1
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Edwards MR, Thomas ZH, Nemet GF, Rathod S, Greene J, Surana K, Kennedy KM, Fuhrman J, McJeon HC. Modeling direct air carbon capture and storage in a 1.5 °C climate future using historical analogs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2215679121. [PMID: 38709924 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2215679121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Limiting the rise in global temperature to 1.5 °C will rely, in part, on technologies to remove CO2 from the atmosphere. However, many carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies are in the early stages of development, and there is limited data to inform predictions of their future adoption. Here, we present an approach to model adoption of early-stage technologies such as CDR and apply it to direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS). Our approach combines empirical data on historical technology analogs and early adoption indicators to model a range of feasible growth pathways. We use these pathways as inputs to an integrated assessment model (the Global Change Analysis Model, GCAM) and evaluate their effects under an emissions policy to limit end-of-century temperature change to 1.5 °C. Adoption varies widely across analogs, which share different strategic similarities with DACCS. If DACCS growth mirrors high-growth analogs (e.g., solar photovoltaics), it can reach up to 4.9 GtCO2 removal by midcentury, compared to as low as 0.2 GtCO2 for low-growth analogs (e.g., natural gas pipelines). For these slower growing analogs, unabated fossil fuel generation in 2050 is reduced by 44% compared to high-growth analogs, with implications for energy investments and stranded assets. Residual emissions at the end of the century are also substantially lower (by up to 43% and 34% in transportation and industry) under lower DACCS scenarios. The large variation in growth rates observed for different analogs can also point to policy takeaways for enabling DACCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan R Edwards
- La Follette School of Public Affairs, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Nelson Institute Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726
| | - Zachary H Thomas
- Nelson Institute Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726
| | - Gregory F Nemet
- La Follette School of Public Affairs, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Nelson Institute Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726
| | - Sagar Rathod
- La Follette School of Public Affairs, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Nelson Institute Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726
- Office of Sustainability, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715
| | - Jenna Greene
- Nelson Institute Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726
| | - Kavita Surana
- Institute for Data, Energy, and Sustainability, Vienna University of Economics and Business, Vienna 1020, Austria
- Center for Global Sustainability, School of Public Policy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
- Complexity Science Hub, Vienna 1080, Austria
| | - Kathleen M Kennedy
- Center for Global Sustainability, School of Public Policy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Jay Fuhrman
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, MD 20740
| | - Haewon C McJeon
- Graduate School of Green Growth & Sustainability, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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2
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Vessey CJ, Raudsepp MJ, Patel AS, Wilson S, Harrison AL, Chen N, Chen W. Influence of Iron Substitution and Solution Composition on Brucite Carbonation. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:7802-7813. [PMID: 38578665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Carbon neutral or negative mining can potentially be achieved by integrating carbon mineralization processes into the mine design, operations, and closure plans. Brucite [Mg(OH)2] is a highly reactive mineral present in some ultramafic mine tailings with the potential to be rapidly carbonated and can contain significant amounts of ferrous iron [Fe(II)] substituted for Mg; however, the influence of this substitution on carbon mineralization reaction products and efficiency has not been thoroughly constrained. To better assess the efficiency of carbon storage in brucite-bearing tailings, we performed carbonation experiments using synthetic Fe(II)-substituted brucite (0, 6, 23, and 44 mol % Fe) slurries in oxic and anoxic conditions with 10% CO2. Additionally, the carbonation process was evaluated using different background electrolytes (NaCl, Na2SO4, and Na4SiO4). Our results indicate that carbonation efficiency decreases with increasing Fe(II) substitution. In oxic conditions, precipitation of ferrihydrite [Fe10IIIO14(OH)2] and layered double hydroxides {e.g., pyroaurite [Mg6Fe2III(OH)16CO3·4H2O]} limited carbonation efficiency. Carbonation in anoxic environments led to the formation of Fe(II)-substituted nesquehonite (MgCO3·3H2O) and dypingite [Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·∼5H2O], as well as chukanovite [Fe2IICO3(OH)2] in the case of 23 and 44 mol % Fe(II)-brucite carbonation. Carbonation efficiencies were consistent between chloride- and sulfate-rich solutions but declined in the presence of dissolved Si due to the formation of amorphous SiO2·nH2O and Fe-Mg silicates. Overall, our results indicate that carbonation efficiency and the long-term fate of stored CO2 may depend on the amount of substituted Fe(II) in both feedstock minerals and carbonate products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colton J Vessey
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Maija J Raudsepp
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Avni S Patel
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Sasha Wilson
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Anna L Harrison
- Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 1 + 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Ning Chen
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2 V3, Canada
| | - Weifeng Chen
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2 V3, Canada
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3
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Ringsby AJ, Ross CM, Maher K. Sorption of Soil Carbon Dioxide by Biochar and Engineered Porous Carbons. Environ Sci Technol 2024. [PMID: 38689207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
CO2 is 45 to 50 times more concentrated in soil than in air, resulting in global diffusive fluxes that outpace fossil fuel combustion by an order of magnitude. Despite the scale of soil CO2 emissions, soil-based climate change mitigation strategies are underdeveloped. Existing approaches, such as enhanced weathering and sustainable land management, show promise but continue to face deployment barriers. We introduce an alternative approach: the use of solid adsorbents to directly capture CO2 in soils. Biomass-derived adsorbents could exploit favorable soil CO2 adsorption thermodynamics while also sequestering solid carbon. Despite this potential, previous study of porous carbon CO2 adsorption is mostly limited to single-component measurements and conditions irrelevant to soil. Here, we probe sorption under simplified soil conditions (0.2 to 3% CO2 in balance air at ambient temperature and pressure) and provide physical and chemical characterization data to correlate material properties to sorption performance. We show that minimally engineered pyrogenic carbons exhibit CO2 sorption capacities comparable to or greater than those of advanced sorbent materials. Compared to textural features, sorbent carbon bond morphology substantially influences low-pressure CO2 adsorption. Our findings enhance understanding of gas adsorption on porous carbons and inform the development of effective soil-based climate change mitigation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Ringsby
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Cynthia M Ross
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kate Maher
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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4
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Jankowska E, Montserrat F, Romaniello SJ, Walworth NG, Andrews MG. Metal bioaccumulation and effects of olivine sand exposure on benthic marine invertebrates. Chemosphere 2024:142195. [PMID: 38692368 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Due to the anthropogenic increase of atmospheric CO2 emissions, humanity is facing the negative effects of rapid global climate change. Both active emission reduction and carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies are needed to meet the Paris Agreement and limit global warming to 1.5 °C by 2050. One promising CDR approach is coastal enhanced weathering (CEW), which involves the placement of sand composed of (ultra)mafic minerals like olivine in coastal zones. Although the large-scale placement of olivine sand could beneficially impact the planet through the consumption of atmospheric CO2 and reduction in ocean acidification, it may also have physical and geochemical impacts on benthic communities. The dissolution of olivine can release dissolved constituents such as trace metals that may affect marine organisms. Here we tested acute and chronic responses of marine invertebrates to olivine sand exposure, as well as examined metal accumulation in invertebrate tissue resulting from olivine dissolution. Two different ecotoxicological experiments were performed on a range of benthic marine invertebrates (amphipod, polychaete, bivalve). The first experiment included acute survival and chronic growth tests (10 and 20 days, respectively) of olivine exposure while the second had longer (28 day) exposures to measure chronic survival and bioaccumulation of trace metals (e.g. Ni, Cr, Co) released during olivine sand dissolution. Across all fauna we observed no negative effects on acute survival or chronic growth resulting solely from olivine exposure. However, over 28 days of exposure, the bent-nosed clam Macoma nasuta (Conrad, 1837) experienced reduced burrowing and accumulated 4.2 ± 0.7 μg g ww-1 of Ni while the polychaete Alitta virens (M. Sars, 1835) accumulated 3.5 ± 0.9 μg g ww-1 of Ni. No significant accumulation of any other metals was observed. Future work should include longer-term laboratory studies as well as CEW field studies to validate these findings under real-world scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nathan G Walworth
- Vesta, PBC, San Francisco, CA, USA; University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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5
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Ampah JD, Jin C, Liu H, Afrane S, Adun H, Morrow D, Ho DT. Prioritizing Non- Carbon Dioxide Removal Mitigation Strategies Could Reduce the Negative Impacts Associated with Large-Scale Reliance on Negative Emissions. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:3755-3765. [PMID: 38285506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) is necessary for reaching net zero emissions, with studies showing potential deployment at multi-GtCO2 scale by 2050. However, excessive reliance on future CDR entails serious risks, including delayed emissions cuts, lock-in of fossil infrastructure, and threats to sustainability from increased resource competition. This study highlights an alternative pathway─prioritizing near-term non-CDR mitigation and minimizing CDR dependence. We impose a 1 GtCO2 limit on global novel CDR deployment by 2050, forcing aggressive early emissions reductions compared to 8-22 GtCO2 in higher CDR scenarios. Our results reveal that this low CDR pathway significantly decreases fossil fuel use, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and air pollutants compared to higher CDR pathways. Driving rapid energy transitions eases pressures on land (including food cropland), water, and fertilizer resources required for energy and negative emissions. However, these sustainability gains come with higher mitigation costs from greater near-term low/zero-carbon technology deployment for decarbonization. Overall, this work provides strong evidence for maximizing non-CDR strategies such as renewables, electrification, carbon neutral/negative fuels, and efficiency now rather than betting on uncertain future CDR scaling. Ambitious near-term mitigation in this decade is essential to prevent lock-in and offer the best chance of successful deep decarbonization. Our constrained CDR scenario offers a robust pathway to achieving net zero emissions with limited sustainability impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Dankwa Ampah
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chao Jin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Sandylove Afrane
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Humphrey Adun
- Energy Systems Engineering Department, Cyprus International University, Mersin 10, Haspolat-Lefkosa, Nicosia 99258, Turkey
| | - David Morrow
- Institute for Carbon Removal Law and Policy, American University, Washington, NW DC 20016, United States
| | - David T Ho
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii at Ma̅noa, 1000 Pope Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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6
