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Burgay F, Salionov D, Huber CJ, Singer T, Eichler A, Ungeheuer F, Vogel A, Schwikowski M, Bjelić S. Hybrid Targeted/Untargeted Screening Method for the Determination of Wildfire and Water-Soluble Organic Tracers in Ice Cores and Snow. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37463670 PMCID: PMC10398623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires can influence the earth's radiative forcing through the emission of biomass-burning aerosols. To better constrain the impacts of wildfires on climate and understand their evolution under future climate scenarios, reconstructing their chemical nature, assessing their past variability, and evaluating their influence on the atmospheric composition are essential. Ice cores are unique to perform such reconstructions representing archives not only of past biomass-burning events but also of concurrent climate and environmental changes. Here, we present a novel methodology for the quantification of five biomass-burning proxies (syringic acid, vanillic acid, vanillin, syringaldehyde, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid) and one biogenic emission proxy (pinic acid) using solid phase extraction (SPE) and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. This method was also optimized for untargeted screening analysis to gain a broader knowledge about the chemical composition of organic aerosols in ice and snow samples. The method provides low detection limits (0.003-0.012 ng g-1), high recoveries (74 ± 10%), and excellent reproducibility, allowing the quantification of the six proxies and the identification of 313 different molecules, mainly constituted by carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The effectiveness of two different sample storage strategies, i.e., re-freezing of previously molten ice samples and freezing of previously loaded SPE cartridges, was also assessed, showing that the latter approach provides more reproducible results.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Burgay
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry (LUC), Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniil Salionov
- Bioenergy and Catalysis Laboratory (LBK), Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Carla Jennifer Huber
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry (LUC), Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Singer
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry (LUC), Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anja Eichler
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry (LUC), Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Florian Ungeheuer
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences (IAU), Goethe Universität, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Vogel
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences (IAU), Goethe Universität, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Margit Schwikowski
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry (LUC), Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Saša Bjelić
- Bioenergy and Catalysis Laboratory (LBK), Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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You B, Zhou W, Li J, Li Z, Sun Y. A review of indoor Gaseous organic compounds and human chemical Exposure: Insights from Real-time measurements. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107611. [PMID: 36335895 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Gaseous organic compounds, mainly volatile organic compounds (VOCs), have become a wide concern in various indoor environments where we spend the majority of our daily time. The sources, compositions, variations, and sinks of indoor VOCs are extremely complex, and their potential impacts on human health are less understood. Owing to the deployment of the state-of-the-art real-time mass spectrometry during the last two decades, our understanding of the sources, dynamic changes and chemical transformations of VOCs indoors has been significantly improved. This review aims to summarize the key findings from mass spectrometry measurements in recent indoor studies including residence, classroom, office, sports center, etc. The sources and sinks, compositions and distributions of indoor VOCs, and the factors (e.g., human activities, air exchange rate, temperature and humidity) driving the changes in indoor VOCs are discussed. The physical and chemical processes of gas-particle partitioning and secondary oxidation processes of VOCs, and their impacts on human health are summarized. Finally, the recommendations for future research directions on indoor VOCs measurements and indoor chemistry are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo You
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Junyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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3
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Free L-Lysine and Its Methyl Ester React with Glyoxal and Methylglyoxal in Phosphate Buffer (100 mM, pH 7.4) to Form Nε-Carboxymethyl-Lysine, Nε-Carboxyethyl-Lysine and Nε-Hydroxymethyl-Lysine. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073446. [PMID: 35408807 PMCID: PMC8998464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyoxal (GO) and methylglyoxal (MGO) are highly reactive species formed in carbohydrate metabolism. Nε-Carboxymethyllysine (CML) and Nε-carboxyethyllysine (CEL) are considered to be the advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) of L-lysine (Lys) with GO and MGO, respectively. Here, we investigated the reaction of free L-lysine (Lys) with GO and MGO in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at 37 °C and 80 °C in detail in the absence of any other chemicals which are widely used to reduce Schiff bases. The concentrations of Lys, GO and MGO used in the experiments were 0.5, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 mM. The reaction time ranged between 0 and 240 min. Experiments were performed in triplicate. The concentrations of remaining Lys and of CML and CEL formed in the reaction mixtures were measured by stable-isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Our experiments showed that CML and CEL were formed at higher concentrations at 80 °C compared to 37 °C. CML was found to be the major reaction product. In mixtures of GO and MGO, MGO inhibited the formation of CML from Lys (5 mM) in a concentration-dependent manner. The highest CML concentration was about 300 µM corresponding to a reaction yield of 6% with respect to Lys. An addition of Lys to GO, MGO and their mixtures resulted in strong reversible decreases in the Lys concentration up to 50%. It is assumed that free Lys reacts rapidly with GO and MGO to form many not yet identified reaction products. Reaction mixtures of Lys and MGO were stronger colored than those of Lys and GO, notably at 80 °C, indicating higher reactivity of MGO towards Lys that leads to polymeric colored MGO species. We have a strong indication of the formation of Nε-(hydroxymethyl)-lysine (HML) as a novel reaction product of Lys methyl ester with MGO. A mechanism is proposed for the formation of HML from Lys and MGO. This mechanism may explain why Lys and GO do not react to form a related product. Preliminary analyses show that HML is formed at higher concentrations than CEL from Lys methyl ester and MGO. No Schiff bases or their hydroxylic precursors were identified as reaction products. In their reactions with Lys, GO and MGO are likely to act both as chemical oxidants on the terminal aldehyde group to a carboxylic group (i.e., R-CHO to R-COOH) and as chemical reductors on labile Schiff bases (R-CH=N-R to R-CH2-NH-R) presumably via disproportionation and hydride transfer. Our study shows that free non-proteinic Lys reacts with GO and MGO to form CML, CEL and HML in very low yield. Whether proteinic Lys also reacts with MGO to form HML residues in proteins remains to be investigated. The physiological occurrence and concentration of HML in biological fluids and tissues and its relation to CML and CEL are elusive and warrant further investigations in health and disease. Chemical synthesis and structural characterization of HML are expected to advance and accelerate the scientific research in this topic.
