1
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Al-Atawi FH, Irfan A, Al-Sehemi AG. Unveiling the potential of TPA-based molecules to tune the optoelectronic properties and enhance the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells. J Mol Model 2024; 30:197. [PMID: 38836952 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-05975-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT The world's energy and environmental requirements are changing due to rapid population growth and industrial growth, and solar cells can be used to meet these demands. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are solar cells in which energy conversion occurs via a process similar to photosynthesis in plants. DSSC development is still in its infancy. DSSCs can operate under cloudy conditions and indirect sunlight and have attracted considerable attention due to their low cost and high efficiency. We designed two metal-free TPA-based dyes (Dye2 and Dye3) based on the reference dye Mg207 (Dye1) by increasing the donor strength of the molecule, as such dyes have shown enhanced efficiency in DSSCs. Moreover, the triphenylamine (TPA) moiety has been demonstrated to be a good donor that prevents charge recombination. Intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) from the donor to acceptor moiety was found in the sensitizers, and electrons were promoted to the conduction band (CB) of the TiO2 semiconductor. The negative binding energy of the dye@TiO2 clusters indicated that dye adsorption on the semiconductor surface was stable. The double donor increased the electron injection and electronic coupling constants in Dye2 and Dye3, indicating that these newly designed dyes have superior charge injection capacity. Accordingly, the efficiencies of DSSCs with Dye2 and Dye3 were 9.77% and 9.62%, respectively, and substitution with the TPA unit at the -R1 and -R2 positions in Dye1 resulted in better power conversion compared to the parent compound (9.09%). Increased donor strength improved photovoltaic performance by increasing current density and light-harvesting efficiency. This is a good molecular design approach for preparing targeted donor- π -acceptor (D- π -A) organic dyes with high DSSC efficiency. METHODS To predict the charge transport and optoelectronic characteristics of the TPA dyes, quantum chemical calculations were carried out using Gaussian16. The ground-state (S0) optimized geometries of the sensitizers were computed by utilizing DFT at the B3LYP/6-31G** level. The absorption spectra ( λ max) were computed by employing TD-DFT with various functionals (B3LYP, PBE1PBE, CAM-B3LYP, and BHandHLYP) in the gas and solvent (DCM) phases. Among the studied functionals, BHandHLYP was found to be best at successfully reproducing the experimental data. Thus, the absorption spectra of the newly designed dyes and dye@TiO2 were calculated at the BHandHLYP/6-31G** level. The dye@TiO2 cluster optimizations were carried out at the B3LYP/6-31G**(LANL2DZ) level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faoz H Al-Atawi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, 61413, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, 61413, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah G Al-Sehemi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, 61413, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Korsaye FA, Perrella F, Petrone A, Adamo C, Rega N, Ciofini I. Monitoring Density Redistribution at the Excited State in a Dual Emitting Molecule: An Analysis Based on Real-Time Density Functional Theory and Density Descriptors. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:4324-4334. [PMID: 38758031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we computed and analyzed, by means of density-based descriptors, the real-time evolution of both the locally excited (LE) and charge-transfer (CT) excited states for the planar and twisted conformations of the DMABN (4-(N,N-dimethylamino)benzonitrile) molecule using real-time time-dependent density functional theory (DFT) and three different exchange-correlation energy functionals (EXC) belonging to the same family (the PBE one). Our results based on the analysis of density-based descriptors show that the underlying EXC modifies the evolution in time of the density. In particular, comparing the frequency of density reorganization computed with the three functionals (PBE, PBE0, and LC-PBE), we found that the frequency of electronic interconversion of the individual determinants involved during the dynamics increases from PBE to PBE0 and to LC-PBE. This allows us to show that there is a correlation between the delocalization of the electronic density and the frequency of reorganization. In particular, the greater the mean hole-electron distance during the dynamics, the lower is the frequency of density reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feven-Alemu Korsaye
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Fulvio Perrella
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, I-80138 Napoli, Italia
| | - Alessio Petrone
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, I-80138 Napoli, Italia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via Cintia 21, I-80126 Napoli, Italia
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Unità di Napoli, via Cintia 21, I-80126 Napoli, Italia
| | - Carlo Adamo
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Nadia Rega
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, I-80138 Napoli, Italia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via Cintia 21, I-80126 Napoli, Italia
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Unità di Napoli, via Cintia 21, I-80126 Napoli, Italia
| | - Ilaria Ciofini
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, F-75005 Paris, France
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3
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Coppola F, Cimino P, Petrone A, Rega N. Evidence of Excited-State Vibrational Mode Governing the Photorelaxation of a Charge-Transfer Complex. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:1620-1633. [PMID: 38381887 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c08366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Modern, nonlinear, time-resolved spectroscopic techniques have opened new doors for investigating the intriguing but complex world of photoinduced ultrafast out-of-equilibrium phenomena and charge dynamics. The interaction between light and matter introduces an additional dimension, where the complex interplay between electronic and vibrational dynamics needs the most advanced theoretical-computational protocols to be fully understood on the molecular scale. In this study, we showcase the capabilities of ab initio molecular dynamics simulation integrated with a multiresolution wavelet protocol to carefully investigate the excited-state relaxation dynamics in a noncovalent complex involving tetramethylbenzene (TMB) and tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) undergoing charge transfer (CT) upon photoexcitation. Our protocol provides an accurate description that facilitates a direct comparison between transient vibrational analysis and time-resolved spectroscopic signals. This molecular level perspective enhances our understanding of photorelaxation processes confined in the adiabatic regime and offers an improved interpretation of vibrational spectra. Furthermore, it enables the quantification of anharmonic vibrational couplings between high- and low-frequency modes, specifically the TCNQ "rocking" and "bending" modes. Additionally, it identifies the primary vibrational mode that governs the adiabaticity between the ground state and the CT state. This comprehensive understanding of photorelaxation processes holds significant importance in the rational design and precise control of more efficient photovoltaic and sensor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Coppola
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, I-80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Paola Cimino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessio Petrone
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, I-80138 Napoli, Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo ed. 6, 80126 Napoli, Italia
| | - Nadia Rega
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, I-80138 Napoli, Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo ed. 6, 80126 Napoli, Italia
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4
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Herbert JM. Visualizing and characterizing excited states from time-dependent density functional theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:3755-3794. [PMID: 38226636 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04226j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) is the most widely-used electronic structure method for excited states, due to a favorable combination of low cost and semi-quantitative accuracy in many contexts, even if there are well recognized limitations. This Perspective describes various ways in which excited states from TD-DFT calculations can be visualized and analyzed, both qualitatively and quantitatively. This includes not just orbitals and densities but also well-defined statistical measures of electron-hole separation and of Frenkel-type exciton delocalization. Emphasis is placed on mathematical connections between methods that have often been discussed separately. Particular attention is paid to charge-transfer diagnostics, which provide indicators of when TD-DFT may not be trustworthy due to its categorical failure to describe long-range electron transfer. Measures of exciton size and charge separation that are directly connected to the underlying transition density are recommended over more ad hoc metrics for quantifying charge-transfer character.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Herbert
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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5
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Mandal P, Panda AN. Contrasting the excited state properties of different conformers of trans- and cis-2,2'-bipyridine oligomers in the gas phase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:2646-2656. [PMID: 38174437 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05313j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
In this article, we present conformation-dependent photophysical and excited state properties of trans- and cis- BPY oligomers. Oligomers up to tetramers for three conformers, namely, o-, m-, and p-, are constructed and optimized at the B3LYP-D3/def2-SVPD level. The photophysical and excited state properties are interpreted in terms of UV and CD spectra at the RI-ADC(2)/def2-TZVPD level. The UV spectra of oligomers of the m-conformer show high-intensity and red-shifted UV bands compared to o- and p-oligomers. The CD spectra of p-oligomers show intense CD bands compared to o- and p-oligomers in the case of trans-structures. In contrast, oligomers of each conformer of cis-structures show high-intensity CD bands. The excited states of (BPY)2 and (BPY)4 are also characterized by analysis of one-electron transition density matrix considering three descriptors: ωCT, dexc, and PRNTO. The ωCT values of dimers are in the range of 0.06-0.32, which indicates the excited states are mainly LE states, whereas, for (BPY)4, the ωCT values range from 0.17 to 0.53, indicating the possibility of partial CT in the excited states. These observations are also explained using the NTOs and e-h correlation plots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India.
| | - Aditya N Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India.
