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Gibson PP, Mills MA, Kraus JM, Walters DM. A modeling approach to compare ΣPCB concentrations between congener-specific analyses. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2017; 13:227-232. [PMID: 27427154 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Changes in analytical methods over time pose problems for assessing long-term trends in environmental contamination by PCBs. Congener-specific analyses vary widely in the number and identity of the 209 distinct PCB chemical configurations (congeners) that are quantified, leading to inconsistencies among summed PCB concentrations (ΣPCB) reported by different studies. Here, we present a modeling approach using linear regression to compare ΣPCB concentrations derived from different congener-specific analyses measuring different co-eluting groups. The approach can be used to develop a specific conversion model between any 2 sets of congener-specific analytical data from similar samples (similar matrix and geographic origin). We demonstrate the method by developing a conversion model for an example data set that includes data from 2 different analytical methods, a low resolution method quantifying 119 congeners and a high resolution method quantifying all 209 congeners. We used the model to show that the 119-congener set captured most (93%) of the total PCB concentration (i.e., Σ209 PCB) in sediment and biological samples. ΣPCB concentrations estimated using the model closely matched measured values (mean relative percent difference = 9.6). General applications of the modeling approach include 1) generating comparable ΣPCB concentrations for samples that were analyzed for different congener sets; and 2) estimating the proportional contribution of different congener sets to ΣPCB. This approach may be especially valuable for enabling comparison of long-term remediation monitoring results even as analytical methods change over time. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:227-232. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polly P Gibson
- Contractor, US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Marc A Mills
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Johanna M Kraus
- US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - David M Walters
- US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado
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2
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Shunthirasingham C, Gawor A, Hung H, Brice KA, Su K, Alexandrou N, Dryfhout-Clark H, Backus S, Sverko E, Shin C, Park R, Noronha R. Atmospheric concentrations and loadings of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in the Canadian Great Lakes Basin (GLB): Spatial and temporal analysis (1992-2012). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 217:124-33. [PMID: 26846187 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Long-term air monitoring data for POPs are required to determine the effectiveness of source reduction measures and factors controlling air concentrations. Air samples were collected between 1992 and 2012 at three sites with different geographical characteristics (Burnt Island, Egbert and Point Petre) in the Canadian Great Lakes Basin (GLB) using high-volume samplers and analyzed for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Spatial and temporal trends of gas-phase concentrations of OCPs, selected PCB congeners and ƩPCBs (84 congeners) were assessed. Egbert had the highest concentrations of some OCPs due to historical [dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), dieldrin, γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH)] and current (endosulfan) applications of these pesticides in the surrounding agricultural cropland. This shows that agricultural areas are a source of OCPs to the GLB. High o,p'-/p,p'-DDT ratios were determined and an increasing trend was observed at Point Petre and Burnt Island up to 2004; indicating that the GLB is influenced by dicofol-type DDT sources, which have higher o,p'-/p,p'-DDT ratios than technical DDT. Atmospheric PCB concentrations at Egbert and Point Petre are higher than those measured at Burnt Island, likely due to urban influence and greater populations. Loadings calculations suggest that the atmosphere is a source of α-endosulfan and p,p'-DDT to the lakes and the opposite is true for p,p'-DDE. Long-term decreasing trends were observed for both OCPs and PCBs; consistent with control measures implemented in North America. Atmospheric PCB concentrations are decreasing relatively slowly, with halflives in the range of 9-39 years. Chlordane, α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, dieldrin, and DDT-related substances showed halflives in the range of 7-13 years. α-HCH and γ-HCH were decreasing rapidly in air, with halflives of 5 years. Long-term declining trends of PCBs and OCPs suggest that regulatory efforts to reduce emissions to the GLB environment have been effective, but emissions from primary and secondary sources might limit future declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chubashini Shunthirasingham
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Anya Gawor
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Hayley Hung
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, ON M3H 5T4, Canada.
