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Bhaskaran A, Singh SA, Reddy BM, Roy S. Integrated CO 2 Capture and Dry Reforming of CH 4 to Syngas: A Review. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:14766-14778. [PMID: 38978485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Integrating carbon capture with dry reforming of methane offers a promising approach to addressing greenhouse gas emissions while producing valuable syngas. This review examines the complexities and progress made in this integrated process, wherein catalysts play a critical role in adsorbing carbon dioxide and facilitating the conversion of methane to syngas. The chemical process entails the concurrent capture of CO2 emissions and their usage in dry reforming, a reaction in which CH4 interacts with CO2 to generate syngas, an essential precursor for various industrial applications. The dual-functional materials can adsorb carbon dioxide and actively reform to an end-use application. The much-studied Ca-based sorbents exhibit a theoretical carbon capture capacity of 17.8 mmol g-1. However, during practical exploration of these materials as a dual-functional catalyst for integrated carbon capture and the dry reforming of methane, the uptake reduces to ∼13 mmol g-1 carbon capacity with 96.5 and 96% conversions of CO2 and CH4, respectively. Therefore, a thorough analysis of the complex relationship between CO2 capture and CH4 reforming catalysis is attempted herein based on various reported materials. Design concepts, structural optimization, and performance evaluation analysis of the dual-functional materials reveal their importance in carbon capture and reformation technology. Additionally, this review covers the field difficulties, future perspectives, and attractive commercial implementation predictions. This scrutiny illustrates the significance of dual-functional materials for sustainable energy production and environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aathira Bhaskaran
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500 078, India
| | - Satyapaul A Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500 078, India
| | - Benjaram M Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500 078, India
| | - Sounak Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500 078, India
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Li X, Liu Y, Jiang L, Song Y. Diffusion Properties for CO 2–Brine System under Sequestration-Related Pressures with Consideration of the Swelling Effect and Interfacial Area. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b02727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingbo Li
- Key Laboratory of Ocean Energy Utilization and Energy Conservation of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ocean Energy Utilization and Energy Conservation of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Lanlan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Ocean Energy Utilization and Energy Conservation of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Yongchen Song
- Key Laboratory of Ocean Energy Utilization and Energy Conservation of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
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3
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Kim K, Yang W, Nam K, Choe JK, Cheong J, Choi Y. Prediction of long-term heavy metal leaching from dredged marine sediment applied inland as a construction material. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:27352-27361. [PMID: 30032375 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2788-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Column leaching studies have been suggested as a reference for site-specific prediction of the long-term leaching characteristics of trace constituents in granular materials used as construction materials. In this study, the concept of the long-term leaching prediction using column studies is applied for dredged marine sediment impacted by heavy metals. The column studies show tailing of the liquid to solid ratio-dependent heavy metal leaching for sediment after heavy metal treatment by acid washing. A dual-mode first-order decay model, applied for the first time in this study for column leaching studies, is able to reproduce the leaching characteristics observed. A procedure for long-term leaching prediction using the dual-mode model is developed and applied to a virtual field scenario for which the sediment is beneficially used as a construction material. The prediction results show that by more accurately reproducing the column study results, the dual-mode model generally predicts greater long-term heavy metal loading to the underlying soil layer and longer duration of leaching than the single-mode model. The heavy metal leaching observed in the columns does not show any correlation with the sequential extraction procedure and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) results, suggesting that the column leaching test should be considered to be independent of such batch test procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kibeum Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, 35-307, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojin Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, 35-307, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungphile Nam
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, 35-307, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kwon Choe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, 35-307, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungyo Cheong
- Research and Development Division, Hyundai Engineering and Construction, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 16891, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongju Choi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, 35-307, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Perspectives of Geological CO2 Storage in South Korea to Cope with Climate Change. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10041117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Huo P, Zhang X, Gao K, Yu Z, Zhu J. Structures and electronic properties of Cu
