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Bessoni Kosctiuk J, Ribeiro Neto ME, Alcoforado Pereira G, Krieger N, Zambelli Mezalira D, Pilissão C. A Multicomponent Mannich Reaction Catalyzed by Hydrolases Immobilized on Titanate Nanotubes. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300698. [PMID: 38242852 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
This study presents an innovative method for synthesizing β-amino carbonylated compounds, specifically 2-[phenyl(phenylamino)methyl] cyclohexanone, achieving high conversions and diastereomeric ratios. Using trypsin or α-chymotrypsin in both free and immobilized forms on titanate nanotubes (NtsTi), synthesized through alkaline hydrothermal methods, successful immobilization yields were attained. Notably, α-chymotrypsin, when free, displayed a diastereoselective synthesis of the anti-isomer with 97 % conversion and 16 : 84 (syn : anti) diastereomeric ratio, which slightly decreased upon immobilization on NtsTi. Trypsin, in its free form, exhibited diastereoselective recognition of the syn-isomer, while immobilization on NtsTi (trypsin/NtsTi) led to an inversion of diastereomeric ratio. Both trypsin/NtsTi and α-chymotrypsin/NtsTi demonstrated significant catalytic efficiency over five cycles. In conclusion, NtsTi serves as an effective support for trypsin and α-chymotrypsin immobilization, presenting promising prospects for diastereoselective synthesis and potential industrial applications. Furthermore, it offers promising prospects for the diastereoselective synthesis of 2-[phenyl(phenylamino)methyl] cyclohexanone through multicomponent Mannich reaction and future industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Bessoni Kosctiuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal University Technological of Paraná, 81280-340, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Matheus Enrique Ribeiro Neto
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal University Technological of Paraná, 81280-340, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Alcoforado Pereira
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal University Technological of Paraná, 81280-340, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Nadia Krieger
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná, 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Cristiane Pilissão
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal University Technological of Paraná, 81280-340, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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2
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Murre A, Mikli V, Erkman K, Kanger T. Primary amines as heterogeneous catalysts in an enantioselective [2,3]-Wittig rearrangement reaction. iScience 2023; 26:107822. [PMID: 37810234 PMCID: PMC10550720 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of heterogeneous catalysts anchored to different polystyrene-based supports has been prepared and applied in an asymmetric [2,3]-Wittig rearrangement reaction of cyclohexanone derivatives. Among them, primary amino acid-derived (aminomethylated)polystyrene-supported catalysts showed excellent reactivity leading to the formation of rearranged products in good enantioselectivities of both diastereomers. Reusability issues connected to the deactivation of the catalyst were proved to be dependent on the end-capping strategy chosen for the blocking of the unreacted active sites of the resin. This issue of end-capping has not previously been in focus. Using bulkier pivaloyl end-capping moiety, we were able to recycle the catalyst in six consecutive cycles with only marginal deceleration of the reaction. Moreover, the epimerization of the product that occurred while conducting a rearrangement reaction in the presence of a homogeneous catalyst was almost fully eliminated by switching the catalytic system to heterogeneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Murre
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Valdek Mikli
- Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Kristin Erkman
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tõnis Kanger
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
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3
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Xia Y, Ning Y, Liu M, Che FE. Recoverable PEG-Supported Amino Alcohol Ligand for Copper-Catalyzed Enantio- and syn-Selective Henry Reaction with Nitroethanol: Sustainable and Straightforward Access to Chiral syn-2-Nitro-1,3-Diols. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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Heydari M, Azizi N, Mirjafari Z, Hashemi MM. Aluminum anchored on g-C3N4 as robust catalysts for Mannich reaction at ambient temperature. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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5
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Recent advances in reactions promoted by amino acids and oligopeptides. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2018-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
During the last 20 years, Organocatalysis has become one of the major fields of Catalysis. Herein, we provide a recent overview on reactions where the use of amino acids and peptides as the organocatalysts was employed. All aspects regarding aldol reactions, Michael reactions, epoxidation, Henry reactions and many others that are crucial for the reaction conditions and reaction mechanisms are discussed.
