1
|
Zhang X, He X, Cao Y, Chen T, Zheng X, Zhang S, Wu Y. Comprehensive characterization of speciated volatile organic compounds (VOCs), gas-phase and particle-phase intermediate- and semi-volatile volatility organic compounds (I/S-VOCs) from Chinese diesel trucks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168950. [PMID: 38043810 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
We established the comprehensive emission profiles of organic compounds for typical Chinese diesel trucks. The profiles cover the entire volatility range, including speciated volatile organic compounds (VOCs), intermediate-volatility organic compounds (IVOCs), and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). The VOCs and I/SVOCs were analyzed by one-dimensional gas chromatography quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC qMS) and two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-ToF-MS) separately. The impacts of starting mode and aftertreatment technology on the VOC, gaseous and particulate I/SVOC emissions, and the gas-particle partitioning were investigated. The emission factor (EF) of gas phase I/SVOCs was approximately 10 times higher than that of particle phase I/SVOCs and the chemical compositions and volatility distributions varied greatly. VOC, IVOC, and SVOC emissions significantly decreased when vehicles were equipped with advanced aftertreatment technologies. Diesel particulate filters (DPF) can remove >71 % VOC, 74 % gaseous, and 88 % particulate I/SVOCs, many of which are significant secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors. The chemical compositions and volatility distributions of the gaseous I/SVOCs and unburned diesel fuel were similar, revealing that diesel fuel is the main origin of the gaseous I/SVOCs. The I/SVOC emission profiles covering the whole volatility range, i.e., log10C* = -3 to 10 (C*: effective saturation concentration, μg m-3) were established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiao He
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yihuan Cao
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ting Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xuan Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shaojun Zhang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Ye Wu
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim BG, Lee PH, Hong J, Jang AS. Analyzing the Impact of Diesel Exhaust Particles on Lung Fibrosis Using Dual PCR Array and Proteomics: YWHAZ Signaling. TOXICS 2023; 11:859. [PMID: 37888708 PMCID: PMC10611312 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11100859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Air pollutants are associated with exacerbations of asthma, chronic bronchitis, and airway inflammation. Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) can induce and worsen lung diseases. However, there are insufficient data to guide polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array proteomics studies regarding the impacts of DEPs on respiratory diseases. This study was performed to identify genes and proteins expressed in normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and proteins expressed in NHBE cells exposed to DEPs at 1 μg/cm2 for 8 h and 24 h were identified using PCR array analysis and 2D PAGE/LC-MS/MS, respectively. YWHAZ gene expression was estimated using PCR, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemical analyses. Genes discovered through an overlap analysis were validated in DEP-exposed mice. Proteomics approaches showed that exposing NHBE cells to DEPs led to changes in 32 protein spots. A transcriptomics PCR array analysis showed that 6 of 84 miRNAs were downregulated in the DEP exposure groups compared to controls. The mRNA and protein expression levels of YWHAZ, β-catenin, vimentin, and TGF-β were increased in DEP-treated NHBE cells and DEP-exposed mice. Lung fibrosis was increased in mice exposed to DEPs. Our combined PCR array-omics analysis demonstrated that DEPs can induce airway inflammation and lead to lung fibrosis through changes in the expression levels of YWHAZ, β-catenin, vimentin, and TGF-β. These findings suggest that dual approaches can help to identify biomarkers and therapeutic targets involved in pollutant-related respiratory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - An-Soo Jang
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon 14584, Republic of Korea; (B.-G.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Akther T, Rappenglueck B, Osibanjo O, Retama A, Rivera-Hernández O. Ozone precursors and boundary layer meteorology before and during a severe ozone episode in Mexico city. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 318:137978. [PMID: 36720413 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) data in conjunction with other inorganic pollutants, surface meteorological data and continuous measurement of the Planetary Boundary Layer height (PBLH) at an urban site in Mexico City were performed from 6 to 18 March 2016. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) identified four emission source factors of VOCs along with equivalent black carbon (eBC), gaseous pollutants (CO, NO, NO2, SO2, NH3) and ions (Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, NO3-, NH4+): (1) secondary aerosol precursors, (2) evaporation and non-LPG fuel combustion, (3) geogenic source and (4) vehicle exhaust. Propylene Equivalent and Maximum Incremental Reactivity (MIR) methods identified isoprene and ethylene as the highest oxidant and O3 forming species. Pollutant data normalized to the variation of the PBLH revealed continued production of O3 precursors in the afternoon beyond the typical morning rush hour. In particular this could be observed during the second part of the measurement period (12-15 March) when a strong O3 episode occurred under weak wind and lower PBLH conditions compared to the preceding period (6-11 March) when well mixed conditions due to elevated daytime PBLH and strong advection led to overall reduced pollutant mixing ratios in the afternoon hours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanzina Akther
- Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Olivia Rivera-Hernández
- Dirección de Monitoreo de Calidad del Aire, Secretaría del Medio Ambiente, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Blaauw SA, Maina JW, O'Connell J. Exposure of construction workers to hazardous emissions in highway rehabilitation projects measured with low-cost sensors. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 313:119872. [PMID: 35995294 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Construction workers on highway rehabilitation projects can be exposed to a combination of traffic- and construction-related emissions. To assess the personal exposure a worker experiences, a portable battery-operated Air Quality Device (AQD) was utilised to measure emissions during normal construction operations of a major road rehabilitation project. Emissions measured were nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOCs) and Particulate Matter (PM10, PM2.5, and PM1). The objective of the paper is to document the hazardous emissions that construction workers may be exposed to and allow for a basis of informed decision making to mitigate the risks of a road construction project. Most critically, this article is designed to raise awareness of the potential impact to a worker's wellbeing as well as highlight the need for further research. Through statistical analysis, asphalt paving was identified as the most hazardous activity in terms of exposure relative to other activities. This activity was further assessed using discrete-time Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations with results indicating a high probability that workers may be exposed to greater hazardous emission concentrations than measured. Limiting the distance to the source of emissions, large-scale use of warm-mix asphalt and reducing the idling times of construction vehicles were identified as practical mitigation measures to reduce exposure and aid in achieving zero-harm objectives. Finally, it is found that males are more susceptible to long-term implications of hazardous emission inhalation and should be more aware if the scenarios they might work in expose them to this.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheldon A Blaauw
- Arup, 1st Floor City Gate West, Tollhouse Hill, Nottingham, NG1 5AT, UK; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa.
| | - James W Maina
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa.
| | - Johan O'Connell
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa; Smart Mobility, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Private Bag 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li B, Wang J, Wang J, Zhang L, Zhang Q. A comprehensive study on emission of volatile organic compounds for light duty gasoline passenger vehicles in China: Illustration of impact factors and renewal emissions of major compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 193:110461. [PMID: 33188762 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are efficient precursors for both ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) which are problematic to environmental controls in many global cities. Vehicle emission is one of the most important anthropogenic sources for VOCs. In between, light duty gasoline passenger vehicles (LDGPVs) contributed more than half of the on-road vehicles in China, demonstrating unique emission characteristics and also significant contributions in emission inventory. OBJECTIVES To illustrate the variation of VOCs emissions from LDGPVs under different conditions, evaluate the sensitivity of the potential influencing factors, such as emission standards, displacement, cumulative mileage, and driving mode, on the VOCs emissions profiles, and to update the emission inventory by taking into account of the most influential factor. METHODS In this study, seventy-four in-used LDGPVs were examined by the chassis dynamometer. A total of 25 VOCs in the emissions was quantified using an online time of flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS). Fuel-based emission factors (EF) were calculated. RESULTS The results showed that the maximum ΣEF (260.4 ± 241.1 mg/L) was seen for LDGPVs at a high acceleration rate (0.9 m/s2). From the technical control emission standard aspect, the total emission factor of VOCs (expressed as ∑EF) was declined for China IV LDGPVs relative to China III vehicles, with the decreasing extent determined as 24.8%. Among LDGPVs with engine capacity of <1.5 L, 1.5-2.5 L and >2.5 L, it is for 1.5-2.5 L that the lowest ∑EF (101.2 ± 70.1 mg/L) was determined. Along with the increasing of cumulative mileage, the EF values of VOCs were uplift, and the ∑VOCs increased almost linearity, while