m
Co
n
-CO2-H2O(m + n = 2~7) clusters. Struct Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-017-1054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Probst AJ, Castelle CJ, Singh A, Brown CT, Anantharaman K, Sharon I, Hug LA, Burstein D, Emerson JB, Thomas BC, Banfield JF. Genomic resolution of a cold subsurface aquifer community provides metabolic insights for novel microbes adapted to high CO 2 concentrations. Environ Microbiol 2016; 19:459-474. [PMID: 27112493 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As in many deep underground environments, the microbial communities in subsurface high-CO2 ecosystems remain relatively unexplored. Recent investigations based on single-gene assays revealed a remarkable variety of organisms from little studied phyla in Crystal Geyser (Utah, USA), a site where deeply sourced CO2 -saturated fluids are erupted at the surface. To provide genomic resolution of the metabolisms of these organisms, we used a novel metagenomic approach to recover 227 high-quality genomes from 150 microbial species affiliated with 46 different phylum-level lineages. Bacteria from two novel phylum-level lineages have the capacity for CO2 fixation. Analyses of carbon fixation pathways in all studied organisms revealed that the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway and the Calvin-Benson-Bassham Cycle occurred with the highest frequency, whereas the reverse TCA cycle was little used. We infer that this, and selection for form II RuBisCOs, are adaptions to high CO2 -concentrations. However, many autotrophs can also grow mixotrophically, a strategy that confers metabolic versatility. The assignment of 156 hydrogenases to 90 different organisms suggests that H2 is an important inter-species energy currency even under gaseous CO2 -saturation. Overall, metabolic analyses at the organism level provided insight into the biochemical cycles that support subsurface life under the extreme condition of CO2 saturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Probst
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, 307 McCone Hall, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Cindy J Castelle
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, 307 McCone Hall, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Andrea Singh
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, 307 McCone Hall, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Christopher T Brown
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Karthik Anantharaman
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, 307 McCone Hall, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Itai Sharon
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, 307 McCone Hall, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Laura A Hug
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, 307 McCone Hall, CA, 94720, USA
| | - David Burstein
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, 307 McCone Hall, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Joanne B Emerson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, 307 McCone Hall, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Brian C Thomas
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, 307 McCone Hall, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jillian F Banfield
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, 307 McCone Hall, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Earth Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, USA
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7
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Yang C, Hovorka SD, Treviño RH, Delgado-Alonso J. Integrated Framework for Assessing Impacts of CO₂ Leakage on Groundwater Quality and Monitoring-Network Efficiency: Case Study at a CO₂ Enhanced Oil Recovery Site. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:8887-8898. [PMID: 26052928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a combined use of site characterization, laboratory experiments, single-well push-pull tests (PPTs), and reactive transport modeling to assess potential impacts of CO2 leakage on groundwater quality and leakage-detection ability of a groundwater monitoring network (GMN) in a potable aquifer at a CO2 enhanced oil recovery (CO2 EOR) site. Site characterization indicates that failures of plugged and abandoned wells are possible CO2 leakage pathways. Groundwater chemistry in the shallow aquifer is dominated mainly by silicate mineral weathering, and no CO2 leakage signals have been detected in the shallow aquifer. Results of the laboratory experiments and the field test show no obvious damage to groundwater chemistry should CO2 leakage occur and further were confirmed with a regional-scale reactive transport model (RSRTM) that was built upon the batch experiments and validated with the single-well PPT. Results of the RSRTM indicate that dissolved CO2 as an indicator for CO2 leakage detection works better than dissolved inorganic carbon, pH, and alkalinity at the CO2 EOR site. The detection ability of a GMN was assessed with monitoring efficiency, depending on various factors, including the natural hydraulic gradient, the leakage rate, the number of monitoring wells, the aquifer heterogeneity, and the time for a CO2 plume traveling to the monitoring well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changbing Yang
- †Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78759, United States
| | - Susan D Hovorka
- †Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78759, United States
| | - Ramón H Treviño
- †Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78759, United States
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8
