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Calderón R, Jara C, Albornoz F, Palma P, Arancibia-Miranda N, Karthikraj R, Manquian-Cerda K, Mejias P. Exploring the destiny and distribution of thiocyanate in the water-soil-plant system and the potential impacts on human health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 835:155502. [PMID: 35490807 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disruptors like thiocyanate are some of the principal causes of chronic disorders worldwide. Prenatal and postnatal exposure to thiocyanate can interfere with normal neurological development in both fetuses and newborns. Currently, little information regarding thiocyanate levels and potential sources of exposure is available. In this study, we evaluated thiocyanate uptake and accumulation in chard and spinach grown under greenhouse conditions. Both chard and spinach are commonly used to produce baby foods. Three thiocyanate concentrations were compared: Control, T1 (30 ng mL-1), and T2 (70 ng mL-1). Thiocyanate accumulation depended on the concentration and exposure time. Chard was found to accumulate more thiocyanate than spinach, with leaf accumulation > stem accumulation (p < 0.0194) and maximum concentrations of 76 ng g-1 (control), 112 ng g-1, (T1), and 134 ng g-1 (T2). The estimated daily intake (EDI) of thiocyanate for chard and spinach (fresh) exceeded the subchronic reference dose of 200 ng-1 kg-1 day-1 and the chronic reference dose of 600 ng-1 kg-1 day-1. In addition, the EDI of thiocyanate for spinach in baby food exceeded twice the chronic reference dose in the vulnerable newborn-1 year age group. However, all EDIs were lower than the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) of 1.9 × 105 ng kg-1 day-1. Further studies are needed that increase our knowledge of thiocyanate levels and potential environmental sources to reduce opportunities for exposure, especially in vulnerable groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Calderón
- Center for Research in Natural Resources and Sustainability, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Fabrica 1990, Segundo Piso, Santiago, Chile.
| | - C Jara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - F Albornoz
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Agronomy and Forest Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - P Palma
- Public, Environmental and Labor Health Laboratory, Regional Ministerial Service, Ministry of Health, Metropolitan Region, Santiago, Chile
| | - N Arancibia-Miranda
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Casilla 40, C.P. 33, Santiago 9170022, Chile; Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CEDENNA, Santiago 16 9170124, Chile
| | - R Karthikraj
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
| | - K Manquian-Cerda
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Casilla 40, C.P. 33, Santiago 9170022, Chile; Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CEDENNA, Santiago 16 9170124, Chile
| | - P Mejias
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
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2
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Calderón R, Jara C, Albornoz F, Palma P, Arancibia-Miranda N, Karthikraj R, Zhu H. Accumulation and distribution of perchlorate in spinach and chard growing under greenhouse: Implications for food safety in baby foods commodities. Food Chem 2022; 370:131101. [PMID: 34537427 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Very little information is available with regards to the bioavailability of perchlorate in spinach or chard used in the production of baby foods commodities. In the present study, the uptake and accumulation of perchlorate were compared under two different treatments (T1: 1 and T2: 10 mg L-1 ClO4-). Our results indicate that spinach has a higher capacity to accumulate perchlorate than chard (p < 0.0185). Concentrations of perchlorate in leaves, stems and roots (leaves > stem > roots) all gradually increased (p < 0.0001) as vegetable growing and treatment (T2 > T1). No significant differences were found between the control and T1. The daily intake for perchlorate (control) is below the proposed international standard, however, it was exceeded in T1 and T2. The results suggested that perchlorate is actively accumulate in high concentrations in vegetables used in the production of baby food commodities and the exposure of perchlorate via the food consumption (baby foods) was evaluated as not safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Calderón
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Fabrica 1990, Segundo Piso, Santiago, Chile.