| | - Kenneth A Brice
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Ky Su
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Nick Alexandrou
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Helena Dryfhout-Clark
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 6842 Eighth Line, Egbert ON L0L 1N0, Canada
| | - Sean Backus
- Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Ed Sverko
- National Laboratory for Environmental Testing (NLET), Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Cecilia Shin
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Richard Park
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Ronald Noronha
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
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Risso F, Magherini A, Ottonelli M, Magi E, Lottici S, Maggiolo S, Garbarino M, Narizzano R. A comprehensive approach to actual polychlorinated biphenyls environmental contamination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:8770-8780. [PMID: 26805927 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) pollution is due to complex mixtures with high number of congeners, making the determination of total PCBs in the environment an open challenge. Because the bulk of PCBs production was made of Aroclor mixtures, this analysis is usually faced by the empirical mixture identification via visual inspection of the chromatogram. However, the identification reliability is questionable, as patterns in real samples are strongly affected by the frequent occurrence of more than one mixture. Our approach is based on the determination of a limited number of congeners chosen to enable objective criteria for Aroclor identification, summing up the advantages of congener-specific analysis with the ones of total PCBs determination. A quantitative relationship is established between congeners and any single mixture, or mixtures combination, leading to the identification of the actual contamination composition. The approach, due to its generality, allows the use of different sets of congeners and any technical mixture, including the non-Aroclor ones. The results confirm that PCB environmental pollution in northern Italy is based on Aroclor. Our methodology represents an important tool to understand the source and fate of the PCBs contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Risso
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection-Liguria (ARPAL), Via Bombrini 8, 16149, Genoa, Italy.
| | - A Magherini
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection-Liguria (ARPAL), Via Bombrini 8, 16149, Genoa, Italy
| | - M Ottonelli
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - E Magi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - S Lottici
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection-Liguria (ARPAL), Via Bombrini 8, 16149, Genoa, Italy
| | - S Maggiolo
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection-Liguria (ARPAL), Via Bombrini 8, 16149, Genoa, Italy
| | - M Garbarino
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection-Liguria (ARPAL), Via Bombrini 8, 16149, Genoa, Italy
| | - R Narizzano
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection-Liguria (ARPAL), Via Bombrini 8, 16149, Genoa, Italy.
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Bogomolni A, Frasca S, Levin M, Matassa K, Nielsen O, Waring G, De Guise S. In Vitro Exposure of Harbor Seal Immune Cells to Aroclor 1260 Alters Phocine Distemper Virus Replication. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 70:121-132. [PMID: 26142119 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-015-0178-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the last 30 years, several large-scale marine mammal mortality events have occurred, often in close association with highly polluted regions, leading to suspicions that contaminant-induced immunosuppression contributed to these epizootics. Some of these recent events also identified morbillivirus as a cause of or contributor to death. The role of contaminant exposures regarding morbillivirus mortality is still unclear. The results of this study aimed to address the potential for a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), specifically Aroclor 1260, to alter harbor seal T-lymphocyte proliferation and to assess if exposure resulted in increased likelihood of phocine distemper virus (PDV USA 2006) to infect susceptible seals in an in vitro system. Exposure of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to Aroclor 1260 did not significantly alter lymphocyte proliferation (1, 5, 10, and 20 ppm). However, using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), lymphocytes exposed to 20 ppm Aroclor 1260 exhibited a significant decrease in PDV replication at day 7 and a significant increase at day 11 compared with unexposed control cells. Similar and significant differences were apparent on exposure to Aroclor 1260 in monocytes and supernatant. The results here indicate that in harbor seals, Aroclor 1260 exposure results in a decrease in virus early during infection and an increase during late infection. The consequences of this contaminant-induced infection pattern in a highly susceptible host could result in a greater potential for systemic infection with greater viral load, which could explain the correlative findings seen in wild populations exposed to a range of persistent contaminants that suffer from morbillivirus epizootics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bogomolni
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, 61 North Eagleville Rd., Storrs, CT, 06268, USA.
