sal B, a potent and long-acting analogue of salvinorin A. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:515-31. [PMID: 24641310 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Acute activation of κ opioid (KOP) receptors results in anticocaine-like effects, but adverse effects, such as dysphoria, aversion, sedation and depression, limit their clinical development. Salvinorin A, isolated from the plant Salvia divinorum, and its semi-synthetic analogues have been shown to have potent KOP receptor agonist activity and may induce a unique response with similar anticocaine addiction effects as the classic KOP receptor agonists, but with a different side effect profile. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We evaluated the duration of effects of Mesyl Sal B in vivo utilizing antinociception assays and screened for cocaine-prime induced cocaine-seeking behaviour in self-administering rats to predict anti-addiction effects. Cellular transporter uptake assays and in vitro voltammetry were used to assess modulation of dopamine transporter (DAT) function and to investigate transporter trafficking and kinase signalling pathways modulated by KOP receptor agonists. KEY RESULTS Mesyl Sal B had a longer duration of action than SalA, had anti-addiction properties and increased DAT function in vitro in a KOP receptor-dependent and Pertussis toxin-sensitive manner. These effects on DAT function required ERK1/2 activation. We identified differences between Mesyl Sal B and SalA, with Mesyl Sal B increasing the Vmax of dopamine uptake without altering cell-surface expression of DAT. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS SalA analogues, such as Mesyl Sal B, have potential for development as anticocaine agents. Further tests are warranted to elucidate the mechanisms by which the novel salvinorin-based neoclerodane diterpene KOP receptor ligands produce both anti-addiction and adverse side effects. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Simonson
- School of Biological Science, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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30
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Bautista E, Toscano RA, Ortega A. 5,10-seco-neo-clerodanes and neo-clerodanes from Salvia microphylla. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:1088-92. [PMID: 24625121 DOI: 10.1021/np4009893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Two new 5,10-seco-neo-clerodanes, salvimicrophyllins A and B (1 and 2), and two new neo-clerodanes, salvimicrophyllins C and D (3 and 4), were isolated from the leaves and flowers of Salvia microphylla. The structures of these compounds were elucidated mainly by analysis of their NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data. The relative configurations of the salvimicrophyllins were determined by analysis of NOESY spectra and ECD curves, and the relative configuration of compound 2 was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction crystallography.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/isolation & purification
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Diterpenes, Clerodane/chemistry
- Diterpenes, Clerodane/isolation & purification
- Diterpenes, Clerodane/pharmacology
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Edema/chemically induced
- Edema/drug therapy
- Flowers/chemistry
- Humans
- K562 Cells
- Mexico
- Mice
- Models, Biological
- Molecular Structure
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular
- Plant Leaves/chemistry
- Salvia/chemistry
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Elihú Bautista
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, México City, México
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31
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Casselman I, Nock CJ, Wohlmuth H, Weatherby RP, Heinrich M. From local to global-fifty years of research on Salvia divinorum. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 151:768-783. [PMID: 24315983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In 1962 ethnopharmacologists, Hofmann and Wasson, undertook an expedition to Oaxaca, Mexico. These two researchers were the first scientists to collect a flowering specimen of Salvia divinorum allowing the identification of this species. While the species' traditional use is confined to a very small region of Mexico, since Hofmann and Wasson's expedition 50 years ago, Salvia divinorum has become globally recognized for its main active constituent, the diterpene salvinorin A, which has a unique effect on human physiology. Salvinorin A is a kappa-opioid agonist and the first reported psychoactive diterpene. METHODS This review concentrates on the investigation of Salvia divinorum over the last 50 years including ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, taxonomy, systematics, genetics, chemistry and pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic research. For the purpose of this review, online search engines were used to find relevant research. Searches were conducted between October 2011 and September 2013 using the search term "Salvia divinorum". Papers were excluded if they described synthetic chemical synthesis of salvinorin A or analogues. RESULTS Ethnobotanically there is a comprehensive body of research describing the traditional Mazatec use of the plant, however, the modern ethnobotanical use of this plant is not well documented. There are a limited number of botanical investigations into this plant and there are still several aspects of the botany of Salvia divinorum which need further investigation. One study has investigated the phylogenetic relationship of Salvia divinorum to other species in the genus. To date the main focus of chemistry research on Salvia divinorum has been salvinorin A, the main active compound in Salvia divinorum, and other related diterpenoids. Finally, the effects of salvinorin A, a KOR agonist, have primarily been investigated using animal models. CONCLUSIONS As Salvia divinorum use increases worldwide, the emerging cultural use patterns will warrant more research. More botanical information is also needed to better understand this species, including germination, pollination vector and a better understanding of the endemic environment of Salvia divinorum. As well there is a gap in the genetic knowledge of this species and very little is known about its intra-species genetics. The terpenes in Salvia divinorum are very well documented, however, other classes of constituents in this species warrant further investigation and identification. To date, the majority of the pharmacology research on Salvia divinorum has focused on the effects of salvinorin A using animal models. Published human studies have not reported any harmful effects when salvinorin A is administered within the dose range of 0.375-21µg/kg but what are the implications when applied to a larger population? More data on the toxicology and safety of Salvia divinorum are needed before larger scale clinical trials of the potential therapeutic effects of Salvia divinorum and salvinorin A are undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Casselman
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia.
