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Wu JJ, Zhang J, Xia CY, Ding K, Li XX, Pan XG, Xu JK, He J, Zhang WK. Hypericin: A natural anthraquinone as promising therapeutic agent. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 111:154654. [PMID: 36689857 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypericin is a prominent secondary metabolite mainly existing in genus Hypericum. It has become a research focus for a quiet long time owing to its extensively pharmacological activities especially the anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-viral and neuroprotective effects. This review concentrated on summarizing and analyzing the existing studies of hypericin in a comprehensive perspective. METHODS The literature with desired information about hypericin published after 2010 was gained from electronic databases including PubMed, SciFinder, Science Direct, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases and Wan Fang DATA. RESULTS According to extensive preclinical and clinical studies conducted on the hypericin, an organized and comprehensive summary of the natural and artificial sources, strategies for improving the bioactivities, pharmacological activities, drug combination of hypericin was presented to explore the future therapeutic potential of this active compound. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this review offered a theoretical guidance for the follow-up research of hypericin. However, the pharmacological mechanisms, pharmacokinetics and structure activity relationship of hypericin should be further studied in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Wu
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital (Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100029, China; Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Cong-Yuan Xia
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Kang Ding
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xin-Xin Li
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xue-Ge Pan
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jie-Kun Xu
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Wei-Ku Zhang
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital (Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100029, China; Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Hao J, Yang Y. Unveiling the effect of solvent polarity on the excited state intramolecular proton transfer mechanism of new 3-hydroxy-4-pyridylisoquinoline compound. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 232:118082. [PMID: 32086041 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The new 3-hydroxy-4-pyridylisoquinoline compound is attractive and promising lead structure in drug discovery. The pronounced sensitivity of its emission property toward solvent polarity effect was presented in experiment (J. Org. Chem, 2019, 84, 3011). Nevertheless, the experiment was lack of solvent polarity effect on the excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) mechanism in detail. In this study, the ESIPT process of this molecule in different polarity solvents were comprehensively expounded by density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) methods. In order to ensure the accuracy of the experiment and roundly explore in theoretical level, two ESIPT pathways (1 and 2) based on the N1 and N2 forms of studied molecule were proposed, among which the ESIPT pathway 1 was derived from experiment. The calculated electronic spectrum of both N1 and N2 forms were rather comparable with the experiment. The calculated intramolecular hydrogen bond (IHB) parameters and infrared (IR) vibration spectra determined the enhancement of IHBs at the S1 state under different solvents for both N1 and N2 forms. The frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) analysis proved that the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) taken place during photoexcitation. The potential energy curves (PECs) at the S0 and S1 states were constructed to illustrate the solvent polarity effect on ESIPT mechanism. According to potential energy barriers (PEBs) on the PECs at S1 state, it is concluded that the ESIPT pathway 1 was forbidden with exceedingly high PEBs (24.585-25.322 kcal/mol), while the ESIPT pathway 2 was feasible with enough low PEBs (0.100-0.510 kcal/mol), which suggested the inconsequence of the experiment. Based on the PEBs of ESIPT pathway 2 in different solvent, the effect of solvent polarity on ESIPT mechanism was depicted. The results are as follows: the S1 state IHB intensity was enhanced with increasing solvent polarity; the extent of ICT was decreased with the increment of solvent polarity; the S1 state PEB was decreased as the solvent polarity increased. Indeed in short, the ESIPT reaction became more and more likely as the solvent polarity enhanced. We believe that this investigation will be useful to the utilization and development of property for such photochemical substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
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Hao J, Yang Y. Dynamic Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer Mechanisms of Two Novel 3-Hydroxyflavone-Based Chromophores in Two Different Surroundings. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:3937-3948. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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Hao J, Yang Y. The theoretical study about the ESIPT mechanism for 2,4-bis(benzooxazol-2′-yl)hydroquinone: Single or double? J PHYS ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian China
