1
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Tabana Y, Lin CH, Babu D, Siva‐Piragasam R, Ponich AA, Moon TC, Siraki AG, Elahi S, Fahlman R, West FG, Barakat K. Proof of concept: Pull down assay using bovine serum albumin and an immunomodulator small molecule. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21408. [PMID: 38027705 PMCID: PMC10651465 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, there has been increasing interest in use of small molecules for immunomodulation. The affinity-based pull-down purification is an essential tool for target identification of small molecules and drug discovery. This study presents our recent efforts to investigate the cellular target(s) of Compound A, a small molecule with demonstrated immunomodulatory properties in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). While we have previously observed the immunomodulatory activity of Compound A in PBMCs, the specific molecular targets underlying its effects remains elusive. To address this challenge, we synthesized a trifluoromethyl phenyl diazirine (TPD)-bearing trifunctional Probe 1 based on the chemical structure of Compound A, which could be used in a pull-down assay to efficiently bind to putative cellular targets via photoaffinity labelling. In this report, we utilized bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein to establish a proof-of-concept in order to assess the suitability of Probe 1 for binding to an endogenous target. By the successful synthesis of Probe 1 and demonstrating the efficient binding of Probe 1 to BSA, we propose that this method can be used as a tool for further identification of potential protein targets of small molecules in living cells. Our findings provide a valuable starting point for further investigations into the molecular mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory effects of Compound A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Tabana
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Chih-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Dinesh Babu
- Li Ka Shing Applied Virology Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | | | - Ashley A. Ponich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Tae Chul Moon
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H1, Canada
| | - Arno G. Siraki
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H1, Canada
| | - Shokrollah Elahi
- School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Richard Fahlman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Frederick G. West
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Khaled Barakat
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H1, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
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2
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Khanzadeh A, Ataie S, Baker RT. Tetracopper(I) thiolate- and amido-(SNS) complexes and copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition in water. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:11768-11772. [PMID: 37584163 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01651j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Two tetranuclear Cu(I) complexes bearing thiolate- and amido-SNS ligands were characterized by X-ray diffraction and mass spectrometry. Although the amido ligand undergoes irreversible N-protonation by the copper-bound alkyne, the thiolate complex demonstrates good activity in the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction with a variety of substrates. The base-free reactions are performed in water and afford excellent yields over 2 h at 70 °C. DFT calculations suggest a proton-shuttle role for the thiolate donor in formation of the initial dicopper σ,π-alkynyl intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atousa Khanzadeh
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Saeed Ataie
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - R Tom Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
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3
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Hommelsheim R, Bausch S, Selvakumar A, Amer MM, Truong KN, Rissanen K, Bolm C. A Copper-Catalyzed Interrupted Domino Reaction for the Synthesis of Fused Triazolyl Benzothiadiazine-1-oxides. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203729. [PMID: 36453242 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Copper(I)-catalyzed domino reactions of 2-azido sulfoximines with 1-iodoalkynes yield fused triazolyl-containing benzothiadiazine-1-oxides. The protocol features the synthesis of two fused heterocyclic rings in one step with good to excellent yields and a broad functional group tolerance. Detailed mechanistic investigations indicate that a copper π-complex initiates a cycloaddition and oxidative C-N coupling reaction sequence. The results suggest an interrupted domino process involving an iodinated triazole as a key intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renè Hommelsheim
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sandra Bausch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Arjuna Selvakumar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mostafa M Amer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, 11727, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khai-Nghi Truong
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box. 35, Survontie 9 B, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box. 35, Survontie 9 B, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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4
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Hossain J, Gopinath JS, Tothadi S, Parameswaran P, Khan S. NHSi/NHGe-Supported Copper Halide and Pseudohalide Complexes: Synthesis and Application. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jabed Hossain
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pa-shan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Jishnu Sai Gopinath
- National Institute of Technology Calicut, NIT Campus P.O., Kozhikode 673601, Kerala, India
| | - Srinu Tothadi
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division and Centralized, Instrumentation Facility, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research, Institute, Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, India
| | - Pattiyil Parameswaran
- National Institute of Technology Calicut, NIT Campus P.O., Kozhikode 673601, Kerala, India
| | - Shabana Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pa-shan, Pune 411008, India
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5
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González-Lainez M, Gallegos M, Munarriz J, Azpiroz R, Passarelli V, Jiménez MV, Pérez-Torrente JJ. Copper-Catalyzed Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition (CuAAC) by Functionalized NHC-Based Polynuclear Catalysts: Scope and Mechanistic Insights. Organometallics 2022; 41:2154-2169. [PMID: 35971402 PMCID: PMC9374069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Copper(I) [Cu2(μ-Br)2(tBuImCH2pyCH2L)]n (L = OMe,
NEt2, NHtBu) compounds supported by flexible
functionalized NHC-based polydentate ligands have been prepared in
a one-pot procedure by reacting the corresponding imidazolium salt
with an excess of copper powder and Ag2O. An X-ray diffraction
analysis has revealed that
[Cu2(μ-Br)2(tBuImCH2pyCH2NEt2)]n is
a linear coordination polymer formed by bimetallic [Cu(μ-Br)]2 units linked by the lutidine-based NHC-py-NEt2 ligand, which acts as a heteroditopic ligand with a 1κC-2κ2N,N′ coordination
mode. We propose that the polymeric compounds break down in the solution
into more compact tetranuclear [Cu2(μ-Br)2(tBuImCH2pyCH2L)]2 compounds
with a coordination mode identical to the functionalized NHC ligands.
These compounds have been found to exhibit high catalytic activity
in the Cu-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction.