| | - Catherine J Nock
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Hans Wohlmuth
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Robert P Weatherby
- Division of Research, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Michael Heinrich
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia; Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Sq. London WC1N 1AX, UK; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Kivell BM, Ewald AWM, Prisinzano TE. Salvinorin A analogs and other κ-opioid receptor compounds as treatments for cocaine abuse. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2014; 69:481-511. [PMID: 24484985 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420118-7.00012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute activation of kappa-opioid receptors produces anti-addictive effects by regulating dopamine levels in the brain. Unfortunately, classic kappa-opioid agonists have undesired side effects such as sedation, aversion, and depression, which restrict their clinical use. Salvinorin A (Sal A), a novel kappa-opioid receptor agonist extracted from the plant Salvia divinorum, has been identified as a potential therapy for drug abuse and addiction. Here, we review the preclinical effects of Sal A in comparison with traditional kappa-opioid agonists and several new analogs. Sal A retains the anti-addictive properties of traditional kappa-opioid receptor agonists with several improvements including reduced side effects. However, the rapid metabolism of Sal A makes it undesirable for clinical development. In an effort to improve the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of this compound, kappa-opioid receptor agonists based on the structure of Sal A have been synthesized. While work in this field is still in progress, several analogs with improved pharmacokinetic profiles have been shown to have anti-addictive effects. While in its infancy, it is clear that these compounds hold promise for the future development of anti-addictive therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn M Kivell
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Amy W M Ewald
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Thomas E Prisinzano
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.
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Riley AP, Day VW, Navarro HA, Prisinzano TE. Palladium-catalyzed transformations of salvinorin A, a neoclerodane diterpene from Salvia divinorum. Org Lett 2013; 15:5936-9. [PMID: 24246026 DOI: 10.1021/ol4027528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Transformations that selectively modify the furan ring present in a variety of naturals products would be useful in the synthesis of biological probes but remain largely underexplored. The neoclerodane diterpene salvinorin A, isolated from Salvia divinorum, is an example of a furan-containing natural product. Following selective bromination of salvinorin A, Suzuki-Miyaura and Sonogashira couplings were accomplished in moderate to good yields without hydrolyzing the labile C-2 acetate or altering the stereochemistry of the epimerizable centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Riley
- Departments of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas , 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7572, United States , and Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Experimental and theoretical study of functionalized diterpenoids of salvinorin A type and molecular factors contributing to their selectivity to κ-opioid receptors. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0866-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Morani AS, Ewald A, Prevatt-Smith KM, Prisinzano TE, Kivell BM. The 2-methoxy methyl analogue of salvinorin A attenuates cocaine-induced drug seeking and sucrose reinforcements in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 720:69-76. [PMID: 24201308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