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Li L, Wu D, Chang X, Tang Y, Hua Y, Xu Q, Deng S, Wang S, Hao J. Polar organic aerosol tracers in two areas in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region: Concentration comparison before and in the sept. Third Parade and sources. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116108. [PMID: 33385855 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A total of 106 24-h PM2.5 aerosol samples were collected in an urban area (Shijiazhuang, SJZ) and a suburban area (Liulihe, LLH, Fangshan County, Beijing) in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region in 2 periods: the first is from 10 July to 10 August, which is before Sept. Third Parade (Period I); the second is from 20 Aug. to 6 Sept. 2015, which is during Sept. Third Parade (Period II). Polar organic tracers, including isoprene, α-pinene, β-caryophyllene and toluene oxidation products, as well as sugars and carboxylic acids were measured. In Period II, rigorous emission-reduction measures were taken in the BTH region. With the anthropogenic emission being cut down significantly, the average concentrations of isoprene, α-pinene, β-caryophyllene and toluene oxidation products and all carboxylic acids (except tetradecanoic, palmitic, and stearic acids), were lower in Period II than those in Period I in LLH, indicating that the SOA tracers were decreased with precursor emission volumes and yields in the atmosphere. Moreover, sugar compounds were shown with comparable levels during the two periods in LLH, suggesting that no measures were taken to reduce the intensities of the biogenic sources. On the contrary, tetradecanoic, palmitic, and stearic acids were shown with obviously higher concentrations in Period II than those in Period I, demonstrating that cooking fumes increased during Sept. Third Parade period. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model combining with tracer-based method was applied to explore the sources of secondary organic carbon (SOC). It reveals that the sources of SOC include isoprene, α-pinene, β-caryophyllene and toluene oxidation products, fossil fuel combustion, cooking fumes and regionally transferred aged aerosols. These sources accounted for 11.3%, 9.0%, 15.5%, 10.9%, 29.2%, 2.9%, 21.1% of SOC for SJZ, and 12.7%, 11.2%, 9.7%, 14.4%, 25.3%, 0%, 26.7% of SOC for LLH, during the whole sampling periods respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Rural Environment Protection Engineering & Technology Center of Sichuan Province, College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China.
| | - Di Wu
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Xing Chang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Yi Tang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Yang Hua
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Qingcheng Xu
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Shihuai Deng
- Rural Environment Protection Engineering & Technology Center of Sichuan Province, College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Jiming Hao
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
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Tapparo A, Di Marco V, Badocco D, D'Aronco S, Soldà L, Pastore P, Mahon BM, Kalberer M, Giorio C. Formation of metal-organic ligand complexes affects solubility of metals in airborne particles at an urban site in the Po valley. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 241:125025. [PMID: 31604190 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Metals in atmospheric aerosols play potentially an important role in human health and ocean primary productivity. However, the lack of knowledge about solubility and speciation of metal ions in the particles or after solubilisation in aqueous media (sea or surface waters, cloud or rain droplets, biological fluids) limits our understanding of the underlying physico-chemical processes. In this work, a wide range of metals, their soluble fractions, and inorganic/organic compounds contained in urban particulate matter (PM) from Padua (Italy) were determined. Metal solubility tests have been performed by dissolving the PM in water and in solutions simulating rain droplet composition. The water-soluble fractions of the metal ions and of the organic compounds having ligand properties have been subjected to a multivariate statistical procedure, in order to elucidate associations among the aqueous concentrations of these PM components in simulated rain droplets. In parallel, a multi-dimensional speciation calculation has been performed to identify the stoichiometry and the amount of metal-ligand complexes theoretically expected in aqueous solutions. Both approaches showed that the solubility and the aqueous speciation of metal ions were differently affected by the presence of inorganic and organic ligands in the PM. The solubility of Al, Cr, and Fe was strongly correlated to the concentrations of oxalic acid, as their oxalate complexes represented the expected dominant species in aqueous solutions. Oxalates of Al represented ∼98% of soluble Al, while oxalates of Cu represented 34-75% of the soluble Cu, and oxalates of Fe represented 76% of soluble Fe. The oxidation state of Fe can strongly impact the speciation picture. If Fe is present as Fe(II) rather than Fe(III), the amount of Cr and Cu complexed with diacids can increase from 75% to 94%, and from 32% to 53%, respectively. For other metals, the solubility depended on the formation of soluble aquo-complexes, hence with a scarce effect of the organic ligands. An iron-oxalate complex was also directly detected in aerosol sample extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tapparo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Valerio Di Marco
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Denis Badocco
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara D'Aronco
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Lidia Soldà
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Pastore
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Brendan M Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Kalberer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 27, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Giorio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy; Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom.