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Hao J, Yang Y. Insight into the new excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) mechanism of N,N′-bis(salicylidene)-p-phenylenediamine (p-BSP). Chem Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hao J, Yang Y. Exploring the ESIPT dynamical processes of two novel chromophores: symmetrical structure CHC and asymmetric structure CHN. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo01127j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The detailed ESIPT dynamical processes of CHC (symmetrical structure) and CHN (asymmetric structure) chromophores were revealed and compared using the TDDFT method at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- China
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Aralov AV, Proskurin GV, Orlov AA, Kozlovskaya LI, Chistov AA, Kutyakov SV, Karganova GG, Palyulin VA, Osolodkin DI, Korshun VA. Perylenyltriazoles inhibit reproduction of enveloped viruses. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 138:293-299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Ma F, Huang H, Ge X, Yang X, Yang C, Han L, Zhou J, Zhou L. Complexation of Hypocrellin A with Al3+ in water solution and the photodynamic therapy study. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:1689-92. [PMID: 23411082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The complex of Hypocrellin A with Al(3+) is prepared in water solution by a facile method. The water-solubility and stability of complexes are improved. Irradiation of Al(3+)-HA complex results in higher efficient generation of singlet oxygen ((1)O2) and photocleavage ability to CT DNA than HA. In vitro studies have illustrated that the Al(3+)-HA complex has anti-cancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ma
- Analysis and Testing Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, School of Geograph Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, PR China
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Cohen Y, Weitman H, Afri M, Yanus R, Rudnick S, Talmon Y, Schmidt J, Aped P, Shatz S, Ehrenberg B, Frimer AA. The effect of intercalants on the host liposome. J Liposome Res 2012; 22:306-18. [DOI: 10.3109/08982104.2012.698419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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10
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Sun Y, Zheng Y, Lei WH, Zhou QX, Hou YJ, Zhang BW, Wang XS. Oxovanadium(iv) based hypocrellin B complexes with enhanced photodynamic activity. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:651-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11401h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Yi P, Peng H, Wang Z, Yu X, Li X, Liang Y. Theoretical Study of Structure, Energetic, Hydrogen Bonds Strength and Intramolecular Proton Transfer of 2-(2-R (ROH, NH2, SH) Phenyl (or Pyridyl)) Benzoxazoles (or Benzothiazoles). CHINESE J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201190136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sun Y, Hou YJ, Zhou QX, Chen JR, Zhang BW, Wang XS. A new Co(III)-hypocrellin B complex with enhanced photonuclease activity. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:978-84. [PMID: 21561592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypocrellin B (HB), a naturally occurring photosensitizer, has been extensively and intensively studied as a promising photodynamic therapy (PDT) agent. In this work, a new Co(III) complex [Co(2)(HB)(tmp)(4)](4+) (tmp=3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline) was designed and synthesized with HB as bridging ligand and tmp as terminal ligand. [Co(2)HB(tmp)(4)](4+) exhibits improved water solubility, enhanced absorptivity in the phototherapeutic window, increased binding affinity and DNA photocleavage capability toward dsDNA with respect to HB. The photodynamic activity of [Co(2)(HB)(tmp)(4)](4+) stems from its (1)O(2) photosensitization ability, in sharp contrast to [Cu(2)(HB)(tmp)(2)](2+) which relies on superoxide anion radical (O(2)(-)) and hydroxyl radical (·OH) to photocleave DNA, though the both complexes possess similar electrochemical properties. The remarkable difference between the photodynamic mechanisms of [Co(2)(HB)(tmp)(4)](4+) and [Cu(2)(HB)(tmp)(2)](2+) was discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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Cao X, Wang Q, Li Y, Bai G, Ren H, Xu C, Ito Y. Isolation and purification of series bioactive components from Hypericum perforatum L. by counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:480-8. [PMID: 21306961 PMCID: PMC3084551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Counter-current chromatography (CCC) combined with pre-separation by ultrasonic solvent extraction was successively used for the separation of series bioactive compounds from the crude extract of Hypericum perforatum L. The petroleum ether extract was separated by the solvent system of n-heptane-methanol-acetonitrile (1.5:0.5:0.5, v/v) and n-heptane-methanol (1.5:1, v/v) in gradient elution, yielding a phloroglucinol compound, hyperforin with HPLC purity over 98%. The ethyl acetate extract was separated by using the solvent system composed of hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (1:1:1:1 and 1:3:1:3, v/v) in gradient through both reverse phase and normal phase elution mode, yielding a naphthodianthrone compound, hypericin with HPLC purity about 95%. The n-butanol extract was separated with the solvent system composed of n-butanol-ethyl acetate-water (1:4:5 and 1.5:3.5:5, v/v) in elution and back-extrusion mode, yielding two of flavones, rutin and hyperoside, with HPLC purity over 95%. HPLC-MS, reference sample and UV spectrum were selectively used in separation to search for target compounds from HPLC-DAD profiles of different sub-extracts. The structures of isolated compounds were further identified by ESI-MS, ¹HNMR and ¹³CNMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Cao
- Beijing Key Lab of Plant Resource Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100037, China.