In particular, [Cu2(μ-Br)2(tBuImCH2pyCH2NEt2)]2 efficiently
catalyzes the click reaction of a range of azides and alkynes, under
an inert atmosphere at room temperature in neat conditions at a very
low catalyst loading, to quantitatively afford the corresponding 1,4-disubstituted
1,2,3-triazole derivatives in a few minutes. The cycloaddition reaction
of benzyl azide to phenylacetylene can be performed at 25–50
ppm catalyst loading by increasing the reaction time and/or temperature.
Reactivity studies have shown that the activation of the polynuclear
catalyst precursor involves the alkyne deprotonation by the NHC moiety
of the polydentate ligand to afford a copper(I)-alkynyl species bearing
a functionalized imidazolium ligand. DFT calculations support the
participation of the dinuclear species [(CuBr)2(μ-tBuImCH2pyCH2NEt2)], resulting
from the fragmentation of the tetranuclear compound, as the catalytically
active species. The proposed reaction pathway proceeds through zwitterionic
dinuclear intermediates and entails the active participation of both
copper atoms, as well as the NHC moiety as an internal base, which
activates the reacting alkyne via deprotonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel González-Lainez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza-C.S.I.C., 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Miguel Gallegos
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Julen Munarriz
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ramón Azpiroz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza-C.S.I.C., 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Passarelli
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza-C.S.I.C., 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M. Victoria Jiménez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza-C.S.I.C., 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jesús J. Pérez-Torrente
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza-C.S.I.C., 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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6
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Héron J, Balcells D. Concerted Cycloaddition Mechanism in the CuAAC Reaction Catalyzed by 1,8-Naphthyridine Dicopper Complexes. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Héron
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, Oslo 0315, Norway
| | - David Balcells
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, Oslo 0315, Norway
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7
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A Recent Overview of 1,2,3-Triazole-Containing Hybrids as Novel Antifungal Agents: Focusing on Synthesis, Mechanism of Action, and Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR). J CHEM-NY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/7884316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A pharmacophore system has been found as 1,2,3-triazole, a five-membered heterocycle ring with nitrogen heteroatoms. These heterocyclic compounds can be produced using azide-alkyne cycloaddition processes catalyzed by ruthenium or copper. The bioactive compounds demonstrated antitubercular, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, antiviral, and antidiabetic properties. This heterocycle molecule, in particular, with one or more 1,2,3-triazole cores has been found to have the most powerful antifungal effects. The goal of this review is to highlight recent developments in the synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) investigation of this prospective fungicidal chemical. Also there have been explained drugs and mechanism of action of a triazole compound with antifungal activity. This review will be useful in a variety of fields, including medicinal chemistry, organic chemistry, mycology, and pharmacology.
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8
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Synthetic protocols and applications of copper(I) phosphine and copper(I) phosphine/diimine complexes. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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9
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Qi X, Lan Y. Recent Advances in Theoretical Studies on Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Carbene Transformations. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:2905-2915. [PMID: 34232609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Metal carbene plays a vital role in modern organic synthesis. The neutral divalent carbon of metal carbene renders it an active intermediate throughout a range of reactions. In experiments, diverse metal carbene-related transformation reactions have been established, including transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions using N-heterocyclic carbenes as ligands, metal carbene insertion into σ bonds, cyclopropanations, ylide formation, and so forth. The remarkable progress achieved in synthetic chemistry, in turn, has increased the demand for mechanistic studies of carbene chemistry. A thorough understanding of reaction mechanisms can extend the application scope of metal carbene compounds and inspire the rational design of new carbene transformation reactions.Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed in our group to gain more mechanistic insights into metal carbene-related reactions. This account focuses on computational studies of transition-metal-catalyzed carbene transformation reactions with nucleophiles. The generation of metal carbene or metal-ligated free carbene and subsequent carbene transformation pathways is discussed. According to our mechanistic studies of carbene transformation with nucleophiles, three generalized reaction models are summarized, including the intramolecular migratory insertion of metal carbene, intermolecular nucleophilic addition toward metal carbene, and outer-sphere nucleophilic addition to the metal-ligated free carbene.In general, the intermolecular nucleophilic addition mechanism is commonly proposed since metal carbene has an electrophilic carbene carbon. From a mechanistic point of view, the intramolecular migratory insertion mechanism is also widely used because metal carbene insertion into σ bonds formally occurs through this mechanism. An outer-sphere nucleophilic addition mechanism is proposed for reactions that form a metal-ligated free carbene complex instead of the commonly proposed metal carbene. The metal-ligated free carbene complex contains a naked carbene carbon that is not coordinated with the metal center. In this case, a transition-metal catalyst is used only as a Lewis acid, and nucleophilic addition occurs directly at the free carbene carbon. Our computational results suggested that outer-sphere nucleophilic addition is a facile step because metal ligation could stabilize the transition state as well as the generated intermediate. The intramolecular migratory insertion mechanism also has a low energy barrier due to the lack of an entropy penalty. Carbene formation from carbene precursors is usually the rate-determining step, except in intermolecular nucleophilic addition, and the reactivity of nucleophiles has a significant influence on the overall reaction rate. We can also envision that the weak nucleophilicity of nucleophiles would suppress outer-sphere nucleophilic addition. These computational studies showcase the characteristics of three carbene transformation models, and we hope that it will spur the development of mechanistic studies of carbene chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Qi
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yu Lan
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P. R. China
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10
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Arenas JL, Crousse B. An Overview of 4‐ and 5‐Halo‐1,2,3‐triazoles from Cycloaddition Reactions. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Laxio Arenas