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Adam G, Aslan F, Portenkirchner E, Stadler P, Scharber MC, Sariciftci NS. Electrocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide using Sol-gel Processed Copper Indium Sulfide (CIS) Immobilized on ITO-Coated Glass Electrode. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-015-0257-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Malyi OI, Thiyam P, Boström M, Persson C. A first principles study of CO2 adsorption on α-SiO2(001) surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:20125-33. [PMID: 26174090 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02279g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
CO2 interaction with cleaved and reconstructed α-SiO2(001) surfaces is studied using first principles calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr I. Malyi
- Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology
- University of Oslo
- NO-0316 Oslo
- Norway
| | - Priyadarshini Thiyam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Royal Institute of Technology
- SE-100 44 Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - Mathias Boström
- Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology
- University of Oslo
- NO-0316 Oslo
- Norway
| | - Clas Persson
- Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology
- University of Oslo
- NO-0316 Oslo
- Norway
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
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10
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Teasdale CJ, Hall JA, Martin JP, Manning DAC. Ground gas monitoring: implications for hydraulic fracturing and CO2 storage. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:13610-13616. [PMID: 25363162 DOI: 10.1021/es502528c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) between the geosphere and atmosphere is essential for the management of anthropogenic emissions. Human activities such as carbon capture and storage and hydraulic fracturing ("fracking") affect the natural system and pose risks to future global warming and to human health and safety if not engineered to a high standard. In this paper an innovative approach of expressing ground gas compositions is presented, using data derived from regulatory monitoring of boreholes in the unsaturated zone at infrequent intervals (typically 3 months) with data from a high frequency monitoring instrument deployed over periods of weeks. Similar highly variable trends are observed for time scales ranging from decades to hourly for boreholes located close to sanitary landfill sites. Additionally, high frequency monitoring data confirm the effect of meteorological controls on ground gas emissions; the maximum observed CH4 and CO2 concentrations in a borehole monitored over two weeks were 40.1% v/v and 8.5% v/v respectively, but for 70% of the monitoring period only air was present. There is a clear weakness in current point monitoring strategies that may miss emission events and this needs to be considered along with obtaining baseline data prior to starting any engineering activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Teasdale
- School of Civil Engineering & Geosciences, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K. , NE1 7RU
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11
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Medvecky F, Lacey J, Ashworth P. Examining the role of carbon capture and storage through an ethical lens. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2014; 20:1111-1128. [PMID: 24061776 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-013-9474-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The risk posed by anthropogenic climate change is generally accepted, and the challenge we face to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to a tolerable limit cannot be underestimated. Reducing GHG emissions can be achieved either by producing less GHG to begin with or by emitting less GHG into the atmosphere. One carbon mitigation technology with large potential for capturing carbon dioxide at the point source of emissions is carbon capture and storage (CCS). However, the merits of CCS have been questioned, both on practical and ethical grounds. While the practical concerns have already received substantial attention, the ethical concerns still demand further consideration. This article aims to respond to this deficit by reviewing the critical ethical challenges raised by CCS as a possible tool in a climate mitigation strategy and argues that the urgency stemming from climate change underpins many of the concerns raised by CCS.
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12
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Carbon dioxide concentration dictates alternative methanogenic pathways in oil reservoirs. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1998. [PMID: 23759740 PMCID: PMC3709511 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep subsurface formations (for example, high-temperature oil reservoirs) are candidate sites for carbon capture and storage technology. However, very little is known about how the subsurface microbial community would respond to an increase in CO2 pressure resulting from carbon capture and storage. Here we construct microcosms mimicking reservoir conditions (55 °C, 5 MPa) using high-temperature oil reservoir samples. Methanogenesis occurs under both high and low CO2 conditions in the microcosms. However, the increase in CO2 pressure accelerates the rate of methanogenesis to more than twice than that under low CO2 conditions. Isotope tracer and molecular analyses show that high CO2 conditions invoke acetoclastic methanogenesis in place of syntrophic acetate oxidation coupled with hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis that typically occurs in this environment (low CO2 conditions). Our results present a possibility of carbon capture and storage for enhanced microbial energy production in deep subsurface environments that can mitigate global warming and energy depletion. Deep subsurface formations are potential sites for carbon capture and storage but how subsurface microbial communities may respond to this is not clear. Here, Mayumi et al. construct microcosms and show that increasing CO2 partial pressure via carbon capture and storage more than doubles the rate of methanogenesis.