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6
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Avcı D, Cömert HE, Sönmez F, Dege N, Tamer Ö, Atalay Y. Comparative assessment of structure-property relationships of new Cu(II) complex in selected density functionals. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 305:123489. [PMID: 37844450 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the structure-property relationships of Cu(II) complex by using DFT methods, the structure of the newly synthesized Cu(II) complex, [Cu(6-Brpic)2(bpy)], was investigated by XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis, and fluorescence spectroscopic methods. In addition, Hirshfeld surface and NBO analyses were fulfilled to identify possible interactions in the intermolecular and coordination environment. The five different DFT methods (HCTH, M06L, TPSSTPSS, B3LYP, and CAM-B3LYP levels), having four different functionalities (the GGA, meta-GGA, hybrid-GGA, and range-separated hybrid), were carried out so as to investigate the structure-property relationship, considering the geometric parameters (bond lengths and angles), vibrational frequencies, electronic absorption wavelengths, electronic transitions, and linear and nonlinear optical parameters. The R2 for structural and vibrational parameters, as well as MPD%, MAD, an optimal scaling factor (λ) and overall root mean square (RMS) deviation, were considered only at vibration frequencies. While it was determined that M06-L and TPSSTPSS levels gave the best results for the bond lengths and angles of the Cu(II) complex, the best results for vibrational frequencies were obtained in the HCTH method along with these methods. In NLO parameters, the static and dynamic first-order hyperpolarizability (<β(0;0,0)> and β(-ω;ω,0)/<β(-2ω;ω,ω)>) values, the largest values were obtained in the HCTH method (38.817 × 10-30 and 437.86 × 10-30/201.55 × 10-30 esu), whereas the smallest values were found to be in the CAM-B3LYP/TPSSTPSS levels (6.118 × 10-30 esu, 8.270 × 10-30/11.730 × 10-30 esu). By regarding the static γ (<γ(0;0,0,0)>) and dynamic (<γ(-ω;ω,0,0)> parameters, the largest values were calculated in the M06L (232.101 × 10-36) and HCTH (1711.52 × 10-36) methods and the smallest values were obtained in the CAM-B3LYP (43.281 × 10-36 and 60.844 × 10-36) method. In fact, it is obviously seen that the β and γ values obtained by the aforementioned DFT levels are many times higher than that of the standard molecule of urea. These results indicate that the Cu(II) complex may be used as a potential NLO material to evolve optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davut Avcı
- Sakarya University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, 54187 Sakarya, Turkey.
| | - Hatice Esra Cömert
- Sakarya University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, 54187 Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Fatih Sönmez
- Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, Pamukova Vocational High School, 54055 Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Necmi Dege
- Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, 55139 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ömer Tamer
- Sakarya University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, 54187 Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Atalay
- Sakarya University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, 54187 Sakarya, Turkey
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7
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Mandal P, Panda AN. Conformational Effect on the Excitonic States of 2-Phenylpyridine Oligomers: Ab Initio Studies and Analysis. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7898-7907. [PMID: 37703054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report the effect of different conformations of 2-phenylpyridine oligomers ((PhPy)n=1-5) on the excited state properties from the results obtained at the RI-ADC(2)/def2-TZVP level. Three different conformers, namely, A, B, and C, are considered for each oligomer. All the oligomers of conformer A have linear-type structures, whereas conformers B and C form helical structures at n = 5 and n = 3, respectively. The differences in the geometries of the three conformers are reflected in the UV and CD spectra. The UV spectra of conformer A show high-intensity peaks compared to the conformers B and C, for each oligomer. While the helical oligomers of conformers B and C show high-intensity CD bands, the intensities of CD bands for all of the oligomers of conformer A are weaker. Analysis of the properties of the first five excited states in (PhPy)5 is carried out using three descriptors, and the results reveal that these are partially charge transfer states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Aditya N Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
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8
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Nainggolan F. Theoretical study of cis-trans isomer of 2-hydroxy-5-methyl-2'-nitroazobenzene: DFT insight. J Mol Model 2023; 29:177. [PMID: 37188843 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05583-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The synthesis of azobenzene materials is an important aspect of the research in the field of photo-switch materials. It is currently thought that azobenzene molecules exist in the cis and trans form of molecular structure configuration. However, the reaction process allowing for reversible energy switches from trans to cis form is still challenging. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the molecular properties of the azobenzene compounds in order to provide reference for future synthesis and application. Affirmation supporting this perspective has been substantially derived from theoretical results in the isomerization process and whether these molecular structures may affect the electronic properties entirely needs to be confirmed. In this study, I give my effort to understand the molecular structure properties of the cis and trans form of azobenzene molecule from 2-hydroxy-5-methyl-2'-nitroazobenzene (HMNA). Their chemistry phenomena are investigated using the density functional theory (DFT) method. This study shows that the trans-HMNA has a molecular size of 9.0 Å and the cis-HMNA has a molecular size of 6.6 Å. The trans-HMNA exhibits an electronic transition of π → π* type driven by an azo bond, whereas the cis-HMNA exhibits an electronic transition of n → π* type with respect to the non-bonding electrons of oxygen and nitrogen atoms. Therefore, the HMNA mechanism pathway from trans to cis form is feasible to undergo at the inversion pathway in the ground state. METHODS All DFT calculations were performed using the Gaussian Software Packages (Gaussian 09 Revision-A.02 and GaussView 5.0.8). Gaussum 3.0 software was selected to visualize the molecular orbital levels in the density of states diagram. The optimized molecular geometrical parameter was calculated using B3LYP/cc-pVTZ level in the gas phase. TD-DFT with M06-2X/cc-pVTZ level was used as a method for the precise interpretation of excited states in molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Nainggolan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Politeknik Teknologi Kimia Industri, Medan, Indonesia.
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9
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Bhat V, Callaway CP, Risko C. Computational Approaches for Organic Semiconductors: From Chemical and Physical Understanding to Predicting New Materials. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37141497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
While a complete understanding of organic semiconductor (OSC) design principles remains elusive, computational methods─ranging from techniques based in classical and quantum mechanics to more recent data-enabled models─can complement experimental observations and provide deep physicochemical insights into OSC structure-processing-property relationships, offering new capabilities for in silico OSC discovery and design. In this Review, we trace the evolution of these computational methods and their application to OSCs, beginning with early quantum-chemical methods to investigate resonance in benzene and building to recent machine-learning (ML) techniques and their application to ever more sophisticated OSC scientific and engineering challenges. Along the way, we highlight the limitations of the methods and how sophisticated physical and mathematical frameworks have been created to overcome those limitations. We illustrate applications of these methods to a range of specific challenges in OSCs derived from π-conjugated polymers and molecules, including predicting charge-carrier transport, modeling chain conformations and bulk morphology, estimating thermomechanical properties, and describing phonons and thermal transport, to name a few. Through these examples, we demonstrate how advances in computational methods accelerate the deployment of OSCsin wide-ranging technologies, such as organic photovoltaics (OPVs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic thermoelectrics, organic batteries, and organic (bio)sensors. We conclude by providing an outlook for the future development of computational techniques to discover and assess the properties of high-performing OSCs with greater accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Bhat
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Connor P Callaway
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
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10
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Zhang J, Tang Z, Zhang X, Zhu H, Zhao R, Lu Y, Gao J. Target State Optimized Density Functional Theory for Electronic Excited and Diabatic States. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:1777-1789. [PMID: 36917687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c01317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
A flexible self-consistent field method, called target state optimization (TSO), is presented for exploring electronic excited configurations and localized diabatic states. The key idea is to partition molecular orbitals into different subspaces according to the excitation or localization pattern for a target state. Because of the orbital-subspace constraint, orbitals belonging to different subspaces do not mix. Furthermore, the determinant wave function for such excited or diabatic configurations can be variationally optimized as a ground state procedure, unlike conventional ΔSCF methods, without the possibility of collapsing back to the ground state or other lower-energy configurations. The TSO method can be applied both in Hartree-Fock theory and in Kohn-Sham density functional theory (DFT). The density projection procedure and the working equations for implementing the TSO method are described along with several illustrative applications. For valence excited states of organic compounds, it was found that the computed excitation energies from TSO-DFT and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) are of similar quality with average errors of 0.5 and 0.4 eV, respectively. For core excitation, doubly excited states and charge-transfer states, the performance of TSO-DFT is clearly superior to that from conventional TD-DFT calculations. It is shown that variationally optimized charge-localized diabatic states can be defined using TSO-DFT in energy decomposition analysis to gain both qualitative and quantitative insights on intermolecular interactions. Alternatively, the variational diabatic states may be used in molecular dynamics simulation of charge transfer processes. The TSO method can also be used to define basis states in multistate density functional theory for excited states through nonorthogonal state interaction calculations. The software implementing TSO-DFT can be accessed from the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Tang
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.,School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ruoqi Zhao
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.,Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023 Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Yangyi Lu
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jiali Gao
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.,School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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11
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Nakata H, Fedorov DG. Analytic Gradient for Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory Combined with the Fragment Molecular Orbital Method. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:1276-1285. [PMID: 36753486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The analytic energy gradient of energy with respect to nuclear coordinates is derived for the fragment molecular orbital (FMO) method combined with time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). The response terms arising from the use of a polarizable embedding are derived. The obtained analytic FMO-TDDFT gradient is shown to be accurate in comparison to both numerical FMO-TDDFT and unfragmented TDDFT gradients, at the level of two- and three-body expansions. The gradients are used for geometry optimizations, molecular dynamics, vibrational calculations, and simulations of IR and Raman spectra of excited states. The developed method is used to optimize the geometry of the ground and excited electronic states of the photoactive yellow protein (PDB: 2PHY).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Nakata