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Sun Y, Hou YJ, Zhou QX, Lei WH, Chen JR, Wang XS, Zhang BW. Dinuclear Cu(II) hypocrellin B complexes with enhanced photonuclease activity. Inorg Chem 2011; 49:10108-16. [PMID: 20873724 DOI: 10.1021/ic101391x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Five new dinuclear Cu(II) complexes were designed and synthesized, using hypocrellin B, a naturally occurring photosensitizer that has received extensive studies as promising photodynamic therapy (PDT) agent, as bridging ligand, and five kinds of diimine ligands, including 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (tmp), dipyrido[3,2-d:2',3'-f]quinoxaline (dpq), and dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazene (dppz), as terminal ligands, respectively. The Cu(2+)-HB complexes exhibit improved water solubility, enhanced absorptivity in the phototherapeutic window of 600-900 nm, and increased binding affinity toward dsDNA than their parent HB. The biologically accessible redox potential of Cu(II)/Cu(I) couple renders the five Cu(2+)-HB complexes chemical nuclease activities in the presence of reducing agent such as ascorbic acid. Moreover, the readily available redox potential of Cu(II)/Cu(I) couple switches the photodynamic activity from type II mechanism (singlet oxygen mechanism) for HB to type I mechanism (radical mechanism) for the Cu(2+)-HB complexes. Of the five Cu(2+)-HB complexes, complex 3-5 with terminal diimine ligands of tmp, dpq, and dppz, respectively, can photocleave supercoiled pBR322 DNA more efficiently than HB. These findings open a new avenue for the development of the HB derivatives with higher photodynamic activity and better clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
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Construction and photophysical properties of hypocrellin A/fullerene C70 supramolecular assembly. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2010.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Youssef T, Fadel M, Fahmy R, Kassab K. Evaluation of hypericin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: Physicochemical properties, photostability and phototoxicity. Pharm Dev Technol 2010; 17:177-86. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2010.529148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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17
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Kapinus EI. Absorption and fluorescence spectra of hypericin sodium salt in complexes with albumins. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350910020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Selective photoinduced oxidation of 2,3,5-trimethylphenol to 2,3,5-trimethylbenzoquinone catalyzed by hypocrellins/CuCo2O4. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2010.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhang J, Liu W, Yi Z, Chen R, Li Y, Min Y. The molecular mechanism of photodynamic therapy to fibrosis: Regulation on the pyridinoline cross-link formation in collagen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-009-0420-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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20
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Zhou J, Wu X, Gu X, Zhou L, Song K, Wei S, Feng Y, Shen J. Spectroscopic studies on the interaction of hypocrellin A and hemoglobin. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2009; 72:151-155. [PMID: 19056311 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2007] [Revised: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric studies revealed that hemoglobin (Hb) could interact with hypocrellin A, a photosensitizing drug used in photodynamic therapy. It was found that this kind of interaction can induce the conformational changes in Hb. In addition, based on fluorescence quenching titration and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy results, the binding parameters, thermodynamic parameters are obtained. The quenching mechanism is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Zhou
- Analysis & Testing Center, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Bio-medical Function Materials, Nanjing Normal University, 122 Ninghai Road, Nanjing 210097, PR China.