κ Opioid receptor activation by traditional arylacetamide agonists and the novel neoclerodane diterpene κ opioid receptor agonist Salvinorin A (Sal A) results in attenuation of cocaine-seeking behavior in pre-clinical models of addiction. However, adverse effects such as sedation, depression and aversion limit their clinical utility. The Sal A analogue, 2-methoxy-methyl salvinorin B (MOM Sal B) is a longer acting Sal A analogue with high affinity for κ opioid receptors. In this study, we tested MOM Sal B for its ability to modulate cocaine-seeking behavior in rats. MOM Sal B (0.3mg/kg) successfully attenuated cocaine-seeking but also attenuated sucrose reinforcement. No change in activity was observed in either cocaine-induced hyperactivity or spontaneous open field activity tests but increased immobility and decreased swimming times in the forced swim test were observed. This study indicates that κ opioid receptor activation by more potent Sal A analogues modulates cocaine-seeking behavior non-selectively without causing sedation, suggesting an improved side effects profile. However, pro-depressive effects are seen, which may limit the therapeutic potential of this compound. Future studies with Sal A analogues having affinities at other opioid receptors are warranted as they have the potential to identify compounds having effective anti-addiction properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashish S Morani
- School of Biological Science, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
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Hagiwara H, Honma N, Kinugawa K, Sato S, Hoshi T, Suzuki T. Second Generation Synthesis of the Neo-Clerodane Diterpenoid Methyl Barbascoate. Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300800706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The second generation total synthesis of the neo-clerodane diterpenoid, methyl barbascoate, was accomplished in seven or nine linear steps via double enol triflation and subsequent palladium catalyzed double carbonylation, followed by regioselective samarium diiodide mediated conjugate reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisahiro Hagiwara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050, 2-Nocho, Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Naomi Honma
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050, 2-Nocho, Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Kimihiko Kinugawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050, 2-Nocho, Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Shota Sato
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050, 2-Nocho, Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Takashi Hoshi
- Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050, 2-Nocho, Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Toshio Suzuki
- Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050, 2-Nocho, Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
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Bautista E, Toscano RA, Ortega A. Microphyllandiolide, a New Diterpene with an Unprecedented Skeleton from Salvia microphylla. Org Lett 2013; 15:3210-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol401022c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elihú Bautista
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D. F. 04510, México
| | - Rubén Alfredo Toscano
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D. F. 04510, México
| | - Alfredo Ortega
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D. F. 04510, México
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Butler SC, Forsyth CJ. A Stereoconvergent Intramolecular Diels–Alder Cycloaddition Related to the Construction of the Decalin Core of neo-Clerodane Diterpenoids. J Org Chem 2013; 78:3895-907. [DOI: 10.1021/jo400029u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean C. Butler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75799,
United States
| | - Craig J. Forsyth
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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15,16-Epoxy-3,13(16),14-Neoclerodatrien-17,12:18,19-diolide, a new compound from Galatella punctata. Chem Nat Compd 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-013-0435-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kuz'mina NE, Iashkir VA, Merkulov VA, Osipova ES. [The estimation method of compounds opiate activity based on universal three-dimensional model of the nonselective opiate pharmacophore]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2013; 38:577-90. [PMID: 23342491 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162012050081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Created by means alternative strategy of structural similarity search universal three-dimensional model of the nonselective opiate pharmacophore and the estimation method of agonistic and antagonistic properties of opiate receptors ligands based on its were described. The examples of the present method use are given for opiate activity estimation of compounds essentially distinguished on the structure from opiates and traditional opioids.