- BioCIS, UMR 8076 CNRS Univ. Paris Saclay, Univ. Paris Sud Chatenay Malabry France
| | - Benoît Crousse
- BioCIS, UMR 8076 CNRS Univ. Paris Saclay, Univ. Paris Sud Chatenay Malabry France
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11
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Efremova MM, Govdi AI, Frolova VV, Rumyantsev AM, Balova IA. Design and Synthesis of New 5-aryl-4-Arylethynyl-1 H-1,2,3-triazoles with Valuable Photophysical and Biological Properties. Molecules 2021; 26:2801. [PMID: 34068559 PMCID: PMC8126154 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cu-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of methyl 2-azidoacetate to iodobuta-1,3-diynes and subsequent Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling were used to synthesize new triazoles derivatives: 5-aryl-4-arylethynyl-1H-1,2,3-triazoles. Investigation of their optical properties by using UV absorption and fluorescence emission spectroscopies revealed that all molecules possess fluorescence properties with the values of the Stokes shift more than 100 nm. The photophysical behavior of the two most promising triazoles in polar and non-polar solvents was also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia M. Efremova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Anastasia I. Govdi
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Valeria V. Frolova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University (SPCPU), 14A Professor Popov Str., 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Andrey M. Rumyantsev
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Irina A. Balova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
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12
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Zhang M, Wang Y, Li SJ, Wang X, Shi Q, Li X, Qu LB, Wei D, Lan Y. Multiple Functional Organocatalyst-Promoted Inert C–C Activation: Mechanism and Origin of Selectivities. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shi-Jun Li
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xinghua Wang
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Qianqian Shi
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xue Li
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Ling-Bo Qu
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Donghui Wei
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yu Lan
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
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13
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Yu F, Zhou Z, Song J, Zhao Y. DFT and AFIR study on the copper(i)-catalyzed mechanism of 5-enamine-trisubstituted-1,2,3-triazole synthesis via C-N cross-coupling and the origin of ring-opening of 2 H-azirines. RSC Adv 2021; 11:2744-2755. [PMID: 35424213 PMCID: PMC8693862 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07498e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the synthesis mechanism of substituted 1,2,3-triazoles is an important and state-of-the-art research area of contemporary copper(i)-catalyzed terminal alkyne and organic azide click reaction (CuAAC), which has invoked increasing close collaborations between experiment and theory including copper catalyzed interrupted click reaction. In this study, the mechanism of Cu(i)-catalyzed 5-enamine-functionalized fully substituted 1,2,3-triazole synthesis was rationalized via density functional theory (DFT) and multicomponent artificial force-induced reaction (MC-AFIR) methods. The reasonable reaction route consists of (a) di-copper catalyzed ring-opening of 2H-azirines, (b) alkyne hydrogen atom transfer, (c) [3 + 2] ring cycloaddition, and (d) C-N bond formation through reductive elimination. The MC-AFIR method was used for the systematic determination of transition states for the C/N-Cu bond formation, C-N bond coupling and crossing points between singlet and triplet states. Our survey on the prereactant complexes suggested that the dicopper-catalyzed 2H-azirine ring-opening and alkyne hydrogen activation are both thermodynamically feasible via a singlet/triplet crossing point. This explains why Et3N is critical for alkyne hydrogen transfer (HT) before the [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction, and the C-N cross-coupling product instead of the click product (byproduct). Our DFT results indicate that the transmetalation process is the rate determination step along the triplet state potential energy surface. This study provides important mechanistic insights for the interrupted CuAAC reaction to form 5-enamine-fully-substituted-1,2,3-triazoles. Further insight prediction interprets that solvent and extra strong ligand coordination play a certain role in competitive reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Zhaoman Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Jiajia Song
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Yanying Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Textiles Materials and Manufacture Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
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14
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Gan H, Peng L, Gu FL. Mechanistic understanding of the Cu( i)-catalyzed domino reaction constructing 1-aryl-1,2,3-triazole from electron-rich aryl bromide, alkyne, and sodium azide: a DFT study. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00123j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of the Cu(i)-catalyzed domino reaction furnishing 1-aryl-1,2,3-triazole assisted by CuI and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) is explored with density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Gan
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou 51006
| | - Liang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou 51006
| | - Feng Long Gu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou 51006
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15
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Darroudi M, Ranjbar S, Esfandiar M, Khoshneviszadeh M, Hamzehloueian M, Khoshneviszadeh M, Sarrafi Y. Synthesis of Novel Triazole Incorporated Thiazolone Motifs Having Promising Antityrosinase Activity through Green Nanocatalyst CuI‐Fe
3
O
4
@SiO
2
(TMS‐EDTA). Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Darroudi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry University of Mazandaran Babolsar 47416 Iran
| | - Sara Ranjbar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Mohammad Esfandiar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry University of Mazandaran Babolsar 47416 Iran
| | - Mahsima Khoshneviszadeh
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Khoshneviszadeh
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Yaghoub Sarrafi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry University of Mazandaran Babolsar 47416 Iran
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16
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Gharpure SJ, Naveen S, Chavan RS, Padmaja. Regioselective Synthesis of Halotriazoles and their Utility in Metal Catalyzed Coupling Reactions. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh J. Gharpure
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay 400076 Powai Mumbai India
| | - Sudi Naveen
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay 400076 Powai Mumbai India
| | - Rupali S. Chavan
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay 400076 Powai Mumbai India
| | - Padmaja
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay 400076 Powai Mumbai India
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17