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Brazard J, Ley C, Lacombat F, Plaza P, Martin MM, Checcucci G, Lenci F. Primary Photoprocesses Involved in the Sensory Protein for the Photophobic Response of Blepharisma japonicum. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:15182-94. [DOI: 10.1021/jp805815e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Brazard
- UMR 8640 CNRS-ENS-UPMC, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France, and Istituto di Biofisica del CNR, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Christian Ley
- UMR 8640 CNRS-ENS-UPMC, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France, and Istituto di Biofisica del CNR, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabien Lacombat
- UMR 8640 CNRS-ENS-UPMC, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France, and Istituto di Biofisica del CNR, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pascal Plaza
- UMR 8640 CNRS-ENS-UPMC, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France, and Istituto di Biofisica del CNR, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Monique M. Martin
- UMR 8640 CNRS-ENS-UPMC, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France, and Istituto di Biofisica del CNR, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Checcucci
- UMR 8640 CNRS-ENS-UPMC, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France, and Istituto di Biofisica del CNR, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Lenci
- UMR 8640 CNRS-ENS-UPMC, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France, and Istituto di Biofisica del CNR, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56100 Pisa, Italy
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Liang YH, Yi PG, Peng HL. Theoretical study of structure, energetic and intramolecular hydrogen transfer of hypocrellin A. Chem Phys Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Mukherjee P, Adhikary R, Halder M, Petrich JW, Miskovsky P. Accumulation and interaction of hypericin in low-density lipoprotein--a photophysical study. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:706-12. [PMID: 18435618 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation and interaction of hypericin with the biologically important macromolecule, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), is investigated using various steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence measurements. It is concluded that multiple hypericins can penetrate considerably deeply into the LDL molecule. Up to approximately 20 nonaggregated hypericin molecules can enter LDL; but upon increasing the hypericin concentration, the fluorescence lifetime of hypericin decreases drastically, suggesting most likely the self-quenching of aggregated hypericin. There is also evidence of energy transfer from tryptophans of the constituent protein, apoB-100, to hypericin in LDL. The results demonstrate the ability of LDL to solubilize hypericin (a known photosensitizer) in nonaggregated form, which has implications for the construction of drug delivery systems.
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Liu Y, Zhou Q, Zeng Z, Qiao R, Wang X, Zhang B. Photodynamic Properties of a Bispyrrolecarboxamide-Modified Hypocrellin B: The Role of Affinity and Ascorbic Acid. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:9959-65. [DOI: 10.1021/jp7121467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China, and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qianxiong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China, and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhanghua Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China, and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Rui Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China, and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China, and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Baowen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China, and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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Gao Y, Ou Z, Chen J, Yang G, Wang X, Zhang B, Jin M, Liu L. Photodynamic properties of supramolecular assembly constructed by magnesium complex of hypocrellin A and fullerene C60. NEW J CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b803184c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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1H NMR determination of hypericin and pseudohypericin in complex natural mixtures by the use of strongly deshielded OH groups. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 607:219-26. [PMID: 18190811 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Revised: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The (1)H NMR spectra of the commercially available compounds hypericin and its derivative pseudohypericin in CD(3)OH solutions indicate significantly deshielded signals in the region of 14-15 ppm. These resonances are attributed to the peri hydroxyl protons OH(6), OH(8) and OH(1), OH(13) of hypericins which participate in a strong six-membered ring intramolecular hydrogen bond with CO(7) and CO(14), respectively, and therefore, they are strongly deshielded. In the present work, we demonstrate that one-dimensional (1)H NMR spectra of hypericin and pseudohypericin, in Hypericum perforatum extracts show important differences in the chemical shifts of the hydroxyl groups with excellent resolution in the region of 14-15 ppm. The facile identification and quantification of hypericin and its derivative compound pseudohypericin was achieved, without prior HPLC separation, for two H. perforatum extracts from Greek cultivars and two commercial extracts: a dietary supplement, and an antidepressant medicine. The results were compared with those obtained from UV-vis and LC/MS measurements.
