1
|
Banoo R, Gupta S, Gadi R, Dawar A, Vijayan N, Mandal TK, Sharma SK. Chemical characteristics, morphology and source apportionment of PM 10 over National Capital Region (NCR) of India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:163. [PMID: 38231424 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12281-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The present study frames the physico-chemical characteristics and the source apportionment of PM10 over National Capital Region (NCR) of India using the receptor model's Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and Principal Momponent Mnalysis/Absolute Principal Component Score-Multilinear Regression (PCA/APCS-MLR). The annual average mass concentration of PM10 over the urban site of Faridabad, IGDTUW-Delhi and CSIR-NPL of NCR-Delhi were observed to be 195 ± 121, 275 ± 141 and 209 ± 81 µg m-3, respectively. Carbonaceous species (organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC)), elemental constituents (Al, Ti, Na, Mg, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, Ba, Mo Pb) and water-soluble ionic components (F-, Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, NH4+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) of PM10 were entrenched to the receptor models to comprehend the possible sources of PM10. The PMF assorted sources over Faridabad were soil dust (SD 15%), industrial emission (IE 14%), vehicular emission (VE 19%), secondary aerosol (SA 23%) and sodium magnesium salt (SMS 17%). For IGDTUW-Delhi, the sources were SD (16%), VE (19%), SMS (18%), IE (11%), SA (27%) and VE + IE (9%). Emission sources like SD (24%), IE (8%), SMS (20%), VE + IE (12%), VE (15%) and SA + BB (21%) were extracted over CSIR-NPL, New Delhi, which are quite obvious towards the sites. PCA/APCS-MLR quantified the similar sources with varied percentage contribution. Additionally, catalogue the Conditional Bivariate Probability Function (CBPF) for directionality of the local source regions and morphology as spherical, flocculent and irregular were imaged using a Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubiya Banoo
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, D, K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sarika Gupta
- Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Kashmiri Gate, New Delhi, 110006, India
| | - Ranu Gadi
- Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Kashmiri Gate, New Delhi, 110006, India
| | - Anit Dawar
- Inter-University Accelerator Centre, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Narayanasamy Vijayan
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, D, K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Tuhin Kumar Mandal
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, D, K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Sharma
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, D, K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun J, Yu J, Niu X, Zhang X, Zhou L, Liu X, Zhang B, He K, Niu X, Ho KF, Cao J, Shen Z. Solid fuel derived PM 2.5 induced oxidative stress and according cytotoxicity in A549 cells: The evidence and potential neutralization by green tea. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 171:107674. [PMID: 36463658 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) is a well-known cytotoxic pollutant that capable to induce severe intracellular oxidative stress while the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Herein, 4 types of PM2.5 derived from solid fuel burning were selected as stimuli in A549 cells exposure model to evaluate their effects on oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Although resulting in different responses in cell viability, all PM2.5 exhibited over 50 % higher oxidative stress than control group, expression as intracellular reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase levels. The Pearson's correlation results indicated that cations (e.g., Ca2+), heavy metals (e.g., Cr and Pb), nPAHs (nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g., 6-nitrochrysene) and oPAHs (oxygenated PAHs, e.g., 9-fluorenone) were the main functioning toxics (r > 0.6). A key finding was the dual-directional regulation function of ECG (epicatechin gallate), that is, it could either increase the low A549 cell viabilities in coal combustion PM2.5 group or reduce them in charcoal PM2.5 group (P < 0.05). The dual-directional effects were likely because ECG can activate Nrf2 oxidation signaling pathway then inhibit the inflammatory signaling pathway NF-κB accordingly. Therefore, evidences indicated cytotoxicity of solid fuel derived PM2.5 were mainly caused by oxidative stress, which was proved to be reversed by green tea, providing a potential therapy method to PM2.5 and other hazards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jinjin Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xinyi Niu
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xinya Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Lili Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xinyao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Kun He
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiaofeng Niu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Kin-Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Determination and Similarity Analysis of PM2.5 Emission Source Profiles Based on Organic Markers for Monterrey, Mexico. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12050554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Source attribution of airborne particulate matter (PM) relies on a host of different chemical species. Organic molecular markers are a set of particularly useful marker compounds for estimating source contributions to the fine PM fraction (i.e., PM2.5). Although there are many source apportionment studies based on organic markers, these studies heavily rely on the few studies that report region-specific emission profiles. Source attribution efforts, particularly those conducted in countries with emerging economies, benefit from ad hoc information to conduct the corresponding analyses. In this study, we report organic molecular marker source profiles for PM2.5 emitted from 12 major sources types from five general source categories (meat cooking operations, vehicle exhausts, industries, biomass and trash burning, and urban background) for the Monterrey Metropolitan Area (Mexico). Source emission samples were obtained from a ground-based source-dominated sampling approach. Filter-based instruments were utilized, and the loaded filters were chemically characterized for organic markers by GC-MS. Levoglucosan and cholesterol dominate charbroiled-cooking operation sources while methoxyphenols, PAHs and hopanes dominate open-waste burning, vehicle exhaust and industrial emissions, respectively. A statistical analysis showed values of the Pearson distance < 0.4 and the similarity identity distance > 0.8 in all cases, indicating dissimilar source profiles. This was supported by the coefficient of divergence average values that ranged from 0.62 to 0.72. These profiles could further be utilized in receptor models to conduct source apportionment in regions with similar characteristics and can also be used to develop air pollution abatement strategies.
