1
|
Genç F, Yıldırım Kılıç N, Barsbay M. Designing Advanced Cross-Linked Proton Exchange Membranes with Enhanced Structural Homogeneity and Proton Conductivity via Radiation-Induced RAFT Polymerization. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:28194-28206. [PMID: 38973931 PMCID: PMC11223216 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
This study introduces an innovative approach to fabricate well-defined cross-linked proton exchange membranes (PEMs) using radiation-induced reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)-mediated polymerization on cost-effective ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) films. The incorporation of the RAFT mechanism into the cross-linking process significantly enhanced structural homogeneity, providing uninterrupted proton conductivity. Thorough characterizations confirmed the successful grafting of polystyrene (PS) chains onto ETFE films and subsequent sulfonation. Despite a reduction in proton conductivity attributed to restricted chain movements, a notable improvement in chemical stability was observed after cross-linking reactions. Chemical stability of the cross-linked membranes increased approximately 4-fold compared to those synthesized without a cross-linker. The synthesized PEMs with degrees of grafting at 45% and 67% demonstrated superior proton conductivity, outperforming various alternatives, including commercial Nafion samples. Specifically, these cross-linked membranes exhibited promising proton conductivity values of 93.7 and 139.1 mS cm-1, respectively. This work highlights the potential of radiation-induced RAFT-mediated polymerization in carrying out cross-linking reactions as an efficient pathway for designing well-defined high-performance PEMs, offering enhanced homogeneity and conductivity compared to existing literature counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feyza Genç
- Polymer
Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
- Polymer
Science and Technology Division, Institute of Science, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nazlıcan Yıldırım Kılıç
- Polymer
Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
- Polymer
Science and Technology Division, Institute of Science, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murat Barsbay
- Polymer
Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
- Polymer
Science and Technology Division, Institute of Science, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Park EJ, Jannasch P, Miyatake K, Bae C, Noonan K, Fujimoto C, Holdcroft S, Varcoe JR, Henkensmeier D, Guiver MD, Kim YS. Aryl ether-free polymer electrolytes for electrochemical and energy devices. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5704-5780. [PMID: 38666439 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00186e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Anion exchange polymers (AEPs) play a crucial role in green hydrogen production through anion exchange membrane water electrolysis. The chemical stability of AEPs is paramount for stable system operation in electrolysers and other electrochemical devices. Given the instability of aryl ether-containing AEPs under high pH conditions, recent research has focused on quaternized aryl ether-free variants. The primary goal of this review is to provide a greater depth of knowledge on the synthesis of aryl ether-free AEPs targeted for electrochemical devices. Synthetic pathways that yield polyaromatic AEPs include acid-catalysed polyhydroxyalkylation, metal-promoted coupling reactions, ionene synthesis via nucleophilic substitution, alkylation of polybenzimidazole, and Diels-Alder polymerization. Polyolefinic AEPs are prepared through addition polymerization, ring-opening metathesis, radiation grafting reactions, and anionic polymerization. Discussions cover structure-property-performance relationships of AEPs in fuel cells, redox flow batteries, and water and CO2 electrolysers, along with the current status of scale-up synthesis and commercialization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Joo Park
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | | | - Kenji Miyatake
- University of Yamanashi, Kofu 400-8510, Japan
- Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Chulsung Bae
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Kevin Noonan
- Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Cy Fujimoto
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA
| | | | | | - Dirk Henkensmeier
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, South Korea
- KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, South Korea
- KU-KIST School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Michael D Guiver
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yu Seung Kim
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Luan TX, Zhang P, Wang Q, Xiao X, Feng Y, Yuan S, Li PZ, Xu Q. "All in One" Strategy for Achieving Superprotonic Conductivity by Incorporating Strong Acids into a Robust Imidazole-Linked Covalent Organic Framework. NANO LETTERS 2024. [PMID: 38603798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The fabrication of solid-state proton-conducting electrolytes possessing both high performance and long-life reusability is significant but challenging. An "all-in-one" composite, H3PO4@PyTFB-1-SO3H, including imidazole, sulfonic acid, and phosphoric acid, which are essential for proton conduction, was successfully prepared by chemical post-modification and physical loading in the rationally pre-synthesized imidazole-based nanoporous covalent organic framework (COF), PyTFB-1. The resultant H3PO4@PyTFB-1-SO3H exhibits superhigh proton conductivity with its value even highly up to 1.15 × 10-1 S cm-1 at 353 K and 98% relative humidity (RH), making it one of the highest COF-based composites reported so far under the same conditions. Experimental studies and theoretical calculations further confirmed that the imidazole and sulfonic acid groups have strong interactions with the H3PO4 molecules and the synergistic effect of these three groups dramatically improves the proton conductivity properties of H3PO4@PyTFB-1-SO3H. This work demonstrated that by aggregating multiple proton carriers into one composite, effective proton-conducting electrolyte can be feasibly achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Xiang Luan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Science of Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Institute of Frontier and Inter-disciplinary Science, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, Shandong Province, China
| | - Pengtu Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Shandong Institute of Pertroleum and Chemical Technology, Dongying 257061, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qiurong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Science of Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Institute of Frontier and Inter-disciplinary Science, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Porous Functional Materials (SKLPM), SUSTech-Kyoto University Advanced Energy Materials Joint Innovation Laboratory (SKAEM-JIL), Key University Laboratory of Highly Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy and Sustainable Development of Guangdong, Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yijing Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Science of Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Institute of Frontier and Inter-disciplinary Science, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shiling Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Science of Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Institute of Frontier and Inter-disciplinary Science, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, Shandong Province, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Shandong Institute of Pertroleum and Chemical Technology, Dongying 257061, Shandong Province, China
| | - Pei-Zhou Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Science of Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Institute of Frontier and Inter-disciplinary Science, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Porous Functional Materials (SKLPM), SUSTech-Kyoto University Advanced Energy Materials Joint Innovation Laboratory (SKAEM-JIL), Key University Laboratory of Highly Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy and Sustainable Development of Guangdong, Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong Province, China