| | - C Jara
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - F Albornoz
- Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - P Palma
- Laboratorio de Salud Pública, Ambiental y Laboral, Servicio Regional Ministerial, Ministerio de Salud, Región Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile
| | - N Arancibia-Miranda
- Facultad de Química and Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Casilla 40, C.P. 33, Santiago 9170022, Chile; Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CEDENNA, Santiago 9170124, Chile
| | - R Karthikraj
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA
| | - H Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Abstract
Perchlorate (ClO4−) is globally enriched in Martian regolith at levels commonly toxic to plants. Consequently, perchlorate in Martian regolith presents an obstacle to developing agriculture on Mars. Here, we assess the effect of perchlorate at different concentrations on plant growth and germination, as well as metal release in a simulated Gusev Crater regolith and generic potting soil. The presence of perchlorate was uniformly detrimental to plant growth regardless of growing medium. Plants in potting soil were able to germinate in 1 wt.% perchlorate; however, these plants showed restricted growth and decreased leaf area and biomass. Some plants were able to germinate in regolith simulant without perchlorate; however, they showed reduced growth. In Martian regolith simulant, the presence of perchlorate prevented germination across all plant treatments. Soil column flow-through experiments of perchlorate-containing Martian regolith simulant and potting soil were unable to completely remove perchlorate despite its high solubility. Additionally, perchlorate present in the simulant increased metal/phosphorous release, which may also affect plant growth and biochemistry. Our results support that perchlorate may modify metal availability to such an extent that, even with the successful removal of perchlorate, Martian regolith may continue to be toxic to plant life. Overall, our study demonstrates that the presence of perchlorate in Martian regolith provides a significant challenge in its use as an agricultural substrate and that further steps, such as restricted metal availability and nutrient enrichment, are necessary to make it a viable growing substrate.
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Liang Y, Zhou L, Zhang X, Yu H, Guo M, Yu J, Wang X, Yang M, Lou Z, Luo F, Sun H, Chen Z. Uptake, Accumulation, Translocation, and Subcellular Distribution of Perchlorate in Tea ( Camellia sinensis L.) Plants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:4655-4662. [PMID: 33858141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate, emerging pollution with thyroid toxicity, has a high detection rate in fresh tea leaves. What needs attention is that the uptake characteristic is insufficiently understood. Herein, the uptake, accumulation, and translocation of perchlorate in a tea plant-hydroponic solution system were investigated, of which the mechanism was further lucubrated by subcellular distribution. The perchlorate concentration in tea tissues is ramped up along with the increase in the exposure level and time. The bioaccumulation factor of tea tissues followed the rank: mature leaves > tender leaves > roots. After the seedlings have been transplanted to a perchlorate-free solution, the perchlorate in mature leaves is reduced significantly, accompanied by a progressive increase in perchlorate in new shoots and solutions. The cell-soluble fractions are the major reservoir of perchlorate both for roots (>59%) and leaves (>76%), which precisely explained the translocation within the tea plant-hydroponic solution system. These results not only illuminate the uptake characteristic in tea plants but also improve the understanding of the behavior of perchlorate in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabo Liang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Huan Yu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mingming Guo
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiawei Yu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xinru Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Zhengyun Lou
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Fengjian Luo
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Hezhi Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Zongmao Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
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5
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Griffith A, Wise P, Gill R, Paukett M, Donofrio N, Seyfferth AL. Combined effects of arsenic and Magnaporthe oryzae on rice and alleviation by silicon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 750:142209. [PMID: 33182188 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While the impacts of arsenic (As) and Magnaporthe oryzae on rice have been well-studied, a dearth of knowledge exists on how rice responds to their combined stress. Moreover, increasing exogenous silicon (Si) can alleviate M. oryzae infection and As uptake, but how increasing exogenous Si affects the combined stress of M. oryzae and As is unknown. We grew three cultivars of rice that varied in their susceptibility to As and M. oryzae under low (50 μM, SiL) and high (1500 μM, SiH) Si with and without As (4 μM, 80/20 As (III)/As(V)) and with or without M. oryzae infection and examined the impacts of treatments on plant As and Si concentrations, severity of disease by M. oryzae, and