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6
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Michailoudi G, Hyttinen N, Kurtén T, Prisle NL. Solubility and Activity Coefficients of Atmospheric Surfactants in Aqueous Solution Evaluated Using COSMO therm. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:430-443. [PMID: 31829596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b09780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids (CH3(CH2)n-2COOH) and their salts are an important class of atmospheric surfactants. Here, we use COSMOtherm to predict solubility and activity coefficients for C2-C12 fatty acids with even number of carbon atoms and their sodium salts in binary water solutions and also in ternary water-inorganic salt solutions. COSMOtherm is a continuum solvent model implementation which can calculate properties of complex systems using quantum chemistry and thermodynamics. Calculated solubility values of the organic acids in pure water are in good agreement with reported experimental values. The comparison of the COSMOtherm-derived Setschenow constants for ternary solutions comprising NaCl with the corresponding experimental values from the literature shows that COSMOtherm overpredicts the salting out effect in all cases except for the solutions of acetic acid. The calculated activity and mean activity coefficients of fatty acids and fatty acid sodium salts, respectively, show deviation of the systems from ideal solution. The computed mean activity coefficients of the fatty acid salts in binary systems are in better agreement with experimentally derived values for the organic salts with longer aliphatic chain (C8-C10). The deviation of the solutions from ideality could lead to biased estimations of cloud condensation nuclei number concentrations if not considered in Köhler calculations and cloud microphysics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Michailoudi
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit , University of Oulu , P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu , Finland
| | - Noora Hyttinen
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit , University of Oulu , P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu , Finland.,Department of Chemistry and Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR) , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Theo Kurtén
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR) , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Nønne L Prisle
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit , University of Oulu , P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu , Finland
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Kristensen M, Christensen P, Christensen JH. Optimization and validation of a derivatization method with boron trifluoride in ethanol for analysis of aromatic carboxylic acids in water. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1601:21-26. [PMID: 31078279 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Gas-chromatography (GC) analysis of carboxylic acids is limited by the high polarity and low volatility of most of these compounds. Boron trifluoride (BF3) mediated alkylation reactions is one of the most commonly used derivatization methods for making carboxylic acids GC compatible. A semi-automated BF3·EtOH (ethanol) derivatization method was optimized for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC × GC-HR MS) analysis of carboxylic acids in solid phase extraction (SPE) extracts of oil polluted water. The optimal derivatization method were found to be with addition of 300 μL BF3·EtOH per 200 μL sample and reaction at 75 °C for 24 h. Derivatives of eight selected acids (aliphatic, mono- and di-aromatic) were stable over 12 h with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 2.0-10.7 %, the derivatization method was repeatable (RSDs of 3.2-17.2 %), detection limits (DL) and limit of detections (LODs) was in the range of DL = 0.53-1.63 ppb and LOD = 0.19-2.51 ppb for pure acid standards, and DL = 0.18-3.41 ppb and LOD = 0.28-5.46 ppb for matrix matched acid standards. Finally, the method was validated on the acidic fraction of a mixed anion-exchange SPE of oil polluted water. Thousands of degradation products from parent alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as aliphatic acids and mono-, di- and tri- aromatic acids were analyzed by the applied method and compound groups were tentatively identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Kristensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Peter Christensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jan H Christensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Gao X, Leng C, Zeng G, Fu D, Zhang Y, Liu Y. Ozone initiated heterogeneous oxidation of unsaturated carboxylic acids by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 214:177-183. [PMID: 30776719 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite considerable effort has been directed to ozone-initiated heterogeneous oxidation of unsaturated organic species in atmospheric environment, current knowledge about how chemical structure of unsaturated carboxylic acids affects their reaction kinetics remains very limited. Here, kinetics of heterogeneous reaction of ozone with six unsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid, vaccenic acid, eladic acid, myristoleic acid, palmitoleic acid and 2-hexadecenoic acid) were studied via a flow system combined with attenuated total reflection Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Pseudo-first-order rate constants (kapp) and overall reactive uptake coefficients (γ) values were derived according to the changes in absorbance from infrared spectra. Results have shown reaction rates are highly dependent on structures of unsaturated fatty acids. Cis-isomer has faster reaction kinetics than trans-isomer, and conjugated system between CC and CO bonds can greatly inhibit reactivity. Also, it is found that a longer carbon chain length between CC bond and COOH group or a shorter chain length between CC bond and last carbon seemingly enhances reaction kinetics. In addition, changes in redox activity and hydrophilicity of oleic acid samples before and after exposure ozone have been reported for the first time. Results have revealed that ozone-initiated heterogeneous reaction can markedly increase redox activity and hydrophilicity of unsaturated carboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, 80217, USA; School of Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology of Jiangsu, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| | - Chunbo Leng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, 80217, USA; The Institute of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guang Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, 80217, USA; Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering of Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Dong Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, 80217, USA
| | - Yunhong Zhang
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, 80217, USA.
