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Lisnyak VG, Lynch-Colameta T, Snyder SA. Mannich-type Reactions of Cyclic Nitrones: Effective Methods for the Enantioselective Synthesis of Piperidine-containing Alkaloids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:15162-15166. [PMID: 30276949 PMCID: PMC7199385 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201809799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Even though there are dozens of biologically active 2-substituted and 2,6-disubstituted piperidines, only a limited number of approaches exist for their synthesis. Herein is described two Mannich-type additions to nitrones, one using β-ketoacids under catalyst-free conditions and another using methyl ketones in the presence of chiral thioureas, which can generate a broad array of such 2-substituted materials, as well as other ring variants, in the form of β-N-hydroxy-aminoketones. Both processes have broad scope, with the latter providing products with high enantioselectivity (up to 98 %). The combination of these methods, along with other critical steps, has enabled 8-step total syntheses of the 2,6-disubstituted piperidine alkaloids (-)-lobeline and (-)-sedinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav G Lisnyak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Tessa Lynch-Colameta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Scott A Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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2
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Kumar MR, Farmer PJ. Chemical trapping and characterization of small oxoacids of sulfur (SOS) generated in aqueous oxidations of H 2S. Redox Biol 2018; 14:485-491. [PMID: 29096321 PMCID: PMC5680521 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Small oxoacids of sulfur (SOS) are elusive molecules like sulfenic acid, HSOH, and sulfinic acid, HS(O)OH, generated during the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide, H2S, in aqueous solution. Unlike their alkyl homologs, there is a little data on their generation and speciation during H2S oxidation. These SOS may exhibit both nucleophilic and electrophilic reactivity, which we attribute to interconversion between S(II) and S(IV) tautomers. We find that SOS may be trapped in situ by derivatization with nucleophilic and electrophilic trapping agents and then characterized by high resolution LC MS. In this report, we compare SOS formation from H2S oxidation by a variety of biologically relevant oxidants. These SOS appear relatively long lived in aqueous solution, and thus may be involved in the observed physiological effects of H2S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugaeson R Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - Patrick J Farmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States.
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3
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Nair V, Okello M. Integrase Inhibitor Prodrugs: Approaches to Enhancing the Anti-HIV Activity of β-Diketo Acids. Molecules 2015; 20:12623-51. [PMID: 26184144 PMCID: PMC6332332 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200712623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV integrase, encoded at the 3'-end of the HIV pol gene, is essential for HIV replication. This enzyme catalyzes the incorporation of HIV DNA into human DNA, which represents the point of "no-return" in HIV infection. Integrase is a significant target in anti-HIV drug discovery. This review article focuses largely on the design of integrase inhibitors that are β-diketo acids constructed on pyridinone scaffolds. Methodologies for synthesis of these compounds are discussed. Integrase inhibition data for the strand transfer (ST) step are compared with in vitro anti-HIV data. The review also examines the issue of the lack of correlation between the ST enzymology data and anti-HIV assay results. Because this disconnect appeared to be a problem associated with permeability, prodrugs of these inhibitors were designed and synthesized. Prodrugs dramatically improved the anti-HIV activity data. For example, for compound, 96, the anti-HIV activity (EC50) improved from 500 nM for this diketo acid to 9 nM for its prodrug 116. In addition, there was excellent correlation between the IC50 and IC90 ST enzymology data for 96 (6 nM and 97 nM, respectively) and the EC50 and EC90 anti-HIV data for its prodrug 116 (9 nM and 94 nM, respectively). Finally, it was confirmed that the prodrug 116 was rapidly hydrolyzed in cells to the active compound 96.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasu Nair
- Center for Drug Discovery and College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Maurice Okello
- Center for Drug Discovery and College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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4
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Otte KB, Kirtz M, Nestl BM, Hauer B. Synthesis of 9-oxononanoic acid, a precursor for biopolymers. ChemSusChem 2013; 6:2149-56. [PMID: 23934656 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201300183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Polymers based on renewable resources have become increasingly important. The natural functionalization of fats and oils enables an easy access to interesting monomeric building blocks, which in turn transform the derivative biopolymers into high-performance materials. Unfortunately, interesting building blocks of medium-chain length are difficult to obtain by traditional chemical means. Herein, a biotechnological pathway is established that could provide an environmentally suitable and sustainable alternative. A multiple enzyme two-step one-pot process efficiently catalyzed by a coupled 9S-lipoxygenase (St-LOX1, Solanum tuberosum) and 9/13-hydroperoxide lyase (Cm-9/13HPL, Cucumis melo) cascade reaction is proposed as a potential route for the conversion of linoleic acid into 9-oxononanoic acid, which is a precursor for biopolymers. Lipoxygenase catalyzes the insertion of oxygen into linoleic acid through a radical mechanism to give 9S-hydroperoxy-octadecadienoic acid (9S-HPODE) as a cascade intermediate, which is subsequently cleaved by the action of Cm-9/13HPL. This one-pot process afforded a yield of 73 % combined with high selectivity. The best reaction performance was achieved when lipoxygenase and hydroperoxide lyase were applied in a successive rather than a simultaneous manner. Green leaf volatiles, which are desired flavor and fragrance products, are formed as by-products in this reaction cascade. Furthermore, we have investigated the enantioselectivity of 9/13-HPLs, which exhibited a strong preference for 9S-HPODE over 9R-HPODE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad B Otte
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart (Germany)
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5
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Sharma H, Sanchez TW, Neamati N, Detorio M, Schinazi RF, Cheng X, Buolamwini JK. Synthesis, docking, and biological studies of phenanthrene β-diketo acids as novel HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6146-51. [PMID: 24091080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we report the synthesis of halogen-substituted phenanthrene β-diketo acids as new HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. The target phenanthrenes were obtained using both standard thermal- and microwave-assisted synthesis. 4-(6-Chlorophenanthren-2-yl)-2,4-dioxobutanoic acid (18) was the most active compound of the series, inhibiting both 3'-end processing (3'-P) and strand transfer (ST) with IC50 values of 5 and 1.3 μM, respectively. Docking studies revealed two predominant binding modes that were distinct from the binding modes of raltegravir and elvitegravir, and suggest a novel binding region in the IN active site. Moreover, these compounds are predicted not to interact significantly with some of the key amino acids (Q148 and N155) implicated in viral resistance. Therefore, this series of compounds can further be investigated for a possible chemotype to circumvent resistance to clinical HIV-1 IN inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horrick Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Suite 327, Memphis 38163, USA