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Castillo JC, Bravo NF, Tamayo LV, Mestizo PD, Hurtado J, Macías M, Portilla J. Water-Compatible Synthesis of 1,2,3-Triazoles under Ultrasonic Conditions by a Cu(I) Complex-Mediated Click Reaction. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:30148-30159. [PMID: 33251449 PMCID: PMC7689893 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A new monophosphine Cu(I) complex bearing bis(pyrazolyl)methane (L 1 ) (CuIL 1 PPh 3 ) was synthesized and used as a catalyst for the three-component click reaction from an alkyl halide, sodium azide, and terminal alkyne to furnish 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles in up to 93% yield. The catalyst is highly stable, compatible with oxygen/water, and works with total efficiency under ultrasonic condition. The structure of the complex was studied and confirmed by X-ray crystallography, finding a riveting relationship with its catalytic activity. This sustainable triazoles synthesis is distinguished by its high atom economy, low catalyst loading (up to 0.5 mol %), broad substrate scope, short reaction times, operational simplicity, and an easy gram-scale supply of a functionalized product for subsequent synthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Carlos Castillo
- Bioorganic
Compounds Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, 111711 Bogotá, Colombia
- Escuela
de Ciencias Química, Universidad
Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Avenida Central del Norte 39-115, Tunja 150003, Colombia
| | - Nestor-Fabian Bravo
- Bioorganic
Compounds Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, 111711 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Lenka-Victoria Tamayo
- Grupo
de Investigación en Química Inorgánica, Catálisis
y Bioinorgánica, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Paula-Daniela Mestizo
- Grupo
de Investigación en Química Inorgánica, Catálisis
y Bioinorgánica, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - John Hurtado
- Grupo
de Investigación en Química Inorgánica, Catálisis
y Bioinorgánica, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Mario Macías
- Department
of Chemistry, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Jaime Portilla
- Bioorganic
Compounds Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, 111711 Bogotá, Colombia
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18
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Ma J, Ding S. Transition Metal‐Catalyzed Cycloaddition of Azides with Internal Alkynes. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology North Third Ring Road 15 Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Shengtao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology North Third Ring Road 15 Beijing 100029 P. R. China
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19
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Venderbosch B, Oudsen JPH, van der Vlugt JI, Korstanje TJ, Tromp M. Cationic Copper Iminophosphorane Complexes as CuAAC Catalysts: A Mechanistic Study. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bas Venderbosch
- Sustainable Materials Characterization, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Pierre H. Oudsen
- Sustainable Materials Characterization, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jarl Ivar van der Vlugt
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ties J. Korstanje
- Sustainable Materials Characterization, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Moniek Tromp
- Sustainable Materials Characterization, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Materials Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
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20
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Pizarro JD, Molina F, Fructos MR, Pérez PJ. Alkoxydiaminophosphine Ligands as Surrogates of NHCs in Copper Catalysis. Chemistry 2020; 26:10330-10335. [PMID: 32329536 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A family of phosphine ligands containing a five-membered ring similar to the popular N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and an alkoxy third substituent has been developed. These alkoxydiaminophosphine ligands (ADAP) can be generated in one pot and reacted with a copper(I) source leading to the high yield isolation of complexes [(ADAP)CuX]2 (X=Cl, Br). The dinuclear nature of these compounds has been established by means of X-ray studies and DOSY experiments. A screening of the catalytic properties of these complexes toward carbene-transfer reactions from diazocompounds to C-H bonds (alkane, arene), olefins or N-H bonds, as well as in CuAAC or nitrene transfer reactions have shown a performance at least similar, if not better, than their (NHC)CuCl analogues, opening a new window in copper catalysis with these readily tunable ADAP ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Diego Pizarro
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC CIQSO-Centro de, Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, 21007, Huelva, Spain
| | - Francisco Molina
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC CIQSO-Centro de, Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, 21007, Huelva, Spain
| | - Manuel R Fructos
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC CIQSO-Centro de, Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, 21007, Huelva, Spain
| | - Pedro J Pérez
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC CIQSO-Centro de, Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, 21007, Huelva, Spain
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21
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Beltrán Á, Gata I, Maya C, Avó J, Lima JC, Laia CAT, Peloso R, Outis M, Nicasio MC. Dinuclear Cu(I) Halides with Terphenyl Phosphines: Synthesis, Photophysical Studies, and Catalytic Applications in CuAAC Reactions. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:10894-10906. [PMID: 32691590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several dinuclear terphenyl phosphine copper(I) halide complexes of composition [CuX(PR2Ar')]2 (X = Cl, Br, I; R = hydrocarbyl, Ar' = 2,6-diarylterphenyl radical), 1-5, have been isolated from the reaction of CuX with 1 equiv of the phosphine ligand. Most of them have been characterized by X-ray diffraction studies in the solid state, thus allowing comparative discussions of different structural parameters, namely, Cu···Cu and Cu···Aryl separations, conformations adopted by coordinated phosphines, and planarity of the Cu2X2 cores. Centrosymmetric complexes [CuI(PMe2ArXyl2)]2, 1c, and [CuI(PEt2ArMes2)]2, 3c, despite their similar structures, show very distinct photoluminescence (PL) in powder form at room temperature. The photophysical behavior of these compounds in liquid solution, solid-solid Zeonex solution and powder samples at room temperature and 77 K have been investigated and supported by DFT calculation. Identification of vibronic coupling modes, done by group theory calculations and the technique of projection operators, shows that the manifestation of these modes is conditioned by crystal packing. Complexes [CuI(PMe2ArXyl2)]2, 1c, and [CuI(PEt2ArMes2)]2, 3c, display remarkable activity in copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions involving preformed and in situ-made azides. Reactions are performed in H2O, under aerobic conditions, with low catalyst loadings and tolerate the use of iodoalkynes as substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Beltrán
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Sevilla, Aptdo 1203, 41071 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Gata
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Sevilla, Aptdo 1203, 41071 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Celia Maya
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - João Avó
- IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Carlos Lima
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - César A T Laia
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Riccardo Peloso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mani Outis
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - M Carmen Nicasio
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Sevilla, Aptdo 1203, 41071 Sevilla, Spain
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22