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Duncan SM, Tomaz S, Morrison G, Webb M, Atkin J, Surratt JD, Turpin BJ. Dynamics of Residential Water-Soluble Organic Gases: Insights into Sources and Sinks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:1812-1821. [PMID: 30633495 PMCID: PMC7279883 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic gas (WSOG) concentrations are elevated in homes. However, WSOG sources, sinks, and concentration dynamics are poorly understood. We observed substantial variations in 23 residential indoor WSOG concentrations measured in real time in a North Carolina, U.S., home over several days with a high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer equipped with iodide reagent ion chemistry (I-HR-ToF-CIMS). Concentrations of acetic, formic, and lactic acids ranged from 30-130, 15-53, and 2.5-360 μg m-3, respectively. Concentrations of several WSOGs, including acetic and formic acids, decreased considerably (∼30-50%) when the air conditioner (AC) cycled on, suggesting that the AC system is an important sink for indoor WSOGs. In contrast to nonpolar organic gases, indoor WSOG loss rate coefficients were substantial for compounds with high oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratios (e.g., 1.6-2.2 h-1 for compounds with O/C > 0.75 when the AC system was off). Loss rate coefficients in the AC system were more uncertain but were estimated to be 1.5 h-1. Elevated concentrations of lactic acid coincided with increased human occupancy and cooking. We report several WSOGs emitted from cooking and cleaning as well as transported in from outdoors. In addition to indoor air chemistry, these results have implications to exposure and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Duncan
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Sophie Tomaz
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Glenn Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Marc Webb
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joanna Atkin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jason D. Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Barbara J. Turpin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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10
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Naing NN, Lee HK. Determination of glyoxal and methylglyoxal in atmospheric fine particulate matter by vortex-assisted micro-solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography-diode array detection. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1573:42-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Rousová J, Chintapalli MR, Lindahl A, Casey J, Kubátová A. Simultaneous determination of trace concentrations of aldehydes and carboxylic acids in particulate matter. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1544:49-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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12
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Yu R, Duan L, Jiang J, Hao J. An optimized two-step derivatization method for analyzing diethylene glycol ozonation products using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 53:313-321. [PMID: 28372757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The ozonation of hydroxyl compounds (e.g., sugars and alcohols) gives a broad range of products such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. This study developed and optimized a two-step derivatization procedure for analyzing polar products of aldehydes and carboxylic acids from the ozonation of diethylene glycol (DEG) in a non-aqueous environment using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Experiments based on Central Composite Design with response surface methodology were carried out to evaluate the effects of derivatization variables and their interactions on the analysis. The most desirable derivatization conditions were reported, i.e., oximation was performed at room temperature overnight with the o-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl) hydroxyl amine to analyte molar ratio of 6, silylation reaction temperature of 70°C, reaction duration of 70min, and N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide volume of 12.5μL. The applicability of this optimized procedure was verified by analyzing DEG ozonation products in an ultrafine condensation particle counter simulation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lei Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
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13
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Pervova MG, Chizhov DL, Saloutin VI. Simultaneous determination of aliphatic acids and aldehydes in aqueous media by reaction gas chromatography. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934816100099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Cochran RE, Laskina O, Jayarathne T, Laskin A, Laskin J, Lin P, Sultana C, Lee C, Moore KA, Cappa CD, Bertram TH, Prather KA, Grassian VH, Stone EA. Analysis of Organic Anionic Surfactants in Fine and Coarse Fractions of Freshly Emitted Sea Spray Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:2477-86. [PMID: 26828238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The inclusion of organic compounds in freshly emitted sea spray aerosol (SSA) has been shown to be size-dependent, with an increasing organic fraction in smaller particles. Here we have used electrospray ionization-high resolution mass spectrometry in negative ion mode to identify organic compounds in nascent sea spray collected throughout a 25 day mesocosm experiment. Over 280 organic compounds from ten major homologous series were tentatively identified, including saturated (C8-C24) and unsaturated (C12-C22) fatty acids, fatty acid derivatives (including saturated oxo-fatty acids (C5-C18) and saturated hydroxy-fatty acids (C5-C18), organosulfates (C2-C7, C12-C17) and sulfonates (C16-C22). During the mesocosm, the distributions of molecules within some homologous series responded to variations among the levels of phytoplankton and bacteria in the seawater. The average molecular weight and carbon preference index of saturated fatty acids significantly decreased within fine SSA during the progression of the mesocosm, which was not observed in coarse SSA, sea-surface microlayer or in fresh seawater. This study helps to define the molecular composition of nascent SSA and biological processes in the ocean relate to SSA composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Cochran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Olga Laskina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Thilina Jayarathne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Peng Lin
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Camille Sultana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Christopher Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kathryn A Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Christopher D Cappa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Timothy H Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kimberly A Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Stone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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15