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6
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Yu SH, Tan YM, Zhao GS. [Advances in the study of HIV-1 integrase inhibitors of alpha, gamma-diketo compounds]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2010; 45:215-223. [PMID: 21351431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 integrase (IN) is an essential enzyme for retroviral replication. There is no analogue for this enzyme in human cells so that inhibition of IN will not bring strong effect on human body. Thus, HIV-1 IN has become a rational target for therapy of AIDS. This review provides a comprehensive report of alpha, gamma-diketo IN inhibitors discovered in recent years. Compilation of such data will prove to be beneficial in developing QSAR, pharmacophore hypothesis generation and validation, virtual screening and synthesis of compounds with higher activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-hui Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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7
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Abstract
Claisen condensation, the key step in constructing the pharmacophore of aryl beta-diketo acids (DKA) as integrase inhibitors, fails in certain cases of highly electron-deficient heterocycles such as purines. A general synthetic strategy to assemble the DKA motif on the purine scaffold has been accomplished. The synthetic sequence entails a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling, a C-acylation involving a tandem addition/elimination reaction, and a novel ferric ion-catalyzed selective hydrolysis of an enolic ether in the presence of a carboxylic acid ester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Uchil
- The Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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8
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Ferro S, Barreca ML, De Luca L, Rao A, Monforte AM, Debyser Z, Witvrouw M, Chimirri A. New 4-[(1-Benzyl-1H-indol-3-yl)carbonyl]-3-hydroxyfuran-2(5H)-ones, β-Diketo Acid Analogs as HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2007; 340:292-8. [PMID: 17562561 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200700066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In addition to our recent report on a series of rationally designed benzylindolyldiketo acids acting as potent HIV-1 integrase strand transfer inhibitors, we disclose the results obtained with novel compounds chemically modified on the diketo acid moiety in order to investigate its influence on the biological activity and cytotoxicity. The activity of designed and synthesized 4-[(1-benzyl-1H-indol-3-yl)carbonyl]-3-hydroxyfuran-2(5H)-one derivatives lies in the micromolar range with regard to HIV IN enzymatic activity. The microwave-assisted synthesis was employed in some steps of the chemical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Ferro
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy.
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9
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Davies AJ, Scott JP, Bishop BC, Brands KMJ, Brewer SE, Dasilva JO, Dormer PG, Dolling UH, Gibb AD, Hammond DC, Lieberman DR, Palucki M, Payack JF. A Novel Crystallization-Induced Diastereomeric Transformation Based on a Reversible Carbon−Sulfur Bond Formation. Application to the Synthesis of a γ-Secretase Inhibitor. J Org Chem 2007; 72:4864-71. [PMID: 17521199 DOI: 10.1021/jo0705925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a remarkably efficient process for the preparation of gamma-secretase inhibitor 1. The target is synthesized in only five steps with an overall yield of 58%. The key operation is a highly selective and practical, crystallization-driven transformation for the conversion of a mixture of tertiary benzylic alcohols into the desired sulfide diastereomer with 94:6 dr. This unprecedented process is based upon a reversible carbon-sulfur bond formation under acidic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony J Davies
- Department of Process Research, Merck, Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire, EN11 9BU, United Kingdom.
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10
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Abstract
The mechanism of integrase is generally accepted to be dependant on the presence of two divalent metal ions in the active site. However, the only available crystal structures of HIV-1 integrase contain either one or no metal ions, hampering structure-based design studies of integrase inhibitors. For this reason, a two-metal ion model of integrase was constructed. This model was used for computational docking studies with novel diketoacid integrase inhibitors containing pyrimidine nucleobase scaffolds. The docking protocol allowed for some steric contact between the ligand and protein during docking simulations, which implicitly accounted for potential conformational changes in the protein as a result of binding viral DNA or the ligand. The results suggest that the aromatic rings in these diketo acids bind to regions close to the viral DNA and may interfere with mobility of a vital catalytic loop. The docking data also suggest that the ligand can be prevented from adopting a favourable conformation by changes in the relative orientation of its diketo side-chain and aromatic rings. The docked pose of each of the active compounds coordinated both of the metal ions present in the active site of integrase through the diketo acid functionality of these compounds. This result is more consistent with theoretical data on inhibitor mechanism, and thus recommends this docking approach over rigid use of one-metal ion models derived from current crystal structures of integrase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur G Cox
- The Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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11
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Patil S, Kamath S, Sanchez T, Neamati N, Schinazi RF, Buolamwini JK. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 5(H)-phenanthridin-6-ones, 5(H)-phenanthridin-6-one diketo acid, and polycyclic aromatic diketo acid analogs as new HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 15:1212-28. [PMID: 17158051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2006] [Revised: 11/04/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new series of phenanthridinone derivatives, and diketo acid analogs, as well as related phenanthrene and anthracene diketo acids have been synthesized and evaluated as HIV integrase (IN) inhibitors. Several new beta-diketo acid analogs with the phenanthridinone scaffold replaced by phenanthrene, anthracene or pyrene exhibited the highest IN inhibitory potency. There is a general selectivity against the integrase strand transfer step. The most potent IN was 2,4-dioxo-4-phenanthren-9-yl-butyric acid (27f) with an IC(50) of 0.38microM against integrase strand transfer. The phenanthrene diketo acids 27d-f were more potent (IC(50)=2.7-0.38microM) than the corresponding phenanthridinone diketo acid 16 (IC(50)=65microM), suggesting that the polar amide bridge in the phenanthridinone system decreases inhibitory activity relative to the more lipophilic phenanthrene system. This might have to do with the possible binding of the aryl group of the compounds binding to a lipophilic pocket at the integrase active site as suggested by the docking simulations. Molecular modeling also suggested that effectiveness of chelation of the active site Mg(2+) contributes to IN inhibitory potency. Finally, some of the potent compounds inhibited HIV-1 replication in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with EC(50) down to 8microM for phenanthrene-3-(2,4-dioxo)butyric acid (27d), with a selectivity index of 10 against PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaputra Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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12