the increasing trend became steady for ∑EF when the cumulative mileage more than 8 × 104 km. As for different driving conditions, the sequence of EFs from high to low are presented as acceleration (239.3 ± 203.5 mg/L) >idle (226.1 ± 195.6 mg/L) >deceleration (218.5 ± 193.1 mg/L)>uniform (218.2 ± 182.5 mg/L)>slide (176.1 ± 165.2 mg/L). While the cruising speeds increased between 15 and 50 km/h, the linearity between ΣEF declined; however, an opposite trend was seen when the acceleration rates increased. In the chemical speciation, the reactive aromatics contributed the largest fraction of the VOCs (>40%). The ratio of benzene to toluene (B/T) was loaded in high interval (0.94-1.33) in this paper. Larger fluctuation of coefficient of variation (CV) was found among different cumulative mileage and displacement. By taking into account the deterioration effect related to cumulative mileage, emissions of butene, pentene, benzene and toluene were 42.9 Gg, 49.7 Gg, 109.6 Gg and 51.9 Gg in respect for LDGPVs that composed of China III and China IV. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated the necessaries in upgrading the emission control technology. Cumulative mileages and displacements are the two most dominated factors that impacted on the EFs and chemical profiles of VOCs. The higher emission of benzene estimated demonstrated the possible elevation of VOCs in comparison with previous studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Li
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environment and Resource, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jinnan Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Planning and Policy Simulation, Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing, 100012, China; Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Resource, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jingling Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environment and Resource, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environment and Resource, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qingyu Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environment and Resource, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bellavia A, Dickerson AS, Rotem RS, Hansen J, Gredal O, Weisskopf MG. Joint and interactive effects between health comorbidities and environmental exposures in predicting amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 231:113655. [PMID: 33130429 PMCID: PMC7736520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare yet devastating neurodegenerative condition. The mechanisms leading to ALS are most certainly complex and likely involve a joint contribution of several factors with possible synergistic or antagonistic interactions. To provide a better understanding of the association between non-genetic factors and ALS, we evaluated the joint exposure to multiple health and environmental factors linked with ALS in our previous studies, also screening for high-dimensional interactions. METHODS We used data from a nested case-control study within the Danish population, with 1086 ALS cases from 1982 to 2009, jointly investigating 4 hospital-based diagnoses - diabetes, obesity, physical/stress trauma, cardiovascular disease (CVD) during 1977-2009; and 4 environmental exposures - lead, formaldehyde, diesel exhaust, and solvents, assessed from individual occupational history. All covariates were evaluated as ever/never exposed, and we used targeted machine learning techniques to screen for important joint predictors and interactions. These were then evaluated in a final logistic regression model adjusting for potential confounders (age, SES, geography). All analyses were stratified by sex. RESULTS Among men, trauma and solvents were associated with higher odds of ALS (OR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.08-2.23; OR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.17-1.89, respectively), and presented a negative interaction (OR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.30-0.80). A positive diesel/CVD interaction was observed (OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 0.94-2.60). Among women, solvents, trauma, lead, and CVD were associated with higher odds of ALS, and a negative lead/solvents interaction was documented (OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.42-0.63). CONCLUSIONS This study is one of the first attempts to evaluate joint and interactive effects of multiple risk factors on ALS, identifying potential synergistic and antagonistic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bellavia
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Aisha S Dickerson
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Ran S Rotem
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Johnni Hansen
- Danish Cancer Society, Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Gredal
- Danish Cancer Society, Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc G Weisskopf