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14
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Watson T, Sullivan T. Design of a perfluorocarbon tracer based monitoring network to support monitoring verification and accounting of sequestered CO 2. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20135004003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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15
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Williamson P, Turley C. Ocean acidification in a geoengineering context. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2012; 370:4317-42. [PMID: 22869801 PMCID: PMC3405667 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2012.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental changes to marine chemistry are occurring because of increasing carbon dioxide (CO(2)) in the atmosphere. Ocean acidity (H(+) concentration) and bicarbonate ion concentrations are increasing, whereas carbonate ion concentrations are decreasing. There has already been an average pH decrease of 0.1 in the upper ocean, and continued unconstrained carbon emissions would further reduce average upper ocean pH by approximately 0.3 by 2100. Laboratory experiments, observations and projections indicate that such ocean acidification may have ecological and biogeochemical impacts that last for many thousands of years. The future magnitude of such effects will be very closely linked to atmospheric CO(2); they will, therefore, depend on the success of emission reduction, and could also be constrained by geoengineering based on most carbon dioxide removal (CDR) techniques. However, some ocean-based CDR approaches would (if deployed on a climatically significant scale) re-locate acidification from the upper ocean to the seafloor or elsewhere in the ocean interior. If solar radiation management were to be the main policy response to counteract global warming, ocean acidification would continue to be driven by increases in atmospheric CO(2), although with additional temperature-related effects on CO(2) and CaCO(3) solubility and terrestrial carbon sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Williamson
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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16
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A comparative state-level analysis of carbon capture and storage (CCS) discourse among U.S. energy stakeholders and the public. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2011.02.654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Sollie OK, Bernstone C, Carpenter ME, Selmer-Olsen S. An early phase risk and uncertainty assessment method for CO2 geological storage sites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2011.02.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Pollak MF, Wilson EJ. Regulating geologic sequestration in the United States: early rules take divergent approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:3035-3041. [PMID: 19534110 DOI: 10.1021/es803094f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Regulations for geological sequestration (GS) of carbon dioxide (CO2) have been adopted in the state of Washington and proposed by the state of Kansas and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Underground Injection Control (UIC) Program. These three sets of rules take significantly different approaches to regulating GS of CO2. This paper compares these rules, focusing on elements where their differences highlight the choices that must be made to create a regulatory framework for GS in the United States. Consensus is emerging in some areas, but there is still substantial disagreement regarding the allowable composition of the CO2 stream, the size of the area of review, reservoir performance goals, and management of risks other than those to groundwater. Gaps include issues related to ownership of subsurface pore space, greenhouse gas accounting, and long-term stewardship. The divergent approaches of these rules raise two overarching questions: (1) Should policy makers create GS regulations by modifying and supplementing UIC rules or through new enabling legislation? (2) What should be the relative roles of state and federal governments in GS regulation? We outline trade-offs between the consistency and coordination that federal involvement could offer and the reality that states need to be heavily involved with implementation of GS regulations. We conclude that federal involvement above and beyond the proposed EPA Class VI rules is needed to create effective GS regulation in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa F Pollak
- University of Minnesota Center for Science, Technology, and Public Policy, 301 19th Avenue South, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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19
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Nemet GF. Net radiative forcing from widespread deployment of photovoltaics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:2173-2178. [PMID: 19368231 DOI: 10.1021/es801747c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
If photovoltaics (PV) are to contribute significantly to stabilizing the climate, they will need to be deployed on the scale of multiple terawatts. Installation of that much PV would cover substantial portions of the Earth's surface with dark-colored, sunlight-absorbing panels, reducing the Earth's albedo. How much radiative forcing would result from this change in land use? How does this amount compare to the radiative forcing avoided by substituting PV for fossil fuels? This analysis uses a series of simple equations to compare the two effects and finds that substitution dominates; the avoided radiative forcing due to substitution of PV for fossil fuels is approximately 30 times largerthan the forcing due to albedo modification. Sensitivity analysis, including discounting of future costs and benefits, identifies unfavorable yet plausible configurations in which the albedo effect substantially reduces the climatic benefits of PV. The value of PV as a climate mitigation option depends on how it is deployed, not just how much it is deployed--efficiency of PV systems and the carbon intensity of the substituted energy are particularly important
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory F Nemet
- La Follette School of Public Affairs and Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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20
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Gerard D, Wilson EJ. Environmental bonds and the challenge of long-term carbon sequestration. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2009; 90:1097-1105. [PMID: 18619728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Revised: 01/26/2008] [Accepted: 04/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The potential to capture carbon from industrial sources and dispose of it for the long-term, known as carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), is widely recognized as an important option to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide emissions. Specifically, CCS has the potential to provide emissions cuts sufficient to stabilize greenhouse gas levels, while still allowing for the continued use of fossil fuels. In addition, CCS is both technologically-feasible and commercially viable compared with alternatives with the same emissions profile. Although the concept appears to be solid from a technical perspective, initial public perceptions of the technology are uncertain. Moreover, little attention has been paid to developing an understanding of the social and political institutional infrastructure necessary to implement CCS projects. In this paper we explore a particularly dicey issue--how to ensure adequate long-term monitoring and maintenance of the carbon sequestration sites. Bonding mechanisms have been suggested as a potential mechanism to reduce these problems (where bonding refers to financial instruments used to ensure regulatory or contractual commitments). Such mechanisms have been successfully applied in a number of settings (e.g., to ensure court appearances, completion of construction projects, and payment of taxes). The paper examines the use of bonding to address environmental problems and looks at its possible application to nascent CCS projects. We also present evidence on the use of bonding for other projects involving deep underground injection of materials for the purpose of long-term storage or disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gerard
- Department of Engineering & Public Policy, Center for the Study & Improvement of Regulation, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15217, USA.