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Walker MA, Johnson T, Ma Z, Zhang Y, Banville J, Remillard R, Plamondon S, Pendri A, Wong H, Smith D, Torri A, Samanta H, Lin Z, Deminie C, Terry B, Krystal M, Meanwell N. Exploration of the diketoacid integrase inhibitor chemotype leading to the discovery of the anilide-ketoacids chemotype. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:5818-21. [PMID: 16971121 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Revised: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Integrase is one of three enzymes expressed by HIV and represents a validated target for therapy. A previous study of the diketoacid-based chemotype suggested that there are two aryl-binding domains on integrase. In this study, modifications to the indole-based diketoacid chemotype are explored. It is demonstrated that the indole group can be replaced with secondary but not tertiary (e.g., N-methyl) aniline-based amides without sacrificing in vitro inhibitory activity. The difference in activity between the secondary and tertiary amides is most likely due to the opposite conformational preferences of the amide bonds, s-trans for the secondary-amide and s-cis for the tertiary-amide. However, it was found that the conformational preference of the tertiary amide can be reversed by incorporating the amide nitrogen atom into an indoline heterocycle, resulting in very potent integrase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Walker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb, The Richard L Gelb Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
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13
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Sechi M, Bacchi A, Carcelli M, Compari C, Duce E, Fisicaro E, Rogolino D, Gates P, Derudas M, Al-Mawsawi LQ, Neamati N. From ligand to complexes: inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase by beta-diketo acid metal complexes. J Med Chem 2006; 49:4248-60. [PMID: 16821784 DOI: 10.1021/jm060193m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
beta-Diketo acid-containing compounds are a promising class of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase (IN) inhibitors. Starting from the hypothesis that these inhibitors are able to coordinate ions in solution before interacting on the active site, a series of potentiometric measurements have been performed to understand the coordination ability of the diketo acid pharmacophore toward the biologically relevant Mg(2+). Moreover, by using beta-diketo acid/ester as model ligands with a set of divalent metal ions (Mg, Mn, Ni, Co, Cu, and Zn), we obtained a series of complexes and tested them for anti-HIV-1 IN activity. Results demonstrate that the diketo acid functionality chelates divalent metal ions in solution, and complexes with metals in different stoichiometric ratios are isolated. We postulate that the diketo acids act as complexes in their active form. In particular, they predominantly form species such as Mg(2)L(2+) and Mg(2)L(2) (derived from diketo acids, H(2)L), and MgL(+) and MgL(2) (derived from diketo esters, HL) at physiological pH. Furthermore, the synthesized mono- and dimetallic complexes inhibited IN at a high nanomolar to low micromolar range, with metal dependency in the phenyl diketo acid series. Retrospective analysis suggests that the electronic properties of the aromatic framework influence the metal-chelating ability of the diketo acid system. Therefore, the difference in activities is related to the complexes they preferentially form in solution, and these findings are important for the design of a new generation of IN inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Sechi
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tossicologico, Università di Sassari, Via Muroni 23/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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14
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Li X, Vince R. Synthesis and biological evaluation of purine derivatives incorporating metal chelating ligands as HIV integrase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:5742-55. [PMID: 16753300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Revised: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Because of its essential role in HIV replication and lack of human counterpart, HIV integrase is an attractive target for the development of novel anti-AIDS agents. Among the recently developed integrase inhibitors, only the alpha,gamma-diketo acid (DKA) compounds were biologically validated as potent and selective integrase inhibitors. The general structure of DKAs contains a diketo acid moiety as the Mg(2+) chelating pharmacophore, and an adjacent aryl group to provide selectivity. Numerous structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies on DKAs have been conducted, which generally involved substituting the carboxylate group or the aryl group. Our objective was to investigate the SARs of the DKA molecule by incorporating a purine ring in the aryl moiety and replacing the labile diketo acid moiety with other divalent metal (Me(2+)) chelating ligands. A series of amide substituted purine derivatives were synthesized via palladium-catalyzed amidation reactions, and their biological activities against HIV integrase were evaluated. These purine derivatives showed anti-integrase activity at low micromolar range. The biological results indicated that the type of Me(2+) ligands, two-point ligand picolinamide or three-point ligand 8-hydroxy-quinoline-7-carboxamide, affected inhibitory potency depending on the substitution position of the para-fluorobenzyl group. The C(6)-,C(8)-dipicolinamide substituted purine (32) exhibited the best potency among this series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingnan Li
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, USA
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15
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Walker MA, Johnson T, Ma Z, Banville J, Remillard R, Kim O, Zhang Y, Staab A, Wong H, Torri A, Samanta H, Lin Z, Deminie C, Terry B, Krystal M, Meanwell N. Triketoacid inhibitors of HIV-integrase: A new chemotype useful for probing the integrase pharmacophore. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2920-4. [PMID: 16546383 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2006] [Revised: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Integrase is one of three enzymes expressed by HIV and represents a validated target for therapy. This study reports on the discovery of a new triketoacid-based chemotype that selectively inhibits the strand transfer reaction of HIV-integrase. SAR studies showed that the template binds to integrase in a manner similar to the diketoacid-based inhibitors. Moreover, comparison of the new chemotype to two different diketoacid templates led us to propose two aryl-binding domains in the inhibitor binding site. This information was used to design a new diketoacid template with improved activity against the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Walker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb, The Richard L Gelb Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
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16
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Li X, Vince R. Conformationally restrained carbazolone-containing α,γ-diketo acids as inhibitors of HIV integrase. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:2942-55. [PMID: 16386908 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Revised: 12/04/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Since alpha,gamma-diketo acid (DKA) compounds were identified as potent and selective inhibitors for HIV integrase, numerous structural modification studies have been carried out to search for a clinical candidate as a supplement for the highly active antiretroviral therapy regimen. Due to the lack of structural information on inhibitor-integrase interactions, a comprehensive structure-activity relationship study is necessary. Most of the reported modification studies on the key alpha,gamma-diketo acid pharmacophore focused on substituting the carboxylate moiety with its bioisosteres or other electron-pair bearing heterocycles. We were interested in studying the conformation and geometry of the central diketo moiety. A series of carbazolone-containing alpha,gamma-diketo acids were designed and synthesized by applying conformational restraint onto the open-chain form of the diketo acid. These compounds showed anti-integrase activity in the low micromolar range, and integrase assay results indicated that the geometry of the diketo acid moiety is crucial to potency. Carbazol-1-one containing DKA analogs (7-8) showed a 2- to 3-fold increase in activity compared with those of carbazol-4-one containing DKA analogs (5 and 6). Alkylation of carbazol-4-one DKA nitrogen (6a-c) led to a loss of activity, suggesting this nitrogen atom may directly interact with the active site of integrase. The halogens (7b-d) and para-fluorobenzyl substituents (8a-d) on carbazol-1-one ring had little effect on potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingnan Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, 8-123A WDH, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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17