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Flores RM, Doskey PV. Evaluation of multistep derivatization methods for identification and quantification of oxygenated species in organic aerosol. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1418:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Nozière B, Kalberer M, Claeys M, Allan J, D'Anna B, Decesari S, Finessi E, Glasius M, Grgić I, Hamilton JF, Hoffmann T, Iinuma Y, Jaoui M, Kahnt A, Kampf CJ, Kourtchev I, Maenhaut W, Marsden N, Saarikoski S, Schnelle-Kreis J, Surratt JD, Szidat S, Szmigielski R, Wisthaler A. The molecular identification of organic compounds in the atmosphere: state of the art and challenges. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3919-83. [PMID: 25647604 DOI: 10.1021/cr5003485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Nozière
- †Ircelyon/CNRS and Université Lyon 1, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Barbara D'Anna
- †Ircelyon/CNRS and Université Lyon 1, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Irena Grgić
- ○National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Yoshiteru Iinuma
- ¶Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ivan Kourtchev
- ‡University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Willy Maenhaut
- §University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.,□Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Jason D Surratt
- ▼University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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17
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Nirmalkar J, Deb MK, Deshmukh DK, Tsai YI, Verma SK. Molecular markers in ambient aerosol in the Mahanadi Riverside Basin of eastern central India during winter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:1220-1231. [PMID: 25131681 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3416-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Organic molecular markers are important atmospheric constituents. Their formation and sources are important aspects of the study of urban and rural air quality. We collected PM10 aerosol samples from the Mahanadi Riverside Basin (MRB), a rural part of eastern central India, during the winter of 2011. PM10 aerosols were characterized for molecular markers using ion chromatography. The concentration of PM10 ranged from 208.8 to 588.3 μg m(-3) with a mean concentration of 388.9 μg m(-3). Total concentration of anhydrosugars, sugar alcohols, primary sugars, and oxalate were found to be 3.25, 5.60, 10.52, and 0.37 μg m(-3), respectively, during the study period. Glucose was the most abundant species followed by levoglucosan and mannitol. Significant positive correlation between the molecular markers, anhydrosugars, sugar alcohols, primary sugars, and oxalic acid confirmed that biomass burning, biogenic activity, and re-suspension of soil particles were the main sources of aerosol in the eastern central India study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant Nirmalkar
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, 492010, India
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18
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Poerschmann J, Schultze-Nobre L. Structural characterization of organic intermediates arising from xylenol degradation by laboratory-scale constructed wetlands. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 109:120-127. [PMID: 24393564 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A mixture of xylenols (2,6-, 3,4-, 3,5-) was subjected to laboratory-scale constructed wetland treatment using helophytes. Conversion efficiencies under aerobic conditions ranged from 89% to 94%; the corresponding numbers under anaerobic conditions were lower. The studies were focused on the identification of stable organic intermediates. Identification was performed by a combination of GC/MS analysis and pre-chromatographic derivatization of the lyophilizates. In addition to common intermediates including citraconate, succinate and dimethyl benzenediols, an array of α- and β-ketoadipic acid carboxylates could be identified. The ketoadipic acid carboxylates have not been known to be formed in bioremediation of phenols including xylenols so far. Mechanisms for the formation of ketoadipic acid carboxylates are proposed. Chemotaxonomic considerations using diagnostic fatty acids provided mounting evidence that organic matter originating from plants prevailed over bacterial organic matter. Biomarkers indicated a virtual absence of fungi and algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Poerschmann
- UFZ - Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research, Department of Environmental Engineering, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - L Schultze-Nobre
- UFZ - Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research, Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Germany
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19
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Han J, Gagnon S, Eckle T, Borchers CH. Metabolomic analysis of key central carbon metabolism carboxylic acids as their 3-nitrophenylhydrazones by UPLC/ESI-MS. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2891-900. [PMID: 23580203 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple hydroxy-, keto-, di-, and tri-carboxylic acids are among the cellular metabolites of central carbon metabolism (CCM). Sensitive and reliable analysis of these carboxylates is important for many biological and cell engineering studies. In this work, we examined 3-nitrophenylhydrazine as a derivatizing reagent and optimized the reaction conditions for the measurement of ten CCM-related carboxylic compounds, including glycolate, lactate, malate, fumarate, succinate, citrate, isocitrate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, and α-ketoglutarate as their 3-nitrophenylhydrazones using LC/MS with ESI. With the derivatization protocol which we have developed, and using negative-ion multiple-reaction monitoring on a triple-quadrupole instrument, all of the carboxylates showed good linearity within a dynamic range of ca. 200 to more than 2000. The on-column LODs and LOQs were from high femtomoles to low picomoles. The analytical accuracies for eight of the ten analytes were determined to be between 89.5 to 114.8% (CV≤7.4%, n = 6). Using a QTOF instrument, the isotopic distribution patterns of these carboxylates, extracted from a (13) C-labeled mouse heart, were successfully determined by UPLC/MS with full-mass detection, indicating the possible utility of this analytical method for metabolic flux analysis. In summary, this work demonstrates an efficient chemical derivatization LC/MS method for metabolomic analysis of these key CCM intermediates in a biological matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Han
- University of Victoria-Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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20
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Kalafut-Pettibone AJ, McGivern WS. Analytical Methodology for Determination of Organic Aerosol Functional Group Distributions. Anal Chem 2013; 85:3553-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3028728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia J. Kalafut-Pettibone
- Chemical Science
Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop
8320, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - W. Sean McGivern
- Chemical Science
Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop
8320, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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21