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6
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Prabhakara MD, Maiti B. Ionic liquid-immobilized proline(s) organocatalyst-catalyzed one-pot multi-component Mannich reaction under solvent-free condition. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-020-04096-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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7
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Yu T, Ding Z, Nie W, Jiao J, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Xue C, Duan X, Yamada YMA, Li P. Recent Advances in Continuous-Flow Enantioselective Catalysis. Chemistry 2020; 26:5729-5747. [PMID: 31916323 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The increased demand for more efficient, safe, and green production in fine chemical and pharmaceutical industry calls for the development of continuous-flow manufacturing, and for chiral chemicals in particular, enantioselective catalytic processes. In recent years, this emerging direction has received considerable attention and has seen rapid progress. In most cases, catalytic enantioselective flow processes using homogeneous, heterogeneous, or enzymatic catalysts have shown significant advantages over the conventional batch mode, such as shortened reaction times, lower catalysts loadings, and higher selectivities in addition to the normal merits of non-enantioselective flow operations. In this Minireview, the advancements, key strategies, methods, and technologies developed the last six years as well as remaining challenges are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Zhengwei Ding
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Wenzheng Nie
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China.,Xian Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, P. R. China
| | - Chao Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Efficient Development and, Utilization of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, 710065, P. R. China
| | - Xinhua Duan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China.,Xian Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yoichi M A Yamada
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, 3510198, Japan
| | - Pengfei Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China.,Xian Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
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8
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Yoo WJ, Ishitani H, Saito Y, Laroche B, Kobayashi S. Reworking Organic Synthesis for the Modern Age: Synthetic Strategies Based on Continuous-Flow Addition and Condensation Reactions with Heterogeneous Catalysts. J Org Chem 2020; 85:5132-5145. [PMID: 32069417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
While organic synthesis carried out in most laboratories uses batch methods, there is growing interest in modernizing fine chemical synthesis through continuous-flow processes. As a synthetic method, flow processes have several advantages over batch systems in terms of environmental compatibility, efficiency, and safety, and recent advances have allowed for the synthesis of several complex molecules, including active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Nevertheless, due to several reasons related to the difficulties arising from byproduct formation during the flow process, such as lower yields, poor selectivities, clogging of columns due to poor solubility, catalyst poisoning, etc., successful examples of continuous-flow synthesis of complex organic molecules are still limited. In order to solve this bottleneck, the development of selective and atom-economical continuous-flow organic transformations are needed. This perspective highlights examples of atom-economical addition and condensation reactions with heterogeneous catalysts under continuous-flow conditions and their applications for the synthesis of complex organic molecules such as natural products and APIs. In order to realize new continuous-flow methodologies, based on addition and condensation reactions, in place of substitution reactions, the development of novel reactions and heterogeneous catalysts is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jin Yoo
- Green & Sustainable Chemistry Cooperation Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Haruro Ishitani
- Green & Sustainable Chemistry Cooperation Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuki Saito
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Benjamin Laroche
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shu Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Green & Sustainable Chemistry Cooperation Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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9
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Kasinathan P, Lang C, Radhakrishnan S, Schnee J, D'Haese C, Breynaert E, Martens JA, Gaigneaux EM, Jonas AM, Fernandes AE. “Click” Silica‐Supported Sulfonic Acid Catalysts with Variable Acid Strength and Surface Polarity. Chemistry 2019; 25:6753-6762. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Palraj Kasinathan
- Institute of Condensed Matter and NanosciencesUCLouvain 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Charlotte Lang
- Institute of Condensed Matter and NanosciencesUCLouvain 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Sambhu Radhakrishnan
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Characterization and Application TeamKULeuven 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Josefine Schnee
- Institute of Condensed Matter and NanosciencesUCLouvain 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Cécile D'Haese
- Institute of Condensed Matter and NanosciencesUCLouvain 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Eric Breynaert
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Characterization and Application TeamKULeuven 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Johan A. Martens
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Characterization and Application TeamKULeuven 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Eric M. Gaigneaux