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Cheng Y, Lawrence DM, Pan M, Zhang B, Graham NT, Lawrence PJ, Liu Z, He X. A bioenergy-focused versus a reforestation-focused mitigation pathway yields disparate carbon storage and climate responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2306775121. [PMID: 38315850 PMCID: PMC10873610 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306775121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Limiting global warming to 2 °C requires urgent action on land-based mitigation. This study evaluates the biogeochemical and biogeophysical implications of two alternative land-based mitigation scenarios that aim to achieve the same radiative forcing. One scenario is primarily driven by bioenergy expansion (SSP226Lu-BIOCROP), while the other involves re/afforestation (SSP126Lu-REFOREST). We find that overall, SSP126Lu-REFOREST is a more efficient strategy for removing CO2 from the atmosphere by 2100, resulting in a net carbon sink of 242 ~ 483 PgC with smaller uncertainties compared to SSP226Lu-BIOCROP, which exhibits a wider range of -78 ~ 621 PgC. However, SSP126Lu-REFOREST leads to a relatively warmer planetary climate than SSP226Lu-BIOCROP, and this relative warming can be intensified in certain re/afforested regions where local climates are not favorable for tree growth. Despite the cooling effect on a global scale, SSP226Lu-BIOCROP reshuffles regional warming hotspots, amplifying summer temperatures in vulnerable tropical regions such as Central Africa and Southeast Asia. Our findings highlight the need for strategic land use planning to identify suitable regions for re/afforestation and bioenergy expansion, thereby improving the likelihood of achieving the intended climate mitigation outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Cheng
- Department of Industrial Systems Engineering and Management, National University of Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - David M. Lawrence
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Science Foundation National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO80305
| | - Ming Pan
- Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
| | - Baoqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu730000, China
| | - Neal T. Graham
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, MD20740
| | - Peter J. Lawrence
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Science Foundation National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO80305
| | - Zhongfang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai200092, China
| | - Xiaogang He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576, Singapore
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7
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Prats-Salvado E, Jagtap N, Monnerie N, Sattler C. Solar-Powered Direct Air Capture: Techno-Economic and Environmental Assessment. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:2282-2292. [PMID: 38270080 PMCID: PMC10851427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Direct air capture (DAC) of CO2 has gained attention as a sustainable carbon source. One of the most promising technologies currently available is liquid solvent DAC (L-DAC), but the significant fraction of fossil CO2 in the output stream hinders its utilization in carbon-neutral fuels and chemicals. Fossil CO2 is generated and captured during the combustion of fuels to calcine carbonates, which is difficult to decarbonize due to the high temperatures required. Solar thermal energy can provide green high-temperature heat, but it flourishes in arid regions where environmental conditions are typically unfavorable for L-DAC. This study proposes a solar-powered L-DAC approach and develops a model to assess the influence of the location and plant capacity on capture costs. The performed life cycle assessment enables the comparison of technologies based on net CO2 removal, demonstrating that solar-powered L-DAC is not only more environmentally friendly but also more cost-effective than conventional L-DAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enric Prats-Salvado
- German
Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Future
Fuels, Linder Höhe, 51147 Cologne, Germany
- RWTH
Aachen University, Chair for Solar Fuel
Production, Templergraben
55, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Nipun Jagtap
- German
Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Future
Fuels, Linder Höhe, 51147 Cologne, Germany
| | - Nathalie Monnerie
- German
Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Future
Fuels, Linder Höhe, 51147 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Sattler
- German
Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Future
Fuels, Linder Höhe, 51147 Cologne, Germany
- RWTH
Aachen University, Chair for Solar Fuel
Production, Templergraben
55, 52062 Aachen, Germany
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8
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Power IM, Paulo C, Rausis K. The Mining Industry's Role in Enhanced Weathering and Mineralization for CO 2 Removal. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:43-53. [PMID: 38127732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced weathering and mineralization (EWM) aim to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere by accelerating the reaction of this greenhouse gas with alkaline minerals. This suite of geochemical negative emissions technologies has the potential to achieve CO2 removal rates of >1 gigatonne per year, yet will require gigatonnes of suitable rock. As a supplier of rock powder, the mining industry will be at the epicenter of the global implementation of EWM. Certain alkaline mine wastes sequester CO2 under conventional mining conditions, which should be quantified across the industry. Furthermore, mines are ideal locations for testing acceleration strategies since tailings impoundments are contained and highly monitored. While some environmentally benign mine wastes may be repurposed for off-site use─reducing costs and risks associated with their storage─numerous new mines will be needed to supply rock powders to reach the gigatonne scale. Large-scale EWM pilots with mining companies are required to progress technology readiness, including carbon verification approaches. With its knowledge of geological formations and ore processing, the mining industry can play an essential role in extracting the most reactive rocks with the greatest CO2 removal capacities, creating supply chains, and participating in life-cycle assessments. The motivations for mining companies to develop EWM include reputational benefits and carbon offsets needed to achieve carbon neutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Power
- Trent School of the Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Carlos Paulo
- Trent School of the Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Kwon Rausis
- Trent School of the Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
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9
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Tao F, Houlton BZ. Inorganic and organic synergies in enhanced weathering to promote carbon dioxide removal. Glob Chang Biol 2024; 30:e17132. [PMID: 38273505 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tao
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin Z Houlton
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Department of Global Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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10
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Blanc-Betes E, Gomez-Casanovas N, Hartman MD, Hudiburg TW, Khanna M, Parton WJ, DeLucia EH. Climate vs Energy Security: Quantifying the Trade-offs of BECCS Deployment and Overcoming Opportunity Costs on Set-Aside Land. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:19732-19748. [PMID: 37934080 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) sits at the nexus of the climate and energy security. We evaluated trade-offs between scenarios that support climate stabilization (negative emissions and net climate benefit) or energy security (ethanol production). Our spatially explicit model indicates that the foregone climate benefit from abandoned cropland (opportunity cost) increased carbon emissions per unit of energy produced by 14-36%, making geologic carbon capture and storage necessary to achieve negative emissions from any given energy crop. The toll of opportunity costs on the climate benefit of BECCS from set-aside land was offset through the spatial allocation of crops based on their individual biophysical constraints. Dedicated energy crops consistently outperformed mixed grasslands. We estimate that BECCS allocation to land enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) could capture up to 9 Tg C year-1 from the atmosphere, deliver up to 16 Tg CE year-1 in emissions savings, and meet up to 10% of the US energy statutory targets, but contributions varied substantially as the priority shifted from climate stabilization to energy provision. Our results indicate a significant potential to integrate energy security targets into sustainable pathways to climate stabilization but underpin the trade-offs of divergent policy-driven agendas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Blanc-Betes
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nuria Gomez-Casanovas
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center, Texas A&M University, Vernon, Texas 76384, United States
- Rangeland, Wildlife & Fisheries Management Department, Texas A&M University, Vernon, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Melannie D Hartman
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Institute for Advancing Health Through Agriculture, Texas A&M University, Vernon, Texas 77845, United States
| | - Tara W Hudiburg
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Madhu Khanna
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, United States
| | - William J Parton
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Institute for Advancing Health Through Agriculture, Texas A&M University, Vernon, Texas 77845, United States
| | - Evan H DeLucia
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Leverhulme Centre for Climate Change Mitigation, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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11
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Reershemius T, Kelland ME, Jordan JS, Davis IR, D'Ascanio R, Kalderon-Asael B, Asael D, Suhrhoff TJ, Epihov DZ, Beerling DJ, Reinhard CT, Planavsky NJ. Initial Validation of a Soil-Based Mass-Balance Approach for Empirical Monitoring of Enhanced Rock Weathering Rates. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:19497-19507. [PMID: 37961896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced rock weathering (ERW) is a promising scalable and cost-effective carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategy with significant environmental and agronomic co-benefits. A major barrier to large-scale implementation of ERW is a robust monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) framework. To successfully quantify the amount of carbon dioxide removed by ERW, MRV must be accurate, precise, and cost-effective. Here, we outline a mass-balance-based method in which analysis of the chemical composition of soil samples is used to track in situ silicate rock weathering. We show that signal-to-noise issues of in situ soil analysis can be mitigated by using isotope-dilution mass spectrometry to reduce analytical error. We implement a proof-of-concept experiment demonstrating the method in controlled mesocosms. In our experiment, a basalt rock feedstock is added to soil columns containing the cereal crop Sorghum bicolor at a rate equivalent to 50 t ha-1. Using our approach, we calculate rock weathering corresponding to an average initial CDR value of 1.44 ± 0.27 tCO2eq ha-1 from our experiments after 235 days, within error of an independent estimate calculated using conventional elemental budgeting of reaction products. Our method provides a robust time-integrated estimate of initial CDR, to feed into models that track and validate large-scale carbon removal through ERW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Reershemius
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Mike E Kelland
- Leverhulme Centre for Climate Change Mitigation, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K
| | - Jacob S Jordan
- Porecast Research, Lawrence, Kansas 66049, United States
| | - Isabelle R Davis
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, Southampton SO14 3ZH, U.K
| | - Rocco D'Ascanio
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Boriana Kalderon-Asael
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Dan Asael
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - T Jesper Suhrhoff
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Yale Center for Natural Carbon Capture, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Dimitar Z Epihov
- Leverhulme Centre for Climate Change Mitigation, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K
| | - David J Beerling
- Leverhulme Centre for Climate Change Mitigation, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K
| | - Christopher T Reinhard
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Noah J Planavsky
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Yale Center for Natural Carbon Capture, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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12