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Dmitri G Fedorov
- Research Center for Computational Design of Advanced Functional Materials (CD-FMat), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 2, Umezono 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8568, Japan
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12
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Asogwa FC, Eze FU, Mba JO, Ezugwu JA, Louis H, Gber TE, Ogbuke SC, Ugwu MC, Adeyinka AS, Ugwu DI. Synthesis, Vibrational Analysis, Electronic Structure Property Investigation and Molecular Simulation of Sulphonamide‐Based Carboxamides against
Plasmodium
Species. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrick C. Asogwa
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Calabar Calabar Cross River State Nigeria
| | - Florence U. Eze
- Department of Pure & Industrial Chemistry University of Nigeria Nsukka Enugu State Nigeria
| | - Jenavine O. Mba
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology University of Calabar Calabar Cross River State Nigeria
| | - James A. Ezugwu
- Department of Pure & Industrial Chemistry University of Nigeria Nsukka Enugu State Nigeria
| | - Hitler Louis
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Calabar Calabar Cross River State Nigeria
| | - Terkumbur E. Gber
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Calabar Calabar Cross River State Nigeria
| | - Sunday C. Ogbuke
- Department of Pure & Industrial Chemistry University of Nigeria Nsukka Enugu State Nigeria
| | - Mirabel C. Ugwu
- Federal College of Dental Technology and Therapy Enugu Enugu State Nigeria
| | | | - David I. Ugwu
- Department of Pure & Industrial Chemistry University of Nigeria Nsukka Enugu State Nigeria
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13
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Dhiman A, Paras, Ramachandran C. Opto-electronic properties of isomers of azobispyridine. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.139956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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14
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Forde A, Freixas VM, Fernandez-Alberti S, Neukirch AJ, Tretiak S. Charge-Transfer Luminescence in a Molecular Donor-Acceptor Complex: Computational Insights. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:8755-8760. [PMID: 36099248 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor molecular complexes are a popular class of materials utilizing charge-transfer states for practical applications. A recent class of donor-acceptor dyads based on the fluorescent BODIPY functionalized with triphenylamine (TPA) shows the peculiar property of dual fluorescence. It is hypothesized that instead of the sensitized charge-transfer state being optically dark, it provides an additional bright radiative pathway. Here we use time-dependent density functional theory to characterize the energetic alignment of excitonic and charge-transfer states in a BODIPY-TPA molecular complex. We observe that using a long-range exchange corrected functional in combination with state-specific solvation scheme gives a qualitatively correct alignment of the exciton and charge-transfer states and an enhancement in oscillator strength for the equilibrium solvated charge-transfer state, in agreement with experiment. This work provides rationalization of charge-transfer state emission and provides a foundation to explore charge-transfer using ab initio excited-state nonadiabatic dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Forde
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Victor M Freixas
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologiia, Univresidad Nacional de Quilmes/CONICET, B1876BXD, Bernal, Argentina
| | | | - Amanda J Neukirch
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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15
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Synthesis, vibrational analysis, molecular property investigation, and molecular docking of new benzenesulphonamide-based carboxamide derivatives against Plasmodium falciparum. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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16
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Korsaye FA, de la Lande A, Ciofini I. Following the density evolution using real time density functional theory and density based indexes: Application to model push-pull molecules. J Comput Chem 2022; 43:1464-1473. [PMID: 35766295 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Considering as test case a family of organic rod like push-pull molecules, we derived and applied density based index enabling the description and diagnostic of the electronic density evolution in real time-time dependent density functional theory (RT-TDDFT) simulations. In particular, both the charge transfer (CT) distance and a diagnostic index, the DCT and MAC RT respectively, were computed on the fly from the density distribution obtained at a given time and the reference ground state density and their mean values were compared with what obtained at Linear Response-TDDFT level. Besides giving a way of analyzing the density redistribution occurring in time, these tools allowed to show how RT-TDDFT, which is definitely a powerful method to model the evolution of the density in CT or charge separation processes, can be affected by the same artifacts known for LR-TDDFT approaches and, particularly, to those related to the use of approximate exchange correlation functionals. The analysis here performed allowed to identify and discard on fly the electronic configurations corresponding to spurious situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feven Alemu Korsaye
- PSL University, CNRS, Chimie ParisTech-PSL, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences (i-CLeHS), Theoretical Chemistry and Modelling Group (CTM), Paris, France.,Institut de Chimie Physique, Université Paris Saclay, CNRS, UMR 8000, Orsay, France
| | - Aurélien de la Lande
- Institut de Chimie Physique, Université Paris Saclay, CNRS, UMR 8000, Orsay, France
| | - Ilaria Ciofini
- PSL University, CNRS, Chimie ParisTech-PSL, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences (i-CLeHS), Theoretical Chemistry and Modelling Group (CTM), Paris, France
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17
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Liang W, Pei Z, Mao Y, Shao Y. Evaluation of molecular photophysical and photochemical properties using linear response time-dependent density functional theory with classical embedding: Successes and challenges. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:210901. [PMID: 35676148 PMCID: PMC9162785 DOI: 10.1063/5.0088271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) based approaches have been developed in recent years to model the excited-state properties and transition processes of the molecules in the gas-phase and in a condensed medium, such as in a solution and protein microenvironment or near semiconductor and metal surfaces. In the latter case, usually, classical embedding models have been adopted to account for the molecular environmental effects, leading to the multi-scale approaches of TDDFT/polarizable continuum model (PCM) and TDDFT/molecular mechanics (MM), where a molecular system of interest is designated as the quantum mechanical region and treated with TDDFT, while the environment is usually described using either a PCM or (non-polarizable or polarizable) MM force fields. In this Perspective, we briefly review these TDDFT-related multi-scale models with a specific emphasis on the implementation of analytical energy derivatives, such as the energy gradient and Hessian, the nonadiabatic coupling, the spin-orbit coupling, and the transition dipole moment as well as their nuclear derivatives for various radiative and radiativeless transition processes among electronic states. Three variations of the TDDFT method, the Tamm-Dancoff approximation to TDDFT, spin-flip DFT, and spin-adiabatic TDDFT, are discussed. Moreover, using a model system (pyridine-Ag20 complex), we emphasize that caution is needed to properly account for system-environment interactions within the TDDFT/MM models. Specifically, one should appropriately damp the electrostatic embedding potential from MM atoms and carefully tune the van der Waals interaction potential between the system and the environment. We also highlight the lack of proper treatment of charge transfer between the quantum mechanics and MM regions as well as the need for accelerated TDDFT modelings and interpretability, which calls for new method developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- WanZhen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuezhi Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Yihan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
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18
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Mahato B, Panda AN. Effects of Heterocyclic Ring Fusion and Chain Elongation on Chiroptical Properties of Polyaza[9]helicene: A Computational Study. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:1412-1421. [PMID: 35192355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, the effect of lateral and helical extensions on the physical and chiroptical properties of azahelicenes is reported. Starting with the experimentally reported polyaza[9]helicene (9Ha), three derivatives, two with laterally fused electron-withdrawing rings and the third with larger helical length, are designed. For the excited-state properties such as UV-vis and CD spectra, performances of different DFT functionals are evaluated by comparing the energies and characters of the excited states against the ADC(2) results. CPL properties are calculated at DFT level. Among the three designed systems, pyrazine-based 9HaP shows an improved gCPL value compared to that for parent 9Ha. However, quinoxaline-based 9HaQ is found to be the worst CPL emitter with the lowest dissymmetry factor. The helically extended derivative, 11Ha, shows good CPL results, but gCPL remains smaller than that for the parent system. The CPL results are analyzed in terms of electric dipole transition moment (EDTM) and magnetic dipole transition moment (MDTM) vectors, and angles between these two vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishwanath Mahato
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Aditya N Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
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19
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Kesari S, Mishra BK, Panda AN. Excited states in RED/near infrared region TADF molecules: TDDFT vs ADC(2). Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.139383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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20
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Wang Z, Ge Q, Mao R, Qi J. Theoretical Study on the Structure and Spectral Properties of Several Classical and Non-Classical C 76 Isomers and Their Newly Synthesized Derivatives. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:742-751. [PMID: 35099953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c09978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra, as well as the ground-state electronic/geometrical structures of the newly discovered two non-classical isomers C2-C76(NC2) and C1-C76(NC3) with their derivatives C2-C76(NC2)(CF3)14 and C1-C76(NC3)Cl24, as well as the non-IPR(isolated pentagon rule) isomer C1-#17418C76 with its embedded metal fullerene U@C1-#17418C76 have been calculated at the density functional theory (DFT) level. The electronic structure after chlorination is significantly different in the simulated X-ray spectrum. Both XPS and NEXAFS spectra reflect obvious isomer dependence, indicating that the "fingerprint" in X-ray spectroscopy can provide an effective means for the identification of the above-mentioned fullerene isomers. Time-dependent DFT was used to simulate the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum of U@C1-#17418C76. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental consequence. This work reveals that theoretically simulated X-ray and UV-vis spectroscopy techniques can provide valuable information to help researchers explore the electronic structure of fullerenes and the identification of isomers in future experimental and theoretical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Wang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Xue Yuan Road 2, Universities Town, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, P. R. China
| | - Qiuyue Ge
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Xue Yuan Road 2, Universities Town, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, P. R. China