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Di Santo R, Costi R, Roux A, Artico M, Lavecchia A, Marinelli L, Novellino E, Palmisano L, Andreotti M, Amici R, Galluzzo CM, Nencioni L, Palamara AT, Pommier Y, Marchand C. Novel bifunctional quinolonyl diketo acid derivatives as HIV-1 integrase inhibitors: design, synthesis, biological activities, and mechanism of action. J Med Chem 2006; 49:1939-45. [PMID: 16539381 PMCID: PMC2602756 DOI: 10.1021/jm0511583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The virally encoded integrase protein is an essential enzyme in the life cycle of the HIV-1 virus and represents an attractive and validated target in the development of therapeutics against HIV infection. Drugs that selectively inhibit this enzyme, when used in combination with inhibitors of reverse transcriptase and protease, are believed to be highly effective in suppressing the viral replication. Among the HIV-1 integrase inhibitors, the beta-diketo acids (DKAs) represent a major lead for anti-HIV-1 drug development. In this study, novel bifunctional quinolonyl diketo acid derivatives were designed, synthesized, and tested for their inhibitory ability against HIV-1 integrase. The compounds are potent inhibitors of integrase activity. Particularly, derivative 8 is a potent IN inhibitor for both steps of the reaction (3'-processing and strand transfer) and exhibits both high antiviral activity against HIV-1 infected cells and low cytotoxicity. Molecular modeling studies provide a plausible mechanism of action, which is consistent with ligand SARs and enzyme photo-cross-linking experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Di Santo
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. R. Di Santo: Phone&Fax: +39-6-49913150. E-mail: . A. Lavecchia: Phone&Fax: +39-81-678613. E-mail, , ,
| | | | | | | | - Antonio Lavecchia
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. R. Di Santo: Phone&Fax: +39-6-49913150. E-mail: . A. Lavecchia: Phone&Fax: +39-81-678613. E-mail, , ,
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18
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Abstract
HIV integrase is essential for HIV replication. However, there are currently no integrase inhibitors in clinical use for AIDS. We have discovered a conceptually new beta-diketo acid that is a powerful inhibitor of both the 3'-processing and strand transfer steps of HIV-1 integrase. The in vitro anti-HIV data of this inhibitor were remarkable as exemplified by its highly potent antiviral therapeutic efficacy against HIV(TEKI) and HIV-1(NL4)(-)(3) replication in PBMC (TI >4,000 and >10,000, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasu Nair
- The Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
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19
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Ma D, Jiang Y, Chen F, Gong LK, Ding K, Xu Y, Wang R, Ge A, Ren J, Li J, Li J, Ye Q. Selective Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinase Isozymes and in Vivo Protection against Emphysema by Substituted γ-Keto Carboxylic Acids. J Med Chem 2005; 49:456-8. [PMID: 16420030 DOI: 10.1021/jm051101g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitory activity of a series of gamma-keto carboxylic acids are described. Among nine MMP isozymes tested, compound 1j displays selective inhibition of MMP-2, -9, and -12 with IC(50) values between 0.20 and 1.51 microuM, and in male golden Syrian hamsters, it shows protection against PPE-induced emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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20
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Barreca ML, Ferro S, Rao A, De Luca L, Zappalà M, Monforte AM, Debyser Z, Witvrouw M, Chimirri A. Pharmacophore-Based Design of HIV-1 Integrase Strand-Transfer Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2005; 48:7084-8. [PMID: 16250669 DOI: 10.1021/jm050549e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Using a training set of diketo-like acid HIV-1 integrase (IN) strand-transfer inhibitors, a 3D pharmacophore model was derived having quantitative predictive ability in terms of activity. The best statistical hypothesis consisted of four features (one hydrophobic aromatic region, two hydrogen-bond acceptors, and one hydrogen-bond donor) with r of 0.96. The resulting pharmacophore model guided the rational design of benzylindoles as new potent IN inhibitors, whose microwave-assisted synthesis and biological evaluation are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Letizia Barreca
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
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21
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Sechi M, Sannia L, Carta F, Palomba M, Dallocchio R, Dessì A, Derudas M, Zawahir Z, Neamati N. Design of novel bioisosteres of beta-diketo acid inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase. Antivir Chem Chemother 2005; 16:41-61. [PMID: 15739621 DOI: 10.1177/095632020501600105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 integrase (IN) is an attractive and validated target for the development of novel therapeutics against AIDS. Significant efforts have been devoted to the identification of IN inhibitors using various methods. In this context, through virtual screening of the NCI database and structure-based drug design strategies, we identified several pharmacophoric fragments and incorporated them on various aromatic or heteroaromatic rings. In addition, we designed and synthesized a series of 5-aryl(heteroaryl)-isoxazole-3-carboxylic acids as biological isosteric analogues of beta-diketo acid containing inhibitors of HIV-1 IN and their derivatives. Further computational docking studies were performed to investigate the mode of interactions of the most active ligands with the IN active site. Results suggested that some of the tested compounds could be considered as lead compounds and suitable for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Sechi
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tossicologico, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
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22
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Summa V, Petrocchi A, Matassa VG, Taliani M, Laufer R, De Francesco R, Altamura S, Pace P. HCV NS5b RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors: from alpha,gamma-diketoacids to 4,5-dihydroxypyrimidine- or 3-methyl-5-hydroxypyrimidinonecarboxylic acids. Design and synthesis. J Med Chem 2004; 47:5336-9. [PMID: 15481971 DOI: 10.1021/jm0494669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
A new class of the HCV NS5b RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors, the dihyroxypyrimidinecarboxylic acid derivative, was designed from a diketoacid and meconic acid derivative discovered by screening. Mechanism of action and essential moieties required for activity were identified. The corresponding N-methylpyrimidinone was also prepared; both classes are novel, reversible, and selective inhibitors of the HCV NS5b polymerase with improved druglike characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Summa
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Biochemistry IRBM-MRL Rome, Via Pontina, Km 30.600, 00040 Pomezia (Rome), Italy.