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Suntrup L, Beerhues J, Etzold O, Sarkar B. Copper( i) complexes bearing mesoionic carbene ligands: influencing the activity in catalytic halo-click reactions. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:15504-15510. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02023k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of mono- and dicopper complexes with mesoionic carbenes are tested as pre-catalysts for the halo-click reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Suntrup
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
- D-14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Julia Beerhues
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
- D-14195 Berlin
- Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Koordinationschemie
| | - Oliver Etzold
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
- D-14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
- D-14195 Berlin
- Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Koordinationschemie
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23
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Design and synthesis of novel xanthone-triazole derivatives as potential antidiabetic agents: α-Glucosidase inhibition and glucose uptake promotion. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 177:362-373. [PMID: 31158750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Inhibiting the decomposition of carbohydrates into glucose or promoting glucose conversion is considered to be an effective treatment for type 2 diabetes. Herein, a series of novel xanthone-triazole derivatives were designed, synthesized, and their α-glucosidase inhibitory activities and glucose uptake in HepG2 cells were investigated. Most of the compounds showed better inhibitory activities than the parental compound a (1,3-dihydroxyxanthone, IC50 = 160.8 μM) and 1-deoxynojirimycin (positive control, IC50 = 59.5 μM) towards α-glucosidase. Compound 5e was the most potent inhibitor, with IC50 value of 2.06 μM. The kinetics of enzyme inhibition showed that compounds 5e, 5g, 5h, 6c, 6d, 6g and 6h were noncompetitive inhibitors, and molecular docking results were consistent with the noncompetitive property that these compounds bind to allosteric sites away from the active site (Asp214, Glu276 and Asp349). On the other hand, the glucose uptake assays exhibited that compounds 5e, 6a, 6c and 7g displayed high activities in promoting the glucose uptake. The cytotoxicity assays showed that most compounds were low-toxic to human normal hepatocyte cell line (LO2). These novel xanthone triazole derivatives exhibited dual therapeutic effects of α-glucosidase inhibition and glucose uptake promotion, thus they could be use as antidiabetic agents for developing novel drugs against type 2 diabetes.
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24
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Modicom F, Jamieson EMG, Rochette E, Goldup SM. Chemical Consequences of the Mechanical Bond: A Tandem Active Template-Rearrangement Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3875-3879. [PMID: 30600892 PMCID: PMC6589916 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the unexpected discovery of a tandem active template CuAAC-rearrangement process, in which N2 is extruded on the way to the 1,2,3-triazole product to give instead acrylamide rotaxanes. Mechanistic investigations suggest this process is dictated by the mechanical bond, which stabilizes the CuI -triazolide intermediate of the CuAAC reaction and diverts it down the rearrangement pathway; when no mechanical bond is formed, the CuAAC product is isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Modicom
- ChemistryUniversity of Southampton, HighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | | | - Elise Rochette
- ChemistryUniversity of Southampton, HighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
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25
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Modicom F, Jamieson EMG, Rochette E, Goldup SM. Chemical Consequences of the Mechanical Bond: A Tandem Active Template‐Rearrangement Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Modicom
- ChemistryUniversity of Southampton, Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | | | - Elise Rochette
- ChemistryUniversity of Southampton, Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Stephen M. Goldup
- ChemistryUniversity of Southampton, Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
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26
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Govdi AI, Danilkina NA, Ponomarev AV, Balova IA. 1-Iodobuta-1,3-diynes in Copper-Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition: A One-Step Route to 4-Ethynyl-5-iodo-1,2,3-triazoles. J Org Chem 2019; 84:1925-1940. [PMID: 30632741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cu-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of iododiacetylenes with organic azides using iodotris(triphenylphosphine)copper(I) as a catalyst was found to be an efficient one-step synthetic route to 5-iodo-4-ethynyltriazoles. The reaction is tolerant to various functional groups in both butadiyne and azide moieties. The synthetic application of 5-iodo-4-ethynyl triazoles obtained was also evaluated: the Sonogashira coupling with alkynes resulted in unsymmetrically substituted triazole-fused enediyne systems, while the Suzuki reaction yielded the corresponding 5-aryl-4-ethynyl triazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia I Govdi
- Institute of Chemistry , Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU) , Universitetskaya nab. 7/9 , Saint Petersburg 199034 , Russia
| | - Natalia A Danilkina
- Institute of Chemistry , Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU) , Universitetskaya nab. 7/9 , Saint Petersburg 199034 , Russia
| | - Alexander V Ponomarev
- Institute of Chemistry , Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU) , Universitetskaya nab. 7/9 , Saint Petersburg 199034 , Russia
| | - Irina A Balova
- Institute of Chemistry , Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU) , Universitetskaya nab. 7/9 , Saint Petersburg 199034 , Russia
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27
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Jinks MA, de Juan A, Denis M, Fletcher CJ, Galli M, Jamieson EMG, Modicom F, Zhang Z, Goldup SM. Stereoselective Synthesis of Mechanically Planar Chiral Rotaxanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:14806-14810. [PMID: 30253008 PMCID: PMC6220991 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chiral interlocked molecules in which the mechanical bond provides the sole stereogenic unit are typically produced with no control over the mechanical stereochemistry. Here we report a stereoselective approach to mechanically planar chiral rotaxanes in up to 98:2 d.r. using a readily available α-amino acid-derived azide. Symmetrization of the covalent stereocenter yields a rotaxane in which the mechanical bond provides the only stereogenic element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Jinks
- ChemistryUniversity of Southampton, HighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Alberto de Juan
- ChemistryUniversity of Southampton, HighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Mathieu Denis
- ChemistryUniversity of Southampton, HighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | | | - Marzia Galli
- ChemistryUniversity of Southampton, HighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | | | - Florian Modicom
- ChemistryUniversity of Southampton, HighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- ChemistryUniversity of Southampton, HighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
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28
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Jinks MA, de Juan A, Denis M, Fletcher CJ, Galli M, Jamieson EMG, Modicom F, Zhang Z, Goldup SM. Stereoselective Synthesis of Mechanically Planar Chiral Rotaxanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Jinks