- Institute of Condensed Matter and NanosciencesUCLouvain 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Alain M. Jonas
- Institute of Condensed Matter and NanosciencesUCLouvain 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Antony E. Fernandes
- Institute of Condensed Matter and NanosciencesUCLouvain 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
- Current address: Certech Rue Jules Bordet 7180 Seneffe Belgium
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10
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Chen YJ, Xiang Y, He YH, Guan Z. Anti-selective direct asymmetric Mannich reaction catalyzed by protease. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Colella M, Carlucci C, Luisi R. Supported Catalysts for Continuous Flow Synthesis. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2018; 376:46. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-018-0225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Lisnyak VG, Lynch-Colameta T, Snyder SA. Mannich-type Reactions of Cyclic Nitrones: Effective Methods for the Enantioselective Synthesis of Piperidine-containing Alkaloids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:15162-15166. [PMID: 30276949 PMCID: PMC7199385 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201809799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Even though there are dozens of biologically active 2-substituted and 2,6-disubstituted piperidines, only a limited number of approaches exist for their synthesis. Herein is described two Mannich-type additions to nitrones, one using β-ketoacids under catalyst-free conditions and another using methyl ketones in the presence of chiral thioureas, which can generate a broad array of such 2-substituted materials, as well as other ring variants, in the form of β-N-hydroxy-aminoketones. Both processes have broad scope, with the latter providing products with high enantioselectivity (up to 98 %). The combination of these methods, along with other critical steps, has enabled 8-step total syntheses of the 2,6-disubstituted piperidine alkaloids (-)-lobeline and (-)-sedinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav G Lisnyak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Tessa Lynch-Colameta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Scott A Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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13
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Lisnyak VG, Lynch‐Colameta T, Snyder SA. Mannich‐type Reactions of Cyclic Nitrones: Effective Methods for the Enantioselective Synthesis of Piperidine‐containing Alkaloids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201809799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav G. Lisnyak
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Chicago 5735 S. Ellis Avenue Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Tessa Lynch‐Colameta
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Chicago 5735 S. Ellis Avenue Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Scott A. Snyder
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Chicago 5735 S. Ellis Avenue Chicago IL 60637 USA
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14
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Rodríguez‐Escrich C, Pericàs MA. Catalytic Enantioselective Flow Processes with Solid‐Supported Chiral Catalysts. CHEM REC 2018; 19:1872-1890. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carles Rodríguez‐Escrich
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Avinguda Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Avinguda Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Departament de Química OrgànicaUniversitat de Barcelona 08080 Barcelona Spain
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15
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Ren X, Yu Z, Wu Y, Liu J, Abell C, Scherman OA. Cucurbit[7]uril-based high-performance catalytic microreactors. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:14835-14839. [PMID: 30051893 PMCID: PMC6088369 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02900h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic microreactors manufactured using microfluidic devices have received significant research interest in recent years. However, little attention has been paid to immobilising metallic nanoparticles (NPs) onto microchannel walls for high efficiency catalytic reactions. We demonstrate a facile preparation of cucurbit[7]uril-based catalytic microreactors, where metallic NPs are immobilised onto microchannels via supramolecular complexation with methyl viologen@cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]). These microreactors exhibit a remarkable catalytic activity owing to the substantially high surface area to volume ratio of the microchannels and metallic NPs. Superior to most conventional heterogeneous catalytic reactions, separation post reaction and complicated recycling steps of the catalysts are not required. Moreover, CB[7] can complex a variety of metallic NPs to its portal, providing a multifunctional high-performance in situ catalytic platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohe Ren
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis
, Department of Chemistry
, University of Cambridge
,
Lensfield Road
, Cambridge
, CB2 1EW
, UK
.
; Fax: +44 (0)1223 334866
| | - Ziyi Yu
- Department of Chemistry
, University of Cambridge
,
Lensfield Road
, Cambridge
, CB2 1EW
, UK
.
; Fax: +44 (0)1223336455
| | - Yuchao Wu
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis
, Department of Chemistry
, University of Cambridge
,
Lensfield Road
, Cambridge
, CB2 1EW
, UK
.
; Fax: +44 (0)1223 334866
| | - Ji Liu
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis
, Department of Chemistry
, University of Cambridge
,
Lensfield Road
, Cambridge
, CB2 1EW
, UK
.
; Fax: +44 (0)1223 334866
| | - Chris Abell
- Department of Chemistry
, University of Cambridge
,
Lensfield Road
, Cambridge
, CB2 1EW
, UK
.
; Fax: +44 (0)1223336455
| | - Oren A. Scherman
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis
, Department of Chemistry
, University of Cambridge
,
Lensfield Road
, Cambridge
, CB2 1EW
, UK
.