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Mallick A, Purkayastha P, Chattopadhyay N. Photoprocesses of excited molecules in confined liquid environments: An overview. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Cultural characteristics and extraction of the fungal pigment phleichrome from the phytopathogenic fungusCladosporium phlei. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02931348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Huygens A, Crnolatac I, Maes J, Van Cleynenbreugel B, Van Poppel H, Roskams T, de Witte PAM. Influence of the glycosaminoglycan layer on the permeation of hypericin in rat bladders in vivo. BJU Int 2007; 100:1176-81. [PMID: 17868424 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2007.07167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) layer on the specific location of hypericin in superficial urothelial carcinoma lesions of the bladder after intravesical instillation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fisher rat bladders were incubated with 15 or 30 microm hypericin for 2 h. To examine the influence of the GAG layer on the permeation of hypericin, bladders were pre-treated with chondroitinase ABC, n-dodecyl-beta-d-maltoside (DDM) or sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) to disrupt, or protamine to neutralise the GAG layer before incubating with hypericin. After incubation, the photosensitizer permeation was examined quantitatively in cryostat sections of the bladders, using fluorescence microscopy and image analysis. RESULTS Disrupting or neutralising the GAG layer in the bladder had no influence on the permeation of hypericin. Pre-treatment of the bladder with chondroitinase, DDM or SDS resulted in a significantly lower accumulation of hypericin, whereas neutralising the GAG layer in rats with protamine had no significant effect on the biodistribution of hypericin. CONCLUSION The GAG matrix causes no obstacle to the permeation of hypericin in the urothelium of the bladder, and modification of this GAG layer cannot explain the enhanced accumulation of hypericin in superficial bladder tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Huygens
- Laboratorium voor Farmaceutische Biologie, Faculteit Farmaceutische Wetenschappen, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Lobban CS, Hallam SJ, Mukherjee P, Petrich JW. Photophysics and Multifunctionality of Hypericin-Like Pigments in Heterotrich Ciliates: A Phylogenetic Perspective. Photochem Photobiol 2007; 83:1074-94. [PMID: 17880503 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we review the literature and present some new data to examine the occurrence and photophysics of the diverse hypericin-like chromophores in heterotrichs, the photoresponses of the cells, the various roles of the pigments and the taxa that might be studied to advance our understanding of these pigments. Hypericin-like chromophores are known chemically and spectrally so far only from the stentorids and Fabrea, the latter now seen to be sister to stentorids in the phylogenetic tree. For three hypericin-like pigments, the structures are known but these probably do not account for all the colors seen in stentorids. At least eight physiological groups of Stentor exist depending on pigment color and presence/absence of zoochlorellae, and some species can be bleached, leading to many opportunities for comparison of pigment chemistry and cell behavior. Several different responses to light are exhibited among heterotrichs, sometimes by the same cell; in particular, cells with algal symbionts are photophilic in contrast to the well-studied sciaphilous (shade-loving) species. Hypericin-like pigments are involved in some well-known photophobic reactions but other pigments (rhodopsin and flavins) are also involved in photoresponses in heterotrichs and other protists. The best characterized role of hypericin-like pigments in heterotrichs is in photoresponses and they have at least twice evolved a role as photoreceptors. However, hypericin and hypericin-like pigments in diverse organisms more commonly serve as predator defense and the pigments are multifunctional in heterotrichs. A direct role for the pigments in UV protection is possible but evidence is equivocal. New observations are presented on a folliculinid from deep water, including physical characterization of its hypericin-like pigment and its phylogenetic position based on SSU rRNA sequences. The photophysics of hypericin and hypericin-like pigments is reviewed. Particular attention is given to how their excited-state properties are modified by the environment. Dramatic changes in excited-state behavior are observed as hypericin is moved from the homogeneous environment of organic solvents to the much more structured surroundings provided by the complexes it forms with proteins. Among these complexes, it is useful to consider the differences between environments where hypericin is not found naturally and those where it is, notably, for example, in heterotrichs. It is clear that interaction with a protein modifies the photophysics of hypericin and understanding the molecular basis of this interaction is one of the outstanding problems in elucidating the function of hypericin and hypericin-like chromophores.