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23
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Mueller R, Yang J, Duan C, Pop E, Geoffroy OJ, Zhang LH, Huang TB, Denisenko S, McCosar BH, Oniciu DC, Bisgaier CL, Pape ME, Freiman CD, Goetz B, Cramer CT, Hopson KL, Dasseux JLH. Long Hydrocarbon Chain Keto Diols and Diacids that Favorably Alter Lipid Disorders in Vivo. J Med Chem 2004; 47:6082-99. [PMID: 15537362 DOI: 10.1021/jm040006p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Keto-substituted hydrocarbons with 11-19 methylene and bis-terminal hydroxyl and carboxyl groups have been synthesized and evaluated in both in vivo and in vitro assays for their potential to favorably alter lipid disorders including metabolic syndrome. Compounds were assessed for their effects on the de novo incorporation of radiolabeled acetate into lipids in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes as well as for their effects on lipid and glycemic variables in obese female Zucker fatty rats [Crl:(ZUC)-faBR] following 1 and 2 weeks of oral administration. The most active compounds were found to be symmetrical with four to five methylene groups separating the central ketone functionality and the gem dimethyl or methyl/aryl substituents. Furthermore, biological activity was found to be greatest in both in vivo and in vitro assays for the tetramethyl-substituted keto diacids and diols (e.g., 10c, 10g, 14c), and the least active were shown to be the bis(arylmethyl) derivatives (e.g., 10e, 10f, 14f). Compound 14c dose-dependently elevated HDL-cholesterol, reduced triglycerides, and reduced NEFA, with a minimum effective dose of 30 mg/kg/day. Compound 1 g dose-dependently modified non-HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and nonesterified fatty acids, with a minimum effective dose of 10 mg/kg/day. At this dose, compound 10g elevated HDL-cholesterol levels 2-3 times higher than pretreatment levels, and a dose-dependent reduction of fasting insulin and glucose levels was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Mueller
- Alchem Laboratories Corporation, 13305 Rachael Boulevard, Alachua, Florida 32615, USA
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24
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Zhang X, Marchand C, Pommier Y, Burke TR. Design and synthesis of photoactivatable aryl diketo acid-containing HIV-1 integrase inhibitors as potential affinity probes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1205-7. [PMID: 14980666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2003] [Revised: 12/05/2003] [Accepted: 12/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aryl diketo acids (ADKs) represent an important new class of HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibitors. In order to facilitate examination of the structural basis underlying IN?ADK interaction, biphenyl ketone and phenyl azide photophores were incorporated into ADK structures. Of particular note is the novel dual utilization of azide and phenyketone moieties for both enzyme recognition and for crosslinking. The resulting analogues maintained low micromolar inhibitory potency against IN in recombinant in vitro assays. These potential HIV-1 integrase photoaffinity labels may provide useful tools for studying enzyme interactions of the ADK inhibitor class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechun Zhang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, PO Box B, Bldg. 376 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
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25
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Sechi M, Derudas M, Dallocchio R, Dessì A, Bacchi A, Sannia L, Carta F, Palomba M, Ragab O, Chan C, Shoemaker R, Sei S, Dayam R, Neamati N. Design and Synthesis of Novel Indole β-Diketo Acid Derivatives as HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2004; 47:5298-310. [PMID: 15456274 DOI: 10.1021/jm049944f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diketo acids such as S-1360 (1A) and L-731,988 (2) are potent and selective inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase (IN). A plethora of diketo acid-containing compounds have been claimed in patent literature without disclosing much biological activities and synthetic details (reviewed in Neamati, N. Exp. Opin. Ther. Pat. 2002, 12, 709-724). To establish a coherent structure-activity relationship among the substituted indole nucleus bearing a beta-diketo acid moiety, a series of substituted indole-beta-diketo acids (4a-f and 5a-e) were synthesized. All compounds tested showed anti-IN activity at low micromolar concentrations with varied selectivity against the strand transfer process. Three compounds, the indole-3-beta-diketo acids 5a and 5c, and the parent ester 9c, have shown an antiviral activity in cell-based assays. We further confirmed a keto-enolic structure in the 2,3-position of the diketo acid moiety of a representative compound (4c) using NMR and X-ray crystallographic analysis. Using this structure as a lead for all of our computational studies, we found that the title compounds extensively interact with the essential amino acids on the active site of IN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Sechi
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tossicologico, Università di Sassari, Via Muroni 23/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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26
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Long YQ, Jiang XH, Dayam R, Sanchez T, Shoemaker R, Sei S, Neamati N. Rational Design and Synthesis of Novel Dimeric Diketoacid-Containing Inhibitors of HIV-1 Integrase: Implication for Binding to Two Metal Ions on the Active Site of Integrase. J Med Chem 2004; 47:2561-73. [PMID: 15115398 DOI: 10.1021/jm030559k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Discovery of diketoacid-containing compounds as HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibitors played a major role in validating this enzyme as an important target for the development of therapeutics against HIV infection. In fact, S-1360, the first clinically used IN inhibitor containing a triazole ring as a bioisostere of a carboxylic acid moiety belongs to this class of compounds. To understand the role of divalent metal-chelating in the inhibition of IN (J. Med. Chem. 2002, 45, 5661-5670), we designed and synthesized a series of novel dimeric diketo-containing compounds with the notion that such dimeric compounds may simultaneously bind to two divalent metal ions on the active site of IN. We rationalized that the two diketo subunits separated by uniquely designed linkers can potentially chelate two metal ions that are either provided from one IN active site or two active sites juxtaposed together in a higher order tetramer. Herein, we show that all the new compounds are highly potent against purified IN with varied selectivity for strand transfer, and that some of the analogues exert potent inhibition of the cytopathic effect of HIV-1 in infected CEM cells. This study represents the first attempt to rationally target two divalent metal ions on the active site of IN and may have potential implications for the design of second generation diketoacid-containing class of inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qiu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, CAS, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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27
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Summa V, Petrocchi A, Pace P, Matassa VG, De Francesco R, Altamura S, Tomei L, Koch U, Neuner P. Discovery of alpha,gamma-diketo acids as potent selective and reversible inhibitors of hepatitis C virus NS5b RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. J Med Chem 2004; 47:14-7. [PMID: 14695815 DOI: 10.1021/jm0342109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
alpha,gamma-Diketo acids (DKA) were discovered from screening as selective and reversible inhibitors of hepatitis C virus NS5b RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The diketo acid moiety proved essential for activity, while substitution on the gamma position was necessary for selectivity and potency. Optimization led to the identification of a DKA inhibitor of NS5b polymerase with IC(50) = 45 nM, one of the most potent HCV NS5b polymerase inhibitors reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Summa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, IRBM-MRL Rome, Via Pontina, Km 30.600, 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy.