; Fax: +44 (0)1223 334866
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16
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Echave H, Bastida I, López R, Palomo C. Bifunctional Brønsted Base Catalyzed Mannich Reaction of β‐Alkoxy α‐Keto Amides: Stereocontrolled Entry to Functionalized Amino Diols. Chemistry 2018; 24:11554-11558. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haizea Echave
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de QuímicaUniversidad del País Vasco Manuel de Lardizabal 3 20018 San Sebastián Spain
| | - Iñaki Bastida
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de QuímicaUniversidad del País Vasco Manuel de Lardizabal 3 20018 San Sebastián Spain
| | - Rosa López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de QuímicaUniversidad del País Vasco Manuel de Lardizabal 3 20018 San Sebastián Spain
| | - Claudio Palomo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de QuímicaUniversidad del País Vasco Manuel de Lardizabal 3 20018 San Sebastián Spain
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17
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Synthesis of β-fluoro(dicarbonyl)ethylamines from 2-fluoro-ethylacetoacetate and dimethyl-2-fluoromalonate ester by batch and semi-continuous flow three-component Mannich reactions. J Fluor Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Nakashima E, Yamamoto H. Process Catalyst Mass Efficiency by Using Proline Tetrazole Column-Flow System. Chemistry 2018; 24:1076-1079. [PMID: 29315878 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Generally, organocatalysts are not decomposed during chemical transformation, which is different from traditional metal catalysts. To improve catalytic processes efficiency, various studies have been applied to flow synthesis for organocatalysis. Furthermore, many immobilized organocatalysts have been used for heterogeneous flow synthesis, which requires huge amounts of immobilized catalyst and requires several steps to prepare. We took advantage of organocatalysts with low-polarity organic solvent and developed a flow system through a packed-bed column with simply proline tetrazole (5-(2-pyrrolidinyl)-1H-tetrazole) for heterogeneous organocatalytic synthesis. Under ambient temperature, this heterogeneous organocatalyst continuous flow-column system with ketones as a donor provides aldol, Mannich, and o-nitroso aldol reactions in up to quantitative yields with excellent enantio- and chemoselectivity values. Our heterogeneous-flow synthesis provides extremely low process catalyst mass efficiency and continuous production without changing the packed-bed catalyst column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Nakashima
- Molecular Catalyst Research Center, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Hisashi Yamamoto
- Molecular Catalyst Research Center, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan
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19
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Yoshida M, Umeda K, Doi T. Stereoselective Synthesis of β-Amino Acid Derivatives by Asymmetric Mannich Reaction in Flow. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20170194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Yoshida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Koji Umeda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Takayuki Doi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578
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20
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Magnetic nanoparticles grafted l-carnosine dipeptide: remarkable catalytic activity in water at room temperature. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-017-1157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Zirak
- Department
of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Tehran 19395-3697, Iran
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22
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Plutschack MB, Pieber B, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH. The Hitchhiker's Guide to Flow Chemistry ∥. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11796-11893. [PMID: 28570059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1020] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Flow chemistry involves the use of channels or tubing to conduct a reaction in a continuous stream rather than in a flask. Flow equipment provides chemists with unique control over reaction parameters enhancing reactivity or in some cases enabling new reactions. This relatively young technology has received a remarkable amount of attention in the past decade with many reports on what can be done in flow. Until recently, however, the question, "Should we do this in flow?" has merely been an afterthought. This review introduces readers to the basic principles and fundamentals of flow chemistry and critically discusses recent flow chemistry accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Plutschack
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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23
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Feng L, Dai X, Meggers E, Gong L. Three-Component Asymmetric Mannich Reaction Catalyzed by a Lewis Acid with Rhodium-Centered Chirality. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:963-967. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lihe Feng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology; Department of Chemical Biology; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; 361005 Xiamen People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Dai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology; Department of Chemical Biology; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; 361005 Xiamen People's Republic of China
| | - Eric Meggers
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology; Department of Chemical Biology; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; 361005 Xiamen People's Republic of China
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Lei Gong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology; Department of Chemical Biology; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; 361005 Xiamen People's Republic of China
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24
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Cañellas S, Ayats C, Henseler AH, Pericàs MA. A Highly Active Polymer-Supported Catalyst for Asymmetric Robinson Annulations in Continuous Flow. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b03286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Cañellas
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avda. Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Carles Ayats