Collapse
|
4
|
Johnston MV, Kerecman DE. Molecular Characterization of Atmospheric Organic Aerosol by Mass Spectrometry. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2019; 12:247-274. [PMID: 30901261 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061516-045135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosol, particulate matter suspended in the air we breathe, exerts a strong impact on our health and the environment. Controlling the amount of particulate matter in air is difficult, as there are many ways particles can form by both natural and anthropogenic processes. We gain insight into the sources of particulate matter through chemical composition measurements. A substantial portion of atmospheric aerosol is organic, and this organic matter is exceedingly complex on a molecular scale, encompassing hundreds to thousands of individual compounds that distribute between the gas and particle phases. Because of this complexity, no single analytical technique is sufficient. However, mass spectrometry plays a crucial role owing to its combination of high sensitivity and molecular specificity. This review surveys the various ways mass spectrometry is used to characterize atmospheric organic aerosol at a molecular level, tracing these methods from inception to current practice, with emphasis on current and emerging areas of research. Both offline and online approaches are covered, and molecular measurements with them are discussed in the context of identifying sources and elucidating the underlying chemical mechanisms of particle formation. There is an ongoing need to improve existing techniques and develop new ones if we are to further advance our knowledge of how to mitigate the unwanted health and environmental impacts of particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murray V Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA;
| | - Devan E Kerecman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jain S, Sharma SK, Srivastava MK, Chaterjee A, Singh RK, Saxena M, Mandal TK. Source Apportionment of PM 10 Over Three Tropical Urban Atmospheres at Indo-Gangetic Plain of India: An Approach Using Different Receptor Models. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 76:114-128. [PMID: 30310951 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-018-0572-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present work is the ensuing part of the study on spatial and temporal variations in chemical characteristics of PM10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm) over Indo Gangetic Plain (IGP) of India. It focuses on the apportionment of PM10 sources with the application of different receptor models, i.e., principal component analysis with absolute principal component scores (PCA-APCS), UNMIX, and positive matrix factorization (PMF) on the same chemical species of PM10. The main objective of this study is to perform the comparative analysis of the models, obtained mutually validated outputs and more robust results. The average PM10 concentration during January 2011 to December 2011 at Delhi, Varanasi, and Kolkata were 202.3 ± 74.3, 206.2 ± 77.4, and 171.5 ± 38.5 μg m-3, respectively. The results provided by the three models revealed quite similar source profile for all the sampling regions, with some disaccords in number of sources as well as their percent contributions. The PMF analysis resolved seven individual sources in Delhi [soil dust (SD), vehicular emissions (VE), secondary aerosols (SA), biomass burning (BB), sodium and magnesium salt (SMS), fossil fuel combustion, and industrial emissions (IE)], Varanasi [SD, VE, SA, BB, SMS, coal combustion, and IE], and Kolkata [secondary sulfate (Ssulf), secondary nitrate, SD, VE, BB, SMS, IE]. However, PCA-APCS and UNMIX models identified less number of sources (besides mixed type sources) than PMF for all the sampling sites. All models identified that VE, SA, BB, and SD were the dominant contributors of PM10 mass concentration over the IGP region of India.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Jain
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Physical Laboratory Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Sharma
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Physical Laboratory Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | | | - Abhijit Chaterjee
- Environmental Sciences Section, Bose Institute, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Rajeev Kumar Singh
- Department of Geophysics, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Mohit Saxena
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Tuhin Kumar Mandal
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Physical Laboratory Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Faizi MSH, Lone MN, Dege N, Malinkin S, Sliva TY. Crystal structure of ( E)-2,6-dimeth-oxy-4-{[(4-meth-oxy-phen-yl)imino]-meth-yl}phenol. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2018; 74:1540-1542. [PMID: 30443376 PMCID: PMC6218903 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989018013713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the title compound, C16H17NO4, the dihedral angle between benzene rings is 72.7 (2)°. The meth-oxy groups are rotated by 2.4 (2) and -4.9 (2) (benzil-idene moiety) and by 5.6 (3)° (aniline moiety) relative to the adjacent benzene ring. In the crystal, the mol-ecules are linked into chains along [101] through C-H⋯O and O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Serajul Haque Faizi
- Department of Chemistry, Langat Singh College, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India
| | - Mohamad Nadeem Lone
- Department of Chemistry, Govt. College For Women, Udhampur, Jammu and Kashmir 182 101, India
| | - Necmi Dege
- Ondokuz Mayıs University, Arts and Sciences Faculty, Department of Physics, Atakum 55139 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Sergey Malinkin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taras Shevchenko University of Kiev, 64/13, Volodymyrska Street, City of Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Tatiana Yu. Sliva