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gao W, Sheng L, Chen J, Gong F, Tang Z, Yin Q, Yang K, Tu Z, Li Y, Wang L, Wang J, Tang Y, Xu H, Wang C, He X. Converting Nafion into Li + -Conductive Nanoporous Materials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300697. [PMID: 37144437 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Sulfonated polymers have long been used as proton-conducting materials in fuel cells, and their ionic transport features are highly attractive for electrolytes in lithium-ion/metal batteries (LIBs/LMBs). However, most studies are still based on a preconceived notion of using them directly as polymeric ionic carriers, which precludes exploring them as nanoporous media to construct efficient lithium ions (Li+ ) transport network. Here, effective Li+ -conducting channels realized by swelling nanofibrous Nafion is demonstrated, which is a classical sulfonated polymer in fuel cells. The sulfonic acid groups, interact with LIBs liquid electrolytes to form porous ionic matrix of Nafion and assist partial desolvation of Li+ -solvates to further enhance Li+ transport. Li-symmetric cells and Li-metal full cells (Li4 Ti5 O12 or high-voltage LiNi0.6 Co0.2 Mn0.2 O2 as a cathode) with such membrane show excellent cycling performance and stabilized Li-metal anode. The finding provides a strategy to convert the vast sulfonated polymer family into efficient Li+ electrolyte, promoting the development of high-energy-density LMBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Gao
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Li Sheng
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jia Chen
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Fan Gong
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacture for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Zhuozhuo Tang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Qinan Yin
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Equipment and Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, P. R. China
| | - Kai Yang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Ziqiang Tu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Equipment and Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Equipment and Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yaping Tang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Hong Xu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xiangming He
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Long TH, Hieu DTT, Hao LH, Cuong NT, Loan TTH, Van Man T, Tap TD. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopic analysis of Nafion and graft‐type polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cell application. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tran Hoang Long
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Dinh Tran Trong Hieu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Lam Hoang Hao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | | | - Truong Thi Hong Loan
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Faculty of Physics and Engineering Physics University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Tran Van Man
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Applied Physical Chemistry Laboratory University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Tran Duy Tap
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sun L, Qu S, Lv X, Duan J, Wang W. Study of high‐temperature proton exchange membrane through one‐step encapsulation of ionic liquid in sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone). J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Sun
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco‐Chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Shuguo Qu
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco‐Chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Xueyan Lv
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco‐Chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Jihai Duan
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco‐Chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Weiwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco‐Chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao Shandong China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bibliometrics of Functional Polymeric Biomaterials with Bioactive Properties Prepared by Radiation-Induced Graft Copolymerisation: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224831. [PMID: 36432958 PMCID: PMC9692568 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional polymeric biomaterials (FPBMs) with bioactive characteristics obtained by radiation-induced graft copolymerisation (RIGC) have been subjected to intensive research and developed into many commercial products. Various studies have reported the development of a variety of radiation-grafted FPBMs. However, no reports dealing with the quantitative evaluations of these studies from a global bibliographic perspective have been published. Such bibliographic analysis can provide information to overcome the limitations of the databases and identify the main research trends, together with challenges and future directions. This review aims to provide an unprecedented bibliometric analysis of the published literature on the use of RIGC for the preparation of FPBMs and their applications in medical, biomedical, biotechnological, and health care fields. A total of 235 publications obtained from the Web of Science (WoS) in the period of 1985-2021 were retrieved, screened, and evaluated. The records were used to manifest the contributions to each field and underline not only the top authors, journals, citations, years of publication, and countries but also to highlight the core research topics and the hubs for research excellence on these materials. The obtained data overviews are likely to provide guides to early-career scientists and their research institutions and promote the development of new, timely needed radiation-grafted FPBMs, in addition to extending their applications.
Collapse
|
8
|
Chand K, Paladino O. Recent developments of membranes and electrocatalysts for the hydrogen production by Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysers: A review. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
9
|
Enhancing the durability and performance of radiation-induced grafted low-density polyethylene-based anion-exchange membranes by controlling irradiation conditions. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
10
|
Tap TD, Long TH, Hieu DTT, Hao LH, Phuong HT, Luan LQ, Van Man T. Positron annihilation lifetime study of subnano level free volume features of grafted polymer electrolyte membranes for hydrogen fuel cell applications. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tran Duy Tap
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Tran Hoang Long
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Dinh Tran Trong Hieu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Physics Laboratory Le Thanh Ton High School Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Lam Hoang Hao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Huynh Truc Phuong
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Faculty of Physics and Engineering Physics University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Le Quang Luan
- Deparment of Bio‐material and Nano Technology Biotechnology Center of Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Tran Van Man
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry Laboratory University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hieu DTT, Hao LH, Long TH, Van Tien V, Cuong NT, Van Man T, Loan TTH, Tap TD. Investigation of chemical degradation and water states in the graft‐type polymer electrolyte membranes. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dinh Tran Trong Hieu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Lam Hoang Hao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Tran Hoang Long
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Vo Van Tien
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Center for Nuclear Technologies Viet Nam Atomic Energy Institute Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | | | - Tran Van Man
- Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Applied Physical Chemistry Laboratory University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Truong Thi Hong Loan
- Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Faculty of Physics and Engineering Physics University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Tran Duy Tap
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jiang G, Zou W, Ou Z, Zhang L, Zhang W, Wang X, Song H, Cui Z, Liang Z, Du L. Tuning the Interlayer Interactions of 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks Enables an Ultrastable Platform for Anhydrous Proton Transport. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208086. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoxing Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Wenwu Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Zhaoyuan Ou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Longhai Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Xiujun Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Huiyu Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Zhiming Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Zhenxing Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Li Du