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Bautista E, Maldonado E, Ortega A. Neo-clerodane diterpenes from Salvia herbacea. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:951-958. [PMID: 22578169 DOI: 10.1021/np3001464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chemical investigation of the aerial parts of Salvia herbacea led to the isolation of eight new neo-clerodane diterpenes (1-8), named tehuanins A-H, and three known compounds. The structures of these compounds were determined by analysis of their spectroscopic data. Three of the new diterpenes possess a 1,8-epoxy group (1-3). This unusual structural feature was confirmed by X-ray diffraction of 1. The structure of the previously isolated 1α,10α-epoxysalviarin was revised. The absolute configuration of 6 was established by X-ray diffraction analysis of its bromo derivative 6a. Cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities of these diterpenes were examined. None of the compounds were considered to be cytotoxic; however, compound 7 exhibited anti-inflammatory activity comparable to that of indomethacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elihú Bautista
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, D. F., México
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Lovell KM, Prevatt-Smith KM, Lozama A, Prisinzano TE. Synthesis of neoclerodane diterpenes and their pharmacological effects. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2011; 299:141-85. [PMID: 21630517 DOI: 10.1007/128_2010_82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Salvinorin A is a neoclerodane diterpene that has been shown to be an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Its unique structure makes it an attractive target for synthetic organic chemists due to its seven chiral centers and diterpene scaffold. This molecule is also interesting to pharmacologists because it is a non-serotonergic hallucinogen, and the first opioid ligand discovered that lacks a basic nitrogen. There have been several total synthesis approaches to salvinorin A, and these will be detailed within this chapter. Additionally, research efforts have concentrated on structure modification of the salvinorin A scaffold through semi-synthetic methods. Most modifications have focused on the manipulation of the acetate at C-2 and the furan ring. However, chemistry has also been developed to generate analogs at the C-1 ketone, the C-4 methyl ester, and the C-17 lactone. The synthetic methodologies developed for the salvinorin A scaffold will be described, as well as specific analogs with interesting biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Lovell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7582, USA
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43
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Lozama A, Cunningham CW, Caspers MJ, Douglas JT, Dersch CM, Rothman RB, Prisinzano TE. Opioid receptor probes derived from cycloaddition of the hallucinogen natural product salvinorin A. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:718-726. [PMID: 21338114 PMCID: PMC3081938 DOI: 10.1021/np1007872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
As part of our continuing efforts toward more fully understanding the structure-activity relationships of the neoclerodane diterpene salvinorin A, we report the synthesis and biological characterization of unique cycloadducts through [4+2] Diels-Alder cycloaddition. Microwave-assisted methods were developed and successfully employed, aiding in functionalizing the chemically sensitive salvinorin A scaffold. This demonstrates the first reported results for both cycloaddition of the furan ring and functionalization via microwave-assisted methodology of the salvinorin A skeleton. The cycloadducts yielded herein introduce electron-withdrawing substituents and bulky aromatic groups into the C-12 position. Kappa opioid (KOP) receptor space was explored through aromatization of the bent oxanorbornadiene system possessed by the cycloadducts to a planar phenyl ring system. Although dimethyl- and diethylcarboxylate analogues 5 and 6 retain some affinity and selectivity for KOP receptors and are full agonists, their aromatized counterparts 13 and 14 have reduced affinity for KOP receptors. The methods developed herein signify a novel approach toward rapidly probing the structure-activity relationships of furan-containing natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas E. Prisinzano
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Tel: (785) 864-3267. Fax: (785) 864-5326.
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Lanfranchi DA, Bour C, Hanquet G. Enantioselective Access to Key Intermediates for Salvinorin A and Analogues. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Cunningham CW, Rothman RB, Prisinzano TE. Neuropharmacology of the naturally occurring kappa-opioid hallucinogen salvinorin A. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:316-47. [PMID: 21444610 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Salvia divinorum is a perennial sage native to Oaxaca, Mexico, that has been used traditionally in divination rituals and as a treatment for the "semimagical" disease panzón de borrego. Because of the intense "out-of-body" experiences reported after inhalation of the pyrolized smoke, S. divinorum has been gaining popularity as a recreational hallucinogen, and the United States and several other countries have regulated its use. Early studies isolated the neoclerodane diterpene salvinorin A as the principal psychoactive constituent responsible for these hallucinogenic effects. Since the finding that salvinorin A exerts its potent psychotropic actions through the activation of KOP receptors, there has been much interest in elucidating the underlying mechanisms behind its effects. These effects are particularly remarkable, because 1) salvinorin A is the first reported non-nitrogenous opioid receptor agonist, and 2) its effects are not mediated by the 5-HT(2A) receptor, the classic target of hallucinogens such as lysergic acid diethylamide and mescaline. Rigorous investigation into the structural features of salvinorin A responsible for opioid receptor affinity and selectivity has produced numerous receptor probes, affinity labels, and tools for evaluating the biological processes responsible for its observed psychological effects. Salvinorin A has therapeutic potential as a treatment for pain, mood and personality disorders, substance abuse, and gastrointestinal disturbances, and suggests that nonalkaloids are potential scaffolds for drug development for aminergic G-protein coupled receptors.