- Department of Chemistry, National Taras Shevchenko University of Kiev, 64/13, Volodymyrska Street, City of Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gu P, Li HZ, Ye Q, Robinson ES, Apte JS, Robinson AL, Presto AA. Intracity Variability of Particulate Matter Exposure Is Driven by Carbonaceous Sources and Correlated with Land-Use Variables. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:11545-11554. [PMID: 30248264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Localized primary emissions of carbonaceous aerosol are the major drivers of intracity variability of submicron particulate matter (PM1) concentrations. We investigated spatial variations in PM1 composition with mobile sampling in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States and performed source-apportionment analysis to attribute primary organic aerosol (OA) to traffic (HOA) and cooking OA (COA). In high-source-impact locations, the PM1 concentration is, on average, 2 μg m-3 (40%) higher than urban background locations. Traffic emissions are the largest source contributing to population-weighted exposures to primary PM. Vehicle-miles traveled (VMT) can be used to reliably predict the concentration of HOA and localized black carbon (BC) in air pollutant spatial models. Restaurant count is a useful but imperfect predictor for COA concentration, likely due to highly variable emissions from individual restaurants. Near-road cooking emissions can be falsely attributed to traffic sources in the absence of PM source apportionment. In Pittsburgh, 28% and 9% of the total population are exposed to >1 μg m-3 of traffic- and cooking-related primary emissions, with some populations impacted by both sources. The source mix in many U.S. cities is similar; thus, we expect similar PM spatial patterns and increased exposure in high-source areas in other cities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peishi Gu
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Hugh Z Li
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Qing Ye
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Ellis S Robinson
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Joshua S Apte
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering , University of Texas , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Allen L Robinson
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Albert A Presto
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gensch I, Sang-Arlt XF, Laumer W, Chan CY, Engling G, Rudolph J, Kiendler-Scharr A. Using δ 13C of Levoglucosan As a Chemical Clock. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:11094-11101. [PMID: 30169962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Compound specific carbon isotopic measurements (δ13C) of levoglucosan were carried out for ambient aerosol sampled during an intensive biomass burning period at different sites in Guangdong province, China. The δ13C of ambient levoglucosan was found to be noticeably heavier than the average δ13C of levoglucosan found in source C3-plant-combustion samples. To estimate the photochemical age of sampled ambient levoglucosan, back trajectory analyses were done. The origin and pathways of the probed air masses were determined, using the Lagrangian-particle-dispersion-model FLEXPART and ECMWF meteorological data. On the other hand, the isotopic hydrocarbon clock concept was applied to relate the changes in the field-measured stable carbon isotopic composition to the extent of chemical processing during transport. Comparison of the photochemical age derived using these two independent approaches shows on average good agreement, despite a substantial scatter of the individual data pairs. These analyses demonstrate that the degree of oxidative aging of particulate levoglucosan can be quantified by combining laboratory KIE studies, observed δ13C at the source and in the field, as well as back trajectory analyses. In this study, the chemical loss of levoglucosan was found to exceed 50% in one-fifth of the analyzed samples. Consequently, the use of levoglucosan as a stable molecular tracer may underestimate the contribution of biomass burning to air pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Gensch
- IEK-8: Troposphere , Forschungszentrum Jülich , Jülich , 52428 Germany
| | - X F Sang-Arlt
- IEK-8: Troposphere , Forschungszentrum Jülich , Jülich , 52428 Germany
| | - W Laumer
- IEK-8: Troposphere , Forschungszentrum Jülich , Jülich , 52428 Germany
| | - C Y Chan
- Institute of Earth Environment , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an , 710043 , China
| | - G Engling
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences , National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu , 30013 Taiwan
| | - J Rudolph
- IEK-8: Troposphere , Forschungszentrum Jülich , Jülich , 52428 Germany
- Chemistry Department , York University , 4700 Keele Street , Toronto , Ontario M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - A Kiendler-Scharr
- IEK-8: Troposphere , Forschungszentrum Jülich , Jülich , 52428 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li HZ, Dallmann TR, Li X, Gu P, Presto AA. Urban Organic Aerosol Exposure: Spatial Variations in Composition and Source Impacts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:415-426. [PMID: 29227637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a mobile sampling campaign in a historically industrialized terrain (Pittsburgh, PA) targeting spatial heterogeneity of organic aerosol. Thirty-six sampling sites were chosen based on stratification of traffic, industrial source density, and elevation. We collected organic carbon (OC) on quartz filters, quantified different OC components with thermal-optical analysis, and grouped them based on volatility in decreasing order (OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4, and pyrolyzed carbon (PC)). We compared our ambient OC concentrations (both gas and particle phase) to similar measurements from vehicle dynamometer tests, cooking emissions, biomass burning emissions, and a highway traffic tunnel. OC2 and OC3 loading on ambient filters showed a strong correlation with primary emissions while OC4 and PC were more spatially homogeneous. While we tested our hypothesis of OC2 and OC3 as markers of fresh source exposure for Pittsburgh, the relationship seemed to hold at a national level. Land use regression (LUR) models were developed for the OC fractions, and models had an average R2 of 0.64 (SD = 0.09). The paper demonstrates that OC2 and OC3 can be useful markers for fresh emissions, OC4 is a secondary OC indicator, and PC represents both biomass burning and secondary aerosol. People with higher OC exposure are likely inhaling more fresh OC2 and OC3, since secondary OC4 and PC varies much less drastically in space or with local primary sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Z Li