| | - Renfeng Mao
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Xue Yuan Road 2, Universities Town, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, P. R. China
| | - Jiayuan Qi
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Xue Yuan Road 2, Universities Town, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, P. R. China
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21
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Athavale V, Teh HH, Subotnik JE. On the inclusion of one double within CIS and TDDFT. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:154105. [PMID: 34686061 DOI: 10.1063/5.0064269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an improved approach for generating a set of optimized frontier orbitals (HOMO and LUMO) that minimizes the energy of one double configuration. We further benchmark the effect of including such a double within a rigorous configuration interaction singles or a parameterized semi-empirical time-dependent density functional theory Hamiltonian for a set of test cases. Although we cannot quite achieve quantitative accuracy, the algorithm is quite robust and routinely delivers an enormous qualitative improvement to standard single-reference electronic structure calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishikh Athavale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19 104-6323, USA
| | - Hung-Hsuan Teh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19 104-6323, USA
| | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19 104-6323, USA
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22
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Mao R, Wang Z, Song X, Chen WK, Qi J. Structural and Spectral Properties of a Nonclassical C 66 Isomer with Its Hydrogenated Derivative C 66H 4 in Theory. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:27101-27111. [PMID: 34693130 PMCID: PMC8529658 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
X-ray photoelectron and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra, as well as the ground-state electronic/geometrical structures of a newly discovered nonclassical isomer C 2v -C66(NC), and two classical fullerene isomers C 2-#4466C66 and C s -#4169C66 with their hydrogenated derivatives [C 2v -C66H4(NC), C 2-#4466C66H4, and C s -#4169C66H4] have been calculated at the density functional theory (DFT) level. Significant differences were observed in the electronic structures and simulated X-ray spectra after hydrogenation. Simultaneously, both X-ray photoelectron and NEXAFS spectra reflected conspicuous isomer dependence, indicating that the "fingerprints" in the X-ray spectra can offer an effective method for identifying the above-mentioned fullerene isomers. The simulated ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectroscopy of C 2v -C66H4(NC) has also been generated by means of the time-dependent DFT method, and the calculations are well consistent with the experimental results. Consequently, this work reveals that X-ray and UV-vis spectroscopy techniques can provide valuable information to help researchers explore the fullerene electronic structure and isomer identification on the future experimental and theoretical fullerene domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renfeng Mao
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou
University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou
University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxi Song
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou
University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Kai Chen
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou
University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiayuan Qi
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou
University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, People’s Republic of China
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23
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Mosquera MA. Density Functional Calculations Based on the Exponential Ansatz. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:8751-8763. [PMID: 34582684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c07113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This work explores the application of the singles-based exponential ansatz to density functional calculations. In contrast to the standard approach where Kohn-Sham (KS) orbitals are determined prior to computing molecular quantities of interest, we consider the single-reference Hartree-Fock wave function as a starting point. Applying the exponential ansatz to this single reference gives an auxiliary wave function that is employed to calculate the electronic properties of the system. This wave function is determined self-consistently through the standard KS Hamiltonian but evaluated over the Hartree-Fock molecular orbital basis. By using spin-symmetry breaking, we recover size-consistent results free of unphysical fractional charges in the dissociation limit. Our method shows consistency with standard KS density functional calculations when the system geometry is similar to the equilibrium one or in repulsive configurations. For moderately long distances between atoms, not at dissociation, because of self-interaction the exponential ansatz may give instabilities in the form of large cluster amplitudes. To avoid these, this work introduces a relatively simple regularization method that preserves size-consistency and penalizes high amplitudes of the cluster operator, whereas the results remain physically meaningful. We also present the time-dependent extension of our theory and show that it can feature quantum states where multiple electrons are excited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín A Mosquera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59718, United States
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24
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Synthesis, spectral and photochemical properties of a biphotochromic dyad based on 3-styrylbenzo[f]quinoline and 2-[2-(pyren-1-yl)ethenyl]quinoline. Russ Chem Bull 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-021-3268-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Epifanovsky E, Gilbert ATB, Feng X, Lee J, Mao Y, Mardirossian N, Pokhilko P, White AF, Coons MP, Dempwolff AL, Gan Z, Hait D, Horn PR, Jacobson LD, Kaliman I, Kussmann J, Lange AW, Lao KU, Levine DS, Liu J, McKenzie SC, Morrison AF, Nanda KD, Plasser F, Rehn DR, Vidal ML, You ZQ, Zhu Y, Alam B, Albrecht BJ, Aldossary A, Alguire E, Andersen JH, Athavale V, Barton D, Begam K, Behn A, Bellonzi N, Bernard YA, Berquist EJ, Burton HGA, Carreras A, Carter-Fenk K, Chakraborty R, Chien AD, Closser KD, Cofer-Shabica V, Dasgupta S, de Wergifosse M, Deng J, Diedenhofen M, Do H, Ehlert S, Fang PT, Fatehi S, Feng Q, Friedhoff T, Gayvert J, Ge Q, Gidofalvi G, Goldey M, Gomes J, González-Espinoza CE, Gulania S, Gunina AO, Hanson-Heine MWD, Harbach PHP, Hauser A, Herbst MF, Hernández Vera M, Hodecker M, Holden ZC, Houck S, Huang X, Hui K, Huynh BC, Ivanov M, Jász Á, Ji H, Jiang H, Kaduk B, Kähler S, Khistyaev K, Kim J, Kis G, Klunzinger P, Koczor-Benda Z, Koh JH, Kosenkov D, Koulias L, Kowalczyk T, Krauter CM, Kue K, Kunitsa A, Kus T, Ladjánszki I, Landau A, Lawler KV, Lefrancois D, Lehtola S, Li RR, Li YP, Liang J, Liebenthal M, Lin HH, Lin YS, Liu F, Liu KY, Loipersberger M, Luenser A, Manjanath A, Manohar P, Mansoor E, Manzer SF, Mao SP, Marenich AV, Markovich T, Mason S, Maurer SA, McLaughlin PF, Menger MFSJ, Mewes JM, Mewes SA, Morgante P, Mullinax JW, Oosterbaan KJ, Paran G, Paul AC, Paul SK, Pavošević F, Pei Z, Prager S, Proynov EI, Rák Á, Ramos-Cordoba E, Rana B, Rask AE, Rettig A, Richard RM, Rob F, Rossomme E, Scheele T, Scheurer M, Schneider M, Sergueev N, Sharada SM, Skomorowski W, Small DW, Stein CJ, Su YC, Sundstrom EJ, Tao Z, Thirman J, Tornai GJ, Tsuchimochi T, Tubman NM, Veccham SP, Vydrov O, Wenzel J, Witte J, Yamada A, Yao K, Yeganeh S, Yost SR, Zech A, Zhang IY, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zuev D, Aspuru-Guzik A, Bell AT, Besley NA, Bravaya KB, Brooks BR, Casanova D, Chai JD, Coriani S, Cramer CJ, Cserey G, DePrince AE, DiStasio RA, Dreuw A, Dunietz BD, Furlani TR, Goddard WA, Hammes-Schiffer S, Head-Gordon T, Hehre WJ, Hsu CP, Jagau TC, Jung Y, Klamt A, Kong J, Lambrecht DS, Liang W, Mayhall NJ, McCurdy CW, Neaton JB, Ochsenfeld C, Parkhill JA, Peverati R, Rassolov VA, Shao Y, Slipchenko LV, Stauch T, Steele RP, Subotnik JE, Thom AJW, Tkatchenko A, Truhlar DG, Van Voorhis T, Wesolowski TA, Whaley KB, Woodcock HL, Zimmerman PM, Faraji S, Gill PMW, Head-Gordon M, Herbert JM, Krylov AI. Software for the frontiers of quantum chemistry: An overview of developments in the Q-Chem 5 package. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:084801. [PMID: 34470363 PMCID: PMC9984241 DOI: 10.1063/5.0055522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 480] [Impact Index Per Article: 160.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This article summarizes technical advances contained in the fifth major release of the Q-Chem quantum chemistry program package, covering developments since 2015. A comprehensive library of exchange-correlation functionals, along with a suite of correlated many-body methods, continues to be a hallmark of the Q-Chem software. The many-body methods include novel variants of both coupled-cluster and configuration-interaction approaches along with methods based on the algebraic diagrammatic construction and variational reduced density-matrix methods. Methods highlighted in Q-Chem 5 include a suite of tools for modeling core-level spectroscopy, methods for describing metastable resonances, methods for computing vibronic spectra, the nuclear-electronic orbital method, and several different energy decomposition analysis techniques. High-performance capabilities including multithreaded parallelism and support for calculations on graphics processing units are described. Q-Chem boasts a community of well over 100 active academic developers, and the continuing evolution of the software is supported by an "open teamware" model and an increasingly modular design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Epifanovsky
- Q-Chem, Inc., 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | | | | | - Joonho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yuezhi Mao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - Pavel Pokhilko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Alec F. White
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Marc P. Coons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Adrian L. Dempwolff
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhengting Gan
- Q-Chem, Inc., 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | - Diptarka Hait
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Paul R. Horn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Leif D. Jacobson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | | | - Jörg Kussmann
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Adrian W. Lange
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Ka Un Lao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Daniel S. Levine
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - Simon C. McKenzie
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Kaushik D. Nanda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | | | - Dirk R. Rehn
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marta L. Vidal
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Bldg. 207, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Bushra Alam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Albrecht
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | | | - Ethan Alguire
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Josefine H. Andersen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Bldg. 207, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Vishikh Athavale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Dennis Barton
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Khadiza Begam
- Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA
| | - Andrew Behn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Nicole Bellonzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Yves A. Bernard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | | | - Hugh G. A. Burton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Abel Carreras
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Kevin Carter-Fenk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | | | - Alan D. Chien
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | | | - Vale Cofer-Shabica
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Saswata Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Marc de Wergifosse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Jia Deng
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Hainam Do
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Ehlert
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Po-Tung Fang
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | | | - Qingguo Feng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240, USA