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole, Rd. #MS 50, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA.
| | - Salvatore Frasca
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, 61 North Eagleville Rd., Storrs, CT, 06268, USA
| | - Milton Levin
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, 61 North Eagleville Rd., Storrs, CT, 06268, USA
| | - Keith Matassa
- Pacific Marine Mammal Center, 20612 Laguna Canyon Rd, Laguna Beach, CA, 92651, USA
| | - Ole Nielsen
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Central and Arctic Region, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - Gordon Waring
- National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 166 Woods Hole Rd., Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Sylvain De Guise
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, 61 North Eagleville Rd., Storrs, CT, 06268, USA
- Connecticut Sea Grant College Program, 1080 Shennecossett Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
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5
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Gandhi N, Bhavsar SP, Reiner EJ, Chen T, Morse D, Arhonditsis GB, Drouillard KG. Evaluation and interconversion of various indicator PCB schemes for ∑PCB and dioxin-like PCB toxic equivalent levels in fish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:123-31. [PMID: 25488397 DOI: 10.1021/es503427r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) remain chemicals of concern more than three decades after the ban on their production. Technical mixture-based total PCB measurements are unreliable due to weathering and degradation, while detailed full congener specific measurements can be time-consuming and costly for large studies. Measurements using a subset of indicator PCBs (iPCBs) have been considered appropriate; however, inclusion of different PCB congeners in various iPCB schemes makes it challenging to readily compare data. Here, using an extensive data set, we examine the performance of existing iPCB3 (PCB 138, 153, and 180), iPCB6 (iPCB3 plus 28, 52, and 101) and iPCB7 (iPCB6 plus 118) schemes, and new iPCB schemes in estimating total of PCB congeners (∑PCB) and dioxin-like PCB toxic equivalent (dlPCB-TEQ) concentrations in sport fish fillets and the whole body of juvenile fish. The coefficients of determination (R(2)) for regressions conducted using logarithmically transformed data suggest that inclusion of an increased number of PCBs in an iPCB improves relationship with ∑PCB but not dlPCB-TEQs. Overall, novel iPCB3 (PCB 95, 118, and 153), iPCB4 (iPCB3 plus 138) and iPCB5 (iPCB4 plus 110) presented in this study and existing iPCB6 and iPCB7 are the most optimal indicators, while the current iPCB3 should be avoided. Measurement of ∑PCB based on a more detailed analysis (50+ congeners) is also overall a good approach for assessing PCB contamination and to track PCB origin in fish. Relationships among the existing and new iPCB schemes have been presented to facilitate their interconversion. The iPCB6 equiv levels for the 6.5 and 10 pg/g benchmarks of dlPCB-TEQ05 are about 50 and 120 ng/g ww, respectively, which are lower than the corresponding iPCB6 limits of 125 and 300 ng/g ww set by the European Union.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilima Gandhi
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor , 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario Canada , N9B 3P4
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6
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Addison RF, Muir DC, Ikonomou MG, Harwood L, Smith TG, Alikamik J. Temporal trends in "legacy" organochlorine contaminants in blubber of ringed seals (Phoca hispida) from Ulukhaktok, NT, Canada between 1972 and 2010. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 466-467:564-576. [PMID: 23955250 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In blubber of ringed seals (Phoca hispida) from Ulukhaktok, NT, residues of DDT, other organochlorine pesticides, and PCBs declined between 1972 and 2010. The rate of decline varied: concentrations of the DDT-group began to fall after 1981, whereas those of PCBs fell rapidly between 1972 and 1981, and then slowed. Concentrations of cis- and trans-chlordane and of HCB in both sexes, and of cis-nonachlor in males, declined slowly between 1978 and 2010; those of other organochlorine pesticides remained steady. Exponential half-lives of p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE in female seals are about 9 and 36 y (corresponding to initial declines of 7.8% and 1.9% per year, respectively) and those of PCB congeners from about 20 to 60 y (declines of 3.2% to <1.5% per year); the more refractory residues may be detectable for centuries to come. Exploratory PCA of PCB congener distribution identified temporal changes apparently not related to molecular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Addison
- 1705 Eagle View Place Duncan BC Canada V9L 6R1.