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Timothy R Dallmann
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Xiang Li
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Peishi Gu
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Albert A Presto
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Schichtel BA, Hand JL, Barna MG, Gebhart KA, Copeland S, Vimont J, Malm WC. Origin of Fine Particulate Carbon in the Rural United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:9846-9855. [PMID: 28758398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbonaceous compounds are a significant component of fine particulate matter and haze in national parks and wilderness areas where visibility is protected, i.e., class I areas (CIAs). The Regional Haze Rule set the goal of returning visibility in CIAs on the most anthropogenically impaired days to natural by 2064. To achieve this goal, we need to understand contributions of natural and anthropogenic sources to the total fine particulate carbon (TC). A Lagrangian chemical transport model was used to simulate the 2006-2008 contributions from various source types to measured TC in CIAs and other rural lands. These initial results were incorporated into a hybrid model to reduce systematic biases. During summer months, fires and vegetation-derived secondary organic carbon together often accounted for >75% of TC. Smaller contributions, <20%, from area and mobile sources also occurred. During the winter, contributions from area and mobile sources increased, with area sources accounting for half or more of the TC in many regions. The area emissions were likely primarily from residential and industrial wood combustion. Different fire seasons were evident, with the largest contributions during the summer when wildfires occur and smaller contributions during the spring and fall when prescribed and agricultural fires regularly occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bret A Schichtel
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division , Lakewood, Colorado 80235, United States
| | - Jenny L Hand
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA), Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Michael G Barna
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division , Lakewood, Colorado 80235, United States
| | - Kristi A Gebhart
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division , Lakewood, Colorado 80235, United States
| | - Scott Copeland
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA), Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - John Vimont
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division , Lakewood, Colorado 80235, United States
| | - William C Malm
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA), Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Presto AA, Dallmann TR, Gu P, Rao U. BTEX exposures in an area impacted by industrial and mobile sources: Source attribution and impact of averaging time. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2016; 66:387-401. [PMID: 26745240 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2016.1139517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The impacts of emissions plumes from major industrial sources on black carbon (BC) and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylene isomers) exposures in communities located >10 km from the industrial source areas were identified with a combination of stationary measurements, source identification using positive matrix factorization (PMF), and dispersion modeling. The industrial emissions create multihour plume events of BC and BTEX at the measurement sites. PMF source apportionment, along with wind patterns, indicates that the observed pollutant plumes are the result of transport of industrial emissions under conditions of low boundary layer height. PMF indicates that industrial emissions contribute >50% of outdoor exposures of BC and BTEX species at the receptor sites. Dispersion modeling of BTEX emissions from known industrial sources predicts numerous overnight plumes and overall qualitative agreement with PMF analysis, but predicts industrial impacts at the measurement sites a factor of 10 lower than PMF. Nonetheless, exposures associated with pollutant plumes occur mostly at night, when residents are expected to be home but are perhaps unaware of the elevated exposure. Averaging data samples over long times typical of public health interventions (e.g., weekly or biweekly passive sampling) misapportions the exposure, reducing the impact of industrial plumes at the expense of traffic emissions, because the longer samples cannot resolve subdaily plumes. Suggestions are made for ways for future distributed pollutant mapping or intervention studies to incorporate high time resolution tools to better understand the potential impacts of industrial plumes. IMPLICATIONS Emissions from industrial or other stationary sources can dominate air toxics exposures in communities both near the source and in downwind areas in the form of multihour plume events. Common measurement strategies that use highly aggregated samples, such as weekly or biweekly averages, are insensitive to such plume events and can lead to significant under apportionment of exposures from these sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert A Presto
- a Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Timothy R Dallmann
- a Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA
- b International Council on Clean Transit , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Peishi Gu
- a Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Unnati Rao
- a Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA