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Kantola IB, Blanc-Betes E, Masters MD, Chang E, Marklein A, Moore CE, von Haden A, Bernacchi CJ, Wolf A, Epihov DZ, Beerling DJ, DeLucia EH. Improved net carbon budgets in the US Midwest through direct measured impacts of enhanced weathering. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:7012-7028. [PMID: 37589204 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial enhanced weathering (EW) through the application of Mg- or Ca-rich rock dust to soil is a negative emission technology with the potential to address impacts of climate change. The effectiveness of EW was tested over 4 years by spreading ground basalt (50 t ha-1 year-1 ) on maize/soybean and miscanthus cropping systems in the Midwest US. The major elements of the carbon budget were quantified through measurements of eddy covariance, soil carbon flux, and biomass. The movement of Mg and Ca to deep soil, released by weathering, balanced by a corresponding alkalinity flux, was used to measure the drawdown of CO2 , where the release of cations from basalt was measured as the ratio of rare earth elements to base cations in the applied rock dust and in the surface soil. Basalt application stimulated peak biomass and net primary production in both cropping systems and caused a small but significant stimulation of soil respiration. Net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) was strongly negative for maize/soybean (-199 to -453 g C m-2 year-1 ) indicating this system was losing carbon to the atmosphere. Average EW (102 g C m-2 year-1 ) offset carbon loss in the maize/soybean by 23%-42%. NECB of miscanthus was positive (63-129 g C m-2 year-1 ), indicating carbon gain in the system, and EW greatly increased inorganic carbon storage by an additional 234 g C m-2 year-1 . Our analysis indicates a co-deployment of a perennial biofuel crop (miscanthus) with EW leads to major wins-increased harvested yields of 29%-42% with additional carbon dioxide removal (CDR) of 8.6 t CO2 ha-1 year-1 . EW applied to maize/soybean drives a CDR of 3.7 t CO2 ha-1 year-1 , which partially offsets well-established carbon losses from soil from this crop rotation. EW applied in the US Midwest creates measurable improvements to the carbon budgets perennial bioenergy crops and conventional row crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilsa B Kantola
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Elena Blanc-Betes
- Center for Applied Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael D Masters
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - Caitlin E Moore
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Adam von Haden
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Carl J Bernacchi
- Global Change Photosynthesis Research Unit, USDA/ARS, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Adam Wolf
- Eion Corp., Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Dimitar Z Epihov
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Leverhulme Centre for Climate Change Mitigation, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - David J Beerling
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Leverhulme Centre for Climate Change Mitigation, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Evan H DeLucia
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Center for Applied Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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13
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Pessarrodona A, Franco-Santos RM, Wright LS, Vanderklift MA, Howard J, Pidgeon E, Wernberg T, Filbee-Dexter K. Carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation using macroalgae: a state of knowledge review. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:1945-1971. [PMID: 37437379 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The conservation, restoration, and improved management of terrestrial forests significantly contributes to mitigate climate change and its impacts, as well as providing numerous co-benefits. The pressing need to reduce emissions and increase carbon removal from the atmosphere is now also leading to the development of natural climate solutions in the ocean. Interest in the carbon sequestration potential of underwater macroalgal forests is growing rapidly among policy, conservation, and corporate sectors. Yet, our understanding of whether carbon sequestration from macroalgal forests can lead to tangible climate change mitigation remains severely limited, hampering their inclusion in international policy or carbon finance frameworks. Here, we examine the results of over 180 publications to synthesise evidence regarding macroalgal forest carbon sequestration potential. We show that research efforts on macroalgae carbon sequestration are heavily skewed towards particulate organic carbon (POC) pathways (77% of data publications), and that carbon fixation is the most studied flux (55%). Fluxes leading directly to carbon sequestration (e.g. carbon export or burial in marine sediments) remain poorly resolved, likely hindering regional or country-level assessments of carbon sequestration potential, which are only available from 17 of the 150 countries where macroalgal forests occur. To solve this issue, we present a framework to categorize coastlines according to their carbon sequestration potential. Finally, we review the multiple avenues through which this sequestration can translate into climate change mitigation capacity, which largely depends on whether management interventions can increase carbon removal above a natural baseline or avoid further carbon emissions. We find that conservation, restoration and afforestation interventions on macroalgal forests can potentially lead to carbon removal in the order of 10's of Tg C globally. Although this is lower than current estimates of natural sequestration value of all macroalgal habitats (61-268 Tg C year-1 ), it suggests that macroalgal forests could add to the total mitigation potential of coastal blue carbon ecosystems, and offer valuable mitigation opportunities in polar and temperate areas where blue carbon mitigation is currently low. Operationalizing that potential will necessitate the development of models that reliably estimate the proportion of production sequestered, improvements in macroalgae carbon fingerprinting techniques, and a rethinking of carbon accounting methodologies. The ocean provides major opportunities to mitigate and adapt to climate change, and the largest coastal vegetated habitat on Earth should not be ignored simply because it does not fit into existing frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Pessarrodona
- UWA Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
- Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Dr., Suite 600, Arlington, VA, USA
- International Blue Carbon Institute, 42B Boat Quay, Singapore, 049831, Singapore
| | - Rita M Franco-Santos
- CSIRO Environment, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Crawley, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Luka Seamus Wright
- UWA Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
- CSIRO Environment, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Crawley, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mathew A Vanderklift
- CSIRO Environment, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Crawley, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jennifer Howard
- Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Dr., Suite 600, Arlington, VA, USA
- International Blue Carbon Institute, 42B Boat Quay, Singapore, 049831, Singapore
| | - Emily Pidgeon
- Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Dr., Suite 600, Arlington, VA, USA
- International Blue Carbon Institute, 42B Boat Quay, Singapore, 049831, Singapore
| | - Thomas Wernberg
- UWA Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
- Institute of Marine Research, Nye Flødevigveien 20, His, 4817, Norway
| | - Karen Filbee-Dexter
- UWA Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
- Institute of Marine Research, Nye Flødevigveien 20, His, 4817, Norway
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14
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Yang P, Mi Z, Wei YM, Hanssen SV, Liu LC, Coffman D, Sun X, Liao H, Yao YF, Kang JN, Wang PT, Davis SJ. The global mismatch between equitable carbon dioxide removal liability and capacity. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad254. [PMID: 38021166 PMCID: PMC10659237 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Limiting climate change to 1.5°C and achieving net-zero emissions would entail substantial carbon dioxide removal (CDR) from the atmosphere by the mid-century, but how much CDR is needed at country level over time is unclear. The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed description of when and how much CDR is required at country level in order to achieve 1.5°C and how much CDR countries can carry out domestically. We allocate global CDR pathways among 170 countries according to 6 equity principles and assess these allocations with respect to countries' biophysical and geophysical capacity to deploy CDR. Allocating global CDR to countries based on these principles suggests that CDR will, on average, represent ∼4% of nations' total emissions in 2030, rising to ∼17% in 2040. Moreover, equitable allocations of CDR, in many cases, exceed implied land and carbon storage capacities. We estimate ∼15% of countries (25) would have insufficient land to contribute an equitable share of global CDR, and ∼40% of countries (71) would have insufficient geological storage capacity. Unless more diverse CDR technologies are developed, the mismatch between CDR liabilities and land-based CDR capacities will lead to global demand for six GtCO2 carbon credits from 2020 to 2050. This demonstrates an imperative demand for international carbon trading of CDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Yang
- The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, UK
- Energy and Power Group, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 0ES, UK
- Exeter Sustainable Finance Centre, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PU, UK
| | - Zhifu Mi
- The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Yi-Ming Wei
- Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Steef V Hanssen
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Lan-Cui Liu
- Business School, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - D’Maris Coffman
- The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Xinlu Sun
- The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Hua Liao
- Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yun-Fei Yao
- Strategy Plan Department, SinopecResearch Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jia-Ning Kang
- Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Peng-Tao Wang
- Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Steven J Davis
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Sheppard EJ, Hurd CL, Britton DD, Reed DC, Bach LT. Seaweed biogeochemistry: Global assessment of C:N and C:P ratios and implications for ocean afforestation. J Phycol 2023; 59:879-892. [PMID: 37596958 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Algal carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) and carbon-to-phosphorus (C:P) ratios are fundamental for understanding many oceanic biogeochemical processes, such as nutrient flux and climate regulation. We synthesized literature data (444 species, >400 locations) and collected original samples from Tasmania, Australia (51 species, 10 locations) to update the global ratios of seaweed carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) and carbon-to-phosphorus (C:P). The updated global mean molar ratio for seaweed C:N is 20 (ranging from 6 to 123) and for C:P is 801 (ranging from 76 to 4102). The C:N and C:P ratios were significantly influenced by seawater inorganic nutrient concentrations and seasonality. Additionally, C:N ratios varied by phyla. Brown seaweeds (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae) had the highest mean C:N of 27.5 (range: 7.6-122.5), followed by green seaweeds (Chlorophyta) of 17.8 (6.2-54.3) and red seaweeds (Rhodophyta) of 14.8 (5.6-77.6). We used the updated C:N and C:P values to compare seaweed tissue stoichiometry with the most recently reported values for plankton community stoichiometry. Our results show that seaweeds have on average 2.8 and 4.0 times higher C:N and C:P than phytoplankton, indicating seaweeds can assimilate more carbon in their biomass for a given amount of nutrient resource. The stoichiometric comparison presented herein is central to the discourse on ocean afforestation (the deliberate replacement of phytoplankton with seaweeds to enhance the ocean biological carbon sink) by contributing to the understanding of the impact of nutrient reallocation from phytoplankton to seaweeds under large-scale seaweed cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Sheppard
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Catriona L Hurd
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Damon D Britton
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Daniel C Reed
- Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Lennart T Bach
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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16