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Motegi T, Yoshimura K, Zhao Y, Hiroki A, Maekawa Y. Direct Observation and Semiquantitative Analysis of Hierarchical Structures in Graft-Type Polymer Electrolyte Membranes Using the AFM Technique. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:9992-9999. [PMID: 35913882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The structural features of a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM), consisting of polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSSA) grafted onto poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE), can be characterized semiquantitatively by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The cross-sectional AFM phase images are converted to the binarized image by fitting two Gaussian functions. The domains correspond to hydrophilic PSSA domains and hydrophobic ETFE crystalline and amorphous regions, respectively, at lower and higher phase shift values. The area fraction of PSSA domains was consistent with the volume fraction determined by the grafting degree (GD). The dependence of the radius and interdomain distance of the PSSA domains on the GDs of PEMs shows discontinuous features at the threshold GD (39%). The former slightly increased from 10 to 12 nm and significantly increased to 17 nm at a GD greater than 39%; the latter decreased from 140 to 54 nm with increases in GDs up to 39% but inversely increased to 78 nm at a GD of 46%. This discontinuous change in radius and interdomain distance should be caused by the fusion of adjacent PSSA domains to form a larger size and spacing and thus less connectivity between each large domain, thereby lowering the conductivity at GD greater than 39%. We were able to demonstrate the existence of an ion-conducting hydrophilic path with a radius of approximately 10 nm. Even though it has received little attention in the past, it is expected to enable the design of electrolyte membrane functions in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Motegi
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Watanuki-machi 1233, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Kimio Yoshimura
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Watanuki-machi 1233, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Watanuki-machi 1233, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hiroki
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Watanuki-machi 1233, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Yasunari Maekawa
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Watanuki-machi 1233, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Effect of reaction conditions on gamma radiation-induced graft polymerization of α-methyl styrene onto polyethersulfone films: a kinetic study. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-022-08455-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
15
|
Zhao Y, Yoshimura K, Sawada S, Motegi T, Hiroki A, Radulescu A, Maekawa Y. Unique Structural Characteristics of Graft-Type Proton-Exchange Membranes Using SANS Partial Scattering Function Analysis. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Watanuki-machi 1233, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Kimio Yoshimura
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Watanuki-machi 1233, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sawada
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Watanuki-machi 1233, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Toshinori Motegi
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Watanuki-machi 1233, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hiroki
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Watanuki-machi 1233, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Aurel Radulescu
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science @ MLZ, Lichtenbergstraße 1, Garching D-85747, Germany
| | - Yasunari Maekawa
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Watanuki-machi 1233, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jiang G, Zou W, Ou Z, Zhang L, Zhang W, Wang X, Song H, Cui Z, Liang Z, Du L. Tuning the Interlayer Interactions of 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks Enables an Ultrastable Platform for Anhydrous Proton Transport. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoxing Jiang
- South China University of Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 381 Wushan Road Tianhe District Guangzhou CHINA
| | - Wenwu Zou
- South China University of Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 381 Wushan Road Tianhe District Guangzhou CHINA
| | - Zhaoyuan Ou
- South China University of Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 381 Wushan Road Tianhe District Guangzhou CHINA
| | - Longhai Zhang
- South China University of Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 381 Wushan Road Tianhe District Guangzhou CHINA
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- South China University of Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 381 Wushan Road Tianhe District Guangzhou CHINA
| | - Xiujun Wang
- South China University of Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 381 Wushan Road Tianhe District Guangzhou CHINA
| | - Huiyu Song
- South China University of Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 381 Wushan Road Tianhe District Guangzhou CHINA
| | - Zhiming Cui
- South China University of Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 381 Wushan Road Tianhe District Guangzhou CHINA
| | - Zhenxing Liang
- South China University of Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 381 Wushan Road Tianhe District Guangzhou CHINA
| | - Li Du
- South China University of Technology 381 Wushan Road Tianhe District Guangzhou CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ge X, Zhang F, Wu L, Yang Z, Xu T. Current Challenges and Perspectives of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Ge
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Liang Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhengjin Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Tongwen Xu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Highly selective adsorbent by gamma radiation-induced grafting of glycidyl methacrylate on polyacrylonitrile/polyurethane nanofiber: Evaluation of CO2 capture. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
19
|
Kumari N, Mishra S. Synthesis, characterization and flocculation efficiency of grafted Moringa gum based derivatives. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 281:119079. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.119079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
20
|
Qu E, Jiang J, Xiao M, Han D, Huang S, Huang Z, Wang S, Meng Y. Polybenzimidazole Confined in Semi-Interpenetrating Networks of Crosslinked Poly (Arylene Ether Ketone) for High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12050773. [PMID: 35269265 PMCID: PMC8912004 DOI: 10.3390/nano12050773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As a traditional high-temperature proton exchange membrane (HT-PEM), phosphoric acid (PA)-doped polybenzimidazole (PBI) is often subject to severe mechanical strength deterioration owing to the “plasticizing effect” of a large amount of PA. In order to address this issue, we fabricated the HT-PEMs with a crosslinked network of poly (arylene ether ketone) to confine polybenzimidazole in semi-interpenetration network using self-synthesized amino-terminated PBI (PBI-4NH2) as a crosslinker. Compared with the pristine linear poly [2,2′-(p-oxdiphenylene)-5,5′-benzimidazole] (OPBI) membrane, the designed HT-PEMs (semi-IPN/xPBI), in the semi-IPN means that the membranes with a semi-interpenetration structure and x represent the combined weight percentage of PBI-4NH2 and OPBI. In addition, they also demonstrate an enhanced anti-oxidative stability and superior mechanical properties without the sacrifice of conductivity. The semi-IPN/70PBI exhibits a higher proton conductivity than OPBI at temperatures ranging from 80 to 180 °C. The HT-PEMFC with semi-IPN/70PBI exhibits excellent H2/O2 single cell performance with a power density of 660 mW cm−2 at 160 °C with flow rates of 250 and 500 mL min−1 for dry H2 and O2 at a backpressure of 0.03 MPa, which is 18% higher than that of OPBI (561 mW cm−2) under the same test conditions. The results indicate that the introduction of PBI containing crosslinked networks is a promising approach to improve the comprehensive performance of HT-PEMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erli Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (E.Q.); (J.J.); (M.X.); (D.H.); (S.H.); (Z.H.)
| | - Junqiao Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (E.Q.); (J.J.); (M.X.); (D.H.); (S.H.); (Z.H.)
| | - Min Xiao
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (E.Q.); (J.J.); (M.X.); (D.H.); (S.H.); (Z.H.)
| | - Dongmei Han
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (E.Q.); (J.J.); (M.X.); (D.H.); (S.H.); (Z.H.)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Sheng Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (E.Q.); (J.J.); (M.X.); (D.H.); (S.H.); (Z.H.)
| | - Zhiheng Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (E.Q.); (J.J.); (M.X.); (D.H.); (S.H.); (Z.H.)
| | - Shuanjin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (E.Q.); (J.J.); (M.X.); (D.H.); (S.H.); (Z.H.)