- c Department of Chemical Engineering , University of California-Riverside , Riverside , California , USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pandis SN, Skyllakou K, Florou K, Kostenidou E, Kaltsonoudis C, Hasa E, Presto AA. Urban particulate matter pollution: a tale of five cities. Faraday Discuss 2016; 189:277-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00212e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Five case studies (Athens and Paris in Europe, Pittsburgh and Los Angeles in the United States, and Mexico City in Central America) are used to gain insights into the changing levels, sources, and role of atmospheric chemical processes in air quality in large urban areas as they develop technologically. Fine particulate matter is the focus of our analysis. In all cases reductions of emissions by industrial and transportation sources have resulted in significant improvements in air quality during the last few decades. However, these changes have resulted in the increasing importance of secondary particulate matter (PM) which dominates over primary in most cases. At the same time, long range transport of secondary PM from sources located hundreds of kilometres from the cities is becoming a bigger contributor to the urban PM levels in all seasons. “Non-traditional” sources including cooking, and residential and agricultural biomass burning contribute an increasing fraction of the now reduced fine PM levels. Atmospheric chemistry is found to change the chemical signatures of a number of these sources relatively fast both during the day and night, complicating the corresponding source apportionment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spyros N. Pandis
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering
- University of Patras
- Patras
- Greece
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering
| | | | - Kalliopi Florou
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering
- University of Patras
- Patras
- Greece
| | | | | | - Erion Hasa
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering
- University of Patras
- Patras
- Greece
| | - Albert A. Presto
- Center of Atmospheric Particle Studies
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Arangio AM, Slade JH, Berkemeier T, Pöschl U, Knopf DA, Shiraiwa M. Multiphase Chemical Kinetics of OH Radical Uptake by Molecular Organic Markers of Biomass Burning Aerosols: Humidity and Temperature Dependence, Surface Reaction, and Bulk Diffusion. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:4533-44. [DOI: 10.1021/jp510489z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M. Arangio
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jonathan H. Slade
- Institute
for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres, School of Marine and Atmospheric
Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Thomas Berkemeier
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel A. Knopf
- Institute
for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres, School of Marine and Atmospheric
Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lai C, Liu Y, Ma J, Ma Q, He H. Laboratory study on OH-initiated degradation kinetics of dehydroabietic acid. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:10953-62. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00268k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The degradation kinetics of dehydroabietic acid by OH radicals were investigated under various environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengyue Lai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wagstrom KM, Baker KR, Leinbach AE, Hunt SW. Synthesizing scientific progress: outcomes from U.S. EPA's carbonaceous aerosols and source apportionment STAR grants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:10561-10570. [PMID: 25111572 DOI: 10.1021/es500782k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In response to recommendations by the National Research Council in the late 1990 s and early 2000s for critical research into understanding sources and formation mechanisms of PM2.5, EPA created multiple funding opportunities through the Science to Achieve Results (STAR) program: "Measurement, Modeling, and Analysis Methods for Airborne Carbonaceous Fine Particulate Matter" (2003) and "Source Apportionment of Particulate Matter" (2004). The carbonaceous fine PM solicitation resulted in 16 different projects focusing on the measurement methods, source identification, and exploration of the chemical and physical processes important for PM2.5 carbon in the atmosphere. The source apportionment funding opportunity led to 11 projects improving tools and characterization of source-receptor relationships of PM2.5. Many funding mechanisms include a final synopsis of funded research and published manuscripts. Here, this evaluation is extended to include citations of research published as part of these solicitations. These solicitations resulted in 275 publications that included more than 850 unique authors in 37 different journals with a weighted average 2011 impact factor of 4.21. At the time of this assessment, these publications have been cited by 13,612 peer review journal articles with 31 (11%) of the manuscripts being cited over 100 times.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Wagstrom
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Crilley LR, Qadir RM, Ayoko GA, Schnelle-Kreis J, Abbaszade G, Orasche J, Zimmermann R, Morawska L. Identification of the sources of primary organic aerosols at urban schools: a molecular marker approach. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 191:158-165. [PMID: 24842381 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Children are particularly susceptible to air pollution and schools are examples of urban microenvironments that can account for a large portion of children's exposure to airborne particles. Thus this paper aimed to determine the sources of primary airborne particles that children are exposed to at school by analyzing selected organic molecular markers at 11 urban schools in Brisbane, Australia. Positive matrix factorization analysis identified four sources at the schools: vehicle emissions, biomass burning, meat cooking and plant wax emissions accounting for 45%, 29%, 16% and 7%, of the organic carbon respectively. Biomass burning peaked in winter due to prescribed burning of bushland around Brisbane. Overall, the results indicated that both local (traffic) and regional (biomass burning) sources of primary organic aerosols influence the levels of ambient particles that children are exposed at the schools. These results have implications for potential control strategies for mitigating exposure at schools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leigh R Crilley