- Chemistry; University of Southampton, Highfield; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Alberto de Juan
- Chemistry; University of Southampton, Highfield; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Mathieu Denis
- Chemistry; University of Southampton, Highfield; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | | | - Marzia Galli
- Chemistry; University of Southampton, Highfield; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | | | - Florian Modicom
- Chemistry; University of Southampton, Highfield; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- Chemistry; University of Southampton, Highfield; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Stephen M. Goldup
- Chemistry; University of Southampton, Highfield; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
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29
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Silva PJ, Bernardo CEP. Influence of Alkyne and Azide Substituents on the Choice of the Reaction Mechanism of the Cu +-Catalyzed Addition of Azides to Iodoalkynes. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:7497-7507. [PMID: 30141932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b06894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The cycloaddition of azides to iodoalkynes is strongly enhanced by some Cu+-complexes. We have studied computationally six reaction pathways for the cycloaddition of 24 combinations of azide and iodoalkyne to identify the dominant pathways and the influence of reactant structure on the evolution of the reaction. Two pathways were found to be operating for distinct sets of reactants. In the first pathway, initial complexation of iodoalkyne by Cu+ is followed by the binding of the azide to the metal through its substituted nitrogen atom, followed by attack of the nonhalogenated alkyne carbon by the terminal nitrogen atom. This pathway is generally followed by aromatic or electron-deficient azides, unless the iodoalkyne bears an electron-withdrawing group. The second pathway is a single-step mechanism similar (apart from the alkyne bond weakening caused by complexation) to that observed in the absence of catalyst. Electron-deficient iodoalkynes and methyl azides strongly prefer this mechanism, regardless of the identity of the reaction partners. The catalytic gain obtained through the use of Cu+ depends only partially on its direct effect on the energy of the transition state (relative to that of the infinitely separated reactants) and may be lost if the iodoalkyne itself strongly interacts with the catalyst through the formation of too strong a π-complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Silva
- FP-ENAS/Fac. de Ciências da Saúde , Univ. Fernando Pessoa , Rua Carlos da Maia, 296 , 4200-150 Porto , Portugal
| | - Carlos E P Bernardo
- FP-ENAS/Fac. de Ciências da Saúde , Univ. Fernando Pessoa , Rua Carlos da Maia, 296 , 4200-150 Porto , Portugal
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30
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Jia X, Xu G, Du Z, Fu Y. Cu(BTC)-MOF catalyzed multicomponent reaction to construct 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles. Polyhedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2018.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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31
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Li L, Xing X, Zhang C, Zhu A, Fan X, Chen C, Zhang G. Novel synthesis of 5-iodo-1,2,3-triazoles using an aqueous iodination system under air. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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32
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Kotovshchikov YN, Latyshev GV, Navasardyan MA, Erzunov DA, Beletskaya IP, Lukashev NV. Annulation-Induced Cascade Transformation of 5-Iodo-1,2,3-triazoles to 2-(1-Aminoalkyl)benzoxazoles. Org Lett 2018; 20:4467-4470. [PMID: 30040429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Base-mediated cyclization of (5-iodo-1,2,3-triazolyl)phenols was proposed as a new synthetic strategy for the in situ generation of diazoimines via electrocyclic ring opening of the fused heterocycle. Cu-catalyzed amination of the intermediate diazoalkanes was employed to develop an efficient cascade approach to functionalized benzoxazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury N Kotovshchikov
- Chemistry Department , M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University , 1/3 Leninskiye Gory , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Gennadij V Latyshev
- Chemistry Department , M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University , 1/3 Leninskiye Gory , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Mger A Navasardyan
- Chemistry Department , M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University , 1/3 Leninskiye Gory , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Dmitry A Erzunov
- Chemistry Department , M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University , 1/3 Leninskiye Gory , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Irina P Beletskaya
- Chemistry Department , M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University , 1/3 Leninskiye Gory , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Nikolay V Lukashev
- Chemistry Department , M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University , 1/3 Leninskiye Gory , Moscow 119991 , Russia
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33
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Muthusamy G, Pansare SV. Stereoselective synthesis of E-3-(arylmethylidene)-5-(alkyl/aryl)-2(3H)-furanones by sequential hydroacyloxylation-Mizoroki–Heck reactions of iodoalkynes. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:7971-7983. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02063a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stereoselective hydroacyloxylation of iodoalkynes with β-aryl cinnamic acids and subsequent Mizoroki–Heck reaction provides an efficient route to substituted 2(3H)-furanones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunil V. Pansare
- Department of Chemistry
- Memorial University
- St. John's
- Canada A1B 3X7
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34
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Liu Y, Huang D, Huang J, Maruoka K. Hypervalent Iodine Mediated Chemoselective Iodination of Alkynes. J Org Chem 2017; 82:11865-11871. [PMID: 28803465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Reported herein are practical approaches for the chemoselective mono-, di-, and tri-iodination of alkynes based on efficient oxidative iodinations catalyzed by hypervalent iodine reagents. The reaction conditions were systematically optimized by altering the iodine source and/or the hypervalent iodine reagent system. The tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI)/(diacetoxyiodo)benzene (PIDA) system is specific for monoiodination, while the KI/PIDA system results in di-iodination. Combining the TBAI/PIDA and KI/PIDA systems in one pot provided the corresponding tri-iodination products efficiently. These reaction conditions can be applied to the synthetically important iodination of aromatic and aliphatic alkynes, which was accomplished in good yield (up to 99%) and excellent chemoselectivity. These synthetic methods can also be applied to the efficient chemoselective synthesis of iodoalkyne derivatives, intermediates, and related biologically active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology , No.100, West Waihuan Road, HEMC, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Daya Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology , No.100, West Waihuan Road, HEMC, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ju Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology , No.100, West Waihuan Road, HEMC, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Keiji Maruoka