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7
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Zhang M, Harrington PDB. Automated pipeline for classifying Aroclors in soil by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry using modulo compressed two-way data objects. Talanta 2013; 117:483-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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8
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Gawor A, Wania F. Using quantitative structural property relationships, chemical fate models, and the chemical partitioning space to investigate the potential for long range transport and bioaccumulation of complex halogenated chemical mixtures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:1671-1684. [PMID: 23831855 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00098b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Some substances are mixtures of very large number of constituents which vary widely in their properties, and thus also in terms of their environmental fate and the hazard that they may pose to humans and the environment. Examples of such substances include industrial chemicals such as the chlorinated paraffins, technical pesticides such as toxaphene, and unintended combustion side products, such as mixed halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Here we describe a simple graphical superposition method that could precede a more detailed hazard assessment for such substances. First, partitioning and degradation properties for each individual constituent of a mixture are estimated with high-throughput quantitative structure-property relationships. Placed in a chemical partitioning space, i.e. a coordinate system defined by two partitioning coefficients, the mixtures appear as 'clouds'. When model-derived hazard assessment metrics, such as the potential for bioaccumulation and long range transport, are superimposed on these clouds, the resulting maps identify the constituents with the highest value for a particular parameter and thus potentially the greatest hazard. The maps also indicate transparently how the potential for long range transport and bioaccumulation is dependent on structural attributes, such as chain length, and the degree and type of halogenation. In contrast to previous approaches, in which the mixture is represented by a single set of properties or those of a few selected constituents, the whole range of environmental fate behaviors displayed by the constituents of a mixture are being considered. The approach is illustrated with three sets of chemical substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya Gawor
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4
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Gilroy EAM, Muir DGC, McMaster ME, Darling C, Campbell LM, de Solla SR, Parrott JL, Brown SB, Sherry JP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and their hydroxylated metabolites in wild fish from Wheatley Harbour Area of Concern, Ontario, Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:2788-97. [PMID: 23027467 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Whole-body polychlorinated biphenyls (ΣPCBs) and plasma hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs) concentrations were determined in brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) from Wheatley Harbour, Ontario, Canada. Elevated ΣPCBs in Wheatley Harbour are suspected to have originated from industrial waste disposal and/or discharges from nearby fish processing through discarding of fish remains. Mean ΣPCB concentrations in brown bullhead from Wheatley Harbour were approximately 250 ng/g wet weight compared with approximately 40 ng/g wet weight for brown bullhead from the reference sites, Hillman Marsh and Turkey Creek (both in Ontario, Canada). A significant relationship was found between the concentrations of non-ortho and mono-ortho PCB concentrations (toxic equivalents) and liver mixed-function oxygenase in brown bullhead (r = 0.74, p < 0.001). Plasma OH-PCB concentrations were greater in Wheatley Harbour brown bullhead than in those from Hillman Marsh (3.6 vs 1.5 ng/g wet wt, p < 0.01), and were detected infrequently in those from Turkey Creek (0.1 ng/g wet wt, n = 2). The OH-PCB congeners most frequently detected were 4'-OH-CB172, 3'-OH-CB180, 4-OH-CB187, 4-OH-CB146, 3-OH-CB138, and 4-OH-CB130, which are structurally similar to the thyroid hormones. To test the hypothesis of fish waste as the cause of the observed PCB contamination of Wheatley Harbour brown bullhead, a principal component analysis (PCA) was used to compare the brown bullhead PCB congener data with equivalent data for Lake Erie walleye, Lake Erie sediment, and industrial Aroclor mixtures. The relative proportions of each Aroclor mixture were estimated using the conjugated gradient method. The high similarity between the congener signatures for Lake Erie walleye and Wheatley Harbour brown bullhead supports the hypothesis of contamination from the fish processing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve A M Gilroy
