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Ishizuka T, Grover N, Kingsbury CJ, Kotani H, Senge MO, Kojima T. Nonplanar porphyrins: synthesis, properties, and unique functionalities. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7560-7630. [PMID: 35959748 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00391k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins are variously substituted tetrapyrrolic macrocycles, with wide-ranging biological and chemical applications derived from metal chelation in the core and the 18π aromatic surface. Under suitable conditions, the porphyrin framework can deform significantly from regular planar shape, owing to steric overload on the porphyrin periphery or steric repulsion in the core, among other structure modulation strategies. Adopting this nonplanar porphyrin architecture allows guest molecules to interact directly with an exposed core, with guest-responsive and photoactive electronic states of the porphyrin allowing energy, information, atom and electron transfer within and between these species. This functionality can be incorporated and tuned by decoration of functional groups and electronic modifications, with individual deformation profiles adapted to specific key sensing and catalysis applications. Nonplanar porphyrins are assisting breakthroughs in molecular recognition, organo- and photoredox catalysis; simultaneously bio-inspired and distinctly synthetic, these molecules offer a new dimension in shape-responsive host-guest chemistry. In this review, we have summarized the synthetic methods and design aspects of nonplanar porphyrin formation, key properties, structure and functionality of the nonplanar aromatic framework, and the scope and utility of this emerging class towards outstanding scientific, industrial and environmental issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Ishizuka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba and CREST (JST), 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Nitika Grover
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Christopher J Kingsbury
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Hiroaki Kotani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba and CREST (JST), 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Mathias O Senge
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Technical University of Munich, Focus Group - Molecular and Interfacial Engineering of Organic Nanosystems, Lichtenbergstrasse 2a, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Takahiko Kojima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba and CREST (JST), 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
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Yamazaki S, Asahi M, Siroma Z, Ioroi T. Electrochemical CO oxidation by a Rh tetraaza[14]annulene‐based catalyst. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin‐ichi Yamazaki
- Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy Department of Energy and Environment National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) 1-8-31 Midorigaoka Ikeda Osaka 563-8577 Japan
| | - Masafumi Asahi
- Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy Department of Energy and Environment National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) 1-8-31 Midorigaoka Ikeda Osaka 563-8577 Japan
| | - Zyun Siroma
- Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy Department of Energy and Environment National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) 1-8-31 Midorigaoka Ikeda Osaka 563-8577 Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ioroi
- Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy Department of Energy and Environment National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) 1-8-31 Midorigaoka Ikeda Osaka 563-8577 Japan
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Yamazaki SI. Metalloporphyrins and related metallomacrocycles as electrocatalysts for use in polymer electrolyte fuel cells and water electrolyzers. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zhang D, Qin J, Wei D, Yang S, Wang S, Hu C. Enhancing the CO Preferential Oxidation (CO-PROX) of CuO–CeO2/Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) by Conductive rGO-Wrapping Based on the Interfacial Charge Transfer. Catal Letters 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-018-2520-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Thompson SJ, Brennan MR, Lee SY, Dong G. Synthesis and applications of rhodium porphyrin complexes. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:929-981. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00582b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A review on rhodium porphyrin chemistry, ranging from synthesis and properties to reactivity and application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Siu Yin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago
- Chicago
- USA
| | - Guangbin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago
- Chicago
- USA
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Hu JY, Wu ZY, Chai K, Yang ZS, Meng YS, Ning Y, Zhang J, Zhang JL. β-Fluorinated porpholactones and metal complexes: synthesis, characterization and some spectroscopic studies. Inorg Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qi00375g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis of β-fluorinated porpholactones by oxidation of the fluorinated CC bond of the pyrrolic subunit in porphyrin using the “RuCl3 + Oxone®” protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yun Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing
| | - Zhuo-Yan Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing
| | - Ke Chai
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Technology
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Zi-Shu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing
| | - Yin-Shan Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing
| | - Yingying Ning
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Technology
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Jun-Long Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing
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Abstract