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Zhang B, Kroeger J, Planavsky N, Yao Y. Techno-Economic and Life Cycle Assessment of Enhanced Rock Weathering: A Case Study from the Midwestern United States. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:13828-13837. [PMID: 37672784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced rock weathering (ERW) is a carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategy for combating climate change. The CDR potentials of ERW have been assessed at the process and national/global levels, but the environmental and economic implications of ERW have not been fully quantified for U.S. applications with real-world supply chain considerations. This study develops an optimization-based, integrated life cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis framework for ERW, which is demonstrated by a case study applying mining waste to croplands in the Midwestern U.S. The case study explores maximum transportation distances for intermodal transportation at varied mineral CDR yields and costs, informing supply chain design for economically viable ERW. ERW costs (US$45 to 472/tonne of net CO2e captured) and cradle-to-farm gate GHG emissions (41 to 359 kg CO2e/tonne of CO2e captured) are estimated based on a range of CDR yields and by transportation distances to and from two Midwest port destinations: Chicago and Duluth. Our sensitivity analysis identifies CDR yields, and transportation modes and distances as driving factors for result variations. Our study reveals the importance of ERW supply chain design and provides an example of U.S. CDR implementation. Our framework and findings can be applied to other regional ERW projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingquan Zhang
- Center for Industrial Ecology, Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Jennifer Kroeger
- Center for Industrial Ecology, Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Noah Planavsky
- The Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Yale Center for Natural Carbon Capture, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Yuan Yao
- Center for Industrial Ecology, Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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17
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Nawaz S, Lezaun J, Valenzuela JM, Renforth P. Broaden Research on Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement to Better Characterize Social Impacts. Environ Sci Technol 2023. [PMID: 37279259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is being considered as a way of achieving large-scale removals of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Research on the risks and benefits of different OAE approaches is expanding apace, but it remains difficult to anticipate and appraise the potential impacts to human communities that OAE might generate. These impacts, however, will be critical to evaluating the viability of specific OAE projects. This paper draws on the authors' involvement in interdisciplinary assessment of OAE (1) to identify the factors that currently limit characterization of potential social impacts and (2) to propose ways of reconfiguring OAE research to better consider these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nawaz
- Institute for Carbon Removal Law and Policy, American University, Washington, D.C. 20016, United States
- Institute for Science, Innovation and Society, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6PN, United Kingdom
- Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Javier Lezaun
- Institute for Science, Innovation and Society, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6PN, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Maria Valenzuela
- Institute for Science, Innovation and Society, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6PN, United Kingdom
| | - Phil Renforth
- Research Centre for Carbon Solutions, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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18
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Sovacool BK, Baum CM, Low S. Risk-risk governance in a low-carbon future: Exploring institutional, technological, and behavioral tradeoffs in climate geoengineering pathways. Risk Anal 2023; 43:838-859. [PMID: 35508324 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Deliberations are underway to utilize increasingly radical technological options to help address climate change and stabilize the climatic system. Collectively, these options are often referred to as "climate geoengineering." Deployment of such options, however, can create wicked tradeoffs in governance and require adaptive forms of risk management. In this study, we utilize a large and novel set of qualitative expert interview data to more deeply and systematically explore the types of risk-risk tradeoffs that may emerge from the use of 20 different climate geoengineering options, 10 that focus on carbon dioxide or greenhouse gas removal, and 10 that focus on solar radiation management and reflecting sunlight. We specifically consider: What risks does the deployment of these options entail? What types of tradeoffs may emerge through their deployment? We apply a framework that clusters risk-risk tradeoffs into institutional and governance, technological and environmental, and behavioral and temporal dimensions. In doing so, we offer a more complete inventory of risk-risk tradeoffs than those currently available within the respective risk-assessment, energy-systems, and climate-change literatures, and we also point the way toward future research gaps concerning policy, deployment, and risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin K Sovacool
- Deparment of Business Development and Technology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex Business School, Falmer, UK
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, USA
| | - Chad M Baum
- Deparment of Business Development and Technology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sean Low
- Deparment of Business Development and Technology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Abstract
Direct air capture (DAC) is a decarbonization solution to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. The key challenges for accelerating DAC deployment are its energy requirements, high capital costs, and finding low-risk and low-cost sequestration or utilization pathways. Deploying DAC facilities proximal to sequestration or use sites and where the supply of low-cost renewable electricity is plentiful can minimize the energy, transportation, operational, and overall costs. Moreover, the increased 45Q tax credits in the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 can further incentivize DAC deployment. This work provides a techno-economic assessment of two configurations: temperature swing adsorption-based DAC and membrane-based DAC integrated for operation with wind energy in West Texas to provide proximal access to enhanced oil recovery (EOR) operations. We evaluate the levelized cost of DAC and the cumulative cost of sequestering a ton of CO2 through EOR to identify opportunities for economic viability. Finally, we determine the profitability of CO2 sequestration under different EOR recovery factors and oil prices. We find that opportunities to reduce costs through proximal sequestration, integration with renewable energy, and the current level of policy support in the US can significantly incentivize and rapidly accelerate the deployment of DAC, especially for membrane-based technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparajita Datta
- Department of Political Science, University of Houston, Houston, Texas77204, United States
| | - Ramanan Krishnamoorti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas77204, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas77204, United States
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20
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Grushevenko EA, Rokhmanka TN, Borisov IL, Volkov AV, Bazhenov SD. Effect of OH-Group Introduction on Gas and Liquid Separation Properties of Polydecylmethylsiloxane. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030723. [PMID: 36772023 PMCID: PMC9920278 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane development for specific separation tasks is a current and important topic. In this work, the influence of OH-groups introduced in polydecylmethylsiloxane (PDecMS) was shown on the separation of CO2 from air and aldehydes from hydroformylation reaction media. OH-groups were introduced to PDecMS during hydrosilylation reaction by adding 1-decene with undecenol-1 to polymethylhydrosiloxane, and further cross-linking. Flat sheet composite membranes were developed based on these polymers. For obtained membranes, transport and separation properties were studied for individual gases (CO2, N2, O2) and liquids (1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene, heptanal and decanal). Sorption measurements were carried out for an explanation of difference in transport properties. The general trend was a decrease in membrane permeability with the introduction of OH groups. The presence of OH groups in the siloxane led to a significant increase in the selectivity of permeability with respect to acidic components. For example, on comparing PDecMS and OH-PDecMS (~7% OH-groups to decyl), it was shown that selectivity heptanal/1-hexene increased eight times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia A. Grushevenko
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (E.A.G.); (A.V.V.)
| | - Tatiana N. Rokhmanka
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya L. Borisov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Volkov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Biological and Environmental Science, and Engineering Division (BESE), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPM), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (E.A.G.); (A.V.V.)
| | - Stepan D. Bazhenov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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21
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Abstract
Ocean carbon dioxide removal (OCDR) is rapidly attracting interest, as climate change is putting ecosystems at risk and endangering human communities globally. Due to the centrality of the ocean in the global carbon cycle, augmenting the carbon sequestration capacity of the ocean could be a powerful mechanism for the removal of legacy excess emissions. However, OCDR requires careful assessment due to the unique biophysical characteristics of the ocean and its centrality in the Earth system and many social systems. Using a sociotechnical system lens, this review identifies the sets of considerations that need to be included within robust assessments for OCDR decision-making. Specifically, it lays out the state of technical assessments of OCDR approaches along with key financial concerns, social issues (including public perceptions), and the underlying ethical debates and concerns that would need to be addressed if OCDR were to be deployed as a carbon dioxide removal strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonja Klinsky
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - David R Morrow
- Institute for Carbon Removal Law and Policy, American University, Washington, DC, USA
- Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Terre Satterfield
- Institute for Resources, Environment, and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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22
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Abstract
Biomanufacturing has the potential to reduce demand for petrochemicals and mitigate climate change. Recent studies have also suggested that some of these products can be net carbon negative, effectively removing CO2 from the atmosphere and locking it up in products. This review explores the magnitude of carbon removal achievable through biomanufacturing and discusses the likely fate of carbon in a range of target molecules. Solvents, cleaning agents, or food and pharmaceutical additives will likely re-release their carbon as CO2 at the end of their functional lives, while carbon incorporated into non-compostable polymers can result in long-term sequestration. Future research can maximize its impact by focusing on reducing emissions, achieving performance advantages, and enabling a more circular carbon economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne D Scown
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Biosciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Life-Cycle, Economics and Agronomy Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; Energy and Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Cox E, Spence E, Pidgeon N. Deliberating enhanced weathering: Public frames, iconic ecosystems and the governance of carbon removal at scale. Public Underst Sci 2022; 31:960-977. [PMID: 35916445 DOI: 10.1177/09636625221112190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Meeting goals for 'net zero' emissions may require the removal of previously emitted carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. One proposal, enhanced rock weathering, aims to speed up the weathering processes of rocks by crushing them finely and spreading them on agricultural land. Public perceptions of enhanced rock weathering and its wider social and environmental implications will be a critical factor determining its potential; we use six 2-day deliberative workshops in England, Wales and Illinois to understand public views. Consideration of enhanced rock weathering deployment in tropical countries led participants to frame it from a social justice perspective, which had been much less prevalent when considering Western agricultural contexts, and generated assumptions of increased scale, which heightened concerns about detrimental social and environmental impacts. Risk perceptions relating to 'messing with nature' became amplified when participants considered enhanced rock weathering in relation to 'iconic' environments such as the oceans and rainforest.