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ngo AB, Vuong TH, Atia H, Bentrup U, Kondratenko VA, Kondratenko EV, Rabeah J, Ambruster U, Brückner A. Effect of Formaldehyde in Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO x by Ammonia (NH 3-SCR) on a Commercial V 2O 5-WO 3/TiO 2 Catalyst under Model Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11753-11761. [PMID: 32790302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The impact of formaldehyde (HCHO, formed in vehicle exhaust gases by incomplete combustion of fuel) on the performance of a commercial V2O5-WO3/TiO2 catalyst in NH3-SCR of NOx under dry conditions has been analyzed in detail by catalytic tests, in situ FTIR and transient studies using temporal analysis of products (TAP). HCHO reacts preferentially with NH3 to a formamide (HCONH2) surface intermediate. This deprives NH3 partly from its desired role as a reducing agent in the SCR and diminishes NO conversion and N2 selectivity. Between 250 and 400 °C, HCONH2 decomposes by dehydration (major pathway) and decarbonylation (minor pathway) to liberate toxic HCN and CO, respectively. HCN was proven to be oxidized by lattice oxygen of the catalyst to CO2 and NO, which enters the NH3-SCR reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anh Binh Ngo
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thanh Huyen Vuong
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Hanan Atia
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ursula Bentrup
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Vita A Kondratenko
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Evgenii V Kondratenko
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jabor Rabeah
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Udo Ambruster
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Angelika Brückner
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Study on Volatile Organic Compounds from Diesel Engine Fueled with Palm Oil Biodiesel Blends at Low Idle Speed. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10144969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the combustion and emissions characteristics including volatile organic compound (VOC) of a common rail direct injection diesel engine fueled with palm oil biodiesel blends contained 0%, 10%, 30%, and 100% (by volume) biodiesel at low idle speed, i.e., 750 rpm. The nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions of biodiesel blends were lower than that of pure diesel and NOx tended to decrease as the blending ratio increased. Soot opacity and hydrocarbon (HC) were reduced with an increasing blend ratio. Carbon monoxide (CO) varied with the engine load conditions. Under low load, CO emissions tended to decrease with increasing blending ratio and increased under high load. Alkane and aromatic VOCs were mostly emitted. Benzene and tetrahydrofuran accounted for the largest percentage of total detected VOCs in all test conditions. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX, toxic aromatic VOCs) were detected for all tests. Among BTEX, benzene has the highest emission ratio, followed by xylene, toluene, and ethylbenzene. Benzene increased for all tests. At low engine load, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene decreased with increasing blend ratio. However, these increased at high engine load. When pure palm oil biodiesel was applied at high engine load, benzene decreased.
Collapse
|
9
|
Møller P, Scholten RH, Roursgaard M, Krais AM. Inflammation, oxidative stress and genotoxicity responses to biodiesel emissions in cultured mammalian cells and animals. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:383-401. [PMID: 32543270 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1762541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biodiesel fuels are alternatives to petrodiesel, especially in the transport sector where they have lower carbon footprint. Notwithstanding the environmental benefit, biodiesel fuels may have other toxicological properties than petrodiesel. Particulate matter (PM) from petrodiesel causes cancer in the lung as a consequence of delivery of genotoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, oxidative stress and inflammation. We have reviewed articles from 2002 to 2019 (50% of the articles since 2015) that have described toxicological effects in terms of genotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation of biodiesel exhaust exposure in humans, animals and cell cultures. The studies have assessed first generation biodiesel from different feedstock (e.g. rapeseed and soy), certain second generation fuels (e.g. waste oil), and hydrogenated vegetable oil. It is not possible to rank the potency of toxicological effects of specific biodiesel fuels. However, exposure to biodiesel exhaust causes oxidative stress, inflammation and genotoxicity in cell cultures. Three studies in animals have not indicated genotoxicity in lung tissue. The database on oxidative stress and inflammation in animal studies is larger (13 studies); ten studies have reported increased levels of oxidative stress biomarkers or inflammation, although the effects have been modest in most studies. The cell culture and animal studies have not consistently shown a different potency in effect between biodiesel and petrodiesel exhausts. Both increased and decreased potency have been reported, which might be due to differences in feedstock or combustion conditions. In conclusion, combustion products from biodiesel and petrodiesel fuel may evoke similar toxicological effects on genotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Rebecca Harnung Scholten
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Martin Roursgaard
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Annette M Krais