| | - Triet Friedhoff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - James Gayvert
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Qinghui Ge
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Gergely Gidofalvi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gonzaga University, Spokane, Washington 99258, USA
| | - Matthew Goldey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Joe Gomes
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - Sahil Gulania
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Anastasia O. Gunina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | | | - Phillip H. P. Harbach
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Hauser
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Mario Hernández Vera
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Manuel Hodecker
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zachary C. Holden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Shannon Houck
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Xunkun Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Kerwin Hui
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Bang C. Huynh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maxim Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Ádám Jász
- Stream Novation Ltd., Práter utca 50/a, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hyunjun Ji
- Graduate School of Energy, Environment, Water and Sustainability (EEWS), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanjie Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Benjamin Kaduk
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Sven Kähler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Kirill Khistyaev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Jaehoon Kim
- Graduate School of Energy, Environment, Water and Sustainability (EEWS), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Gergely Kis
- Stream Novation Ltd., Práter utca 50/a, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Zsuzsanna Koczor-Benda
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Joong Hoon Koh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Dimitri Kosenkov
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Laura Koulias
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | | | - Caroline M. Krauter
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl Kue
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Road Section 2, Nangang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Alexander Kunitsa
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Thomas Kus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | | | - Arie Landau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Keith V. Lawler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Daniel Lefrancois
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Run R. Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Yi-Pei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jiashu Liang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Marcus Liebenthal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Hung-Hsuan Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Road Section 2, Nangang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - You-Sheng Lin
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Fenglai Liu
- Q-Chem, Inc., 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | | | | | - Arne Luenser
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Aaditya Manjanath
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Road Section 2, Nangang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Prashant Manohar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Erum Mansoor
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Sam F. Manzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Shan-Ping Mao
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | | | - Thomas Markovich
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Stephen Mason
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon A. Maurer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Peter F. McLaughlin
- Q-Chem, Inc., 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | | | - Jan-Michael Mewes
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie A. Mewes
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pierpaolo Morgante
- Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, USA
| | - J. Wayne Mullinax
- Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, USA
| | | | | | - Alexander C. Paul
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Suranjan K. Paul
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Fabijan Pavošević
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Zheng Pei
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Stefan Prager
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Emil I. Proynov
- Q-Chem, Inc., 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | - Ádám Rák
- Stream Novation Ltd., Práter utca 50/a, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eloy Ramos-Cordoba
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Bhaskar Rana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Alan E. Rask
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Adam Rettig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Ryan M. Richard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Fazle Rob
- Q-Chem, Inc., 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | - Elliot Rossomme
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Tarek Scheele
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Scheurer
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schneider
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nickolai Sergueev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240, USA
| | - Shaama M. Sharada
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Wojciech Skomorowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - David W. Small
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Christopher J. Stein
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yu-Chuan Su
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Eric J. Sundstrom
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Zhen Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Jonathan Thirman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Gábor J. Tornai
- Stream Novation Ltd., Práter utca 50/a, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Takashi Tsuchimochi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Norm M. Tubman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - Oleg Vydrov
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jan Wenzel
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jon Witte
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Atsushi Yamada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240, USA
| | - Kun Yao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Sina Yeganeh
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Shane R. Yost
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Alexander Zech
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30, Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Igor Ying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Q-Chem, Inc., 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | - Dmitry Zuev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Alán Aspuru-Guzik
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Alexis T. Bell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Besley
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ksenia B. Bravaya
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Bernard R. Brooks
- Laboratory of Computational Biophysics, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | | | - Sonia Coriani
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Bldg. 207, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | - A. Eugene DePrince
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Robert A. DiStasio
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barry D. Dunietz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240, USA
| | - Thomas R. Furlani
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | | | - Teresa Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yousung Jung
- Graduate School of Energy, Environment, Water and Sustainability (EEWS), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Andreas Klamt
- COSMOlogic GmbH & Co. KG, Imbacher Weg 46, D-51379 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Jing Kong
- Q-Chem, Inc., 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | - Daniel S. Lambrecht
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | | | | | - C. William McCurdy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Neaton
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Christian Ochsenfeld
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - John A. Parkhill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Roberto Peverati
- Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, USA
| | - Vitaly A. Rassolov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ryan P. Steele
- Department of Chemistry and Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Joseph E. Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Alex J. W. Thom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre Tkatchenko
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Donald G. Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Troy Van Voorhis
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Tomasz A. Wesolowski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30, Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - K. Birgitta Whaley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - H. Lee Woodcock
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Shirin Faraji
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9774AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - John M. Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Anna I. Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA,Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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Giannone G, Śmiga S, D'Agostino S, Fabiano E, Della Sala F. Plasmon Couplings from Subsystem Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:7246-7259. [PMID: 34403247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c05384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many applications in plasmonics are related to the coupling between metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) or between an emitter and a MNP. The theoretical analysis of such a coupling is thus of fundamental importance to analyze the plasmonic behavior and to design new systems. While classical methods neglect quantum and spill-out effects, time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) considers all of them and with Kohn-Sham orbitals delocalized over the whole system. Thus, within TD-DFT, no definite separation of the subsystems (the single MNP or the emitter) and their couplings is directly available. This important feature is obtained here using the subsystem formulation of TD-DFT, which has been originally developed in the context of weakly interacting organic molecules. In subsystem TD-DFT, interacting MNPs are treated independently, thus allowing us to compute the plasmon couplings directly from the subsystem TD-DFT transition densities. We show that subsystem TD-DFT, as well as a simplified version of it in which kinetic contributions are neglected, can reproduce the reference TD-DFT calculations for gap distances greater than about 6 Å or even smaller in the case of hybrid plasmonic systems (i.e., molecules interacting with MNPs). We also show that the subsystem TD-DFT can be also used as a tool to analyze the impact of charge-transfer effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Giannone
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti 14, Arnesano (LE) 73010, Italy.,Department of Mathematics and Physics "E. De Giorgi", University of Salento, Via Arnesano, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Szymon Śmiga
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudzia̧dzka 5, Toruń 87-100, Poland
| | - Stefania D'Agostino
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti 14, Arnesano (LE) 73010, Italy.,Department of Mathematics and Physics "E. De Giorgi", University of Salento, Via Arnesano, Lecce 73100, Italy.,Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC), c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Eduardo Fabiano
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti 14, Arnesano (LE) 73010, Italy.,Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (CNR-IMM), Via Monteroni, Campus Unisalento, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Fabio Della Sala
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti 14, Arnesano (LE) 73010, Italy.,Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (CNR-IMM), Via Monteroni, Campus Unisalento, Lecce 73100, Italy
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27
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Abstract