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Raeed M Qadir
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre - Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 1, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Godwin A Ayoko
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
| | - Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre - Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gülcin Abbaszade
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre - Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre - Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre - Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 1, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
El-Mubarak AH, Rushdi AI, Al-Mutlaq KF, Bazeyad AY, Simonich SLM, Simoneit BRT. Identification and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air particulate matter of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:558-67. [PMID: 23812790 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1946-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to assess the occurrence and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the ambient air of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, PM10 samples were collected during December 2010. Diagnostic PAH concentration ratios were used as a tool to identify and characterize the PAH sources. The results reflect high PM10 and PAH concentrations (particulate matter (PM) = 270-1,270 μg/m(3)). The corresponding average PAH concentrations were in the range of 18 ± 8 to 1,003 ± 597 ng/m(3) and the total concentrations (total PAHs (TPAHs) of 17 compounds) varied from 1,383 to 13,470 ng/m(3) with an average of 5,871 ± 2,830 ng/m(3). The detection and quantification limits were 1-3 and 1-10 ng/ml, respectively, with a recovery range of 42-80%. The ratio of the sum of the concentrations of the nine major non-alkylated compounds to the total (CPAHs/TPAHs) was 0.87 ± 0.10, and other ratios were determined to apportion the PM sources. The PAHs found are characteristic for emissions from traffic with diesel being a predominant source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aarif H El-Mubarak
- Department of Plant Protection and Chair of Green Energy Research, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shiraiwa M, Pöschl U, Knopf DA. Multiphase chemical kinetics of NO3 radicals reacting with organic aerosol components from biomass burning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:6630-6636. [PMID: 22594762 DOI: 10.1021/es300677a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Multiphase reactions with nitrate radicals are among the most important chemical aging processes of organic aerosol particles in the atmosphere especially at nighttime. Reactive uptake of NO(3) by organic compounds has been observed in a number of studies, but the pathways of mass transport and chemical reaction remained unclear. Here we apply kinetic flux models to experimental NO(3) exposure studies. The model accounts for gas phase diffusion within a cylindrical flow tube, reversible adsorption of NO(3), surface-bulk exchange, bulk diffusion, and chemical reactions from the gas-condensed phase interface to the bulk. We resolve the relative contributions of surface and bulk reactions to the uptake of NO(3) by levoglucosan and abietic acid, which serve as surrogates and molecular markers of biomass burning aerosol (BBA). Applying the kinetic flux model, we provide the first estimate of the diffusion coefficient of NO(3) in amorphous solid organic matrices (10(-8)-10(-7) cm(2) s(-1)) and show that molecular markers are well-conserved in the bulk of solid BBA particles but undergo rapid degradation upon deliquescence/liquefaction at high relative humidity, indicating that the observed concentrations and subsequent apportionment of the biomass burning source could be significantly underestimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Shiraiwa
- Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, PO Box 3060, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Donahue NM, Robinson AL, Trump ER, Riipinen I, Kroll JH. Volatility and Aging of Atmospheric Organic Aerosol. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2012; 339:97-143. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2012_355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
|
20
|
Pietrogrande MC, Abbaszade G, Schnelle-Kreis J, Bacco D, Mercuriali M, Zimmermann R. Seasonal variation and source estimation of organic compounds in urban aerosol of Augsburg, Germany. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:1861-8. [PMID: 21530030 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study reports a general assessment of the organic composition of the PM(2.5) samples collected in the city of Augsburg, Germany in a summer (August-September 2007) and a winter (February-March 2008) campaign of 36 and 30 days, respectively. The samples were directly submitted to in-situ derivatisation thermal desorption gas chromatography coupled with time of flight mass spectrometry (IDTD-GC-TOFMS) to simultaneously determine the concentrations of many classes of molecular markers, such as n-alkanes, iso- and anteiso-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oxidized PAHs, n-alkanoic acids, alcohols, saccharides and others. The PCA analysis of the data identified the contributions of three emission sources, i.e., combustion sources, including fossil fuel emissions and biomass burning, vegetative detritus, and oxidized PAHs. The PM chemical composition shows seasonal trend: winter is characterized by high contribution of petroleum/wood combustion while the vegetative component and atmospheric photochemical reactions are predominant in the hot season.