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Carbon capture and storage in context: The importance of state policy and discourse in deploying emerging energy technologies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2009.02.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Litynski JT, Klara SM, McIlvried HG, Srivastava RD. The United States Department of Energy's Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships program: a collaborative approach to carbon management. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2006; 32:128-44. [PMID: 16054694 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2005.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2005] [Accepted: 05/20/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews the Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships (RCSP) concept, which is a first attempt to bring the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) carbon sequestration program activities into the "real world" by using a geographically-disposed-system type approach for the U.S. Each regional partnership is unique and covers a unique section of the U.S. and is tasked with determining how the research and development activities of DOE's carbon sequestration program can best be implemented in their region of the country. Although there is no universal agreement on the cause, it is generally understood that global warming is occurring, and many climate scientists believe that this is due, in part, to the buildup of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) in the atmosphere. This is evident from the finding presented in the National Academy of Science Report to the President on Climate Change which stated "Greenhouse gases are accumulating in Earth's atmosphere as a result of human activities, causing surface air temperatures and subsurface ocean temperatures to rise. Temperatures are, in fact, rising. The changes observed over the last several decades are likely mostly due to human activities, ...". In the United States, emissions of CO(2) originate mainly from the combustion of fossil fuels for energy production, transportation, and other industrial processes. Roughly one third of U.S. anthropogenic CO(2) emissions come from power plants. Reduction of CO(2) emissions through sequestration of carbon either in geologic formations or in terrestrial ecosystems can be part of the solution to the problem of global warming. However, a number of steps must be accomplished before sequestration can become a reality. Cost effective capture and separation technology must be developed, tested, and demonstrated; a database of potential sequestration sites must be established; and techniques must be developed to measure, monitor, and verify the sequestered CO(2). Geographical differences in fossil fuel use, the industries present, and potential sequestration sinks across the United States dictate the use of a regional approach to address the sequestration of CO(2). To accommodate these differences, the DOE has created a nationwide network of seven Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships (RCSP) to help determine and implement the carbon sequestration technologies, infrastructure, and regulations most appropriate to promote CO(2) sequestration in different regions of the nation. These partnerships currently represent 40 states, three Indian Nations, four Canadian Provinces, and over 200 organizations, including academic institutions, research institutions, coal companies, utilities, equipment manufacturers, forestry and agricultural representatives, state and local governments, non-governmental organizations, and national laboratories. These partnerships are dedicated to developing the necessary infrastructure and validating the carbon sequestration technologies that have emerged from DOE's core R&D and other programs to mitigate emissions of CO(2), a potent greenhouse gas. The partnerships provide a critical link to DOE's plans for FutureGen, a highly efficient and technologically sophisticated coal-fired power plant that will produce both hydrogen and electricity with near-zero emissions. Though limited to the situation in the U.S., the paper describes for the international scientific community the approach being taken by the U.S. to prepare for carbon sequestration, should that become necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Litynski
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, United States Department of Energy, Pittsburgh, PA 15236.
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