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van Pinxteren D, Teich M, Herrmann H. Hollow fibre liquid-phase microextraction of functionalised carboxylic acids from atmospheric particles combined with capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometric analysis. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1267:178-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Lee JWL, Carrascón V, Gallimore PJ, Fuller SJ, Björkegren A, Spring DR, Pope FD, Kalberer M. The effect of humidity on the ozonolysis of unsaturated compounds in aerosol particles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:8023-31. [PMID: 22532101 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp24094g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosol particles are important in many atmospheric processes such as: light scattering, light absorption, and cloud formation. Oxidation reactions continuously change the chemical composition of aerosol particles, especially the organic mass component, which is often the dominant fraction. These ageing processes are poorly understood but are known to significantly affect the cloud formation potential of aerosol particles. In this study we investigate the effect of humidity and ozone on the chemical composition of two model organic aerosol systems: oleic acid and arachidonic acid. These two acids are also compared to maleic acid an aerosol system we have previously studied using the same techniques. The role of relative humidity in the oxidation scheme of the three carboxylic acids is very compound specific. Relative humidity was observed to have a major influence on the oxidation scheme of maleic acid and arachidonic acid, whereas no dependence was observed for the oxidation of oleic acid. In both, maleic acid and arachidonic acid, an evaporation of volatile oxidation products could only be observed when the particle was exposed to high relative humidities. The particle phase has a strong effect on the particle processing and the effect of water on the oxidation processes. Oleic acid is liquid under all conditions at room temperature (dry or elevated humidity, pure or oxidized particle). Thus ozone can easily diffuse into the bulk of the particle irrespective of the oxidation conditions. In addition, water does not influence the oxidation reactions of oleic acid particles, which is partly explained by the structure of oxidation intermediates. The low water solubility of oleic acid and its ozonolysis products limits the effect of water. This is very different for maleic and arachidonic acid, which change their phase from liquid to solid upon oxidation or upon changes in humidity. In a solid particle the reactions of ozone and water with the organic particle are restricted to the particle surface and hence different regimes of reactivity are dictated by particle phase. The potential relevance of these three model systems to mimic ambient atmospheric processes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W L Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
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23
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Kampf CJ, Bonn B, Hoffmann T. Development and validation of a selective HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for the quantification of glyoxal and methylglyoxal in atmospheric aerosols (PM2.5). Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:3115-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5192-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Di Giuro CML, Buongiorno D, Leitner E, Straganz GD. Exploring the catalytic potential of the 3-His mononuclear nonheme Fe(II) center: discovery and characterization of an unprecedented maltol cleavage activity. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:1204-11. [PMID: 21718656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mononuclear nonheme iron enzymes (MNHEs) catalyze a range of very diverse reactions in O(2) metabolism, but they share a common principle active-site organization. To investigate a putative catalytic promiscuity of these enzymatic metal centers, we studied the reactivity of the 3-His ligated metal center of diketone cleaving enzyme (Dke1) toward non-native substrates, with a focus on alternative O(2) dependent reactions. From a screening approach, which aims at eliminating steric factors by including minimal substrate-substructures, three alternative, 'non-β-dicarbonyl-cleavage' reactions are identified, among them an unprecedented oxygenation of maltol. Maltol cleavage is characterized by steady state and fast kinetic measurements and shows an O(2) concentration dependent rate determining step k(cat)/K(M)(O(2)) of 0.3mM(-1)s(-1) and a strict coupling of O(2) reduction and substrate oxidation. Furthermore, the catalytic potential of the 3-His metal center for O(2) dependent catechol ring-cleavage and phenylpyruvate oxidation (PP) is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana M L Di Giuro
- Institute for Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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25
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Št’ávová J, Beránek J, Nelson EP, Diep BA, Kubátová A. Limits of detection for the determination of mono- and dicarboxylic acids using gas and liquid chromatographic methods coupled with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:1429-38. [PMID: 21185238 PMCID: PMC3090519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The chromatographic separation and instrumental limits of detection (LODs) were obtained for a broad range of C(1)-C(18) monocarboxylic (MCAs) and C(2)-C(14) dicarboxylic acids (DCAs) employing either chemical derivatization followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and flame ionization detection (GC-MS/FID) or direct analysis with liquid chromatography high resolution MS and tandem MS (LC-MS). Suitability, efficiency and stability of reaction products for several derivatization agents used for esterification (BF(3)/butanol), and trimethysilylation, including trimethylsilyl-N-N-dimethylcarbamate (TMSDMC) and N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) were evaluated. The lowest limits of detection for the majority of compounds below 10 pg (with the exception of acetic acid) were obtained for derivatization with BF(3)/butanol followed by GC-MS in the total ion current (TIC) mode. Further improvements were achieved when applying either selected ion monitoring (SIM), which decreased the LODs to 1-4 pg or a combination of SIM and TIC (SITI) (2-5 pg). GC-FID provided LODs comparable to those obtained by GC-MS TIC. Both trimethylsilylation (followed by GC-MS) and direct LC-MS/MS analysis yielded LODs of 5-40 pg for most of the acids. For volatile acids the LODs were higher, e.g., 25 and 590 ng for TMSDMC and BSTFA derivatized formic acid, respectively, whereas the LC-MS methods did not allow for the analysis of formic acid at all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Št’ávová
- University of North Dakota, Department of Chemistry, 151 Cornell Street Stop 9024, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Josef Beránek
- University of North Dakota, Department of Chemistry, 151 Cornell Street Stop 9024, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Eric P. Nelson
- University of North Dakota, Department of Chemistry, 151 Cornell Street Stop 9024, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Bonnie A. Diep