The existence of a two-center, three-electron hemibond in the first solvation shell of •OH(aq) has long been a matter of debate. The hemibond manifests in ab initio molecular dynamics simulations as a small-r feature in the oxygen radial distribution function (RDF) for H2O···•OH, but that feature disappears when semilocal density functionals are replaced with hybrids, suggesting a self-interaction artifact. Using periodic simulations at the PBE0+D3 level, we demonstrate that the hemibond is actually still present (as evidenced by delocalization of the spin density) but is obscured by the hydrogen-bonded feature in the RDF due to a slight elongation of the hemibond. Computed electronic spectra for •OH(aq) are in excellent agreement with experiment and confirm that hemibond-like configurations play an outsized role in the spectroscopy due to an intense charge-transfer transition that is strongly attenuated in hydrogen-bonded configurations. Apparently, 25% exact exchange (as in PBE0) is insufficient to eliminate delocalization of unpaired spins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Rana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - John M Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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28
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Titov E, Hummert J, Ikonnikov E, Mitrić R, Kornilov O. Electronic relaxation of aqueous aminoazobenzenes studied by time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and surface hopping TDDFT dynamics calculations. Faraday Discuss 2021; 228:226-241. [PMID: 33586720 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00111b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies of ultrafast relaxation of molecular chromophores are complicated by the fact that most chromophores of biological and technological importance are rather large molecules and are strongly affected by their environment, either solvent or a protein cage. Here we present an approach which allows us to follow transient electronic structure of complex photoexcited molecules. We use the method of time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy in solution to follow relaxation of two prototypical aqueous chromophores, Methyl Orange and Metanil Yellow, both of which are aminoazobenzene derivatives. Using excitation by 400 nm laser pulses and ionization by wavelength-selected 46.7 nm XUV pulses from high-order harmonic generation we follow relaxation of both molecules via the dark S1 state. The photoelectron spectra yield binding energies of both ground and excited states. We combine the experimental results with surface hopping time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations employing B3LYP+D3 and ωB97X-D functionals. The results demonstrate that the method is generally suitable for description of ultrafast dynamics in these molecules and can recover absolute binding energies observed in the experiment. The B3LYP+D3 functional appears to be better suited for these systems, especially in the case of Metanil Yellow, where it indicates the importance of an intramolecular charge transfer state. Our results pave the way towards quantitative understanding of evolving electronic structure in photo-induced relaxation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii Titov
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Straße 42, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Johan Hummert
- Max Born Institute, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Roland Mitrić
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Straße 42, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Oleg Kornilov
- Max Born Institute, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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29
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Titov E. On the Low-Lying Electronically Excited States of Azobenzene Dimers: Transition Density Matrix Analysis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 26:molecules26144245. [PMID: 34299521 PMCID: PMC8303869 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Azobenzene-containing molecules may associate with each other in systems such as self-assembled monolayers or micelles. The interaction between azobenzene units leads to a formation of exciton states in these molecular assemblies. Apart from local excitations of monomers, the electronic transitions to the exciton states may involve charge transfer excitations. Here, we perform quantum chemical calculations and apply transition density matrix analysis to quantify local and charge transfer contributions to the lowest electronic transitions in azobenzene dimers of various arrangements. We find that the transitions to the lowest exciton states of the considered dimers are dominated by local excitations, but charge transfer contributions become sizable for some of the lowest ππ* electronic transitions in stacked and slip-stacked dimers at short intermolecular distances. In addition, we assess different ways to partition the transition density matrix between fragments. In particular, we find that the inclusion of the atomic orbital overlap has a pronounced effect on quantifying charge transfer contributions if a large basis set is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii Titov
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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30
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Carter-Fenk K, Mundy CJ, Herbert JM. Natural Charge-Transfer Analysis: Eliminating Spurious Charge-Transfer States in Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory via Diabatization, with Application to Projection-Based Embedding. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:4195-4210. [PMID: 34189922 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
For many types of vertical excitation energies, linear-response time-dependent density functional theory (LR-TDDFT) offers a useful degree of accuracy combined with unrivaled computational efficiency, although charge-transfer excitation energies are often systematically and dramatically underestimated, especially for large systems and those that contain explicit solvent. As a result, low-energy electronic spectra of solution-phase chromophores often contain tens to hundreds of spurious charge-transfer states, making LR-TDDFT needlessly expensive in bulk solution. Intensity borrowing by these spurious states can affect intensities of the valence excitations, altering electronic bandshapes. At higher excitation energies, it is difficult to distinguish spurious charge-transfer states from genuine charge-transfer-to-solvent (CTTS) excitations. In this work, we introduce an automated diabatization that enables fast and effective screening of the CTTS acceptor space in bulk solution. Our procedure introduces "natural charge-transfer orbitals" that provide a means to isolate orbitals that are most likely to participate in a CTTS excitation. Projection of these orbitals onto solvent-centered virtual orbitals provides a criterion for defining the most important solvent molecules in a given excitation and be used as an automated subspace selection algorithm for projection-based embedding of a high-level description of the CTTS state in a lower-level description of its environment. We apply this method to an ab initio molecular dynamics trajectory of I-(aq) and report the lowest-energy CTTS band in the absorption spectrum. Our results are in excellent agreement with the experiment, and only one-third of the water molecules in the I-(H2O)96 simulation cell need to be described with LR-TDDFT to obtain excitation energies that are converged to <0.1 eV. The tools introduced herein will improve the accuracy, efficiency, and usability of LR-TDDFT in solution-phase environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Carter-Fenk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Christopher J Mundy
- Physical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - John M Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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31
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Coppola F, Cimino P, Raucci U, Chiariello MG, Petrone A, Rega N. Exploring the Franck-Condon region of a photoexcited charge transfer complex in solution to interpret femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy: excited state electronic structure methods to unveil non-radiative pathways. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8058-8072. [PMID: 34194695 PMCID: PMC8208128 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01238j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We present electronic structure methods to unveil the non-radiative pathways of photoinduced charge transfer (CT) reactions that play a main role in photophysics and light harvesting technologies. A prototypical π-stacked molecular complex consisting of an electron donor (1-chloronaphthalene, 1ClN) and an electron acceptor (tetracyanoethylene, TCNE) was investigated in dichloromethane solution for this purpose. The characterization of TCNE:π:1ClN in both its equilibrium ground and photoinduced low-lying CT electronic states was performed by using a reliable and accurate theoretical-computational methodology exploiting ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. The structural and vibrational time evolution of key vibrational modes is found to be in excellent agreement with femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy experiments [R. A. Mathies et al., J. Phys. Chem. A, 2018, 122, 14, 3594], unveiling a correlation between vibrational fingerprints and electronic properties. The evaluation of nonadiabatic coupling matrix elements along generalized normal modes has made possible the interpretation on the molecular scale of the activation of nonradiative relaxation pathways towards the ground electronic state. In particular, two low frequency vibrational modes such as the out of plane bending and dimer breathing and the TCNE central C[double bond, length as m-dash]C stretching play a prominent role in relaxation phenomena from the electronic CT state to the ground state one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Coppola
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo via Cintia Napoli 80126 Italy
| | - Paola Cimino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salerno Salerno 84084 Italy
| | - Umberto Raucci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo via Cintia Napoli 80126 Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Chiariello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo via Cintia Napoli 80126 Italy
| | - Alessio Petrone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo via Cintia Napoli 80126 Italy
| | - Nadia Rega
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo via Cintia Napoli 80126 Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca sui Biomateriali (CRIB) Piazzale Tecchio Napoli I-80125 Italy
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32
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Interplay between Electronic Energy Transfer and Reversible Photoreactions in a Triad Comprising Two Different Styrylbenzoquinoline Photochromes and a ′Hidden′ Quencher. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202004721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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33
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Mahato B, Panda AN. Assessing the Performance of DFT Functionals for Excited-State Properties of Pyridine-Thiophene Oligomers. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:115-125. [PMID: 33353306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c08727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we have examined the accuracy of various density functional theory (DFT) functionals to reproduce the absorption and CD spectra of pyridine-thiophene oligomers. The performance of different levels of approximations in DFT functionals is discussed with reference to the ADC(2) results. Starting from a linear system, like monomer, calculations are carried out at ADC(2) and DFT levels till a helical system, like pentamer, is formed. For vertical excitation energies, results obtained with functionals, like CAM-B3LYP, ωB97XD, and M06-2X, are closer to the ADC(2) results. However, analysis of excited-state properties shows that the state ordering patterns or results regarding natural transition orbitals from these DFT functionals sometimes differ from the ADC(2) results. Global hybrid functionals like B3LYP and PBE0 produce excitation energies which are far away from the ADC(2) benchmark results. Similarly, pure functionals and their long-range corrected versions produce either redshifted or blueshifted energies. For the CD spectra, the above three mentioned functionals, CAM-B3LYP, ωB97XD, and M06-2X, again produce spectra closer to the benchmark spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishwanath Mahato
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Aditya N Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
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34
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Abstract
Structures, electron spectroscopy and theoretical (DFT and TD DFT) analyses of two complexes of Eu(ii) with phosphonate and phosphinate ligands based on cyclen ring are presented.