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28
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Abstract
Various optically active hydroxy derivatives of polyunsaturated fatty acids were easily oxidised to their corresponding keto derivatives using Dess-Martin periodinane. The reaction was run on the millimolar scale with good yields and without appreciable isomerisation of the surrounding double bonds. Reduction of these keto compounds to yield back the starting alcohols, but now as racemic mixtures, was also conducted using CeCl(3)-NaBH(4), once again without noticeable modification of the stereochemistry of the double bonds. These reactions proved the usefulness of the chemoenzymatic access to oxylipins through the use of lipoxygenases with various regiospecificity, combined with chemical transformations of the formed hydro(pero)xides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Iacazio
- Laboratoire de Bioinorganique Structurale, Case 432, UMR CNRS 6517 Chimie, Biologie et Radicaux libres, Faculté des Sciences de St Jérôme, Marseille Cedex 20, France.
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29
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Abstract
An improved and efficient oxalylation of aryl methyl ketones was accomplished with tert-butyl methyl oxalate. This is the key step in constructing the pharmacophore of aryl beta-diketo acids, which represent a promising new class of HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. Structurally diverse aryl beta-diketo acids, including bisdiketo acids, can be prepared rapidly in impressive yields under mild conditions with this method. Advantages over conventional methods with dimethyl (or diethyl) oxalate were observed in both yield and reaction time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, CAS, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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30
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] A variety of beta-amino-gamma-keto acids were prepared in four steps from commercially available l-homoserine. The reaction sequence is highlighted by a Ni-catalyzed Grignard addition to a N-protected derivative of l-homoserine. One of the beta-amino-gamma-keto acids was then used to create a beta-peptide trimer composed solely of beta-amino-gamma-keto acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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31
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Abstract
One common approach for designing protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) inhibitors is to incorporate a nonhydrolyzable phosphotyrosine (pTyr) mimic into a peptide substrate for PTPases. This report describes the synthesis of three such nonhydrolyzable pTyr mimics that contain alpha-ketoacid, alpha-hydroxyacid, and methylenesulfonamide functional groups in place of the phosphate. These pTyr mimics were incorporated into the peptide sequence Ac-Asp-Ala-Asp-Glu-X-Leu-NH(2), where X is the pTyr mimic, and analyzed for activity against the Yersinia PTPase and PTP1B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Ting Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook St. Box H, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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32
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Parkes KEB, Ermert P, Fässler J, Ives J, Martin JA, Merrett JH, Obrecht D, Williams G, Klumpp K. Use of a pharmacophore model to discover a new class of influenza endonuclease inhibitors. J Med Chem 2003; 46:1153-64. [PMID: 12646026 DOI: 10.1021/jm020334u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Data from both our own and literature studies of the biochemistry and inhibition of influenza virus endonuclease was combined with data on the mechanism of action and the likely active site mechanism to propose a pharmacophore. The pharmacophore was used to design a novel structural class of inhibitors, some of which were found to have activities similar to that of known influenza endonuclease inhibitors and were also antiviral in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin E B Parkes
- Roche Discovery Welwyn, 40 Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Herts, AL7 3AY, UK.