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yuezhong Meng
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (E.Q.); (J.J.); (M.X.); (D.H.); (S.H.); (Z.H.)
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (Y.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dong Z, Wang Y, Wen D, Peng J, Zhao L, Zhai M. Recent progress in environmental applications of functional adsorbent prepared by radiation techniques: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:126887. [PMID: 34763925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution has been accelerated due to fast urbanization and industrialization, and thus hazardous contaminants removal and valuable metal recovery have become urgent. Adsorption has become a promising technology for water treatment because of its advantages of low-cost, good reusability, low energy consumption, high capacity and high selectivity. Particularly, radiation techniques including radiation induced graft copolymerization and radiation crosslinking have been found to be widely utilized to exploit adsorbents for water treatment. In this review, the current status and progress of adsorbents in environmental pollution in the past decade are summarized, including adsorbents (in form of particles, fiber and fabric, membrane, novel nanomaterials) synthesized by radiation induced graft copolymerization and hydrogel-based adsorbents fabricated by radiation crosslinking. Finally, further perspective on the development and challenge of adsorbents by radiation techniques is also suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Di Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Long Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China.
| | - Maolin Zhai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu Q, Zhang S, Wang Z, Han J, Song C, Xu P, Wang X, Fu S, Jian X. Investigation into the performance decay of proton-exchange membranes based on sulfonated heterocyclic poly(aryl ether ketone)s in Fenton's reagent. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:1760-1769. [PMID: 34985063 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04531h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sulfonated N-heterocyclic poly(aryl ether) proton-exchange membranes have potential applications in the fuel-cell field due to their favorable proton conduction capacity and stability. This paper investigates the changes in mass and performance decay, such as proton conduction and mechanical strength, of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)s (SPEEKs) and three sulfonated N-heterocyclic poly(aryl ether ketone) (SPPEK, SPBPEK-P-8, and SPPEKK-P) membranes in Fenton's oxidative experiment. The SPEEK membrane exhibited the worst oxidative stability. The oxidative stability of the SPPEK membrane is enhanced due to the introduction of phthalazinone units in the chains. The SPPEKK-P and SPBPEK-P-8 membranes exhibit better radical tolerance than the SPPEK membrane, with proton conductivity retention rates of 66% and 73% for 1 h oxidative treatment, respectively. In addition, the molecular chains of SPPEKK-P and SPBPEK-P-8 exhibit relatively little disruption. The pendant benzenesulfonic groups enhance the steric effects for reducing radical attacks on the ether bonds and reduce the hydration of molecular chains. The introduction of phthalazinone units decreases the rupture points in the main chain. Therefore, the radical tolerance of the membranes is improved. These results provide a reference for the design of highly stable sulfonated heterocyclic poly(aryl ether) membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning High-Performance Polymer Engineering Research Center, Dalian Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Membrane Processes, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Shouhai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning High-Performance Polymer Engineering Research Center, Dalian Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Membrane Processes, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Zhaoqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning High-Performance Polymer Engineering Research Center, Dalian Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Membrane Processes, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Jianhua Han
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning High-Performance Polymer Engineering Research Center, Dalian Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Membrane Processes, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Ce Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning High-Performance Polymer Engineering Research Center, Dalian Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Membrane Processes, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Peiqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning High-Performance Polymer Engineering Research Center, Dalian Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Membrane Processes, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning High-Performance Polymer Engineering Research Center, Dalian Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Membrane Processes, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Shaokui Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning High-Performance Polymer Engineering Research Center, Dalian Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Membrane Processes, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Xigao Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning High-Performance Polymer Engineering Research Center, Dalian Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Membrane Processes, Dalian, 116024, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zainol Abidin MN, Nasef MM, Matsuura T. Fouling Prevention in Polymeric Membranes by Radiation Induced Graft Copolymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:197. [PMID: 35012218 PMCID: PMC8747411 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of membrane processes in various fields has now undergone accelerated developments, despite the presence of some hurdles impacting the process efficiency. Fouling is arguably the main hindrance for a wider implementation of polymeric membranes, particularly in pressure-driven membrane processes, causing higher costs of energy, operation, and maintenance. Radiation induced graft copolymerization (RIGC) is a powerful versatile technique for covalently imparting selected chemical functionalities to membranes' surfaces, providing a potential solution to fouling problems. This article aims to systematically review the progress in modifications of polymeric membranes by RIGC of polar monomers onto membranes using various low- and high-energy radiation sources (UV, plasma, γ-rays, and electron beam) for fouling prevention. The feasibility of the modification method with respect to physico-chemical and antifouling properties of the membrane is discussed. Furthermore, the major challenges to the modified membranes in terms of sustainability are outlined and the future research directions are also highlighted. It is expected that this review would attract the attention of membrane developers, users, researchers, and scientists to appreciate the merits of using RIGC for modifying polymeric membranes to mitigate the fouling issue, increase membrane lifespan, and enhance the membrane system efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nidzhom Zainol Abidin
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia;
| | - Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia;
- Center of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
| | - Takeshi Matsuura
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Biancolli ALG, Bsoul-Haj S, Douglin JC, Barbosa AS, de Sousa RR, Rodrigues O, Lanfredi AJ, Dekel DR, Santiago EI. High-performance radiation grafted anion-exchange membranes for fuel cell applications: Effects of irradiation conditions on ETFE-based membranes properties. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
25
|
Hao LH, Tap TD, Hieu DTT, Korneeva E, Van Tiep N, Yoshimura K, Hasegawa S, Sawada S, Van Man T, Hung NQ, Tuyen LA, Dinh V, Luan LQ, Maekawa Y. Morphological characterization of grafted polymer electrolyte membranes at a surface layer for fuel cell application. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lam Hoang Hao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Tran Duy Tap
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Dinh Tran Trong Hieu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Physics Laboratory Le Thanh Ton High School Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | | | - Nguyen Van Tiep
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Dubna Russia
- Institute of Physics Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Kimio Yoshimura
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST) Takasaki Japan
| | - Shin Hasegawa
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST) Takasaki Japan
| | - Shin‐ichi Sawada
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST) Takasaki Japan
| | - Tran Van Man