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Ostermeier M, Limberg C, Ziemer B, Karunakaran V. Die lösungsmittelabhängige Oxidation eines (Pyridylmethyl)amino-Liganden durch FeCl3 unter Bildung eines wasserlöslichen blauen Fluorophors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200700389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ostermeier M, Limberg C, Ziemer B, Karunakaran V. Solvent-Dependent Oxidation of a (Pyridylmethyl)amino Ligand by FeCl3 To Give a Water-Soluble Blue Fluorophore. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:5329-31. [PMID: 17542032 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200700389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ostermeier
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Sanders L, Halder M, Xiao TL, Ding J, Armstrong DW, Petrich JW. The Separation of Hypericin's Enantiomers and Their Photophysics in Chiral Environments¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2005.tb01539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chowdhury PK, Ashby KD, Datta A, Petrich JW. Effect of pH on the Fluorescence and Absorption Spectra of Hypericin in Reverse Micelles¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0720612eopotf2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wen J, Chowdhury P, Wills NJ, Wannemuehler Y, Park J, Kesavan S, Carpenter S, Kraus GA, Petrich JW. Toward the Molecular Flashlight: Preparation, Properties, and Photophysics of a Hypericin-luciferin Tethered Molecule¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0760153ttmfpp2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wills NJ, Park J, Wen J, Kesavan S, Kraus GA, Petrich JW, Carpenter S. Tumor Cell Toxicity of Hypericin and Related Analogs¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0740216tctoha2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wen J, Chowdhury P, Fulton DB, Datta A, Das K, Andreotti AH, Petrich JW. Does Solvent Influence the Ground-state Tautomeric Population of Hypericin?¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)0770005dsitgs2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Obermüller RA, Hohenthanner K, Falk H. Toward Hypericin-derived Potential Photodynamic Therapy Agents¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0740211thdppt2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Huygens A, Huyghe D, Bormans G, Verbruggen A, Kamuhabwa AR, Roskams T, De Witte PAM. Accumulation and Photocytotoxicity of Hypericin and Analogs in Two- and Three-Dimensional Cultures of Transitional Cell Carcinoma Cells¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)0780607aapoha2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Showalter BM, Datta A, Chowdhury PK, Park J, Bandyopadhyay P, Choudhury PK, Kesavan S, Zeng Y, Kraus GA, Gordon MS, Toscano JP, Petrich JW. Identification of a Vibrational Frequency Corresponding to H-atom Translocation in Hypericin¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0740157ioavfc2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Miskovsky P, Hritz J, Sanchez-Cortes S, Fabriciova G, Ulicny J, Chinsky L. Interaction of Hypericin with Serum Albumins: Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy, Resonance Raman Spectroscopy and Molecular Modeling Study¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0740172iohwsa2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Park J, Datta A, Chowdhury PK, Petrich JW. Is the Excited-State H-atom Transfer in Hypericin Concerted?¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0730105itesha2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zhang HY, Liu W, Liu WZ, Xie JL. Photosensitization of Hypomycin B-A Novel Perylenequinonoid Pigment with Only One Intramolecular Hydrogen Bond¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0740191pohban2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sgarbossa A, Lenci F. Spectroscopic Study of Visible-light Effects on Hypericin-lens Proteins Systems†¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0740196ssovle2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Xu S, Zhang X, Chen S, Zhang M, Shen T. The Fluorescence Properties of Hypocrellin B and its Amino-substituted Derivative: Photinduced Intramolecular Proton Transfer and Photoinduced Intramolecular Electron Transfer¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2004.tb00057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Krishnamoorthy G, Webb SP, Nguyen T, Chowdhury PK, Halder M, Wills NJ, Carpenter S, Kraus GA, Gordon MS, Petrich JW. Synthesis of Hydroxy and Methoxy Perylene Quinones, Their Spectroscopic and Computational Characterization, and Their Antiviral Activity¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2005.tb01464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Liang YH, Yi PG. Theoretical studies on structure, energetic and intramolecular proton transfer of alkannin. Chem Phys Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2007.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zeng Z, Qiao R, Zhou J, Xia S, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Chen J, Wang X, Zhang B. Photodynamic Properties of Dipeptide-Modified Hypocrellin B Derivatives: The Role of Tyrosine and Tryptophan Groups. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:3742-9. [PMID: 17388539 DOI: 10.1021/jp066301y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three long-wavelength absorbing dipeptide-modified hypocrellin B (HB) derivatives, Gly-HB, Tyr-HB, and Trp-HB, were prepared for application in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Their abilities to produce free radicals and singlet oxygen were compared in detail with EPR technique, and their binding interactions with calf thymus DNA (CT DNA) were studied by absorption spectra and DNA melting temperature measurements. Tyr-HB and Trp-HB distinguish themselves from Gly-HB and HB remarkably by their significantly improved efficiencies to generate semiquinone anion radicals, superoxide anion radicals, and hydroxyl radicals, as well as their affinity to CT DNA, as the result of the electron-donating properties and intercalating abilities of tyrosine and tryptophan groups. Tyr-HB and Trp-HB show remarkably enhanced photodamage capabilities on CT DNA than their parent HB in aerobic conditions. Moreover, they possess moderate photodamage abilities on CT DNA even in anaerobic conditions, indicating the role of Type I mechanism in their photodynamic behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanghua Zeng
- Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Molecular Engineering, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China
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Zeng Z, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Qiao R, Xia S, Chen J, Wang X, Zhang B. Photodynamic Properties of Hypocrellin A, Complexes with Rare Earth Trivalent Ions: Role of the Excited State Energies of the Metal Ions. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:2688-96. [PMID: 17315917 DOI: 10.1021/jp067020t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen complexes of hypocrellin A (HA) with rare earth trivalent ions (except Pm3+) along with the complex of HA with Sc3+ were prepared, and their photodynamic activities, including absorption in the phototherapeutic window (600-900 nm); water-solubility; triplet lifetime; generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxide anion radical (O2-*), and hydroxyl radical (OH*); generation of semiquinone anion radical; and affinity to DNA, as well as photosensitized damage on calf thymus DNA (CT DNA), were compared in detail using the UV-visible spectrum, fluorescence spectrum, spin-trapping EPR technique, and laser photolysis technique. All complexes exhibit a red-shifted absorption spectrum, an increased absorbance above 600 nm, improved water solubility, and an enhanced affinity to CT DNA over the parent HA. For ions that possess low-energy excited states, including Ce3+, Pr3+, Nd3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Tb3+, Dy3+, Ho3+, Er3+, Tm3+, and Yb3+, the corresponding complexes show undetectable or nearly undetectable fluorescence, a triplet excited-state lifetime, generation of ROS, and photodamage in CT DNA. In contrast, for ions that do not possess low-energy excited states, including Sc3+, Y3+, La3+, Gd3+, and Lu3+, the corresponding complexes exhibit higher photodamage abilities with CT DNA with respect to HA, benefitting from both their comparable or even higher 1O2 quantum yields and an electrostatic affinity that is higher for DNA than HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanghua Zeng
- Lab of Organic Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Molecular Engineering, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P. R. China
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Tatsis EC, Boeren S, Exarchou V, Troganis AN, Vervoort J, Gerothanassis IP. Identification of the major constituents of Hypericum perforatum by LC/SPE/NMR and/or LC/MS. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2007; 68:383-93. [PMID: 17196625 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Revised: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The newly established hyphenated instrumentation of LC/DAD/SPE/NMR and LC/UV/(ESI)MS techniques have been applied for separation and structure verification of the major known constituents present in Greek Hypericum perforatum extracts. The chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 column. Acetonitrile-water was used as a mobile phase. For the on-line NMR detection, the analytes eluted from column were trapped one by one onto separate SPE cartridges, and hereafter transported into the NMR flow-cell. LC/DAD/SPE/NMR and LC/UV/MS allowed the characterization of constituents of Greek H. perforatum, mainly naphtodianthrones (hypericin, pseudohypericin, protohypericin, protopseudohypericin), phloroglucinols (hyperforin, adhyperforin), flavonoids (quercetin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, hyperoside, astilbin, miquelianin, I3,II8-biapigenin) and phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid, 3-O-coumaroylquinic acid). Two phloroglucinols (hyperfirin and adhyperfirin) were detected for the first time, which have been previously reported to be precursors in the biosynthesis of hyperforin and adhyperforin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos C Tatsis
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, University Campus, Ioannina, Epirus GR-45110, Greece
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