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Hagiwara H, Nojima T, Suka Y, Hoshi T, Suzuki T. First Total Synthesis of the Neo-Clerodane Diterpenoid Salvinorin F. Nat Prod Commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1100600306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The total synthesis of the neoclerodane diterpenoid salvinorin F was accomplished for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisahiro Hagiwara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050, 2-Nocho, Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Takashi Nojima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050, 2-Nocho, Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Yuhki Suka
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050, 2-Nocho, Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Takashi Hoshi
- Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050, 2-Nocho, Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Toshio Suzuki
- Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050, 2-Nocho, Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
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Ma Z, Deng G, Lee DYW. Novel neoclerodane diterpene derivatives from the smoke of salvinorin A. Tetrahedron Lett 2010; 51:5207-5209. [PMID: 20936100 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.07.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Salvinorin A is a naturally-occurring potent and selective kappa opioid receptor agonist, and smoking salvinorin A produces the most intense hallucinogenic effects in human. Eight neoclerodane diterpene derivatives were isolated from the smoke of salvinorin A, and their structures were identified by spectroscopic methods. The major structural changes include epimerizations, eliminations, and rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongze Ma
- Bio-Organic and Natural Products Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478
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49
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Lee DYW, Yang L, Xu W, Deng G, Guo L, Liu-Chen LY. Synthesis and biological evaluation of C-2 halogenated analogs of salvinorin A. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5749-52. [PMID: 20801035 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Salvinorin A (1), the main active ingredient of Salvia divinorum, is a potent and selective κ opioid receptor (KOPR) agonist. Based on the SAR, its C-2 position is one of the key binding sites and has very little space tolerance (3-4 carbons atoms) and limited to only lipophilic groups. In our attempt to prepare PET brain imaging agent for mapping KOPR, a series of C-2 halogenated analogs have been synthesized and screened for binding affinity at κ (KOPR), μ (MOPR), and δ (DOPR). These C-2 halogenated analogs with sequential changes of atomic radius and electron density serve as excellent molecular probes for further investigating the binding pocket at C-2, particularly on the effects of α verses β configuration at C-2 position. The results of KOPR binding and functional studies reveal β isomer in general binds better than α isomer with the exception of iodinated analogs and none of the C-2 halogenated analogs shows any improvement of KOPR binding affinity. Interestingly, functional assay has characterized that 6b is a partial agonist with E(max) of 46% of the kappa receptor full agonist U50,488H at 250 nM (K(i)). We have also observed that the affinity to the kappa receptor increases with atomic radius (I>Br>Cl>F) which is in good agreement with halogen bonding interactions reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y W Lee
- Bio-Organic and Natural Products Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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50
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Kivell B, Prisinzano TE. Kappa opioids and the modulation of pain. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 210:109-19. [PMID: 20372880 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-1819-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE Pain is a complex sensory experience, involving cognitive factors, environment (setting, society, and culture), experience, and gender and is modulated significantly by the central nervous system (CNS). The mechanisms by which opioid analgesics work are understood, but this class of drugs is not ideal as either an analgesic or anti-hyperalgesic. Accordingly, considerable effort continues to be directed at improved understanding of nociceptor function and development of selective analgesics that do not have the unwanted effects associated with opioid analgesics. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the role of KOP receptors in the modulation of pain and highlight several chemotypes currently being explored as peripherally restricted KOP ligands. RESULTS A growing body of literature has shown that KOP receptors are implicated in a variety of behavioral pain models. Several different classes of peripherally restricted peptidic and nonpeptidic KOP agonists have been identified and show utility in treating painful conditions. CONCLUSION The pharmacological profile of KOP agonists in visceral pain models suggest that peripherally restricted KOP agonists are potentially useful for a variety of peripheral pain states. Further, clinical investigation of peripherally restricted KOP agonists will help to clarify the painful conditions where KOP agonists will be most effective.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Mechanoreceptors/physiology
- Nociceptors/physiology
- Pain/drug therapy
- Pain/metabolism
- Pain/physiopathology
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/physiology
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn Kivell
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
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