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33
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Zhang X, Pais GCG, Svarovskaia ES, Marchand C, Johnson AA, Karki RG, Nicklaus MC, Pathak VK, Pommier Y, Burke TR. Azido-containing aryl beta-diketo acid HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:1215-9. [PMID: 12643946 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00059-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Aryl beta-diketo acids (ADK) comprise a general class of potent HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibitors, which can exhibit selective inhibition of strand transfer reactions in extracellular recombinant IN assays and provide potent antiviral effects in HIV-infected cells. Recent studies have shown that polycyclic aryl or aryl rings bearing aryl-containing substituents are components of potent members of this class. Reported herein is the first use of azido functionality as an aryl replacement in beta-diketo acid IN inhibitors. The ability of azido-containing inhibitors to exhibit potent inhibition of IN and antiviral protection in HIV-infected cells, renders the azide group of potential value in the further development of ADK-based IN inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechun Zhang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, MD, USA
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34
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Martínez-Cuesta C, Requena T, Peláez C. Effect of bacteriocin-induced cell damage on the branched-chain amino acid transamination by Lactococcus lactis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2002; 217:109-13. [PMID: 12445653 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the bacteriocin lacticin 3147 on the branched-chain amino acid transamination by Lactococcus lactis IFPL359 was investigated. The bacteriocin provokes membrane permeabilisation of the cells, rendering them non-viable but metabolically active. Free diffusion of amino acids into the cell was facilitated. In addition, membrane permeabilisation promotes further cell lysis. Both facts render the enzymes more accessible to their substrates and hence increase branched-chain amino acid transamination. This research broadens the spectrum of technological applications of lacticin 3147 in the development of cheese flavour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Martínez-Cuesta
- Department of Science and Technology of Dairy Products, Instituto del Frío (CSIC), José Antonio Novais 10, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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35
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Speare DM, Olf P, Bugg TDH. Hammett analysis of a C-C hydrolase-catalysed reaction using synthetic 6-aryl-2-hydroxy-6-ketohexa-2,4-dienoic acid substrates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2002:2304-5. [PMID: 12430413 DOI: 10.1039/b208168g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A Hammett plot (rho = -0.71) has been measured for C-C hydrolase enzyme BphD from Pseudomonas LB400, using six 6-aryl-2-hydroxy-6-ketohexa-2,4-dienoic acids synthesised by a Heck coupling strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian M Speare
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK CV4 7AL
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36
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Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) are important targets for the treatment of insulin resistance in patients with type II diabetes and as antibacterial agents. As a result, there is a growing interest in the development of potent and specific inhibitors for these enzymes. This paper describes a series of inhibitors that contain two or three alpha-ketocarboxylic acid groups that are designed to form multiple contacts with residues inside or near the active site of phosphatases. The inhibitors have been assayed against three PTPases: the Yersinia PTPase, PTP1B, and LAR. The best of the inhibitors has IC(50) values against the Yersinia PTPase and PTP1B of 0.7 and 2.7 microM, respectively. These divalent and trivalent compounds are significantly more potent than their corresponding monovalent analogues. In addition, they show good selectivity for PTP1B and the Yersinia PTPase as compared to LAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Ting Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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37
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Abstract
Novel calpain inhibitors derived from phenyl alanine aldehydes or ketoamides carrying a benzoyl residue were prepared and evaluated for their biological potency. A brief structure-activity relationship elucidated the importance of ortho-substitutents in the benzoyl moiety. The most potent derivative, the ketoamide 19c, exhibited a K(i) of 6nM and represents a novel class of reversible, highly potent and non-peptidic calpain inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Lubisch
- Department of CNS Discovery Research, Abbott GmbH&Co. KG, PO Box 210805, 67008, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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38
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Wong MK, Yu CW, Yuen WH, Yang D. Synthesis of alpha-keto esters and amides via oxidative cleavage of cyanoketophosphoranes by dimethyldioxirane. J Org Chem 2002; 66:3606-9. [PMID: 11348154 DOI: 10.1021/jo0015974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M K Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
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39
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Abstract
A tandem chain extension-homoenolate formation reaction is described. The treatment of beta-keto esters with the Furukawa reagent followed by exposure to a catalytic amount of trimethylsilyl chloride provides access to an ester homoenolate. Reaction: see text.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hilgenkamp
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
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40
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Semple JE, Owens TD, Nguyen K, Levy OE. New synthetic technology for efficient construction of alpha-hydroxy-beta-amino amides via the Passerini reaction. Org Lett 2000; 2:2769-72. [PMID: 10964361 DOI: 10.1021/ol0061485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The Passerini reaction of N-protected amino aldehydes, isonitriles, and TFA using pyridine-type bases proceeds under mild conditions and directly affords alpha-hydroxy-beta-amino amide derivatives in moderate to high yields. These adducts are readily hydrolyzed to alpha-hydroxy-beta-amino carboxylic acids. Application of these key intermediates to concise syntheses of P(1)-alpha-ketoamide protease inhibitors is illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Semple
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Corvas International, Inc., 3030 Science Park Road, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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41
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Rodríguez S, Schroeder KT, Kayser MM, Stewart JD. Asymmetric synthesis of beta-hydroxy esters and alpha-alkyl-beta-hydroxy esters by recombinant Escherichia coli expressing enzymes from baker's yeast. J Org Chem 2000; 65:2586-7. [PMID: 10789479 DOI: 10.1021/jo9917036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Rodríguez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, USA
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42
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Nuhn P, Radman M, Hermann A, Marx K. [Synthesis of lipophilic keto acids by acylation of alkylbenzenes as potential inhibitors of phospholipase A2]. Pharmazie 1998; 53:825-9. [PMID: 10189306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Nuhn
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Haale/Saale, Germany
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43
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Abstract
Biological amino acids and alpha keto acids directly condense with decarboxylation and transamination to yield product amino acids. This process is closely related to unusual amino acid decarboxylase enzymes in certain microorganisms and may represent a primordial mode of amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Bishop
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga 37403, USA
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44
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Battaner E, Catalán J, Galán MA, de Luis JM. [A substitute treatment for dialysis?]. An Med Interna 1994; 11:17-20. [PMID: 7912959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