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology , No.100, West Waihuan Road, HEMC, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University , Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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35
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Synthesis of heteroleptic copper(I) complexes with phosphine-functionalized thiosemicarbazones: An efficient catalyst for regioselective N -alkylation reactions. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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36
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Dheer D, Rawal RK, Singh V, Sangwan P, Das P, Shankar R. β-CD/CuI catalyzed regioselective synthesis of iodo substituted 1,2,3-triazoles, imidazo[1,2-a]-pyridines and benzoimidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles in water and their functionalization. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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37
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Wang X, Wang X, Wang X, Zhang J, Liu C, Hu Y. In‐situ
Generated and Premade 1‐Copper(I) Alkynes in Cycloadditions. CHEM REC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201700011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of ChemistryTsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Xingyong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of ChemistryTsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of ChemistryTsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Jianlan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of ChemistryTsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Chulong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of ChemistryTsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Yuefei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of ChemistryTsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
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38
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Chung R, Vo A, Hein JE. Copper-Catalyzed Hydrogen/Iodine Exchange in Terminal and 1-Iodoalkynes. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b03515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Chung
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Anh Vo
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Jason E. Hein
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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39
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Li L, Ding S, Yang Y, Zhu A, Fan X, Cui M, Chen C, Zhang G. Multicomponent Aqueous Synthesis of Iodo-1,2,3-triazoles: Single-Step Models for Dual Modification of Free Peptide and Radioactive Iodo Labeling. Chemistry 2016; 23:1166-1172. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green; Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical; Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Henan Normal University; Xinxiang Henan 453007 P.R. China
| | - Shengqiang Ding
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green; Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical; Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Henan Normal University; Xinxiang Henan 453007 P.R. China
| | - Yanping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Beijing Normal University; Beijing 100875 P.R. China
| | - Anlian Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green; Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical; Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Henan Normal University; Xinxiang Henan 453007 P.R. China
| | - Xincui Fan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green; Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical; Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Henan Normal University; Xinxiang Henan 453007 P.R. China
| | - Mengchao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Beijing Normal University; Beijing 100875 P.R. China
| | - Changpo Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green; Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical; Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Henan Normal University; Xinxiang Henan 453007 P.R. China
| | - Guisheng Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green; Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical; Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Henan Normal University; Xinxiang Henan 453007 P.R. China
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40
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Neal EA, Goldup SM. A Kinetic Self-Sorting Approach to Heterocircuit [3]Rotaxanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12488-93. [PMID: 27600208 PMCID: PMC5113769 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201606640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this proof-of-concept study, an active-template coupling is used to demonstrate a novel kinetic self-sorting process. This process iteratively increases the yield of the target heterocircuit [3]rotaxane product at the expense of other threaded species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Neal
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Stephen M Goldup
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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41
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Neal EA, Goldup SM. A Kinetic Self-Sorting Approach to Heterocircuit [3]Rotaxanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201606640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A. Neal
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences; Queen Mary University of London; UK
| | - Stephen M. Goldup
- School of Chemistry; University of Southampton; Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
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42
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Özkılıç Y, Tüzün NŞ. A DFT Study on the Binuclear CuAAC Reaction: Mechanism in Light of New Experiments. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yılmaz Özkılıç
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science
and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Nurcan Ş. Tüzün
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science
and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
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43
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Wang X, Wang X, Huang D, Liu C, Wang X, Hu Y. Synthesis of 3-Iodoquinolines by Copper-Catalyzed Tandem Annulation from Diaryliodoniums, Nitriles, and 1-Iodoalkynes. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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44
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Pérez JM, Crosbie P, Lal S, Díez-González S. Copper(I)-Phosphinite Complexes in Click Cycloadditions: Three-Component Reactions and Preparation of 5-Iodotriazoles. ChemCatChem 2016; 8:2222-2226. [PMID: 27840662 PMCID: PMC5089671 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201600234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable activity displayed by copper(I)–phosphinite complexes of general formula [CuBr(L)] in two challenging cycloadditions is reported: a) the one‐pot azidonation/cycloaddition of boronic acids, NaN3, and terminal alkynes; b) the cycloaddition of azides and iodoalkynes. These air‐stable catalysts led to very good results in both cases and the expected triazoles could be isolated in pure form under ‘Click‐suitable’ conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana M Pérez
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonExhibition Road, South KensingtonLondonSW7 2AZUK; Universidad de Alicante (Spain)
| | - Peter Crosbie
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London Exhibition Road, South Kensington London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Steven Lal