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35
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Freixas VM, Nelson T, Ondarse-Alvarez D, Nijjar P, Mikhailovsky A, Zhou C, Fernandez-Alberti S, Bazan GC, Tretiak S. Experimental and theoretical study of energy transfer in a chromophore triad: What makes modeling dynamics successful? J Chem Phys 2020; 153:244114. [PMID: 33380074 DOI: 10.1063/5.0028126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simulation of electronic dynamics in realistically large molecular systems is a demanding task that has not yet achieved the same level of quantitative prediction already realized for its static counterpart. This is particularly true for processes occurring beyond the Born-Oppenheimer regime. Non-adiabatic molecular dynamics (NAMD) simulations suffer from two convoluted sources of error: numerical algorithms for dynamics and electronic structure calculations. While the former has gained increasing attention, particularly addressing the validity of ad hoc methodologies, the effect of the latter remains relatively unexplored. Indeed, the required accuracy for electronic structure calculations to reach quantitative agreement with experiment in dynamics may be even more strict than that required for static simulations. Here, we address this issue by modeling the electronic energy transfer in a donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) molecular light harvesting system using fewest switches surface hopping NAMD simulations. In the studied system, time-resolved experimental measurements deliver complete information on spectra and energy transfer rates. Subsequent modeling shows that the calculated electronic transition energies are "sufficiently good" to reproduce experimental spectra but produce over an order of magnitude error in simulated dynamical rates. We further perform simulations using artificially shifted energy gaps to investigate the complex relationship between transition energies and modeled dynamics to understand factors affecting non-radiative relaxation and energy transfer rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Freixas
- Universidad Nacional de Quilmes/CONICET, Roque Saenz Peña 352, B1876BXD Bernal, Argentina
| | - Tammie Nelson
- Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | | | - Parmeet Nijjar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062, USA
| | - Alexander Mikhailovsky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | | | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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36
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Reimers JR, Rätsep M, Freiberg A. Asymmetry in the Q y Fluorescence and Absorption Spectra of Chlorophyll a Pertaining to Exciton Dynamics. Front Chem 2020; 8:588289. [PMID: 33344415 PMCID: PMC7738624 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.588289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant asymmetry found between the high-resolution Qy emission and absorption spectra of chlorophyll-a is herein explained, providing basic information needed to understand photosynthetic exciton transport and photochemical reactions. The Qy spectral asymmetry in chlorophyll has previously been masked by interference in absorption from the nearby Qx transition, but this effect has recently been removed using extensive quantum spectral simulations or else by analytical inversion of absorption and magnetic circular dichroism data, allowing high-resolution absorption information to be accurately determined from fluorescence-excitation spectra. To compliment this, here, we measure and thoroughly analyze the high-resolution differential fluorescence line narrowing spectra of chlorophyll-a in trimethylamine and in 1-propanol. The results show that vibrational frequencies often change little between absorption and emission, yet large changes in line intensities are found, this effect also being strongly solvent dependent. Among other effects, the analysis in terms of four basic patterns of Duschinsky-rotation matrix elements, obtained using CAM-B3LYP calculations, predicts that a chlorophyll-a molecule excited into a specific vibrational level, may, without phase loss or energy relaxation, reemit the light over a spectral bandwidth exceeding 1,000 cm−1 (0.13 eV) to influence exciton-transport dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Reimers
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Margus Rätsep
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Arvi Freiberg
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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37
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Maity S, Bold BM, Prajapati JD, Sokolov M, Kubař T, Elstner M, Kleinekathöfer U. DFTB/MM Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the FMO Light-Harvesting Complex. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:8660-8667. [PMID: 32991176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Because of the size of light-harvesting complexes and the involvement of electronic degrees of freedom, computationally these systems need to be treated with a combined quantum-classical description. To this end, Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations have been employed in a quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) fashion for the ground state followed by excitation energy calculations again in a QM/MM scheme for the Fenna-Matthews-Olson (FMO) complex. The self-consistent-charge density functional tight-binding (DFTB) method electrostatically coupled to a classical description of the environment was applied to perform the ground-state dynamics. Subsequently, long-range-corrected time-dependent DFTB calculations were performed to determine the excitation energy fluctuations of the individual bacteriochlorophyll a molecules. The spectral densities obtained using this approach show an excellent agreement with experimental findings. In addition, the fluctuating site energies and couplings were used to estimate the exciton transfer dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Maity
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Beatrix M Bold
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Monja Sokolov
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tomáš Kubař
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marcus Elstner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kleinekathöfer
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
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38
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Carter-Fenk K, Herbert JM. State-Targeted Energy Projection: A Simple and Robust Approach to Orbital Relaxation of Non-Aufbau Self-Consistent Field Solutions. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:5067-5082. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Carter-Fenk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - John M. Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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39
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Ottochian A, Morgillo C, Ciofini I, Frisch MJ, Scalmani G, Adamo C. Double hybrids and time‐dependent density functional theory: An implementation and benchmark on charge transfer excited states. J Comput Chem 2020; 41:1242-1251. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alistar Ottochian
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences Paris France
| | - Carmela Morgillo
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences Paris France
| | - Ilaria Ciofini
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences Paris France
| | | | | | - Carlo Adamo
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences Paris France
- Institut Universitaire de France Paris France
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40
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Rupp S, Plasser F, Krewald V. Multi‐Tier Electronic Structure Analysis of Sita's Mo and W Complexes Capable of Thermal or Photochemical N
2
Splitting. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201901304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Severine Rupp
- Fachbereich Chemie Theoretische Chemie Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich‐Weiss‐Str. 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Felix Plasser
- Department of Chemistry Loughborough University Loughborough LE11 3TU United Kingdom
| | - Vera Krewald
- Fachbereich Chemie Theoretische Chemie Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich‐Weiss‐Str. 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
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41
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El Assyry A, Lamsayah M, Warad I, Touzani R, Bentiss F, Zarrouk A. Theoretical investigation using DFT of quinoxaline derivatives for electronic and photovoltaic effects. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03620. [PMID: 32211553 PMCID: PMC7082522 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Photovoltaic properties of solar cells based on fifteen organic dyes have been studied in this work. B3LYP/6-311G (d,p) methods are realized to obtain geometries and optimize the electronic properties, optical and photovoltaic parameters for some quinoxaline derivatives. The results showed that time dependent DFT investigations using the CAM-B3LYP method with the polarized split-valence 6-311G (d,p) basis sets and the polarizable continuum model PCM model were sensibly able to predict the excitation energies, the spectroscopy of the compounds. HOMO and LUMO energy levels of these molecules can make a positive impact on the process of electron injection and dye regeneration. Gaps energy ΔEg, short-circuit current density Jsc, light-harvesting efficiency LHE, injection driving force ΔGinject, total reorganization energy λtotal and open-circuit photovoltage Voc enable qualitative predictions about the reactivity of these dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A El Assyry
- Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Critical Phenomena, University Hassan II, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sik, Casablanca, Morocco.,Laboratory of Optoelectronic, Physical Chemistry of Materials and Environment, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, PB.133, 1400, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - M Lamsayah
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment, LCAE, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, B.P. 717, 60 000, Oujda, Morocco
| | - I Warad
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, PO Box 2713, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - R Touzani
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment, LCAE, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, B.P. 717, 60 000, Oujda, Morocco
| | - F Bentiss
- Laboratoire de Catalyse et de Corrosion des Matériaux (LCCM), Faculté des Sciences, Université Chouaib Doukkali, BP 20, 24000, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - A Zarrouk
- Laboratory of Materials, Nanotechnology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Av. Ibn Battouta, P.O. Box 1014, Agdal-Rabat, Morocco
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42
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Nelson TR, White AJ, Bjorgaard JA, Sifain AE, Zhang Y, Nebgen B, Fernandez-Alberti S, Mozyrsky D, Roitberg AE, Tretiak S. Non-adiabatic Excited-State Molecular Dynamics: Theory and Applications for Modeling Photophysics in Extended Molecular Materials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:2215-2287. [PMID: 32040312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Optically active molecular materials, such as organic conjugated polymers and biological systems, are characterized by strong coupling between electronic and vibrational degrees of freedom. Typically, simulations must go beyond the Born-Oppenheimer approximation to account for non-adiabatic coupling between excited states. Indeed, non-adiabatic dynamics is commonly associated with exciton dynamics and photophysics involving charge and energy transfer, as well as exciton dissociation and charge recombination. Understanding the photoinduced dynamics in such materials is vital to providing an accurate description of exciton formation, evolution, and decay. This interdisciplinary field has matured significantly over the past decades. Formulation of new theoretical frameworks, development of more efficient and accurate computational algorithms, and evolution of high-performance computer hardware has extended these simulations to very large molecular systems with hundreds of atoms, including numerous studies of organic semiconductors and biomolecules. In this Review, we will describe recent theoretical advances including treatment of electronic decoherence in surface-hopping methods, the role of solvent effects, trivial unavoided crossings, analysis of data based on transition densities, and efficient computational implementations of these numerical methods. We also emphasize newly developed semiclassical approaches, based on the Gaussian approximation, which retain phase and width information to account for significant decoherence and interference effects while maintaining the high efficiency of surface-hopping approaches. The above developments have been employed to successfully describe photophysics in a variety of molecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammie R Nelson