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water, Science, and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Yunker MB, Ikonomou MG, Sather PJ, Friesen EN, Higgs DA, Dubetz C. Development and validation of protocols to differentiate PCB patterns between farmed and wild salmon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:2107-2115. [PMID: 21341688 DOI: 10.1021/es1038529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener patterns based on full congener PCB analyses of three farmed and five wild species of salmon from coastal British Columbia, Canada are compared using principal components analysis (PCA) and the best fit linear decomposition of the observed PCB composition in terms of Aroclor 1242, 1254, and 1260 end-members. The two complementary analysis methods are used to investigate congener composition pattern differences between species, trophic levels, feeding preferences, and farmed or wild feeding regimes, with the intent of better understanding PCB processes in both salmon and salmon consumers. PCA supports classification of PCB congeners into nine groups based on a) structure activity groups (SAG) related to the bioaccumulation potential in fish-eating mammals, b) Cl number, and c) the numbers of vicinal meta- and para-H. All three factors are needed to interpret congener distributions since SAGs by themselves do not fully explain PCB distributions. Farmed salmon exhibit very similar congener patterns that overlap the PCA and Aroclor composition of their food, while wild salmon separate into two distinct groups, with chinook and "coastal" coho having higher proportions of the higher chlorinated, Aroclor 1260 type, nonmetabolizable congeners, and chum, pink, sockeye, and "remote" coho having higher proportions of the lower chlorinated, more volatile and metabolizable Aroclor 1242 type, congeners. Wild chinook have the highest PCB and toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentrations, and the highest proportions of A1254 A1260, and PCB congeners in the most refractory SAG. Because both "coastal" and "remote" coho groups are likely to be consuming prey of similar size and trophic level, the PCB delivery mechanism (e.g., atmosphere vs runoff) apparently has more influence on the salmon PCB profile than biotransformation, suggesting that the wild chinook PCB profile is determined by feeding preference. Overall, wild salmon distributions primarily relate to trophic level, feeding preferences, and longevity, while metabolism appears at most a minor factor. The new classification protocol takes better advantage of individual congener PCB analyses and provides a better framework for understanding the PCB distributions in salmon and, potentially, the movement of individual PCB congeners through marine food chains than previous classification schemes.
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11
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Saba T, Boehm PD. Congener-based analysis of the weathering of PCB Aroclor 1242 in paper mill sludge. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 82:1321-1328. [PMID: 21190710 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Aroclor 1242 contains a high percentage of lightly chlorinated congeners, which makes it susceptible to congener profile alterations as a result of physical-chemical environmental weathering by water washing, evaporation, and volatilization. The analysis of the variability of congener profiles in paper sludge samples using PCA, mixing models, and correlation (R(2)) analysis, provided an integrated description of the behavior of Aroclor 1242 after its release in the environment. The results showed that the total PCB concentration decreased as the sample experienced weathering, with the congener profile of Aroclor 1242 shifting towards resembling heavier Aroclors as lighter congeners were lost. Mixing model analysis confirmed that a sample containing weathered Aroclor 1242 could easily be misidentified by laboratories as containing a mix of heavier Aroclors. The R(2) analysis showed that the profile of the congeners within a homologue group remained the same after weathering. This analysis showed that congeners that belong to the same level of chlorination behave similarly in such a manner that retains their overall profile when exposed to physical weathering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Saba
- Exponent, Inc., 1 Clock Tower Place, Suite 150, Maynard, MA 01754, United States.
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12
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Chi KH, Luo S, Hsu SC, Kao SJ, Tsai YJ, Chang MB. Historical trends of dioxin-like compounds and heavy metals in sediments buried in a reservoir in central Taiwan. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 76:286-292. [PMID: 19401259 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and heavy metal concentrations were analyzed at 1-2 cm intervals in a sediment core collected from a reservoir to evaluate anthropogenic pollution history in central Taiwan. The age of the sediment core was estimated from the sedimentation rate (0.44-0.52 cm year(-1), calculated by (210)Pb and (137)Cs analysis). The highest PCDD/F (4.10 ng TEQ(WHO)kg(-1)d.w.) and PCB (0.345ngTEQ(WHO)kg(-1)d.w.) concentrations occurred around 1985 (i.e. at a downcore depth of 10-12 cm). Our results also demonstrated that PCDD/F and PCB concentrations in the reservoir sediment core started to decrease at a depth of 8-10 cm (estimated year: 1989). This may be attributed to the fact that the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) proposed the regulation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) production and PCB manufacture in 1983 and 1988, respectively. In addition, a linear increasing trend in metal content with time (towards the core top) was observed for several metals (Zn, Cr, Cu, Cd and Pb). Results of the enrichments rates of anthropogenic metals indicated that the metal/alumina (M/Al) ratios of Zn, Cd and Pb in sediment cores exceeded those in crust compositions by 47%, 59% and 78%, respectively. The results revealed that considerable amounts of heavy metals were carried into the reservoir following significant immigration during the Chinese civil war (1950).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hsien Chi