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Alam MS, Zeraati-Rezaei S, Xu H, Harrison RM. Characterization of Gas and Particulate Phase Organic Emissions (C 9-C 37) from a Diesel Engine and the Effect of Abatement Devices. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:11345-11352. [PMID: 31452363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Particulate and vapor phase emissions in the diluted exhaust of a light-duty diesel engine designed for Euro 5 application have been sampled. The engine was operated in three modes, and samples were collected from the exhaust without aftertreatment but also with aftertreatment by an exhaust oxidation catalyst and particle filter. The samples were analyzed by two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectral detection. The results show overall removal efficiencies for the organic compound mass by the combination of oxidation catalyst and particle filter of 50, 56, and 74% for the high-speed/high-load, low-speed/low-load, and high-speed/low-load conditions respectively. The results are clearly indicative of substantial repartitioning of the particulate and vapor components within the abatement devices and show an apparently reduced efficiency for the removal of high-molecular-weight alkanes under high-speed/high-load conditions relative to lower-molecular-weight compounds, although this may be due to alkane formation by thermocracking of other species. A notable feature is the presence of oxygenated compounds in the emissions, which are not present in the fuel. These are increased under high-speed/high-load conditions, and the results suggest the formation in the aftertreatment devices as well as in the combustion process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Roy M Harrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences/Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies , King Abdulaziz University , P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bório HF, Penteado R, Daemme LC, Godoi R, Errera MR, Corrêa SM. Criteria and aldehyde emissions from a diesel Euro V engine using diesel/biodiesel blends in Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:12470-12480. [PMID: 30850980 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04345-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Brazilian legislation does not establish limits or methodology for the measurement of aldehydes in the exhaust of heavy diesel engines. No conclusive studies on aldehyde emissions by such engines have been found in the literature available. This work measured the aldehyde emissions from a P7 diesel cycle engine (EURO V), which was tested on an engine test bench according to ETC (European Transient Cycle) and ESC (European Stationary Cycle) cycles using fuels with 5, 7 and 20% v/v of biodiesel and 10 and 500 ppm of sulphur. The results showed that biodiesel participation in the mixture did not significantly affect the aldehyde emissions of the tested engine and that the emission level generated in the ETC cycle is higher than that obtained with the ESC cycle. The diesel content in the blend was weakly and negatively correlated with the pollutant emissions, and the inverse pattern was observed for biodiesel. This finding indicates that an increase in biodiesel content causes a slight increase in pollutant emissions. Regarding the sulphur content, positive correlations between the sulphur content and particulate matter, NOx, CO and total hydrocarbon emissions were observed. When comparing the test cycles, the results were significantly different, with higher values for the ETC cycle.
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang H, Ge Y, Tan J, Hao L, Peng Z, Wang X, Wu L, Li Y, Yang J, Li J, Yang D. The effects of ash inside a platinum-based catalyst diesel particulate filter on particle emissions, gaseous emissions, and unregulated emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:33736-33744. [PMID: 30276695 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3328-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ash deposited in the DPF cannot be burnt, which will affect the service life of DPF. However, previous works focused on the effect of ash on the engine exhaust emissions are limited. Therefore, the influence of ash on the emissions was studied in this work. The particle emissions, the gaseous emissions, and the unregulated emissions (carbonyl compounds and volatile organic compounds) were measured by an AMA4000 gaseous analyzer, ELPI, HPLC, and GC-MS, respectively. Research results indicate that the filtration efficiency decreases by 0.57-4.49% for accumulation mode particle of particulate matter, while it has very little effects on the other type and the particle number in the presence of ash. For regular gaseous pollutions, ash has no influence on CO2 and NOx emission, while CO and THC increase by 68.2% and 91.0%, respectively. For unregulated emissions, overall, carbonyl compounds increase by 41-150% and the BTEX decreases by 8.6-23.6% after ash formed. The change is mainly caused by the increase in the exhaust backpressure that plays a key role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haohao Wang
- National Laboratory of Auto Performance & Emission Test, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunshan Ge
- National Laboratory of Auto Performance & Emission Test, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianwei Tan
- National Laboratory of Auto Performance & Emission Test, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Hao