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avda. Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Andrea H. Henseler
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avda. Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avda. Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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25
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He Y, Jawad A, Li X, Atanga M, Rezaei F, Rownaghi AA. Direct aldol and nitroaldol condensation in an aminosilane-grafted Si/Zr/Ti composite hollow fiber as a heterogeneous catalyst and continuous-flow reactor. J Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Mayer-Gall T, Lee JW, Opwis K, List B, Gutmann JS. Textile Catalysts-An unconventional approach towards heterogeneous catalysis. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201501252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mayer-Gall
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH; Institut an der Universität Duisburg-Essen; Adlerstr. 1 47798 Krefeld Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and CENIDE; University Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstraße 5 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Ji-Woong Lee
- Department of Chemistry; University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley 94720 California USA
| | - Klaus Opwis
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH; Institut an der Universität Duisburg-Essen; Adlerstr. 1 47798 Krefeld Germany
| | - Benjamin List
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm- Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Jochen S. Gutmann
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH; Institut an der Universität Duisburg-Essen; Adlerstr. 1 47798 Krefeld Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and CENIDE; University Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstraße 5 45117 Essen Germany
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27
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Ranjbar S, Riente P, Rodríguez-Escrich C, Yadav J, Ramineni K, Pericàs MA. Polystyrene or Magnetic Nanoparticles as Support in Enantioselective Organocatalysis? A Case Study in Friedel–Crafts Chemistry. Org Lett 2016; 18:1602-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ranjbar
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science of Technology, Avda. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Paola Riente
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science of Technology, Avda. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Carles Rodríguez-Escrich
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science of Technology, Avda. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jagjit Yadav
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science of Technology, Avda. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Kishore Ramineni
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science of Technology, Avda. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science of Technology, Avda. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Department
de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, 08080 Barcelona, Spain
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28
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Rathi AK, Gawande MB, Ranc V, Pechousek J, Petr M, Cepe K, Varma RS, Zboril R. Continuous flow hydrogenation of nitroarenes, azides and alkenes using maghemite–Pd nanocomposites. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cy00956a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Maghemite-supported ultra-fine Pd (1–3 nm) nanoparticles, prepared by a simple co-precipitation method, find application in the catalytic continuous flow hydrogenation of nitroarenes, azides, and alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj K. Rathi
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Palacky University
- Olomouc
| | - Manoj B. Gawande
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Palacky University
- Olomouc
| | - Vaclav Ranc
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Palacky University
- Olomouc
| | - Jiri Pechousek
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Palacky University
- Olomouc
| | - Martin Petr
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Palacky University
- Olomouc
| | - Klara Cepe
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Palacky University
- Olomouc
| | - Rajender S. Varma
- Sustainable Technology Division
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory
- US Environmental Protection Agency
- Cincinnati
- USA
| | - Radek Zboril
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Palacky University
- Olomouc
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29
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Izquierdo J, Pericàs MA. A Recyclable, Immobilized Analogue of Benzotetramisole for Catalytic Enantioselective Domino Michael Addition/Cyclization Reactions in Batch and Flow. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b02121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Izquierdo
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Paı̈sos Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Paı̈sos Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament
de Quı́mica Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Ötvös SB, Szloszár A, Mándity IM, Fülöp F. Heterogeneous Dipeptide-Catalyzed α-Amination of Aldehydes in a Continuous-Flow Reactor: Effect of Residence Time on Enantioselectivity. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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31
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Glasnov TN. Highlights from the Flow Chemistry Literature 2014 (Parts 3 and 4). J Flow Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1556/jfc-d-14-00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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Munirathinam R, Huskens J, Verboom W. Supported Catalysis in Continuous-Flow Microreactors. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201401081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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33
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Izquierdo J, Ayats C, Henseler AH, Pericàs MA. A polystyrene-supported 9-amino(9-deoxy)epi quinine derivative for continuous flow asymmetric Michael reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:4204-9. [PMID: 25723553 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00325c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A polystyrene (PS)-supported 9-amino(9-deoxy)epi quinine derivative catalyzes Michael reactions affording excellent levels of conversion and enantioselectivity using different nucleophiles and structurally diverse enones. The highly recyclable, immobilized catalyst has been used to implement a single-pass, continuous flow process (residence time: 40 min) that can be operated for 21 hours without significant decrease in conversion and with improved enantioselectivity with respect to batch operation. The flow process has also been used for the sequential preparation of a small library of enantioenriched Michael adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Izquierdo