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
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13
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Du S, Belton TJ, Rodenburg LA. Source apportionment of polychlorinated biphenyls in the tidal Delaware River. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:4044-4051. [PMID: 18589964 DOI: 10.1021/es703047a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The Delaware River, similar to many surface water bodies throughout the United States, is impaired due to polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations that exceed the federal water quality standard. A total maximum daily load (TMDL) for PCBs in the Delaware was promulgated in 2003 after construction of a detailed water quality model that relied upon estimated PCB loadings from sources such as wastewater treatment plant effluents, contaminated sites, and tributaries. The purpose of this project was to corroborate this loading estimate by analyzing ambient water column data on PCB concentrations in the Delaware River via positive matrix factorization (PMF) in order to identify covarying congener patterns that are, in theory, associated with sources. The PMF program identified six factors (covarying congener patterns) that appear to be associated with sources, such as sediment resuspension, contaminated sites, and wastewater effluents and combined sewer overflows (CSOs). PCB 11 was found to be a useful tracer for CSO/ wastewater inputs despite the fact that no known dye manufacturers exist in the watershed. This analysis generally corroborates the PCB loading estimate used in the water quality model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyan Du
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
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Chi KH, Chang MB, Kao SJ. Historical trends of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in sediments buried in a reservoir in Northern Taiwan. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 68:1733-40. [PMID: 17498778 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Revised: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations were analyzed at 1-2cm intervals in a sediment core collected from a reservoir in Northern Taiwan to evaluate the organic pollution history. The highest PCDD/F (14.4ng TEQ/kg d.w.) and PCB (0.261ng TEQ(WHO)/kg d.w.) concentrations were determined at 13-15cm (estimated year: 1992). The ages of the levels of sediment core were estimated from the sedimentation rate. Analysis results demonstrate that the PCDD/F concentration of the sediment core measured in the reservoir reached their peak when the municipal waste incinerators (MWIs) in the area started to operate. Furthermore, the decrease in sediment core PCDD/F concentration is related to the time of enforcement of the PCDD/F emission limit set by the Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) in Taiwan. Significant distribution of OCDD in homologue profiles was noted in archived soil samples in Taiwan in which the major input of PCDD/Fs was thought to be atmospheric. Major PCB congeners found in the sediment core were the major components of the commercial PCB products. Input fluxes of PCDD/Fs (5.75-158ng-I-TEQ/m(2)-yr) and PCBs (0.248-3.71ng TEQ(WHO)/m(2)yr) into the reservoir of interest are also calculated from the concentration and sedimentation rate of the sediment. The results reveal that considerable amounts of PCDD/Fs and PCBs were carried into the reservoir of interest in the flood stage but not during normal stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hsien Chi
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Ikenaka Y, Eun H, Watanabe E, Kumon F, Miyabara Y. Estimation of sources and inflow of dioxins and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the sediment core of Lake Suwa, Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2005; 138:529-37. [PMID: 15964115 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2004] [Accepted: 04/06/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the historical changes in polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF), coplanar polychlorinated biphenyl (co-PCB), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) inflows in Lake Suwa, their concentrations in the sediment core were analyzed in 5 cm interval. The maximum concentrations (depth cm) of PCDDs/DFs, co-PCBs, and PAHs were 25.2 ng/g dry (30-35 cm), 19.0 ng/g dry (30-35 cm), and 738, 795 ng/g dry (50-55 cm, 30-35 cm), respectively. Age and sedimentation rate of the sediment were estimated from the vertical changes in apparent density. Deposition rate of dioxins and PAHs were calculated from the concentration and sedimentation rate of the sediment. The results indicate that large amounts of dioxins and PAHs flowed into the lake in flood stage compared to normal stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Research and Education Center for Inlandwater Environment, Shinshu University, 5-2-4 Kogandori, Suwa, Nagano 392-0027, Japan.
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Gandolfi F, Pocar P, Brevini TAL, Fischer B. Impact of endocrine disrupters on ovarian function and embryonic development. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2002; 23:189-201. [PMID: 12142237 DOI: 10.1016/s0739-7240(02)00156-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Gandolfi
- Instituto di Anatomia degli Animali Domestici, Via Celoria, 10 20133 Milano, Italy.
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