- National Laboratory of Auto Performance & Emission Test, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihang Peng
- National Laboratory of Auto Performance & Emission Test, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- National Laboratory of Auto Performance & Emission Test, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Legang Wu
- Kunming Sino-Platinum Metals Catalyst Co. Ltd, Kunming, 650106, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Li
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Yang
- Kunming Sino-Platinum Metals Catalyst Co. Ltd, Kunming, 650106, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiachen Li
- National Laboratory of Auto Performance & Emission Test, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongxia Yang
- Kunming Sino-Platinum Metals Catalyst Co. Ltd, Kunming, 650106, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Magnusson P, Oczkowski M, Øvrevik J, Gajewska M, Wilczak J, Biedrzycki J, Dziendzikowska K, Kamola D, Królikowski T, Kruszewski M, Lankoff A, Mruk R, Brunborg G, Instanes C, Gromadzka-Ostrowska J, Myhre O. No adverse lung effects of 7- and 28-day inhalation exposure of rats to emissions from petrodiesel fuel containing 20% rapeseed methyl esters (B20) with and without particulate filter – the FuelHealth project. Inhal Toxicol 2017; 29:206-218. [DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2017.1339149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pål Magnusson
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michał Oczkowski
- Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Malgorzata Gajewska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Wilczak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Dziendzikowska
- Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Kamola
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Królikowski
- Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Kruszewski
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Lankoff
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Radiobiology and Immunology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Remigiusz Mruk
- Faculty of Production Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gunnar Brunborg
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christine Instanes
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Oddvar Myhre
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Godoi RHM, Polezer G, Borillo GC, Brown A, Valebona FB, Silva TOB, Ingberman ABG, Nalin M, Yamamoto CI, Potgieter-Vermaak S, Penteado Neto RA, de Marchi MRR, Saldiva PHN, Pauliquevis T, Godoi AFL. Influence on the oxidative potential of a heavy-duty engine particle emission due to selective catalytic reduction system and biodiesel blend. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 560-561:179-185. [PMID: 27101453 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although the particulate matter (PM) emissions from biodiesel fuelled engines are acknowledged to be lower than those of fossil diesel, there is a concern on the impact of PM produced by biodiesel to human health. As the oxidative potential of PM has been suggested as trigger for adverse health effects, it was measured using the Electron Spin Resonance (OP(ESR)) technique. Additionally, Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (EDXRF) was employed to determine elemental concentration, and Raman Spectroscopy was used to describe the amorphous carbon character of the soot collected on exhaust PM from biodiesel blends fuelled test-bed engine, with and without Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR). OP(ESR) results showed higher oxidative potential per kWh of PM produced from a blend of 20% soybean biodiesel and 80% ULSD (B20) engine compared with a blend of 5% soybean biodiesel and 95% ULSD (B5), whereas the SCR was able to reduce oxidative potential for each fuel. EDXRF data indicates a correlation of 0.99 between concentration of copper and oxidative potential. Raman Spectroscopy centered on the expected carbon peaks between 1100cm(-1) and 1600cm(-1) indicate lower molecular disorder for the B20 particulate matter, an indicative of a more graphitic carbon structure. The analytical techniques used in this study highlight the link between biodiesel engine exhaust and increased oxidative potential relative to biodiesel addition on fossil diesel combustion. The EDXRF analysis confirmed the prominent role of metals on free radical production. As a whole, these results suggest that 20% of biodiesel blends run without SCR may pose an increased health risk due to an increase in OH radical generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo H M Godoi
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Polezer
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Guilherme C Borillo
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Andrew Brown
- Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Fabio B Valebona
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Thiago O B Silva
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Aline B G Ingberman
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Nalin
- LAVIE - Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Carlos I Yamamoto
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Sanja Potgieter-Vermaak
- Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Renato A Penteado Neto