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Enevoldsen P, Baum CM, Low S, Sovacool BK. Examining the synergies and tradeoffs of net-zero climate protection with the Sustainable Development Goals. Sci Prog 2022; 105:368504221138443. [PMID: 36476205 PMCID: PMC10450479 DOI: 10.1177/00368504221138443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This article discusses and illuminates the synergies and jeopardies or tradeoffs that exist between the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and net-zero or future climate protection options such as greenhouse gas removal (GGR) technologies and solar radiation management (SRM) deployment approaches, respectively. Through a large-scale expert-interview exercise (N = 125), the study finds firstly that numerous synergies and tradeoffs exist between GGR, SRM, and the SDGs. More specifically, we reveal that GGR deployment could enhance the attainment of 16 of the 17 SDGs, but this comes with possible tradeoffs with 12 of the SDGs. SRM deployment could not only enhance the attainment of 16 of the 17 SDGs, but also create possible tradeoffs with (a different) 12 SDGs. The findings further support the understanding of the complexity of SRM and GGR proposals and help policymakers and industrial pioneers understand, navigate, and benchmark between geoengineering approaches using sustainable development goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Enevoldsen
- Department of Business Development and Technology, Center for Energy Technologies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Midtjylland, Denmark
| | - Chad M. Baum
- Department of Business Development and Technology, Center for Energy Technologies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Midtjylland, Denmark
| | - Sean Low
- Department of Business Development and Technology, Center for Energy Technologies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Midtjylland, Denmark
| | - Benjamin K. Sovacool
- Department of Business Development and Technology, Center for Energy Technologies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Midtjylland, Denmark
- Science Policy Research Unit (SPRU), University of Sussex Business School, Brighton, UK
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
Temperature overshoot pathways entail exceeding a specified global warming level (e.g. 1.5°C or 2°C) followed by a decline in warming, achieved through anthropogenically enhanced CO2 removal from the atmosphere. However, risks to biodiversity from temperature overshoot pathways are poorly described. Here, we explore biodiversity risks from overshoot by synthesizing existing knowledge and quantifying the dynamics of exposure and de-exposure to potentially dangerous temperatures for more than 30 000 species for a 2°C overshoot scenario. Our results suggest that climate risk to biodiversity from temperature overshoot pathways will arrive suddenly, but decrease only gradually. Peak exposure for biodiversity occurs around the same time as peak global warming, but the rate of de-exposure lags behind the temperature decline. While the global overshoot period lasts around 60 years, the duration of elevated exposure of marine and terrestrial biodiversity is substantially longer (around 100 and 130 years, respectively), with some ecological communities never returning to pre-overshoot exposure levels. Key biodiversity impacts may be irreversible and reliance on widespread CO2 removal to reduce warming poses additional risks to biodiversity through altered land use. Avoiding any temperature overshoot must be a priority for reducing biodiversity risks from climate change, followed by limiting the magnitude and duration of any overshoot. More integrated models that include direct and indirect impacts from overshoot are needed to inform policy. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ecological complexity and the biosphere: the next 30 years’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas L S Meyer
- African Climate and Development Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Joanne Bentley
- African Climate and Development Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Romaric C Odoulami
- African Climate and Development Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Alex L Pigot
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Christopher H Trisos
- African Climate and Development Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa.,Centre for Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
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26
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Hurd CL, Law CS, Bach LT, Britton D, Hovenden M, Paine ER, Raven JA, Tamsitt V, Boyd PW. Forensic carbon accounting: Assessing the role of seaweeds for carbon sequestration. J Phycol 2022; 58:347-363. [PMID: 35286717 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbon sequestration is defined as the secure storage of carbon-containing molecules for >100 years, and in the context of carbon dioxide removal for climate mitigation, the origin of this CO2 is from the atmosphere. On land, trees globally sequester substantial amounts of carbon in woody biomass, and an analogous role for seaweeds in ocean carbon sequestration has been suggested. The purposeful expansion of natural seaweed beds and aquaculture systems, including into the open ocean (ocean afforestation), has been proposed as a method of increasing carbon sequestration and use in carbon trading and offset schemes. However, to verify whether CO2 fixed by seaweeds through photosynthesis leads to carbon sequestration is extremely complex in the marine environment compared to terrestrial systems, because of the need to jointly consider: the comparatively rapid turnover of seaweed biomass, tracing the fate of carbon via particulate and dissolved organic carbon pathways in dynamic coastal waters, and the key role of atmosphere-ocean CO2 exchange. We propose a Forensic Carbon Accounting approach, in which a thorough analysis of carbon flows between the atmosphere and ocean, and into and out of seaweeds would be undertaken, for assessing the magnitude of CO2 removal and robust attribution of carbon sequestration to seaweeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona L Hurd
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Cliff S Law
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Lennart T Bach
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Damon Britton
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Mark Hovenden
- Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Ellie R Paine
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - John A Raven
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- School of Biological Science, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Veronica Tamsitt
- University of South Florida College of Marine Science, 830 1st St S, St Petersburg, Florida, 33701, USA
- Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Philip W Boyd
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
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27
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Nasir R, Suleman H, Maqsood K. Multiparameter Neural Network Modeling of Facilitated Transport Mixed Matrix Membranes for Carbon Dioxide Removal. Membranes (Basel) 2022; 12:421. [PMID: 35448392 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12040421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Membranes for carbon capture have improved significantly with various promoters such as amines and fillers that enhance their overall permeance and selectivity toward a certain particular gas. They require nominal energy input and can achieve bulk separations with lower capital investment. The results of an experiment-based membrane study can be suitably extended for techno-economic analysis and simulation studies, if its process parameters are interconnected to various membrane performance indicators such as permeance for different gases and their selectivity. The conventional modelling approaches for membranes cannot interconnect desired values into a single model. Therefore, such models can be suitably applicable to a particular parameter but would fail for another process parameter. With the help of artificial neural networks, the current study connects the concentrations of various membrane materials (polymer, amine, and filler) and the partial pressures of carbon dioxide and methane to simultaneously correlate three desired outputs in a single model: CO2 permeance, CH4 permeance, and CO2/CH4 selectivity. These parameters help predict membrane performance and guide secondary parameters such as membrane life, efficiency, and product purity. The model results agree with the experimental values for a selected membrane, with an average absolute relative error of 6.1%, 4.2%, and 3.2% for CO2 permeance, CH4 permeance, and CO2/CH4 selectivity, respectively. The results indicate that the model can predict values at other membrane development conditions.
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28
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Prat NJ, Meyer AD, Scaravilli V, Cannon J, Cancio LC, Cap AP, Batchinsky AI. Regional blood acidification inhibits coagulation during extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCO 2 R). Artif Organs 2022; 46:1181-1191. [PMID: 35289412 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of platelets and coagulation factors during extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCO2 R) increases bleeding complications and associated mortality. Regional infusion of lactic acid enhances ECCO2 R by shifting the chemical equilibrium from bicarbonate to carbon dioxide. Our goal was to test if regional blood acidification during ECCO2 R inhibits platelet function and coagulation. METHODS An ECCO2 R system containing a hemofilter circulated blood at 0.25 L/min in 8 healthy ewes (Ovis aries) for 36 hours. Three of the sheep received ECCO2 R with no recirculation compared to 5 sheep that received ECCO2 R plus 12 hours of regional blood acidification via the hemofilter, placed upstream from the oxygenator, into which 4.4 M lactic acid was infused. Blood gases, platelet count and function, thromboelastography, coagulation-factor activity, and von Willebrand factor activity (vWF:Ag) were measured at baseline, at start of lactic acid infusion, and after 36 hours of extracorporeal circulation. RESULTS Twelve hours of regional acid infusion significantly inhibited platelet aggregation response to adenosine diphosphate; vWF; and platelet expression of P-selectin compared to control. It also significantly reduced consumption of fibrinogen and of coagulation factors V, VII, IX, compared to control. CONCLUSIONS Regional acidification reduces platelet activation and vitamin-K-dependent coagulation-factor consumption during ECCO2 R. This is the first report of a simple method that may enhance effective anticoagulation for ECCO2 R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J Prat
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), Paris, France.,U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew D Meyer
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Vittorio Scaravilli
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jeremy Cannon
- Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care & Emergency Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leopoldo C Cancio
- U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew P Cap
- U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA
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29
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Justus A, Burrell A, Anstey C, Cornmell G, Brodie D, Shekar K. The Association of Oxygenation, Carbon Dioxide Removal, and Mechanical Ventilation Practices on Survival During Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:756280. [PMID: 34869455 PMCID: PMC8636903 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.756280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Oxygenation and carbon dioxide removal during venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) depend on a complex interplay of ECMO blood and gas flows, native lung and cardiac function as well as the mechanical ventilation strategy applied. Objective: To determine the association of oxygenation, carbon dioxide removal, and mechanical ventilation practices with in-hospital mortality in patients who received VA ECMO. Methods: Single center, retrospective cohort study. All consecutive patients who received VA ECMO in a tertiary ECMO referral center over a 5-year period were included. Data on demographics, ECMO and ventilator support details, and blood gas parameters for the duration of ECMO were collected. A multivariable logistic time-series regression model with in-hospital mortality as the primary outcome variable was used to analyse the data with significant factors at the univariate level entered into the multivariable regression model. Results: Overall, 52 patients underwent VA ECMO: 26/52 (50%) survived to hospital discharge. The median PaO2 for the duration of ECMO support was 146 mmHg [IQR 131-188] and PaCO2 was 37.2 mmHg [IQR 35.3, 39.9]. Patients who survived to hospital discharge had a significantly lower median PaO2 (117 [98, 140] vs. 154 [105, 212] mmHg, P = 0.04) and higher median PaCO2 (38.3 [36.1, 41.1] vs. 36.3 [34.5, 37.8] mmHg, p = 0.03). Survivors also had significantly lower median VA ECMO blood flow rate (EBFR, 3.6 [3.3, 4.2] vs. 4.3 [3.8, 5.2] L/min, p = < 0.001) and greater measured minute ventilation (7.04 [5.63, 8.35] vs. 5.32 [4.43, 6.83] L/min, p = 0.01). EBFR, PaO2, PaCO2, and minute ventilation, however, were not independently associated with death in a multivariable analysis. Conclusion: This exploratory analysis in a small group of VA ECMO supported patients demonstrated that hyperoxemia was common during VA ECMO but was not independently associated with increased mortality. Survivors also received lower EBFR and had greater minute ventilation, but this was also not independently associated with survival. These findings highlight that interactions between EBFR, PaO2, and native lung ventilation may be more relevant than their individual association with survival. Further research is indicated to determine the optimal ECMO and ventilator settings on outcomes in VA ECMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Justus