Transition metal hydride complexes are usually amphoteric, not only acting as hydride donors, but also as Brønsted-Lowry acids. A simple additive ligand acidity constant equation (LAC for short) allows the estimation of the acid dissociation constant Ka(LAC) of diamagnetic transition metal hydride and dihydrogen complexes. It is remarkably successful in systematizing diverse reports of over 450 reactions of acids with metal complexes and bases with metal hydrides and dihydrogen complexes, including catalytic cycles where these reactions are proposed or observed. There are links between pKa(LAC) and pKa(THF), pKa(DCM), pKa(MeCN) for neutral and cationic acids. For the groups from chromium to nickel, tables are provided that order the acidity of metal hydride and dihydrogen complexes from most acidic (pKa(LAC) -18) to least acidic (pKa(LAC) 50). Figures are constructed showing metal acids above the solvent pKa scales and organic acids below to summarize a large amount of information. Acid-base features are analyzed for catalysts from chromium to gold for ionic hydrogenations, bifunctional catalysts for hydrogen oxidation and evolution electrocatalysis, H/D exchange, olefin hydrogenation and isomerization, hydrogenation of ketones, aldehydes, imines, and carbon dioxide, hydrogenases and their model complexes, and palladium catalysts with hydride intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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Ren N, Guo L, Dong X, Wen C. On the mechanism of the preferential oxidation of carbon monoxide over Cu n Pd (n = 3–12) catalysts. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-015-9908-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Liu B, Liu Y, Hou H, Liu Y, Wang Q, Zhang J. Variation of redox activity and synergistic effect for improving the preferential oxidation of CO in H2-rich gases in porous Pt/CeO2–Co3O4 catalysts. Catal Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cy00974j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The porous Pt/CeO2–Co3O4 catalysts show superior catalytic performance for CO preferential oxidation in H2-rich gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baocang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Inner Mongolia University
- Hohhot 010021
- PR China
- Inner Mongolia Key Lab of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
| | - Yongxin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Inner Mongolia University
- Hohhot 010021
- PR China
| | - Heting Hou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Inner Mongolia University
- Hohhot 010021
- PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Inner Mongolia University
- Hohhot 010021
- PR China
| | - Qin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Inner Mongolia University
- Hohhot 010021
- PR China
- Inner Mongolia Key Lab of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
| | - Jun Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Inner Mongolia University
- Hohhot 010021
- PR China
- Inner Mongolia Key Lab of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
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Yamazaki SI, Yao M, Asahi M, Sato H, Yamano A, Ioroi T. Characterization of a Rh(iii) porphyrin–CO complex: its structure and reactivity with an electron acceptor. Dalton Trans 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01453k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To analyse the electrocatalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide by Rh porphyrins, we isolated a CO-adduct of Rh octaethylporphyrin, and examined its properties and reactivity by IR, NMR, and X-ray crystallographic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Yamazaki
- Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy
- Department of Energy and Environment
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Ikeda
- Japan
| | - Masaru Yao
- Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy
- Department of Energy and Environment
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Ikeda
- Japan
| | - Masafumi Asahi
- Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy
- Department of Energy and Environment
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Ikeda
- Japan
| | | | | | - Tsutomu Ioroi
- Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy
- Department of Energy and Environment
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Ikeda
- Japan
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Bhagan S, Imler GH, Wayland BB. Iridium porphyrins in CD3OD: reduction of Ir(III), CD3-OD bond cleavage, Ir-D acid dissociation and alkene reactions. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:4611-7. [PMID: 23540797 DOI: 10.1021/ic400240b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Methanol solutions of iridium(III) tetra(p-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin [(TSPP)Ir(III)] form an equilibrium distribution of methanol and methoxide complexes ([(TSPP)Ir(III)(CD3OD)(2-n)(OCD3)n]((3+n)-)). Reaction of [(TSPP)Ir(III) with dihydrogen (D2) in methanol produces an iridium hydride [(TSPP)Ir(III)-D(CD3OD)](4-) in equilibrium with an iridium(I) complex ([(TSPP)Ir(I)(CD3OD)](5-)). The acid dissociation constant of the iridium hydride (Ir-D) in methanol at 298 K is 3.5 × 10(-12). The iridium(I) complex ([(TSPP)Ir(I)(CD3OD)](5-)) catalyzes reaction of [(TSPP)Ir(III)-D(CD3OD)](4-) with CD3-OD to produce an iridium methyl complex [(TSPP)Ir(III)-CD3(CD3OD)](4-) and D2O. Reactions of the iridium hydride with ethene and propene produce iridium alkyl complexes, but the Ir-D complex fails to give observable addition with acetaldehyde and carbon monoxide in methanol. Reaction of the iridium hydride with propene forms both the isopropyl and propyl complexes with free energy changes (ΔG° 298 K) of -1.3 and -0.4 kcal mol(-1) respectively. Equilibrium thermodynamics and reactivity studies are used in discussing relative Ir-D, Ir-OCD3 and Ir-CD2- bond energetics in methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salome Bhagan
- Temple University, Department of Chemistry, 130 Beury Hall, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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Weberski MP, Chen C, Delferro M, Zuccaccia C, Macchioni A, Marks TJ. Suppression of β-Hydride Chain Transfer in Nickel(II)-Catalyzed Ethylene Polymerization via Weak Fluorocarbon Ligand–Product Interactions. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om3002735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Weberski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113,
United States
| | - Changle Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113,
United States
| | - Massimiliano Delferro
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113,
United States
| | - Cristiano Zuccaccia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8-06123 Perugia,
Italy
| | - Alceo Macchioni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8-06123 Perugia,
Italy
| | - Tobin J. Marks
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113,
United States
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Bhagan S, Wayland BB. Formation and Reactivity of a Porphyrin Iridium Hydride in Water: Acid Dissociation Constants and Equilibrium Thermodynamics Relevant to Ir–H, Ir–OH, and Ir–CH2– Bond Dissociation Energetics. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:11011-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ic201553k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Salome Bhagan
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 130 Beury Hall, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Bradford B. Wayland
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 130 Beury Hall, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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