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London Exhibition Road, South Kensington London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Silvia Díez-González
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London Exhibition Road, South Kensington London SW7 2AZ UK
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45
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Wang C, Ikhlef D, Kahlal S, Saillard JY, Astruc D. Metal-catalyzed azide-alkyne “click” reactions: Mechanistic overview and recent trends. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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46
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Zhu L, Brassard CJ, Zhang X, Guha PM, Clark RJ. On the Mechanism of Copper(I)-Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition. CHEM REC 2016; 16:1501-17. [PMID: 27216993 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction regiospecifically produces 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole molecules. This heterocycle formation chemistry has high tolerance to reaction conditions and substrate structures. Therefore, it has been practiced not only within, but also far beyond the area of heterocyclic chemistry. Herein, the mechanistic understanding of CuAAC is summarized, with a particular emphasis on the significance of copper/azide interactions. Our analysis concludes that the formation of the azide/copper(I) acetylide complex in the early stage of the reaction dictates the reaction rate. The subsequent triazole ring-formation step is fast and consequently possibly kinetically invisible. Therefore, structures of substrates and copper catalysts, as well as other reaction variables that are conducive to the formation of the copper/alkyne/azide ternary complex predisposed for cycloaddition would result in highly efficient CuAAC reactions. Specifically, terminal alkynes with relatively low pKa values and an inclination to engage in π-backbonding with copper(I), azides with ancillary copper-binding ligands (aka chelating azides), and copper catalysts that resist aggregation, balance redox activity with Lewis acidity, and allow for dinuclear cooperative catalysis are favored in CuAAC reactions. Brief discussions on the mechanistic aspects of internal alkyne-involved CuAAC reactions are also included, based on the relatively limited data that are available at this point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390 (USA)
| | - Christopher J Brassard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390 (USA)
| | - Xiaoguang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390 (USA)
| | - P M Guha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390 (USA)
| | - Ronald J Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390 (USA)
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47
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Yamamoto K, Bruun T, Kim JY, Zhang L, Lautens M. A New Multicomponent Multicatalyst Reaction (MC)2R: Chemoselective Cycloaddition and Latent Catalyst Activation for the Synthesis of Fully Substituted 1,2,3-Triazoles. Org Lett 2016; 18:2644-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Yamamoto
- Davenport
Research Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Theodora Bruun
- Davenport
Research Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Jung Yun Kim
- Davenport
Research Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Lei Zhang
- Davenport
Research Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Mark Lautens
- Davenport
Research Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
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48
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Hohloch S, Suntrup L, Sarkar B. Exploring potential cooperative effects in dicopper(i)-di-mesoionic carbene complexes: applications in click catalysis. Inorg Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5qi00163c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dicopper(i) dimesoionic carbene complexes are active catalysts for the azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction and are more active than their mononuclear counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Hohloch
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Berlin
- Germany
| | - Lisa Suntrup
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Berlin
- Germany
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Berlin
- Germany
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49
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Barsoum DN, Okashah N, Zhang X, Zhu L. Mechanism of Copper(I)-Catalyzed 5-Iodo-1,2,3-triazole Formation from Azide and Terminal Alkyne. J Org Chem 2015; 80:9542-51. [PMID: 26352108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
5-Iodo-1,2,3-triazole (iodotriazole) can be prepared from a copper(I)-catalyzed reaction between azide and terminal alkyne in the presence of an iodinating agent, with 5-protio-1,2,3-triazole (protiotriazole) as the side product. The increasing utilities of iodotriazoles in synthetic and supramolecular chemistry drive the efforts in improving their selective syntheses based on a sound mechanistic understanding. A routinely proposed mechanism takes the cue from the copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition, which includes copper(I) acetylide and triazolide as the early and the late intermediates, respectively. Instead of being protonated to afford protiotriazole, an iodinating agent presumably intercepts the copper(I) triazolide to give iodotriazole. The current work shows that copper(I) triazolide can be iodinated to afford iodotriazoles. However, when the reaction starts from a terminal alkyne as under the practical circumstances, 1-iodoalkyne (iodoalkyne) is an intermediate while copper(I) triazolide is bypassed on the reaction coordinate. The production of protiotriazole commences after almost all of the iodoalkyne is consumed. Using (1)H NMR to follow a homogeneous iodotriazole forming reaction, the rapid formation of an iodoalkyne is shown to dictate the selectivity of an iodotriazole over a protiotriazole. To ensure the exclusive production of iodotriazole, the complete conversion of an alkyne to an iodoalkyne has to, and can be, achieved at the early stage of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Barsoum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University , 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Najeah Okashah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University , 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Xiaoguang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University , 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University , 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
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50
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Haldón E, Nicasio MC, Pérez PJ. Copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloadditions (CuAAC): an update. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:9528-50. [PMID: 26284434 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01457c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of organic azides and alkynes catalysed by copper species represent the prototypical examples of click chemistry. The so-called CuAAC reaction (copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition), discovered in 2002, has been expanded since then to become an excellent tool in organic synthesis. In this contribution the recent results described in the literature since 2010 are reviewed, classified according to the nature of the catalyst precursor: copper(I) or copper(II) salts or complexes, metallic or nano-particulated copper and several solid-supported copper systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Haldón
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química y Ciencias de los Materiales, Campus de El Carmen s/n, Universidad de Huelva, 21007-Huelva, Spain.
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