- University of North Dakota, Department of Chemistry, 151 Cornell Street Stop 9024, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Alena Kubátová
- University of North Dakota, Department of Chemistry, 151 Cornell Street Stop 9024, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
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26
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Huang XHH, Ip HSS, Yu JZ. Secondary organic aerosol formation from ethylene in the urban atmosphere of Hong Kong: A multiphase chemical modeling study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Neng NR, Nogueira JMF. Determination of short-chain carbonyl compounds in drinking water matrices by bar adsorptive micro-extraction (BAμE) with in situ derivatization. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:3155-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4256-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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28
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GC–MS analysis of low-molecular-weight dicarboxylic acids in atmospheric aerosol: comparison between silylation and esterification derivatization procedures. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:877-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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29
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Development and validation of an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry method to quantify benzoic acid and long-chain monocarboxylic acids (C12–C28) in atmospheric aerosols. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6481-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Quantification of organic acids in particulate matter by coupling of thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation with thermodesorption-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6642-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Baños CE, Silva M. Comparison of several sorbents for continuous in situ derivatization and preconcentration of low-molecular mass aldehydes prior to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric determination in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6554-9. [PMID: 19691962 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A comparative study of six SPE conventional and non-conventional sorbent materials (silica RP-C18, LiChrolut EN, Amberlite XAD-2, C60 fullerene, multiwall carbon nanotubes and graphitized carbon black) was carried out for the in situ derivatization/preconcentration of eight aldehydes with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. Although two of the sorbents, LiChrolut EN and RP-C18, turned out to be the most suitable for ultratrace analysis of the aldehydes, LiChrolut EN showed higher capacity for 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine trapping (higher efficiency for the in situ derivatization reaction) and superior performance in terms of sensitivity (likely a result of its increased sample breakthrough volume). The LiChrolut EN-based method combined with LC-MS/MS allowed the determination of aldehydes over the linear range of 0.02-15 microg l(-1), with limits of detection at 6-24 ng l(-1) and precision of 3.2-7.2%. The method was applied to determine low-molecular mass aldehydes in water samples. These results indicate that the method proposed is a straightforward and sensitive tool for the determination of these aldehydes in water samples providing better results than those LC-MS/MS reported alternatives in terms of the limit of detection, sample requirements for analysis and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Eugenia Baños
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Marie-Curie Building (Annex), Campus of Rabanales, University of Cordoba, E-14071 Cordoba, Spain
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32
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Nájera JJ, Percival CJ, Horn AB. Infrared spectroscopic studies of the heterogeneous reaction of ozone with dry maleic and fumaric acid aerosol particles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:9093-103. [DOI: 10.1039/b909623j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Yang L, Yu LE. Measurements of oxalic acid, oxalates, malonic acid, and malonates in atmospheric particulates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:9268-9275. [PMID: 19174903 DOI: 10.1021/es801820z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study systematically examined effects of analytical approaches on resultant concentrations of oxalic acid, oxalates, malonic acid, and malonates. Results demonstrated that employing separate water extraction and THF extraction is required to properly quantify dicarboxylic acids vs dicarboxylates using IC or GC-MS. Applications of the recommended methods to analyze PM2.5 collected in Singapore showed that concentrations of oxalate ranged from 361.4 to 481.4 ng m(-3), which were 10-14.7 times higher than that of oxalic acid. Unlike that of oxalates, malonate concentrations (10.5-23.4 ng m(-3)) were no more than half of malonic acid concentration (43.8-53.9 ng m(-3)) in PM2.5. Concentration ratios of oxalate-to-oxalic acid and malonate-to-malonic acid obtained from this work were applied to reported literature data; as a first approximation, in urban environments similar to that in Singapore, quantifiable oxalic acid, oxalates, malonic acid, and malonates in PM2.5 could range from 7.6 to 68.0, 82.2 to 732.8, 6.3 to 150, and 1.3 to 60 ng m(-3), respectively. Because photooxidation properties and hygroscopicity of dicarboxylic acids can substantially differ from that of dicarboxylates, more studies are needed to quantify ambient oxalic acid and malonic acid vs oxalates and malonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Yang
- Division of Environmental Science & Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
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Evidence for liquid-like and nonideal behavior of a mixture of organic aerosol components. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:18687-91. [PMID: 19020087 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0802144105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The condensation, evaporation, and repartitioning of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in the atmosphere depends both on the phase of condensed material and the effective condensed phase vapor pressures of the SVOCs. Although direct measurements of vapor pressures of individual SVOCs exist, there are limited measurements of how the properties of a given compound changes in mixtures of multiple components that exist in the atmosphere. Here, the evaporation behavior of mixtures of dicarboxylic acids, which are common atmospheric aerosol constituents, is investigated. These measurements demonstrate that complex mixtures of the individually solid organic compounds take on liquid-like properties. Additionally, the vapor pressures of individual components show strong, identity-dependent deviations from ideality (i.e., Raoult's Law), with the vapor pressures of the smaller, more volatile compounds decreased significantly in the mixtures. The addition of an inorganic compound (NaNO(3)) further influences the nonideal behavior, again in a compound-specific manner. These results suggest that nonideal behavior of particle-phase compounds influences the abundances of organic aerosol observed in the atmosphere and in the laboratory.