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Applied Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Chemistry University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Quang Hung
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences Duy Tan University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Faculty of Natural Sciences Duy Tan University Da Nang Vietnam
| | - Luu Anh Tuyen
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Dubna Russia
- Center for Nuclear Techniques Vietnam Atomic Energy Institute Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Van‐Phuc Dinh
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences Duy Tan University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Faculty of Natural Sciences Duy Tan University Da Nang Vietnam
| | - Le Quang Luan
- Bio‐material and Nano Technology Department Biotechnology Center of Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Yasunari Maekawa
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST) Takasaki Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nasef MM, Gupta B, Shameli K, Verma C, Ali RR, Ting TM. Engineered Bioactive Polymeric Surfaces by Radiation Induced Graft Copolymerization: Strategies and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3102. [PMID: 34578003 PMCID: PMC8473120 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in developing antimicrobial surfaces is currently surging with the rise in global infectious disease events. Radiation-induced graft copolymerization (RIGC) is a powerful technique enabling permanent tunable and desired surface modifications imparting antimicrobial properties to polymer substrates to prevent disease transmission and provide safer biomaterials and healthcare products. This review aims to provide a broader perspective of the progress taking place in strategies for designing various antimicrobial polymeric surfaces using RIGC methods and their applications in medical devices, healthcare, textile, tissue engineering and food packing. Particularly, the use of UV, plasma, electron beam (EB) and γ-rays for biocides covalent immobilization to various polymers surfaces including nonwoven fabrics, films, nanofibers, nanocomposites, catheters, sutures, wound dressing patches and contact lenses is reviewed. The different strategies to enhance the grafted antimicrobial properties are discussed with an emphasis on the emerging approach of in-situ formation of metal nanoparticles (NPs) in radiation grafted substrates. The current applications of the polymers with antimicrobial surfaces are discussed together with their future research directions. It is expected that this review would attract attention of researchers and scientists to realize the merits of RIGC in developing timely, necessary antimicrobial materials to mitigate the fast-growing microbial activities and promote hygienic lifestyles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Center of Hydrogen Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Putra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia;
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia;
| | - Bhuvanesh Gupta
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India; (B.G.); (C.V.)
| | - Kamyar Shameli
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia;
| | - Chetna Verma
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India; (B.G.); (C.V.)
| | - Roshafima Rasit Ali
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Center of Hydrogen Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Putra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia;
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia;
| | - Teo Ming Ting
- Radiation Processing Technology Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Kajang 43000, Malaysia;
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhang X, Trieu D, Zheng D, Ji W, Qu H, Ding T, Qiu D, Qu D. Nafion/PTFE Composite Membranes for a High Temperature PEM Fuel Cell Application. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c01447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Dung Trieu
- Toray Fluorofibers (America), Inc., Decatur, Alabama 35601, United States
| | - Dong Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Weixiao Ji
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Huainan Qu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Tianyao Ding
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Dantong Qiu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Deyang Qu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lu H, Tournet J, Dastafkan K, Liu Y, Ng YH, Karuturi SK, Zhao C, Yin Z. Noble-Metal-Free Multicomponent Nanointegration for Sustainable Energy Conversion. Chem Rev 2021; 121:10271-10366. [PMID: 34228446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Global energy and environmental crises are among the most pressing challenges facing humankind. To overcome these challenges, recent years have seen an upsurge of interest in the development and production of renewable chemical fuels as alternatives to the nonrenewable and high-polluting fossil fuels. Photocatalysis, photoelectrocatalysis, and electrocatalysis provide promising avenues for sustainable energy conversion. Single- and dual-component catalytic systems based on nanomaterials have been intensively studied for decades, but their intrinsic weaknesses hamper their practical applications. Multicomponent nanomaterial-based systems, consisting of three or more components with at least one component in the nanoscale, have recently emerged. The multiple components are integrated together to create synergistic effects and hence overcome the limitation for outperformance. Such higher-efficiency systems based on nanomaterials will potentially bring an additional benefit in balance-of-system costs if they exclude the use of noble metals, considering the expense and sustainability. It is therefore timely to review the research in this field, providing guidance in the development of noble-metal-free multicomponent nanointegration for sustainable energy conversion. In this work, we first recall the fundamentals of catalysis by nanomaterials, multicomponent nanointegration, and reactor configuration for water splitting, CO2 reduction, and N2 reduction. We then systematically review and discuss recent advances in multicomponent-based photocatalytic, photoelectrochemical, and electrochemical systems based on nanomaterials. On the basis of these systems, we further laterally evaluate different multicomponent integration strategies and highlight their impacts on catalytic activity, performance stability, and product selectivity. Finally, we provide conclusions and future prospects for multicomponent nanointegration. This work offers comprehensive insights into the development of cost-competitive multicomponent nanomaterial-based systems for sustainable energy-conversion technologies and assists researchers working toward addressing the global challenges in energy and the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haijiao Lu
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Julie Tournet
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Kamran Dastafkan
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Yun Liu
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Yun Hau Ng
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Siva Krishna Karuturi
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.,Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Chuan Zhao
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Zongyou Yin
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Current progress in membranes for fuel cells and reverse electrodialysis. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
30
|
Synthesis and physiochemical performances of PVC-sodium polyacrylate and PVC-sodium polyacrylate-graphite composite polymer membrane. Z PHYS CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2020-1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Three types (type-A, B, and C) of composite polymeric membranes (CPMs) based on poly vinyl chloride (PVC) and different fillers (sodium polyacrylate and sodium polyacrylate-graphite) soaked in water and 0.5 N HCl were prepared using solvent casting method. Different physicochemical parameters such as microscopic surface study, water uptake, perpendicular swelling, density, porosity (ε), ion exchange capacity, and conductivity of the as the prepared CPMs were evaluated. Interestingly, type-A CPM cast with filler-A has greater values of the above parameters except density and ionic conductivity than those of type-B and C CPMs. The water uptake of type-A, B and C composite membranes was respectively in the range of 220.42–534.70, 59.64–41.65, and 15.94–2.62%. Ion exchange capacity of type-A, B and C CPMs was in the range of 3.669 × 107–2.156 × 107, 5.948 × 107–1.258 × 107, and 1.454 × 107–1.201 × 107 m.eq.g−1 respectively while the conductivity order was type-A < B < C. These types of CPMs may be helpful in many applications including proton exchange membranes, fuel cell like devices, as sensors for different metals, gas purification, water treatment, and battery separators.