Collapse
|
21
|
Lin L, Fan ZH, Zhu X, Huang LH, Bonanno LJ. Characterization of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a mixed-use urban community in Paterson, NJ: concentrations and sources. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2011; 61:631-9. [PMID: 21751579 DOI: 10.3155/1047-3289.61.6.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is a potential health concern for communities because many PAHs are known to be mutagenic and carcinogenic. However, information on ambient concentrations of PAHs in communities is very limited. During the Urban Community Air Toxics Monitoring Project, Paterson City, NJ, PAH concentrations in ambient air PM10 (particulate matter < or = 10 microm in aerodynamic diameter) were measured from November 2005 through December 2006 in Paterson, a mixed-use urban community located in Passaic County, NJ. Three locations dominated by industrial, commercial, and mobile sources were chosen as monitoring sites. The comparison background site was located in Chester, NJ, which is approximately 58 km west/southwest of Paterson. The concentrations of all of the individual PAHs at all three Paterson sites were found to be significantly higher than those at the background site (P < 0.05). The PAH profiles obtained from the three sites with different land-use patterns showed that the contributions of heavier PAHs (molecular weight > 202) to the total PAHs were significantly higher at the industrial site than those at the commercial and mobile sites. Analysis of the diagnostic ratios between PAH isomers suggested that the diesel-powered vehicles were the major PAH sources in the Paterson area throughout the year. The operation of industrial facilities and other combustion sources also partially contributed to PAH air pollution in Paterson. The correlation of individual PAH, total PAH, and the correlation of total PAHs with other air co-pollutants (copper, iron, manganese, lead, zinc, elemental carbon, and organic carbon) within and between the sampling sites supported the conclusions obtained from the diagnostic ratio analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Exposure Science Division, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Knopf DA, Forrester SM, Slade JH. Heterogeneous oxidation kinetics of organic biomass burning aerosol surrogates by O3, NO2, N2O5, and NO3. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:21050-62. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22478f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
23
|
Stone EA, Schauer JJ, Pradhan BB, Dangol PM, Habib G, Venkataraman C, Ramanathan V. Characterization of emissions from South Asian biofuels and application to source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosol in the Himalayas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
24
|
McMeeking GR, Kreidenweis SM, Baker S, Carrico CM, Chow JC, Collett JL, Hao WM, Holden AS, Kirchstetter TW, Malm WC, Moosmüller H, Sullivan AP, Wold CE. Emissions of trace gases and aerosols during the open combustion of biomass in the laboratory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
25
|
Dutton SJ, Williams DE, Garcia JK, Vedal S, Hannigan MP. PM(2.5) Characterization for Time Series Studies: Organic Molecular Marker Speciation Methods and Observations from Daily Measurements in Denver. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2009; 43:2018-2030. [PMID: 20161318 PMCID: PMC2678721 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM(2.5)) has been shown to have a wide range of adverse health effects and consequently is regulated in accordance with the US-EPA's National Ambient Air Quality Standards. PM(2.5) originates from multiple primary sources and is also formed through secondary processes in the atmosphere. It is plausible that some sources form PM(2.5) that is more toxic than PM(2.5) from other sources. Identifying the responsible sources could provide insight into the biological mechanisms causing the observed health effects and provide a more efficient approach to regulation. This is the goal of the Denver Aerosol Sources and Health (DASH) study, a multi-year PM(2.5) source apportionment and health study.The first step in apportioning the PM(2.5) to different sources is to determine the chemical make-up of the PM(2.5). This paper presents the methodology used during the DASH study for organic speciation of PM(2.5). Specifically, methods are covered for solvent extraction of non-polar and semi-polar organic molecular markers using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Vast reductions in detection limits were obtained through the use of a programmable temperature vaporization (PTV) inlet along with other method improvements. Results are presented for the first 1.5 years of the DASH study revealing seasonal and source-related patterns in the molecular markers and their long-term correlation structure. Preliminary analysis suggests that point sources are not a significant contributor to the organic molecular markers measured at our receptor site. Several motor vehicle emission markers help identify a gasoline/diesel split in the ambient data. Findings show both similarities and differences when compared with other cities where similar measurements and assessments have been made.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Dutton