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Beránek J, Kubátová A. Evaluation of solid-phase microextraction methods for determination of trace concentration aldehydes in aqueous solution. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1209:44-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dron J, Zheng W, Marchand N, Wortham H. New method to determine the total carbonyl functional group content in extractable particulate organic matter by tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:1089-1098. [PMID: 18320554 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A functional group analysis method was developed to determine the quantitative content of carbonyl functional groups in atmospheric particulate organic matter (POM) using constant neutral loss scanning-tandem mass spectrometry (CNLS-MS/MS). The neutral loss method consists in monitoring the loss of a neutral fragment produced by the fragmentation of a precursor ion in a collision cell. The only ions detected are the daughter ions resulting from the loss of the neutral fragment under study. Then, scanning the loss of a neutral fragment characteristic of a functional group enables the selective detection of the compounds bearing the chemical function under study within a complex mixture. The selective detection of carbonyl functional groups was achieved after derivatization with pentafluorophenylhydrazine (PFPH) by monitoring the neutral loss of C(6)F(5)N (181 amu), which was characteristic of a large panel of derivatized carbonyl compounds. The method was tested on 25 reference mixtures of different composition, all containing 24 carbonyl compounds at randomly determined concentrations. The repeatability and calibration tests were satisfying as they resulted in a relative standard deviation below 5% and a linear range between 0.01 and 0.65 mM with a calculated detection limit of 0.0035 mM. Also, the relative deviation induced by changing the composition of the mixture while keeping the total concentration of carbonyl functional groups constant was less than 20%. These reliability experiments demonstrate the high robustness of the developed procedure for accurate carbonyl functional group measurement, which was applied to atmospheric POM samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dron
- Laboratoire Chimie Provence (UMR 6264), Equipe Instrumentation et Réactivité Atmosphérique, Universités d'Aix-Marseille I,II et III-CNRS (case 29), 3 place Victor Hugo, Marseille Cedex 3, France.
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Moore RH, Raymond TM. HTDMA analysis of multicomponent dicarboxylic acid aerosols with comparison to UNIFAC and ZSR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Li C, Li XZ, Graham N, Gao NY. The aqueous degradation of bisphenol A and steroid estrogens by ferrate. WATER RESEARCH 2008; 42:109-20. [PMID: 17681362 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2007.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Revised: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The aqueous reactivity of five prominent endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) with potassium ferrate has been studied. The degradation kinetics and reaction pathways for bisphenol A (BPA) have been considered in detail, and the reaction rate constants for 17alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2), estrone (E1), beta-estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3) have been determined, from tests carried out in the pH range of 8-12 and at different reactant molar ratios. The rate constants were determined by a kinetic model incorporating the various species equilibria for the EDC compounds and ferrate, using observations of the temporal reduction in EDC and ferrate concentrations. In agreement with other studies, the oxidation of the EDCs was found to be greater for mono-protonated ferrate, HFeO(4)(-), than for non-protonated ferrate, FeO(4)(2-). Among the five EDCs, all of which have phenol moieties, the ferrate oxidation of the four steroid estrogens (each incorporating the cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring) had higher reaction rates than BPA. The by-products of BPA degradation by ferrate were analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry (GC/MS-MS) and nine specific compounds were identified, including p-isopropylphenol, 4-isopropanolphenol, p-isopropenylphenol, and some dicarboxylic acids, etc. It is concluded that ferrate oxidation could be an effective treatment method for the purification of waters containing these particular EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Li
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Carboxylic acid functional group analysis using constant neutral loss scanning-mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 605:61-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ho KF, Cao JJ, Lee SC, Kawamura K, Zhang RJ, Chow JC, Watson JG. Dicarboxylic acids, ketocarboxylic acids, and dicarbonyls in the urban atmosphere of China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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van Pinxteren D, Herrmann H. Determination of functionalised carboxylic acids in atmospheric particles and cloud water using capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1171:112-23. [PMID: 17920610 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Revised: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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