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang Z, Yang Y, Zhao Z, Zhang P, Zhang Y, Liu J, Ma S, Cheng P, Chen Y, Zhang Z. Green synthesis of olefin-linked covalent organic frameworks for hydrogen fuel cell applications. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1982. [PMID: 33790298 PMCID: PMC8012354 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22288-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Green synthesis of crystalline porous materials for energy-related applications is of great significance but very challenging. Here, we create a green strategy to fabricate a highly crystalline olefin-linked pyrazine-based covalent organic framework (COF) with high robustness and porosity under solvent-free conditions. The abundant nitrogen sites, high hydrophilicity, and well-defined one-dimensional nanochannels make the resulting COF an ideal platform to confine and stabilize the H3PO4 network in the pores through hydrogen-bonding interactions. The resulting material exhibits low activation energy (Ea) of 0.06 eV, and ultrahigh proton conductivity across a wide relative humidity (10-90 %) and temperature range (25-80 °C). A realistic proton exchange membrane fuel cell using the olefin-linked COF as the solid electrolyte achieve a maximum power of 135 mW cm-2 and a current density of 676 mA cm-2, which exceeds all reported COF materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhengfeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Penghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yushu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinjin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shengqian Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Peng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Renewable energy conversion and storage center, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
- Renewable energy conversion and storage center, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ni C, Zheng X, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Li Y. Multifunctional porous materials with simultaneous high water flux, antifouling and antibacterial performances from ionic liquid grafted polyethersulfone. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
33
|
Ko B, Yoshimura K, Hiroki A, Maekawa Y. Mechanistic study on radiation‐induced grafting into fluorinated polymer solid films using a swelling‐induced detachment of grafted polymers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beom‐Seok Ko
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST) Takasaki Gunma Japan
- Graduate school of Engineering Gunma University Gunma Japan
| | - Kimio Yoshimura
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST) Takasaki Gunma Japan
| | - Akihiro Hiroki
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST) Takasaki Gunma Japan
| | - Yasunari Maekawa
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST) Takasaki Gunma Japan
- Graduate school of Engineering Gunma University Gunma Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Figueira FL, Wu YY, Zhou YN, Luo ZH, Van Steenberge PHM, D'hooge DR. Coupled matrix kinetic Monte Carlo simulations applied for advanced understanding of polymer grafting kinetics. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00407c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An innovative coupled matrix-based Monte Carlo (CMMC) concept has been applied to successfully assess the detailed description of the molecular build-up of linear and non-linear chains in the free-radical induced grafting of linear precursors chains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi-Yang Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
| | - Yin-Ning Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
| | - Zheng-Hong Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
| | | | - Dagmar R. D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT)
- Ghent University
- Belgium
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering (CTSE)
- Ghent University
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Fu Z, Gu X, Hu L, Li Y, Li J. Radiation Induced Surface Modification of Nanoparticles and their Dispersion in the Polymer Matrix. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2237. [PMID: 33187251 PMCID: PMC7697188 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymer grafted inorganic nanoparticles attract significant attention, but pose challenges because of the complexity. In this work, a facile strategy to the graft polymer onto the surface of nanoparticles have been introduced. The vinyl functionalized SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were first prepared by the surface modification of the unmodified SiO2 using γ-methacryloxy propyl-trimethoxylsilane. The NPs were then mixed with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), which was followed by the Co-60 Gamma radiation at room temperature. PVDF molecular chains were chemically grafted onto the surface of SiO2 nanoparticles by the linking of the double bond on the NPs. The graft ratio of PVDF on SiO2 NPs surface can be precisely controlled by adjusting the absorbed dose and reactant feed ratio (maximum graft ratio was 31.3 wt%). The strategy is simple and it should be applied to the surface modification of many other nanoparticles. The prepared PVDF-grafted SiO2 NPs were then dispersed in the PVDF matrix to make the nanocomposites. It was found that the modified NPs can be precisely dispersed into the PVDF matrix, as compared with pristine silica. The filling content of modifications SiO2 NPs on the PVDF nanocomposites is almost doubled than the pristine SiO2 counterpart. Accordingly, the mechanical property of the nanocomposites is significantly improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiang Fu
- CAS Center for Excellence on TMSR Energy System, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2019, Jialuo Road, Jiading District, Shanghai 201800, China;
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 16 Xuelin Rd., Hangzhou 310036, China; (X.G.); (L.H.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoying Gu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 16 Xuelin Rd., Hangzhou 310036, China; (X.G.); (L.H.)
| | - Lingmin Hu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 16 Xuelin Rd., Hangzhou 310036, China; (X.G.); (L.H.)
| | - Yongjin Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 16 Xuelin Rd., Hangzhou 310036, China; (X.G.); (L.H.)