- Adult Intensive Care, Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Sunshine Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Aidan Burrell
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care-Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Intensive Care, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Chris Anstey
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - George Cornmell
- Adult Intensive Care Services, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Daniel Brodie
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States
- Center for Acute Respiratory Failure, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kiran Shekar
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Adult Intensive Care Services, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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30
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Rinberg A, Bergman AM, Schrag DP, Aziz MJ. Alkalinity Concentration Swing for Direct Air Capture of Carbon Dioxide. ChemSusChem 2021; 14:4439-4453. [PMID: 34288495 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The alkalinity concentration swing (ACS) is a new process for direct air capture of carbon dioxide driven by concentrating an alkaline solution that has been exposed to the atmosphere and loaded with dissolved inorganic carbon. Upon concentration, the partial pressure of CO2 increases, allowing for extraction and compression. Higher concentration factors result in proportionally higher outgassing pressure, and higher initial alkalinity concentrations at the same concentration factor outgas a higher concentration of CO2 . Two desalination technologies, reverse osmosis and capacitive deionization, are examined as possible ACS implementations, and two corresponding energy models are evaluated. The ACS is compared to incumbent technologies and estimates for water, land, and energy requirements for capturing one million tonnes of CO2 per year are made. Estimates for the lower end of the energy range for both approaches compare favorably to other approaches, such as solid sorbent and calcining methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly Rinberg
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA
| | - Andrew M Bergman
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA
| | - Daniel P Schrag
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA
- Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA
| | - Michael J Aziz
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA
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31
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Abstract
The large-scale deployment of carbon capture technologies is expected to play a crucial role in efforts to meet stringent climate targets set forth by the Paris Agreement, but current models rely heavily upon carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategies for which viability at the gigatonne scale is uncertain. While most 1.5 and 2 °C scenarios project rapid decarbonization of the energy sector facilitated by carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), they generally assume that CCS units can only capture ∼90% of the CO2 in coal and natural gas combustion flues because this was previously considered the optimal condition for aqueous amine scrubbers. In this Perspective, we discuss a small but growing body of literature that examines the prospect of moving significantly beyond 90% capture-a concept we term deep CCS-in light of recent developments in materials and process design. The low incremental costs associated with performing varying degrees of deep CCS suggest that this approach is not only feasible but may also alleviate burdens placed upon CDR techniques facing significant barriers to large-scale deployment. We estimate that rapid deployment of deep CCS in deep decarbonization pathways could avoid more than 1 gigatonne of CO2 globally each year. The principles of deep CCS could also be applied directly to the CDR strategy of employing bioenergy with CCS, which could lead to a significant alleviation of the land and freshwater burden associated with this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Dods
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Eugene J Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Long
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Simon C Weston
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
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32
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Abstract
Carbon dioxide is a waste product of combusting fossil fuels, and its accumulation in the atmosphere presents a planetary hazard. Carbon dioxide is also managed and used as a resource. Emerging technologies like direct air capture present the opportunity to reclaim and re-use wasted carbon, and actors in industry and policy are increasingly understanding carbon capture, utilization and storage as a waste management process. What is the value, and the danger, of conceptualizing CO2 as a waste to be managed? This paper looks at the historical evolution of solid and liquid waste regimes to draw lessons for the future evolution of a gaseous waste regime. It finds that social decisions to clean up solid and liquid waste were driven by both culture and industry. Views of recycling and sanitation did not evolve smoothly, with recycling falling in and out of favour, and sanitation experiencing conflict between public and private actors. An earlier attempt to revalue waste as part of a circular economy-the 1930s scientific and industrial field of chemurgy-failed to become a durable term and movement. These experiences hold important takeaways for negative emissions technologies and carbon removal policy: technocratic ideas about resource management may not take hold without a broader popular movement, as in the case of chemurgy, but value change and technology development can support each other, as in the case of wastewater infrastructure. Scientists and carbon removal policy advocates have an opportunity to contextualize CO2 waste management within the struggles and goals of the larger circular economy project, and to focus simultaneously on both waste production and waste disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Jean Buck
- UCLA Institute of the Environment and Sustainability and UCLA School of Law, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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33
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Abstract
Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) represents a suite of pathways to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and mitigate climate change. The importance of CDR has expanded in recent years as emission reductions are not at pace to meet climate goals. This CDR-themed issue brings together diverse perspectives in order to identify opportunities to integrate across CDR disciplines, create a more holistic research agenda and inform how CDR is deployed. The individual papers within the issue discuss engineered and nature-based CDR approaches as well as the broader social and behavioural dimensions of CDR development and deployment. Here, I summarize the main take-aways from these individual papers and present a path for integrating key lessons across disciplines to ensure CDR is scaled equitably and sustainably to deliver on its climate mitigation promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Jane Zelikova
- Department of Botany, Carbon180 and University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071-0333, USA
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34
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Taillardat P, Thompson BS, Garneau M, Trottier K, Friess DA. Climate change mitigation potential of wetlands and the cost-effectiveness of their restoration. Interface Focus 2020; 10:20190129. [PMID: 32832065 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2019.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cost-effective mitigation of climate change through nature-based carbon dioxide removal strategies has gained substantial policy attention. Inland and coastal wetlands (specifically boreal, temperate and tropical peatlands; tundra; floodplains; freshwater marshes; saltmarshes; and mangroves) are among the most efficient natural long-term carbon sinks. Yet, they also release methane (CH4) that can offset the carbon they sequester. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis on wetland carbon dynamics to (i) determine their impact on climate using different metrics and time horizons, (ii) investigate the cost-effectiveness of wetland restoration for climate change mitigation, and (iii) discuss their suitability for inclusion in climate policy as negative emission technologies. Depending on metrics, a wetland can simultaneously be a net carbon sink (i.e. boreal and temperate peatlands net ecosystem carbon budget = -28.1 ± 19.13 gC m-2 y-1) but have a net warming effect on climate at the 100 years time-scale (i.e. boreal and temperate peatland sustained global warming potential = 298.2 ± 100.6 gCO2 eq-1 m-2 y-1). This situation creates ambivalence regarding the effect of wetlands on global temperature. Moreover, our review reveals high heterogeneity among the (limited number of) studies that document wetland carbon budgets. We demonstrate that most coastal and inland wetlands have a net cooling effect as of today. This is explained by the limited CH4 emissions that undisturbed coastal wetlands produce, and the long-term carbon sequestration performed by older inland wetlands as opposed to the short lifetime of CH4 in the atmosphere. Analysis of wetland restoration costs relative to the amount of carbon they can sequester revealed that restoration is more cost-effective in coastal wetlands such as mangroves (US$1800 ton C-1) compared with inland wetlands (US$4200-49 200 ton C-1). We advise that for inland wetlands, priority should be given to conservation rather than restoration; while for coastal wetlands, both conservation and restoration may be effective techniques for climate change mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin S Thompson
- Sydney Southeast Asia Centre, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Social Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Daniel A Friess
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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35
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Abstract
TECHNOLOGY Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal means the removal of carbon dioxide from the blood across a gas exchange membrane without substantially improving oxygenation. Carbon dioxide removal is possible with substantially less extracorporeal blood flow than needed for oxygenation. Techniques for extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal include (1) pumpless arterio-venous circuits, (2) low-flow venovenous circuits based on the technology of continuous renal replacement therapy, and (3) venovenous circuits based on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation technology. INDICATIONS Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal has been shown to enable more protective ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients, even beyond the so-called "protective" level. Although experimental data suggest a benefit on ventilator induced lung injury, no hard clinical evidence with respect to improved outcome exists. In addition, extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal is a tool to avoid intubation and mechanical ventilation in patients with acute exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease failing non-invasive ventilation. This concept has been shown to be effective in 56-90% of patients. Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal has also been used in ventilated patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure to correct acidosis, unload respiratory muscle burden, and facilitate weaning. In patients suffering from terminal fibrosis awaiting lung transplantation, extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal is able to correct acidosis and enable spontaneous breathing during bridging. Keeping these patients awake, ambulatory, and breathing spontaneously is associated with favorable outcome. COMPLICATIONS Complications of extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal are mostly associated with vascular access and deranged hemostasis leading to bleeding. Although the spectrum of complications may differ, no technology offers advantages with respect to rate and severity of complications. So called "high-extraction systems" working with higher blood flows and larger membranes may be more effective with respect to clinical goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Staudinger