- Vehicle Emissions Laboratory, Institute of Technology for Development (LACTEC), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Mary Rosa R de Marchi
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Paulo H N Saldiva
- Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Theotonio Pauliquevis
- Department of Natural and Earth Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Ana Flavia L Godoi
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Borillo GC, Tadano YS, Godoi AFL, Santana SSM, Weronka FM, Penteado Neto RA, Rempel D, Yamamoto CI, Potgieter-Vermaak S, Potgieter JH, Godoi RHM. Effectiveness of selective catalytic reduction systems on reducing gaseous emissions from an engine using diesel and biodiesel blends. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:3246-3251. [PMID: 25634131 DOI: 10.1021/es505701r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to quantify organic and inorganic gas emissions from a four-cylinder diesel engine equipped with a urea selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system. Using a bench dynamometer, the emissions from the following mixtures were evaluated using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer: low-sulfur diesel (LSD), ultralow-sulfur diesel (ULSD), and a blend of 20% soybean biodiesel and 80% ULSD (B20). For all studied fuels, the use of the SCR system yielded statistically significant (p < 0.05) lower NOx emissions. In the case of the LSD and ULSD fuels, the SCR system also significantly reduced emissions of compounds with high photochemical ozone creation potential, such as formaldehyde. However, for all tested fuels, the SCR system produced significantly (p < 0.05) higher emissions of N2O. In the case of LSD, the NH3 emissions were elevated, and in the case of ULSD and B20 fuels, the non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) and total hydrocarbon of diesel (HCD) emissions were significantly higher.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme C Borillo
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná , Curitiba, Paraná 81531-980, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Huang L, Bohac SV, Chernyak SM, Batterman SA. Effects of fuels, engine load and exhaust after-treatment on diesel engine SVOC emissions and development of SVOC profiles for receptor modeling. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2015; 102:229-238. [PMID: 25709535 PMCID: PMC4335681 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust emissions contain numerous semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) for which emission information is limited, especially for idling conditions, new fuels and the new after-treatment systems. This study investigates exhaust emissions of particulate matter (PM), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), and sterane and hopane petroleum biomarkers from a heavy-duty (6.4 L) diesel engine at various loads (idle, 600 and 900 kPa BMEP), with three types of fuel (ultra-low sulfur diesel or ULSD, Swedish low aromatic diesel, and neat soybean biodiesel), and with and without a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and diesel particulate filter (DPF). Swedish diesel and biodiesel reduced emissions of PM2.5, Σ15PAHs, Σ11NPAHs, Σ5Hopanes and Σ6Steranes, and biodiesel resulted in the larger reductions. However, idling emissions increased for benzo[k]fluoranthene (Swedish diesel), 5-nitroacenaphthene (biodiesel) and PM2.5 (biodiesel), a significant result given the attention to exposures from idling vehicles and the toxicity of high-molecular-weight PAHs and NPAHs. The DOC + DPF combination reduced PM2.5 and SVOC emissions during DPF loading (>99% reduction) and DPF regeneration (83-99%). The toxicity of diesel exhaust, in terms of the estimated carcinogenic risk, was greatly reduced using Swedish diesel, biodiesel fuels and the DOC + DPF. PAH profiles showed high abundances of three and four ring compounds as well as naphthalene; NPAH profiles were dominated by nitro-naphthalenes, 1-nitropyrene and 9-nitroanthracene. Both the emission rate and the composition of diesel exhaust depended strongly on fuel type, engine load and after-treatment system. The emissions data and chemical profiles presented are relevant to the development of emission inventories and exposure and risk assessments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stanislav V. Bohac
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sergei M. Chernyak
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stuart A. Batterman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
George IJ, Hays MD, Snow R, Faircloth J, George BJ, Long T, Baldauf RW. Cold temperature and biodiesel fuel effects on speciated emissions of volatile organic compounds from diesel trucks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:14782-9. [PMID: 25393130 DOI: 10.1021/es502949a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Speciated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured in diesel exhaust from three heavy-duty trucks equipped with modern aftertreatment technologies. Emissions testing was conducted on a chassis dynamometer at two ambient temperatures (-7 and 22 °C) operating on two fuels (ultra low sulfur diesel and 20% soy biodiesel blend) over three driving cycles: cold start, warm start and heavy-duty urban dynamometer driving cycle. VOCs were measured separately for each drive