| | - Jingye Li
- CAS Center for Excellence on TMSR Energy System, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2019, Jialuo Road, Jiading District, Shanghai 201800, China;
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gao F, Li X, Zhang X, Liu W, Liu C. Enhancement on both phosphoric acid retention and proton conduction of polybenzimidazole membranes by plasma treatment. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
38
|
Samaniego AJ, Arabelo AK, Sarker M, Mojica F, Madrid J, Chuang PA, Ocon J, Espiritu R. Fabrication of cellulose
acetate‐based
radiation grafted anion exchange membranes for fuel cell application. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Jacob Samaniego
- Polymer Materials for Energy Research Laboratory–Poly(MER) Lab, Department of Mining, Metallurgical, and Materials Engineering University of the Philippines Diliman Quezon City Philippines
| | - Allison Kaye Arabelo
- Polymer Materials for Energy Research Laboratory–Poly(MER) Lab, Department of Mining, Metallurgical, and Materials Engineering University of the Philippines Diliman Quezon City Philippines
| | - Mrittunjoy Sarker
- Thermal and Electrochemical Energy Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering University of California Merced Merced California USA
| | - Felipe Mojica
- Thermal and Electrochemical Energy Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering University of California Merced Merced California USA
| | - Jordan Madrid
- Chemistry Research Section Philippine Nuclear Research Institute, Department of Science and Technology Quezon City Philippines
| | - Po‐Ya Abel Chuang
- Thermal and Electrochemical Energy Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering University of California Merced Merced California USA
| | - Joey Ocon
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering University of the Philippines Diliman Quezon City Philippines
| | - Richard Espiritu
- Polymer Materials for Energy Research Laboratory–Poly(MER) Lab, Department of Mining, Metallurgical, and Materials Engineering University of the Philippines Diliman Quezon City Philippines
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ponomarev AN, Kritskaya DA, Abdrashitov EF, Bokun VC, Sanginov EA, Novikova KS, Dremova NN, Dobrovolsky YA. A new synthesis approach for proton exchange membranes based on ultra‐high‐molecular‐weight polyethylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ardalion N. Ponomarev
- Laboratory of Physical and Chemical Affectings on Materials Branch of N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics RAS Chernogolovka Moscow Region Russia
- Department of Functional Inorganic Materials for Chemical Energy Sources Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of RAS Chernogolovka Moscow Region Russia
| | - Dina A. Kritskaya
- Laboratory of Physical and Chemical Affectings on Materials Branch of N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics RAS Chernogolovka Moscow Region Russia
- Department of Functional Inorganic Materials for Chemical Energy Sources Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of RAS Chernogolovka Moscow Region Russia
| | - Emil F. Abdrashitov
- Laboratory of Physical and Chemical Affectings on Materials Branch of N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics RAS Chernogolovka Moscow Region Russia
| | - Veslav C. Bokun
- Laboratory of Physical and Chemical Affectings on Materials Branch of N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics RAS Chernogolovka Moscow Region Russia
| | - Evgeny A. Sanginov
- Department of Functional Inorganic Materials for Chemical Energy Sources Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of RAS Chernogolovka Moscow Region Russia
- Competence Center of National Technology Initiative Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of RAS Chernogolovka Moscow Region Russia
| | - Ksenia S. Novikova
- Department of Functional Inorganic Materials for Chemical Energy Sources Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of RAS Chernogolovka Moscow Region Russia
- Competence Center of National Technology Initiative Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of RAS Chernogolovka Moscow Region Russia
| | - Nadezhda N. Dremova
- Department of Functional Inorganic Materials for Chemical Energy Sources Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of RAS Chernogolovka Moscow Region Russia
| | - Yury A. Dobrovolsky
- Department of Functional Inorganic Materials for Chemical Energy Sources Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of RAS Chernogolovka Moscow Region Russia
- Competence Center of National Technology Initiative Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of RAS Chernogolovka Moscow Region Russia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
In the wake of sustainable development, materials research is going through a green revolution that is putting energy-efficient and environmentally friendly materials and methods in the limelight. In this quest for greener alternatives, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as a new generation of designable crystalline porous polymers for a wide array of clean-energy and environmental applications. In this contribution, we categorically review the merits and shortcomings of COF bulk powders, nanosheets, freestanding thin films/membranes, and membranes on porous supports in various separation processes, including separation of gases, pervaporation, organic solvent nanofiltration, water purification, radionuclide sequestration, and chiral separations, with particular reference to COF material pore size, host–guest interactions, stability, selectivity, and permeability. This review covers the fabrication strategies of nanosheets, films, and membranes, as well as performance parameters, and provides an overview of the separation landscape with COFs in relation to other porous polymers, while seeking to interpret the future research opportunities in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Das
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China;, ,
| | - Jie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China;, ,
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China;, ,
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zubair NA, Nasef MM, Mohamad NA, Abouzari-Lotf E, Ting TM, Abdullah EC. Kinetic studies of radiation induced grafting of N-vinylformamide onto polyethylene/polypropylene fibrous sheets and testing its hydrolysed copolymer for CO2 adsorption. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.108727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
42
|
Jing P, Gong X, Liu B, Zhang J. Recent advances in synergistic effect promoted catalysts for preferential oxidation of carbon monoxide. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy02073j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We reviewed recent advances in catalysts for PROX with emphasis on synergistic effects that contribute to enhanced catalytic performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Inner Mongolia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Catalytic Conversion and Utilization of Carbon Resource Molecules
- Inner Mongolia University
- Hohhot 010021
- P. R. China
| | - Xia Gong
- School of Science
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University
- Hohhot 010018
- P.R. China
| | - Baocang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Inner Mongolia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Catalytic Conversion and Utilization of Carbon Resource Molecules
- Inner Mongolia University
- Hohhot 010021
- P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Inner Mongolia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Catalytic Conversion and Utilization of Carbon Resource Molecules
- Inner Mongolia University
- Hohhot 010021
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Meek KM, Reed CM, Pivovar B, Kreuer KD, Varcoe JR, Bance-Soualhi R. The alkali degradation of LDPE-based radiation-grafted anion-exchange membranes studied using different ex situ methods. RSC Adv 2020; 10:36467-36477. [PMID: 35517956 PMCID: PMC9056956 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06484j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Three different ex situ alkali degradation protocols were compared on single batches of LDPE-based radiation-grafted anion-exchange membranes (containing trimethylammonium, N-methylpiperidinium, and N-methylpyrrolidinium headgroups).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Meek
- Electrochemical Engineering & Materials Chemistry
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
- Golden
- USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
| | - Carly M. Reed
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Surrey
- Guildford GU2 7XH
- UK
| | - Bryan Pivovar
- Electrochemical Engineering & Materials Chemistry
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
- Golden
- USA
| | - Klaus-Dieter Kreuer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung (MPI-FKF)
- D-70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - John R. Varcoe
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Surrey
- Guildford GU2 7XH
- UK
| | - Rachida Bance-Soualhi
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Surrey
- Guildford GU2 7XH
- UK