- Department of Medicine I, Intensive Care Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
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36
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Leypoldt JK, Goldstein J, Pouchoulin D, Harenski K. Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal requirements for ultraprotective mechanical ventilation: Mathematical model predictions. Artif Organs 2019; 44:488-496. [PMID: 31769043 PMCID: PMC7187447 DOI: 10.1111/aor.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracorporeal carbon dioxide (CO2) removal (ECCO2R) facilitates the use of low tidal volumes during protective or ultraprotective mechanical ventilation when managing patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); however, the rate of ECCO2R required to avoid hypercapnia remains unclear. We calculated ECCO2R rate requirements to maintain arterial partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2) at clinically desirable levels in mechanically ventilated ARDS patients using a six‐compartment mathematical model of CO2 and oxygen (O2) biochemistry and whole‐body transport with the inclusion of an ECCO2R device for extracorporeal veno‐venous removal of CO2. The model assumes steady state conditions. Model compartments were lung capillary blood, arterial blood, venous blood, post‐ECCO2R venous blood, interstitial fluid and tissue cells, with CO2 and O2 distribution within each compartment; biochemistry included equilibrium among bicarbonate and non‐bicarbonate buffers and CO2 and O2 binding to hemoglobin to elucidate Bohr and Haldane effects. O2 consumption and CO2 production rates were assumed proportional to predicted body weight (PBW) and adjusted to achieve reported arterial partial pressure of O2 and a PaCO2 level of 46 mmHg at a tidal volume of 7.6 mL/kg PBW in the absence of an ECCO2R device based on average data from LUNG SAFE. Model calculations showed that ECCO2R rates required to achieve mild permissive hypercapnia (PaCO2 of 46 mmHg) at a ventilation frequency or respiratory rate of 20.8/min during mechanical ventilation increased when tidal volumes decreased from 7.6 to 3 mL/kg PBW. Higher ECCO2R rates were required to achieve normocapnia (PaCO2 of 40 mmHg). Model calculations also showed that required ECCO2R rates were lower when ventilation frequencies were increased from 20.8/min to 26/min. The current mathematical model predicts that ECCO2R rates resulting in clinically desirable PaCO2 levels at tidal volumes of 5‐6 mL/kg PBW can likely be achieved in mechanically ventilated ARDS patients with current technologies; use of ultraprotective tidal volumes (3‐4 mL/kg PBW) may be challenging unless high mechanical ventilation frequencies are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kenneth Leypoldt
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Kai Harenski
- Baxter Deutschland GmbH, Unterschleissheim, Germany
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37
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Krause A, Pugh TAM, Bayer AD, Li W, Leung F, Bondeau A, Doelman JC, Humpenöder F, Anthoni P, Bodirsky BL, Ciais P, Müller C, Murray-Tortarolo G, Olin S, Popp A, Sitch S, Stehfest E, Arneth A. Large uncertainty in carbon uptake potential of land-based climate-change mitigation efforts. Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:3025-3038. [PMID: 29569788 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Most climate mitigation scenarios involve negative emissions, especially those that aim to limit global temperature increase to 2°C or less. However, the carbon uptake potential in land-based climate change mitigation efforts is highly uncertain. Here, we address this uncertainty by using two land-based mitigation scenarios from two land-use models (IMAGE and MAgPIE) as input to four dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs; LPJ-GUESS, ORCHIDEE, JULES, LPJmL). Each of the four combinations of land-use models and mitigation scenarios aimed for a cumulative carbon uptake of ~130 GtC by the end of the century, achieved either via the cultivation of bioenergy crops combined with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) or avoided deforestation and afforestation (ADAFF). Results suggest large uncertainty in simulated future land demand and carbon uptake rates, depending on the assumptions related to land use and land management in the models. Total cumulative carbon uptake in the DGVMs is highly variable across mitigation scenarios, ranging between 19 and 130 GtC by year 2099. Only one out of the 16 combinations of mitigation scenarios and DGVMs achieves an equivalent or higher carbon uptake than achieved in the land-use models. The large differences in carbon uptake between the DGVMs and their discrepancy against the carbon uptake in IMAGE and MAgPIE are mainly due to different model assumptions regarding bioenergy crop yields and due to the simulation of soil carbon response to land-use change. Differences between land-use models and DGVMs regarding forest biomass and the rate of forest regrowth also have an impact, albeit smaller, on the results. Given the low confidence in simulated carbon uptake for a given land-based mitigation scenario, and that negative emissions simulated by the DGVMs are typically lower than assumed in scenarios consistent with the 2°C target, relying on negative emissions to mitigate climate change is a highly uncertain strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Krause
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Thomas A M Pugh
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences and Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Anita D Bayer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Wei Li
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et l'Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Felix Leung
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Alberte Bondeau
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (Mediterranean Institute for Biodiversity and Ecology IMBE), Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Jonathan C Doelman
- Department of Climate, Air and Energy, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter Anthoni
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | | | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et l'Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christoph Müller
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Guillermo Murray-Tortarolo
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Catedra CONACyT comisionado al Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Stefan Olin
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alexander Popp
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stephen Sitch
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Elke Stehfest
- Department of Climate, Air and Energy, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Almut Arneth
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
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Kriegler E, Luderer G, Bauer N, Baumstark L, Fujimori S, Popp A, Rogelj J, Strefler J, van Vuuren DP. Pathways limiting warming to 1.5°C: a tale of turning around in no time? Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2018; 376:rsta.2016.0457. [PMID: 29610367 PMCID: PMC5897828 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2016.0457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We explore the feasibility of limiting global warming to 1.5°C without overshoot and without the deployment of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies. For this purpose, we perform a sensitivity analysis of four generic emissions reduction measures to identify a lower bound on future CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes. Final energy demand reductions and electrification of energy end uses as well as decarbonization of electricity and non-electric energy supply are all considered. We find the lower bound of cumulative fossil fuel and industry CO2 emissions to be 570 GtCO2 for the period 2016-2100, around 250 GtCO2 lower than the lower end of available 1.5°C mitigation pathways generated with integrated assessment models. Estimates of 1.5°C-consistent CO2 budgets are highly uncertain and range between 100 and 900 GtCO2 from 2016 onwards. Based on our sensitivity analysis, limiting warming to 1.5°C will require CDR or terrestrial net carbon uptake if 1.5°C-consistent budgets are smaller than 650 GtCO2 The earlier CDR is deployed, the more it neutralizes post-2020 emissions rather than producing net negative emissions. Nevertheless, if the 1.5°C budget is smaller than 550 GtCO2, temporary overshoot of the 1.5°C limit becomes unavoidable if CDR cannot be ramped up faster than to 4 GtCO2 in 2040 and 10 GtCO2 in 2050.This article is part of the theme issue 'The Paris Agreement: understanding the physical and social challenges for a warming world of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmar Kriegler
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Gunnar Luderer
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nico Bauer
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lavinia Baumstark
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Popp
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Joeri Rogelj
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Strefler
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Detlef P van Vuuren
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Copernicus Institute for Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Sanchez DL, Johnson N, McCoy ST, Turner PA, Mach KJ. Near-term deployment of carbon capture and sequestration from biorefineries in the United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:4875-80. [PMID: 29686063 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1719695115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon dioxide removal through the permanent sequestration of biogenic CO2 is a critical technique for climate change mitigation, but most bioenergy with carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) technologies are technically immature or commercially unavailable. In contrast, examples of CCS of biogenic CO2 resulting from fermentation emissions already exist at scale. Here, we evaluate low-cost, commercially ready sequestration opportunities for existing biorefineries in the United States. We find that existing and proposed financial incentives suggest a substantial near-term opportunity to catalyze the growth of CCS infrastructure, improve the impacts of conventional biofuels, support development of carbon-negative biofuels, and satisfy low-carbon fuel policies. Capture and permanent geologic sequestration of biogenic CO2 emissions may provide critical flexibility in ambitious climate change mitigation. However, most bioenergy with carbon capture and sequestration (BECCS) technologies are technically immature or commercially unavailable. Here, we evaluate low-cost, commercially ready CO2 capture opportunities for existing ethanol biorefineries in the United States. The analysis combines process engineering, spatial optimization, and lifecycle assessment to consider the technical, economic, and institutional feasibility of near-term carbon capture and sequestration (CCS). Our modeling framework evaluates least cost source–sink relationships and aggregation opportunities for pipeline transport, which can cost-effectively transport small CO2 volumes to suitable sequestration sites; 216 existing US biorefineries emit 45 Mt CO2 annually from fermentation, of which 60% could be captured and compressed for pipeline transport for under $25/tCO2. A sequestration credit, analogous to existing CCS tax credits, of $60/tCO2 could incent 30 Mt of sequestration and 6,900 km of pipeline infrastructure across the United States. Similarly, a carbon abatement credit, analogous to existing tradeable CO2 credits, of $90/tCO2 can incent 38 Mt of abatement. Aggregation of CO2 sources enables cost-effective long-distance pipeline transport to distant sequestration sites. Financial incentives under the low-carbon fuel standard in California and recent revisions to existing federal tax credits suggest a substantial near-term opportunity to permanently sequester biogenic CO2. This financial opportunity could catalyze the growth of carbon capture, transport, and sequestration; improve the lifecycle impacts of conventional biofuels; support development of carbon-negative fuels; and help fulfill the mandates of low-carbon fuel policies across the United States.