One of the major problems regarding the administration of amino acids by intravenous feeding is the use of racemic mixtures that are forbidden by the pharmacological regulations; other current problems is the high cost of obtaining pure amino acids. Because of this, our group has been working in the obtention of L-amino acids (assimilables by living organisms) and ketoacids (used by the body as precursors of racemic amino acid mixtures) in a less expensive and simpler way, with the aim of using these products for different pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Battaner
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Salamanca, León
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45
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Li Z, Patil GS, Golubski ZE, Hori H, Tehrani K, Foreman JE, Eveleth DD, Bartus RT, Powers JC. Peptide alpha-keto ester, alpha-keto amide, and alpha-keto acid inhibitors of calpains and other cysteine proteases. J Med Chem 1993; 36:3472-80. [PMID: 8230139 DOI: 10.1021/jm00074a031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A series of dipeptidyl and tripeptidyl alpha-keto esters, alpha-keto amides, and alpha-keto acids having leucine in the P2 position were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors for the cysteine proteases calpain I, calpain II, cathepsin B, and papain. In general, peptidyl alpha-keto acids were more inhibitory toward calpain I and II than alpha-keto amides, which in turn were more effective than alpha-keto esters. In the series Z-Leu-AA-COOEt, the inhibitory potency decreased in the order: Met (lowest KI) > Nva > Phe > 4-Cl-Phe > Abu > Nle (highest KI) with calpain I, while almost the reverse order was observed for calpain II. Extending the dipeptide alpha-keto ester to a tripeptide alpha-keto ester yielded significant enhancement in the inhibitory potency toward cathepsin B, but smaller changes toward the calpains. Changing the ester group in the alpha-keto esters did not substantially decrease KI values for calpain I and calpain II. N-Monosubstituted alpha-keto amides were better inhibitors than the corresponding alpha-keto esters. alpha-Keto amides with hydrophobic alkyl groups or alkyl groups with an attached phenyl group had the lower KI values. N,N-Disubstituted alpha-keto amides were much less potent inhibitors than the corresponding N-monosubstituted peptide alpha-keto amides. The peptide alpha-keto acid Z-Leu-Phe-COOH was the best inhibitor for calpain I (KI = 0.0085 microM) and calpain II (KI = 0.0057 microM) discovered in this study. It is likely that the inhibitors are transition-state analogs and form tetrahedral adducts with the active site cysteine of cysteine proteases and form hydrogen bonds with the active site histidine and possibly another hydrogen bond donor in the case of monosubstituted amides. Several inhibitors prevented spectrin degradation in a platelet membrane permeability assay and may be useful for the treatment of diseases which involve neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Li
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332-0400
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46
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Cignarella G, Villa S, Barlocco D. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-oxo-8-azaspiro (4,5)decan-1-ones as analogues of the muscarinic agonist RS-86. Farmaco 1993; 48:1439-45. [PMID: 8117382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A new series of 8-substituted-2-oxo-8-azaspiro (4,5)decan-1-ones has been synthesized and compounds tested for their cholinergic properties in comparison with the muscarinic agonist RS-86. Preliminary in vitro and in vivo pharmacological data indicate that none of them is provided with significant cholinergic effects either at central or peripheral level. A possible explanation for the lack of activity is given on the basis of conformational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cignarella
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Milano, Italy
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47
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Abstract
Haptens with bridge at the 2-position have not yet been explored. Radioimmunoassays with antibodies directed against 2 alpha-alkyl bridged steroid haptens are expected to be highly specific due to greater topographical exposure and similarity in conformation to the native steroid. The 2 alpha-alkyl bridged haptens were synthesized by first adding a cyclopropane ring to 2-methylene-4-en-3-one. Selective opening of the three-membered ring with trimethyl silyl iodide and transformation of the iodo group gave a carbocyclic acid, the desired analog for conjugation with protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- U R Desai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
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48
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Gotouda H. [Production of hydroxy and oxo fatty acids by microorganisms as a model of adipocere formation]. Hokkaido Igaku Zasshi 1991; 66:142-50. [PMID: 1905675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Microbial synthesis of hydroxy and oxo fatty acids was studied as one of the model of experimental adipocere formation. Conversion of various fatty acids into 10-hydroxy and 10-oxo fatty acids by Micrococcus luteus was also studied. Fatty acids possessing cis-9-unsaturated forms were converted into 10-hydroxy and 10-oxo fatty acids. On the other hand, enoic acids possessing trans-9-unsaturated form or the ones which do not have double bond at the 9 -carbon position were inactive as substrates. 10-Hydroxypalmitic and 10-hydroxystearic acids were converted into the corresponding 10-oxo fatty acids but the 10-oxo fatty acids were inactive as substrates. To study the mechanism of the formation of 10-hydroxy and 10-oxo fatty acids, the crude enzyme preparation from Flavobacterium meningosepticum solubilized by sonication was used. The mechanism of hydration and dehydrogenation was proved by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of 10-hydroxy and 10-oxo fatty acids produced from oleic acid in the presence of D2O or H218O. These results indicate that oleic acid is hydrated to 10-hydroxystearic acid at first and then, the latter compound is dehydrogenated to 10-oxostearic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gotouda
- Department of Legal Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Hirao H, Fujita T, Iwasaki Y, Ide H, Inoue S, Kitagawa K, Futaki S, Kawanishi H, Akita T. [Studies on anti-allergic agent. I. 1,2,3-trisubstituted-2-propen-1-one derivatives, 3,4-disubstituted-4-oxo-2-butenoic acids and the related compounds]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 1990; 110:727-36. [PMID: 1705979 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi1947.110.10_727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A new series of 1,2,3-trisubstituted-2-propen-1-one derivatives (9a-v, 10a-j, 13a-c, 14a-j) and 3,4-disubstituted-4-oxo-2-butenoic acids (6a-i, 7a-n) with azole compounds were synthesized. Inhibitory activities against rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction and histamine release from rat mast cells were tested. The ester derivatives (7a-n, 14a-j) exhibited a more potent inhibitory activity against histamine release compared with alkylamine (9a-v), beta-hydroxyethoxy (10a-j) and carboxylic acid (6a-i, 13a-c) derivatives, but somewhat weaker in their anti-PCA activity. Structure-activity relationships were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hirao
- Shikoku Chemical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
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50
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Abstract
Compound 8, a monocyclic analogue of compactin, has been prepared and its efficacy as an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylcoenzyme A reductase (HMGR) evaluated. The synthesis (Schemes I and II) requires seven steps starting with di-(-)-menthyl fumarate and employs the useful RR-phosphonate reagent 14 to attach the mevinic acid side chain to aldehyde 13. A molecular mechanics study shows that the preferred conformations of 18 (a model for compactin) and 19 (a model for 8) are nearly identical. Compound 8 inhibits HMGR with IC50 = 320 microM, compared to a corresponding value of 32 nM for the compactin ketone, 5. The factor of 10,000 difference in the two inhibitors corresponds to a difference in binding energy of 5.45 kcal mol-1, or 1.36 kcal mol-1 for each of the four carbons of 5 that are missing in analogue 8. This quantitative difference is consistent with the idea that the decalin moiety of the mevinic acids play a purely hydrophobic role in binding the inhibitors to the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Heathcock
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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