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Sun X, Song JH, Ren HQ, Liu XY, Qu XW, Feng Y, Jiang ZQ, Ding HL. Phosphoric acid-loaded covalent triazine framework for enhanced the proton conductivity of the proton exchange membrane. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
45
|
Tap TD, Nguyen LL, Zhao Y, Hasegawa S, Sawada S, Hung NQ, Tuyen LA, Maekawa Y. SAXS Investigation on Morphological Change in Lamellar Structures During Propagation Steps of Graft‐Type Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tran Duy Tap
- Faculty of Materials Science and TechnologyUniversity of ScienceVietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City 227 Nguyen Van Cu, District 5 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - La Ly Nguyen
- Faculty of Materials Science and TechnologyUniversity of ScienceVietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City 227 Nguyen Van Cu, District 5 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Center for Nuclear TechniquesVietnam Atomic Energy Institute 217 Nguyen Trai, District 1 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT)Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Community 6, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials ResearchTakasaki Advanced Radiation Research InstituteQuantum Beam Science Research DirectorateNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST) 1233 Watanuki Takasaki Gunma 370‐1292 Japan
| | - Shin Hasegawa
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials ResearchTakasaki Advanced Radiation Research InstituteQuantum Beam Science Research DirectorateNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST) 1233 Watanuki Takasaki Gunma 370‐1292 Japan
| | - Shin‐ichi Sawada
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials ResearchTakasaki Advanced Radiation Research InstituteQuantum Beam Science Research DirectorateNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST) 1233 Watanuki Takasaki Gunma 370‐1292 Japan
| | - Nguyen Quang Hung
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied SciencesDuy Tan University 10C Tran Nhat Duat Street, District 1 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Luu Anh Tuyen
- Center for Nuclear TechniquesVietnam Atomic Energy Institute 217 Nguyen Trai, District 1 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 6 Joliot Curie 141980 Dubna Russia
| | - Yasunari Maekawa
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials ResearchTakasaki Advanced Radiation Research InstituteQuantum Beam Science Research DirectorateNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST) 1233 Watanuki Takasaki Gunma 370‐1292 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ionizing Radiation for Preparation and Functionalization of Membranes and Their Biomedical and Environmental Applications. MEMBRANES 2019; 9:membranes9120163. [PMID: 31816943 PMCID: PMC6950004 DOI: 10.3390/membranes9120163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The use of ionizing radiation processing technologies has proven to be one of the most versatile ways to prepare a wide range of membranes with specific tailored functionalities, thus enabling them to be used in a variety of industrial, environmental, and biological applications. The general principle of this clean and environmental friendly technique is the use of various types of commercially available high-energy radiation sources, like 60Co, X-ray, and electron beam to initiate energy-controlled processes of free-radical polymerization or copolymerization, leading to the production of functionalized, flexible, structured membranes or to the incorporation of functional groups within a matrix composed by a low-cost polymer film. The present manuscript describes the state of the art of using ionizing radiation for the preparation and functionalization of polymer-based membranes for biomedical and environmental applications.
Collapse
|
47
|
Fabrication and characterization of supported dual acidic ionic liquids for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell applications. ARAB J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
48
|
Ponomarev AN, Kritskaya DA, Abdrashitov EF, Bokun VC, Sanginov EA, Novikova KS, Dobrovol’skii YA. Thermal Polymerization of Styrene Sorbed from the Gas Phase into Polymer Films as a Method for Synthesizing Precursors of Ion-Exchange Membranes. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193519080123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
49
|
Li X, Ma H, Wang P, Liu Z, Peng J, Hu W, Jiang Z, Liu B. Construction of High-Performance, High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membranes through Incorporating SiO 2 Nanoparticles into Novel Cross-linked Polybenzimidazole Networks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:30735-30746. [PMID: 31369711 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b06808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The practical applications of phosphoric acid-doped polybenzimidazole (PA-PBI) as high-temperature proton exchange membranes (HT-PEMs) are mainly limited by their poor dimensional-mechanical stability at high acid doping levels (ADLs) and the leaching of PA from membranes during fuel cell operation. In this work, to overcome these issues, we fabricated novel cross-linked PBI networks with additional imidazole groups by employing a newly synthesized bibenzimidazole-containing dichloro compound as cross-linker and an arylether-type Ph-PBI as matrix. Ph-PBI featured by good solubility under high molecular weight offers satisfactory film-forming ability and mechanical strength using for the matrix. Importantly, the additional imidazole moieties in BIM-2Cl endow the cross-linked PBI membranes improved dimensional-mechanical stability with simultaneously enhanced ADLs and proton conductivity. Furthermore, superior acid retention capability is obtained by incorporating porous polyhydroxy SiO2 nanoparticles into these cross-linked networks. As a result, the SiO2/cross-linked PBI composite membranes are suitable to manufacture membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs), and an excellent H2/O2 cell performance with a peak power density of 497 mW cm-2 at 160 °C under anhydrous conditions can be achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobai Li
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education. National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer. College of Chemistry , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street , Changchun 130012 , P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Ma
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education. National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer. College of Chemistry , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street , Changchun 130012 , P. R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education. National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer. College of Chemistry , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street , Changchun 130012 , P. R. China
| | - Zhenchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education. National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer. College of Chemistry , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street , Changchun 130012 , P. R. China
| | - Jinwu Peng
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education. National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer. College of Chemistry , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street , Changchun 130012 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Hu
- College of Chemical Engineering , Changchun University of Technology , 2055 Yan'an Street , Changchun 130012 , P.R. China
| | - Zhenhua Jiang
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education. National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer. College of Chemistry , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street , Changchun 130012 , P. R. China
| | - Baijun Liu
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education. National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer. College of Chemistry , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street , Changchun 130012 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Cleavage of the Graft Bonds in PVDF- g-St Films by Boiling Xylene Extraction and the Determination of the Molecular Weight of the Graft Chains. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11071098. [PMID: 31261766 PMCID: PMC6681020 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the molecular weight of graft chains in grafted films, the polystyrene graft chains of PVDF-g-St films synthesized by a pre-irradiation graft method are cleaved and separated by boiling xylene extraction. The analysis of the extracted material and the residual films by FTIR, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analyses indicates that most graft chains are removed from the PVDF-g-St films within 72 h of extraction time. Furthermore, the molecular weight of the residual films decreases quickly within 8 h of extraction and then remains virtually unchanged up to 72 h after extraction time. The degradation is due to the cleavage of graft bonds, which is mainly driven by the thermal degradation and the swelling of graft chains in solution. This allows determination of the molecular weight of graft chains by GPC analysis of the extracted material. The results indicate that the PVDF-g-St prepared in this study has the structure where one or two graft chains hang from each PVDF backbone.
Collapse
|