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Baik E, Sanchez DL, Turner PA, Mach KJ, Field CB, Benson SM. Geospatial analysis of near-term potential for carbon-negative bioenergy in the United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:3290-3295. [PMID: 29531081 PMCID: PMC5879697 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1720338115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is a negative-emissions technology that may play a crucial role in climate change mitigation. BECCS relies on the capture and sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) following bioenergy production to remove and reliably sequester atmospheric CO2 Previous BECCS deployment assessments have largely overlooked the potential lack of spatial colocation of suitable storage basins and biomass availability, in the absence of long-distance biomass and CO2 transport. These conditions could constrain the near-term technical deployment potential of BECCS due to social and economic barriers that exist for biomass and CO2 transport. This study leverages biomass production data and site-specific injection and storage capacity estimates at high spatial resolution to assess the near-term deployment opportunities for BECCS in the United States. If the total biomass resource available in the United States was mobilized for BECCS, an estimated 370 Mt CO2⋅y-1 of negative emissions could be supplied in 2020. However, the absence of long-distance biomass and CO2 transport, as well as limitations imposed by unsuitable regional storage and injection capacities, collectively decrease the technical potential of negative emissions to 100 Mt CO2⋅y-1 Meeting this technical potential may require large-scale deployment of BECCS technology in more than 1,000 counties, as well as widespread deployment of dedicated energy crops. Specifically, the Illinois basin, Gulf region, and western North Dakota have the greatest potential for near-term BECCS deployment. High-resolution spatial assessment as conducted in this study can inform near-term opportunities that minimize social and economic barriers to BECCS deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ejeong Baik
- Department of Energy Resources Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;
| | - Daniel L Sanchez
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Peter A Turner
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Katharine J Mach
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Christopher B Field
- Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Sally M Benson
- Department of Energy Resources Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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41
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Meysman FJR, Montserrat F. Negative CO 2 emissions via enhanced silicate weathering in coastal environments. Biol Lett 2017; 13:rsbl.2016.0905. [PMID: 28381634 PMCID: PMC5414690 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2016.0905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative emission technologies (NETs) target the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, and are being actively investigated as a strategy to limit global warming to within the 1.5–2°C targets of the 2015 UN climate agreement. Enhanced silicate weathering (ESW) proposes to exploit the natural process of mineral weathering for the removal of CO2 from the atmosphere. Here, we discuss the potential of applying ESW in coastal environments as a climate change mitigation option. By deliberately introducing fast-weathering silicate minerals onto coastal sediments, alkalinity is released into the overlying waters, thus creating a coastal CO2 sink. Compared with other NETs, coastal ESW has the advantage that it counteracts ocean acidification, does not interfere with terrestrial land use and can be directly integrated into existing coastal management programmes with existing (dredging) technology. Yet presently, the concept is still at an early stage, and so two major research challenges relate to the efficiency and environmental impact of ESW. Dedicated experiments are needed (i) to more precisely determine the weathering rate under in situ conditions within the seabed and (ii) to evaluate the ecosystem impacts—both positive and negative—from the released weathering products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip J R Meysman
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium .,Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Hoegh-Guldbergs Gade 6B, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Francesc Montserrat
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Edwards DP, Lim F, James RH, Pearce CR, Scholes J, Freckleton RP, Beerling DJ. Climate change mitigation: potential benefits and pitfalls of enhanced rock weathering in tropical agriculture. Biol Lett 2017; 13:rsbl.2016.0715. [PMID: 28381631 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2016.0715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Restricting future global temperature increase to 2°C or less requires the adoption of negative emissions technologies for carbon capture and storage. We review the potential for deployment of enhanced weathering (EW), via the application of crushed reactive silicate rocks (such as basalt), on over 680 million hectares of tropical agricultural and tree plantations to offset fossil fuel CO2 emissions. Warm tropical climates and productive crops will substantially enhance weathering rates, with potential co-benefits including decreased soil acidification and increased phosphorus supply promoting higher crop yields sparing forest for conservation, and reduced cultural eutrophication. Potential pitfalls include the impacts of mining operations on deforestation, producing the energy to crush and transport silicates and the erosion of silicates into rivers and coral reefs that increases inorganic turbidity, sedimentation and pH, with unknown impacts for biodiversity. We identify nine priority research areas for untapping the potential of EW in the tropics, including effectiveness of tropical agriculture at EW for major crops in relation to particle sizes and soil types, impacts on human health, and effects on farmland, adjacent forest and stream-water biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Felix Lim
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Rachael H James
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Christopher R Pearce
- National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Julie Scholes
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Robert P Freckleton
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - David J Beerling
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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Xu S, Hoshan L, Jiang R, Gupta B, Brodean E, O'Neill K, Seamans TC, Bowers J, Chen H. A practical approach in bioreactor scale-up and process transfer using a combination of constant P/V and vvm as the criterion. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:1146-1159. [PMID: 28440060 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bioreactor scale-up is a critical step in the production of therapeutic proteins such as monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). With the scale-up criterion such as similar power input per volume or O2 volumetric mass transfer coefficient ( kLa), adequate oxygen supply and cell growth can be largely achieved. However, CO2 stripping in the growth phase is often inadequate. This could cascade down to increased base addition and osmolality, as well as residual lactate increase and compromised production and product quality. Here we describe a practical approach in bioreactor scale-up and process transfer, where bioreactor information may be limited. We evaluated the sparger kLa and kLaCO2 (CO2 volumetric mass transfer coefficient) from a range of bioreactor scales (3-2,000 L) with different spargers. Results demonstrated that kLa for oxygen is not an issue when scaling from small-scale to large-scale bioreactors at the same gas flow rate per reactor volume (vvm). Results also showed that sparging CO2 stripping, kLaCO2, is dominated by the gas throughput. As a result, a combination of a minimum constant vvm air or N2 flow with a similar specific power was used as the general scale-up criterion. An equation was developed to determine the minimum vvm required for removing CO2 produced from cell respiration. We demonstrated the effectiveness of using such scale-up criterion with five MAb projects exhibiting different cell growth and metabolic characteristics, scaled from 3 to 2,000 L bioreactors across four sites. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:1146-1159, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Xu
- Process Development and Engineering, Biologics & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, 07033
| | - Linda Hoshan
- Process Development and Engineering, Biologics & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, 07033
| | - Rubin Jiang
- Process Development and Engineering, Biologics & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, 07033
| | - Balrina Gupta
- Process Development and Engineering, Biologics & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, 07033
| | - Eric Brodean
- Process Development and Engineering, Biologics & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, 07033
| | - Kristin O'Neill
- BioProcess Technical Operations, Biologics & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, 07033
| | - T Craig Seamans
- BioProcess Technical Operations, Biologics & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, 07033
| | - John Bowers
- BioProcess Technical Operations, Biologics & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, 07033
| | - Hao Chen
- Process Development and Engineering, Biologics & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, 07033
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Hardman-Mountford NJ, Polimene L, Hirata T, Brewin RJW, Aiken J. Impacts of light shading and nutrient enrichment geo-engineering approaches on the productivity of a stratified, oligotrophic ocean ecosystem. J R Soc Interface 2013; 10:20130701. [PMID: 24132201 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2013.0701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Geo-engineering proposals to mitigate global warming have focused either on methods of carbon dioxide removal, particularly nutrient fertilization of plant growth, or on cooling the Earth's surface by reducing incoming solar radiation (shading). Marine phytoplankton contribute half the Earth's biological carbon fixation and carbon export in the ocean is modulated by the actions of microbes and grazing communities in recycling nutrients. Both nutrients and light are essential for photosynthesis, so understanding the relative influence of both these geo-engineering approaches on ocean ecosystem production and processes is critical to the evaluation of their effectiveness. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between light and nutrient availability on productivity in a stratified, oligotrophic subtropical ocean ecosystem using a one-dimensional water column model coupled to a multi-plankton ecosystem model, with the goal of elucidating potential impacts of these geo-engineering approaches on ecosystem production. We find that solar shading approaches can redistribute productivity in the water column but do not change total production. Macronutrient enrichment is able to enhance the export of carbon, although heterotrophic recycling reduces the efficiency of carbon export substantially over time. Our results highlight the requirement for a fuller consideration of marine ecosystem interactions and feedbacks, beyond simply the stimulation of surface blooms, in the evaluation of putative geo-engineering approaches.
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Abstract
Fundamental changes to marine chemistry are occurring because of increasing carbon dioxide (CO(2)) in the atmosphere. Ocean acidity (H(+) concentration) and bicarbonate ion concentrations are increasing, whereas carbonate ion concentrations are decreasing. There has already been an average pH decrease of 0.1 in the upper ocean, and continued unconstrained carbon emissions would further reduce average upper ocean pH by approximately 0.3 by 2100. Laboratory experiments, observations and projections indicate that such ocean acidification may have ecological and biogeochemical impacts that last for many thousands of years. The future magnitude of such effects will be very closely linked to atmospheric CO(2); they will, therefore, depend on the success of emission reduction, and could also be constrained by geoengineering based on most carbon dioxide removal (CDR) techniques. However, some ocean-based CDR approaches would (if deployed on a climatically significant scale) re-locate acidification from the upper ocean to the seafloor or elsewhere in the ocean interior. If solar radiation management were to be the main policy response to counteract global warming, ocean acidification would continue to be driven by increases in atmospheric CO(2), although with additional temperature-related effects on CO(2) and CaCO(3) solubility and terrestrial carbon sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Williamson
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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46
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Russell LM, Rasch PJ, Mace GM, Jackson RB, Shepherd J, Liss P, Leinen M, Schimel D, Vaughan NE, Janetos AC, Boyd PW, Norby RJ, Caldeira K, Merikanto J, Artaxo P, Melillo J, Morgan MG. Ecosystem impacts of geoengineering: a review for developing a science plan. Ambio 2012; 41:350-69. [PMID: 22430307 PMCID: PMC3393062 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-012-0258-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Geoengineering methods are intended to reduce climate change, which is already having demonstrable effects on ecosystem structure and functioning in some regions. Two types of geoengineering activities that have been proposed are: carbon dioxide (CO(2)) removal (CDR), which removes CO(2) from the atmosphere, and solar radiation management (SRM, or sunlight reflection methods), which reflects a small percentage of sunlight back into space to offset warming from greenhouse gases (GHGs). Current research suggests that SRM or CDR might diminish the impacts of climate change on ecosystems by reducing changes in temperature and precipitation. However, sudden cessation of SRM would exacerbate the climate effects on ecosystems, and some CDR might interfere with oceanic and terrestrial ecosystem processes. The many risks and uncertainties associated with these new kinds of purposeful perturbations to the Earth system are not well understood and require cautious and comprehensive research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M. Russell
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. Mail Code 0221, La Jolla, CA 92093-0221 USA
| | - Philip J. Rasch
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P. O. Box 999, MSIN K9-34, Richland, WA 99352 USA
| | - Georgina M. Mace
- Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College London, Ascot, Berks SL5 7PY UK
| | - Robert B. Jackson
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - John Shepherd
- Earth System Science, School of Ocean and Earth Sciences, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH UK
| | - Peter Liss
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Margaret Leinen
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, 5600 US Rt 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946 USA
| | | | - Naomi E. Vaughan
- Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Anthony C. Janetos
- Joint Global Change Research Institute Pacific Northwest National Laboratory/University of Maryland, 5825 University Research Court, Suite 3500, College Park, MD 20740 USA
| | - Philip W. Boyd
- NIWA Centre of Chemical & Physical Oceanography, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Richard J. Norby
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Bethel Valley Road, Bldg. 2040, MS-6301, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6301 USA
| | - Ken Caldeira
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Joonas Merikanto
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa R, 187, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-090 Brazil
| | - Jerry Melillo
- The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA
| | - M. Granger Morgan
- Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
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