cycle. Carbonyls such as formaldehyde and acetaldehyde dominated VOC emissions, making up ∼ 72% of the sum of the speciated VOC emissions (∑VOCs) overall. Biodiesel use led to minor reductions in aromatics and variable changes in carbonyls. Cold temperature and cold start conditions caused dramatic enhancements in VOC emissions, mostly carbonyls, compared to the warmer temperature and other drive cycles, respectively. Different 2007+ aftertreatment technologies involving catalyst regeneration led to significant modifications of VOC emissions that were compound-specific and highly dependent on test conditions. A comparison of this work with emission rates from different diesel engines under various test conditions showed that these newer technologies resulted in lower emission rates of aromatic compounds. However, emissions of other toxic partial combustion products such as carbonyls were not reduced in the modern diesel vehicles tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid J George
- Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tadano YS, Borillo GC, Godoi AFL, Cichon A, Silva TOB, Valebona FB, Errera MR, Penteado Neto RA, Rempel D, Martin L, Yamamoto CI, Godoi RHM. Gaseous emissions from a heavy-duty engine equipped with SCR aftertreatment system and fuelled with diesel and biodiesel: assessment of pollutant dispersion and health risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 500-501:64-71. [PMID: 25217745 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The changes in the composition of fuels in combination with selective catalytic reduction (SCR) emission control systems bring new insights into the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants. The major goal of our study was to quantify NOx, NO, NO2, NH3 and N2O emissions from a four-cylinder diesel engine operated with diesel and a blend of 20% soybean biodiesel. Exhaust fume samples were collected from bench dynamometer tests using a heavy-duty diesel engine equipped with SCR. The target gases were quantified by means of Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). The use of biodiesel blend presented lower concentrations in the exhaust fumes than using ultra-low sulfur diesel. NOx and NO concentrations were 68% to 93% lower in all experiments using SCR, when compared to no exhaust aftertreatment. All fuels increased NH3 and N2O emission due to SCR, a precursor secondary aerosol, and major greenhouse gas, respectively. An AERMOD dispersion model analysis was performed on each compound results for the City of Curitiba, assumed to have a bus fleet equipped with diesel engines and SCR system, in winter and summer seasons. The health risks of the target gases were assessed using the Risk Assessment Information System For 1-h exposure of NH3, considering the use of low sulfur diesel in buses equipped with SCR, the results indicated low risk to develop a chronic non-cancer disease. The NOx and NO emissions were the lowest when SCR was used; however, it yielded the highest NH3 concentration. The current results have paramount importance, mainly for countries that have not yet adopted the Euro V emission standards like China, India, Australia, or Russia, as well as those already adopting it. These findings are equally important for government agencies to alert the need of improvements in aftertreatment technologies to reduce pollutants emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yara S Tadano
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, 210 Francisco H. dos Santos St., Curitiba, PR, 81531-980 Brazil
| | - Guilherme C Borillo
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, 210 Francisco H. dos Santos St., Curitiba, PR, 81531-980 Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia L Godoi
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, 210 Francisco H. dos Santos St., Curitiba, PR, 81531-980 Brazil
| | - Amanda Cichon
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, 210 Francisco H. dos Santos St., Curitiba, PR, 81531-980 Brazil
| | - Thiago O B Silva
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, 210 Francisco H. dos Santos St., Curitiba, PR, 81531-980 Brazil
| | - Fábio B Valebona
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, 210 Francisco H. dos Santos St., Curitiba, PR, 81531-980 Brazil
| | - Marcelo R Errera
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, 210 Francisco H. dos Santos St., Curitiba, PR, 81531-980 Brazil
| | - Renato A Penteado Neto
- Institute of Technology for Development, Lactec-Leme Division, 01 LothárioMeissner Ave., Curitiba, PR, 80210-170, Brazil
| | - Dennis Rempel
- Institute of Technology for Development, Lactec-Leme Division, 01 LothárioMeissner Ave., Curitiba, PR, 80210-170, Brazil
| | - Lucas Martin
- Institute of Technology for Development, Lactec-Leme Division, 01 LothárioMeissner Ave., Curitiba, PR, 80210-170, Brazil
| | - Carlos I Yamamoto
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, 210 Francisco H. dos Santos St., Curitiba, PR, 81531-980 Brazil
| | - Ricardo H M Godoi
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, 210 Francisco H. dos Santos St., Curitiba, PR, 81531-980 Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
A novel diesel oxidation catalyst with low SO2 oxidation activity and capable of meeting Euro V emission standards. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(12)60545-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|