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bein KJ, Zhao Y, Johnston MV, Evans GJ, Wexler AS. Extratropical waves transport boreal wildfire emissions and drive regional air quality dynamics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
27
|
Fu P, Kawamura K, Okuzawa K, Aggarwal SG, Wang G, Kanaya Y, Wang Z. Organic molecular compositions and temporal variations of summertime mountain aerosols over Mt. Tai, North China Plain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd009900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
28
|
Alves CA. Characterisation of solvent extractable organic constituents in atmospheric particulate matter: an overview. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652008000100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of accounting for 10-70% of the atmospheric aerosol mass, particulate-phase organic compounds are not well characterised, and many aspects of aerosol formation and evolution are still unknown. The growing awareness of the impact of particulate aerosols on climate, and the incompletely recognised but serious effects of anthropogenic constituents on air quality and human health, have conducted to several scientific studies. These investigations have provided information about the behaviour of atmospheric particulate matter and the description of the character of its carbonaceous content. The compilation of such results is important as they append to the emergent global-wide dataset of the organic composition of atmospheric aerosols. The contribution of the major emission sources to regional particulate pollution can be diagnosed by using specific molecular markers. This overview is mainly focused on results obtained with gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, since it is the analytical method of choice in elucidating the solvent-extractable organic compounds in atmospheric particulate matter. A synopsis of the selection of organic tracers and the application of geochemical parameters to the analysis of organic constituents as a tool for source apportionment is shown here. Besides the assessment of current knowledge, this paper also presents the identification of further areas of concern.
Collapse
|
29
|
Fabbri D, Modelli S, Torri C, Cemin A, Ragazzi M, Scaramuzza P. GC-MS determination of levoglucosan in atmospheric particulate matter collected over different filter materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:1519-23. [PMID: 19037493 DOI: 10.1039/b808976k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Fabbri
- Laboratory of Environmental Sciences R.Sartori, CIRSA, University of Bologna, via S.Alberto 163, I-8100, Ravenna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hopke PK. The use of source apportionment for air quality management and health assessments. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2008; 71:555-563. [PMID: 18569626 DOI: 10.1080/15287390801997500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Receptor modeling is the application of data analysis methods to elicit information on the sources of air pollutants. Typically, it employs methods of solving the mixture resolution problem using chemical composition data for airborne particulate matter (PM) samples. In such cases, the outcome is the identification of the pollution source types and estimates of the contribution of each source type to the observed concentrations. Receptor modeling also involves efforts to identify the locations of the sources through the use of local meteorology or ensembles of air parcel back trajectories. Compositional data were collected in a number of monitoring programs. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency deployed a network of urban airborne PM samplers to provide PM(2.5) composition data for urban centers across the United States. In addition, advanced monitoring methods were deployed at "supersites." These data show the differences in composition in different part of the country and were also used to identify and apportion the particle sources. These results were used to (1)develop effective and efficient air quality management plans and (2) refine emission inventories for input into deterministic models to predict changes in air quality as the result of the implementation of various management plans. The apportionments also serve as exposure estimates for health effects models to identify those components of the PM that are most closely related to observed adverse health effects. Although current regulations target total airborne mass concentrations, such health effects results might result in targeting those sources that are most likely linked to adverse health effects and thus produce the maximum health benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Oliveira TS, Pio CA, Alves CA, Silvestre AJD, Evtyugina M, Afonso JV, Fialho P, Legrand M, Puxbaum H, Gelencsér A. Seasonal variation of particulate lipophilic organic compounds at nonurban sites in Europe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|