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avda. Països Catalans, 16, E-43007, Tarragona, Spain
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34
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Atodiresei I, Vila C, Rueping M. Asymmetric Organocatalysis in Continuous Flow: Opportunities for Impacting Industrial Catalysis. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iuliana Atodiresei
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Carlos Vila
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Magnus Rueping
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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35
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Maestre L, Ozkal E, Ayats C, Beltrán Á, Díaz-Requejo MM, Pérez PJ, Pericàs MA. A fully recyclable heterogenized Cu catalyst for the general carbene transfer reaction in batch and flow. Chem Sci 2015; 6:1510-1515. [PMID: 29560239 PMCID: PMC5811104 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03277b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A polystyrene-linked tris(triazolyl)methanecopper(i) cationic catalyst operates under heterogeneous conditions for the reaction of ethyl diazoacetate (EDA) with an array of substrates. Carbon-hydrogen as well as X-H (X = O, N) functionalization derived from the formal transfer of the carbene moiety (:CHCO2Et) from the copper center and subsequent insertion have been achieved, the reactions permitting repeated catalyst recycling and reuse. The addition of the same carbene unit to benzene leading to a cycloheptatriene derivative (Büchner reaction) or to phenylacetylene (cyclopropenation) took place at similar rates to the insertion processes and with the same catalyst recyclability. The use of this heterogenized cationic Cu catalyst in continuous flow has also been implemented. Key characteristics of the flow process are its high and constant turnover frequency (TOF) (residence times of 1 min still lead to full conversion in the reaction with ethanol after 48 h operation) and its suitability for the sequential performance of different types of carbene transfer reactions with a simple and affordable experimental setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Maestre
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea , Unidad Asociada al CSIC , CIQSO-Centro de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química y Ciencia de Materiales , Universidad de Huelva , 21007 Huelva , Spain . ; ; Tel: +34 959 219956
| | - Erhan Ozkal
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) , Avda. Països Catalans 16 , 43007 , Tarragona , Catalonia , Spain . ; Tel: +34 977 920 243
| | - Carles Ayats
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) , Avda. Països Catalans 16 , 43007 , Tarragona , Catalonia , Spain . ; Tel: +34 977 920 243
| | - Álvaro Beltrán
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea , Unidad Asociada al CSIC , CIQSO-Centro de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química y Ciencia de Materiales , Universidad de Huelva , 21007 Huelva , Spain . ; ; Tel: +34 959 219956
| | - M Mar Díaz-Requejo
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea , Unidad Asociada al CSIC , CIQSO-Centro de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química y Ciencia de Materiales , Universidad de Huelva , 21007 Huelva , Spain . ; ; Tel: +34 959 219956
| | - Pedro J Pérez
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea , Unidad Asociada al CSIC , CIQSO-Centro de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química y Ciencia de Materiales , Universidad de Huelva , 21007 Huelva , Spain . ; ; Tel: +34 959 219956
| | - Miquel A Pericàs
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) , Avda. Països Catalans 16 , 43007 , Tarragona , Catalonia , Spain . ; Tel: +34 977 920 243
- Departament de Química Orgànica , Universitat de Barcelona , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
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36
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Rodríguez-Escrich C, Pericàs MA. Organocatalysis on Tap: Enantioselective Continuous Flow Processes Mediated by Solid-Supported Chiral Organocatalysts. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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37
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Rao SN, Chandra Mohan D, Adimurthy S. H-β-zeolite catalyzed transamidation of carboxamides, phthalimide, formamides and thioamides with amines under neat conditions. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16933j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient transamidation of unactivated carboxamides, phthalimides, formamides and thioamides with amines under solvent-free conditions using H-β-zeolite as a green and recyclable heterogeneous catalyst is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadu Nageswara Rao
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research
- CSIR–Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute
- Bhavnagar-364 002
- India
| | - Darapaneni Chandra Mohan
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research
- CSIR–Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute
- Bhavnagar-364 002
- India
| | - Subbarayappa Adimurthy
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research
- CSIR–Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute
- Bhavnagar-364 002
- India
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38
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Khalafi-Nezhad A, Nourisefat M, Panahi F. l-Cysteine functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (LCMNP): a novel magnetically separable organocatalyst for one-pot synthesis of 2-amino-4H-chromene-3-carbonitriles in water. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:7772-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01030f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles were functionalized with l-cysteine using a new and efficient method and introduced as a novel magnetically separable organocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Nourisefat
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Sciences
- Shiraz University
- Shiraz
- Iran
| | - Farhad Panahi
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Sciences
- Shiraz University
- Shiraz
- Iran
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