- Theoretical Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Alexander J White
- Theoretical Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Josiah A Bjorgaard
- Theoretical Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Andrew E Sifain
- Theoretical Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States.,U.S. Army Research Laboratory , Aberdeen Proving Ground , Maryland 21005 , United States
| | - Yu Zhang
- Theoretical Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Benjamin Nebgen
- Theoretical Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | | | - Dmitry Mozyrsky
- Theoretical Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Adrian E Roitberg
- Department of Chemistry , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Theoretical Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
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43
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Wang C, Qiao Q, Chi W, Chen J, Liu W, Tan D, McKechnie S, Lyu D, Jiang X, Zhou W, Xu N, Zhang Q, Xu Z, Liu X. Quantitative Design of Bright Fluorophores and AIEgens by the Accurate Prediction of Twisted Intramolecular Charge Transfer (TICT). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201916357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Fluorescence Research GroupSingapore University of Technology and Design 8 Somapah Road Singapore 487372 Singapore
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical ChemistryDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
| | - Qinglong Qiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical ChemistryDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
| | - Weijie Chi
- Fluorescence Research GroupSingapore University of Technology and Design 8 Somapah Road Singapore 487372 Singapore
| | - Jie Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical ChemistryDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical ChemistryDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
| | - Davin Tan
- Fluorescence Research GroupSingapore University of Technology and Design 8 Somapah Road Singapore 487372 Singapore
| | - Scott McKechnie
- Department of PhysicsKings College London London WC2R 2LS UK
| | - Da Lyu
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore 21 Lower Kent Ridge Rd Singapore 119077 Singapore
| | - Xiao‐Fang Jiang
- School of Physics and Telecommunication EngineeringSouth China Normal University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Wei Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical ChemistryDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
| | - Ning Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical ChemistryDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
| | - Qisheng Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and FunctionalizationDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Zhaochao Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical ChemistryDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Fluorescence Research GroupSingapore University of Technology and Design 8 Somapah Road Singapore 487372 Singapore
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44
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Wang C, Qiao Q, Chi W, Chen J, Liu W, Tan D, McKechnie S, Lyu D, Jiang XF, Zhou W, Xu N, Zhang Q, Xu Z, Liu X. Quantitative Design of Bright Fluorophores and AIEgens by the Accurate Prediction of Twisted Intramolecular Charge Transfer (TICT). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10160-10172. [PMID: 31943591 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of TICT can significantly increase the brightness of fluorescent materials. Accurate prediction of TICT is thus critical for the quantitative design of high-performance fluorophores and AIEgens. TICT of 14 types of popular organic fluorophores were modeled with time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). A reliable and generalizable computational approach for modeling TICT formations was established. To demonstrate the prediction power of our approach, we quantitatively designed a boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY)-based AIEgen which exhibits (almost) barrierless TICT rotations in monomers. Subsequent experiments validated our molecular design and showed that the aggregation of this compound turns on bright emissions with ca. 27-fold fluorescence enhancement, as TICT formation is inhibited in molecular aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Fluorescence Research Group, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Singapore.,CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Qinglong Qiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Weijie Chi
- Fluorescence Research Group, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Jie Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Davin Tan
- Fluorescence Research Group, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Scott McKechnie
- Department of Physics, Kings College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Da Lyu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Xiao-Fang Jiang
- School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Ning Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Qisheng Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zhaochao Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Fluorescence Research Group, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
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45
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Rana B, Herbert JM. Role of hemibonding in the structure and ultraviolet spectroscopy of the aqueous hydroxyl radical. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:27829-27844. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05216g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a two-center, three-electron hemibond in the solvation structure of the aqueous hydroxl radical has long been debated, as its appearance can be sensitive to self-interaction error in density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Rana
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
| | - John M. Herbert
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
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46
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Gong L, Ma C, Liu T, Lv J, Xun X. Theoretical study on functionalized acrylonitrile compounds with a large second-order nonlinear optical response. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04575f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The nonlinear optical properties of the studied compounds were studied with the help of DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Gong
- Aviation University of Air Force
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Cheng Ma
- Aviation University of Air Force
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Tiejun Liu
- Aviation University of Air Force
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Jinkai Lv
- Aviation University of Air Force
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Xianchao Xun
- Aviation University of Air Force
- Changchun 130022
- China
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47
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Wen X, Graham DS, Chulhai DV, Goodpaster JD. Absolutely Localized Projection-Based Embedding for Excited States. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 16:385-398. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuelan Wen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Daniel S. Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Dhabih V. Chulhai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jason D. Goodpaster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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48
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Alkan F, Aikens CM. Understanding plasmon coupling in nanoparticle dimers using molecular orbitals and configuration interaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:23065-23075. [PMID: 31602447 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03890f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We perform a theoretical investigation of the electronic structure and optical properties of atomic nanowire and nanorod dimers using DFT and TDDFT. In both systems at separation distances larger than 0.75 nm, optical spectra show a single feature that resembles the bonding dipole plasmon (BDP) mode. A configuration interaction (CI) analysis shows that the BDP mode arises from constructive coupling of transitions, whereas the destructive coupling does not produce significant oscillator strength for such separation distances. At shorter separation distances, both constructive and destructive coupling produce oscillator strength due to wave-function overlap, which results in multiple features in the calculated spectra. Our analysis shows that a charge-transfer plasmon (CTP) mode arises from destructive coupling of transitions, whereas the BDP results from constructive coupling of the same transitions at shorter separation distances. Furthermore, the coupling elements between these transitions are shown to depend heavily on the amount of exact Hartree-Fock exchange (HFX) in the functional, which affects the splitting of CTP and BDP modes. With 50% HFX or more, the CTP and BDP modes mainly merge into a single feature in the spectra. These findings suggest that the effects of exact exchange must be assessed during the prediction of CTP modes in plasmonic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahri Alkan
- Department of Material Science & Nanotechnology Engineering, Abdullah Gül University, Kayseri 38080, Turkey
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49
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Bourass M, Bouachrine M. Étude structurale des systèmes dissymétriques de structure D-π-A à base de thiénopyrazine destinés aux cellules solaires organiques de type « bulk heterojunction » (BHJ). CAN J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2019-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Onze nouvelles molécules organiques de structure donneurs-espaceur-accepteurs (D-π-A) utilisées pour les cellules solaires organiques (OSC) basées sur la thiénopyrazine et le thiophène ont été étudiées par la théorie de la densité fonctionnelle (DFT) et la théorie de la densité fonctionnelle dépendante de temps DFT (TD-DFT), pour expliquer comment l’ordre de conjugaison influe sur les performances des cellules solaires. Le groupe accepteur d’électrons (ancrage) était composé de 2-cyanoacrylique pour tous les composés, tandis que l’unité donneuse d’électrons était variée et que son influence fut étudiée. Les résultats théoriques ont montré que les calculs TD-DFT, avec une fonction hybride d’échange – corrélation utilisant la méthode d’atténuation de Coulomb (CAM-B3LYP) en conjonction avec un modèle de solvatation à cycle continu polarisable (modèle de continuum polarisable, PCM) combinée avec la base 6-31G(d,p), était raisonnablement capable de prédire les énergies d’excitation, les spectres d’absorption et d’émission des molécules étudiées. Les niveaux d’énergie des orbitales moléculaires frontières (orbitale moléculaire occupée de plus haute énergie (HOMO) et orbitale moléculaire inoccupée de plus basse énergie (LUMO) de ces composés peuvent avoir un effet positif sur le processus d’injection et de régénération d’électrons. La tendance des lacunes calculées HOMO-LUMO se compare bien avec les données spectrales. En outre, les valeurs estimées de photovoltage en circuit ouvert (Voc) pour ces composés ont été présentées. L’étude des propriétés structurelles, électroniques et optiques de ces composés pourrait aider à concevoir des matériaux organiques photovoltaïques fonctionnels plus efficaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Bourass
- MCNS Laboratoire, Faculté des Sciences, Université Moulay Ismail, Meknes, Maroc
| | - Mohammed Bouachrine
- MCNS Laboratoire, Faculté des Sciences, Université Moulay Ismail, Meknes, Maroc
- ESTM, (LASMAR), Université Moulay Ismail, Meknes, Maroc
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Nenov A, Segatta F, Bruner A, Mukamel S, Garavelli M. X-ray linear and non-linear spectroscopy of the ESCA molecule. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:114110. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5116699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Artur Nenov
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università degli studi di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4,
40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Segatta
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università degli studi di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4,
40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Adam Bruner
- Department of Chemistry and Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697,
USA
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry and Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697,
USA
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università degli studi di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4,
40136 Bologna, Italy
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