stress via targeted gene expression. SiH treatments generally decreased shoot As concentrations by 20-70% compared to SiL treatments depending on cultivar and M. oryzae exposure. There was no effect of Si or As treatments on percent of leaf diseased in the As-tolerant cultivar M206, but in the As-sensitive cultivar IR66, SiH treatment decreased percent of leaf diseased in the absence of As and had no impact when As was present. In the M. oryzae-susceptible Sariceltik, plants receiving SiH had significantly fewer lesions than those receiving SiL and plants with the fewest lesions were in the SiH + As treatments. Plants that were exposed to As + M. oryzae were the most stressed when grown under SiL, but this stress response was lowered by SiH treatments. A separate pathogenicity assay with Sariceltik showed that in contrast to our hypothesis, As exposure decreased lesion growth, particularly under SiH treatments, and lessened the impact of M. oryzae on rice. These results suggest that rice grown under replete Si will be able to withstand combined stressors of M. oryzae and As, but will be highly stressed under Si deficient scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Griffith
- Department of Plant & Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Patrick Wise
- Department of Plant & Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Rattandeep Gill
- Research Innovation Office, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle Paukett
- Department of Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Nicole Donofrio
- Department of Plant & Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Angelia L Seyfferth
- Department of Plant & Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
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6
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Chlorate accumulation in commercial lettuce cultivated in open field and irrigated with reclaimed water. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Calderón R, Palma P, Eltit K, Arancibia-Miranda N, Silva-Moreno E, Yu W. Field study on the uptake, accumulation and risk assessment of perchlorate in a soil-chard/spinach system: Impact of agronomic practices and fertilization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 719:137411. [PMID: 32145491 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The application of excessive fertilizer represents a primary source of entry for perchlorate into crop systems and thus has raised widespread concern regarding food safety. Several studies have reported the occurrence of perchlorate in vegetables. However, limited information is available on the fate of perchlorate in the soil-plant system. In this study, we performed field experiments to evaluate the effects of the application rate of Chilean nitrate fertilizer and the type of fertilization (manual or fertigation) on the uptake of perchlorate by plants grown in open fields. Interestingly, in the control, chard and spinach accumulated 21.3 and 25.9 μg kg-1, respectively. For both agronomic practices, the content of perchlorate in chard and spinach increased as the fertilizer application rate increased, with fertigation promoting more significant accumulations. Spinach accumulated almost two times more perchlorate than chard for all treatments; however, the concentrations generally remained below regulatory values. The intake of spinach and chard presented a low risk to human health for all age groups. These findings enhance our understanding of the environmental impact of the use of fertilizers in agriculture and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Calderón
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Fabrica 1990, Segundo Piso, Santiago, Chile.
| | - P Palma
- Laboratorio de Salud Pública, Ambiental y Laboral, Servicio Regional Ministerial, Ministerio de Salud, Región Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile
| | - K Eltit
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Departamento de Ingeniería Geográfica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Libertador B. O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - N Arancibia-Miranda
- Facultad de Química and Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Casilla 40, C.P. 33, Santiago 9170022, Chile; Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CEDENNA, Santiago 9170124, Chile
| | - E Silva-Moreno
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Chile
| | - W Yu
- Facultad de Química and Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Casilla 40, C.P. 33, Santiago 9170022, Chile; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States
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8
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Chowdhury NR, Das R, Joardar M, Ghosh S, Bhowmick S, Roychowdhury T. Arsenic accumulation in paddy plants at different phases of pre-monsoon cultivation. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 210:987-997. [PMID: 30208559 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Geogenic arsenic (As) contamination in Bengal Delta Plain is a growing environmental and research concern. Cultivation of staple crops like paddy on these contaminated fields is one of the major routes for human dietary exposure. The present study investigates changes of arsenic concentrations in paddy plant parts, root soil and surface soil throughout the various phases of pre-monsoon (boro) cultivation. Arsenic uptake property of paddy plants collected from 10 fields was found to be dependent on the variety of paddy plant (like Minikit, Jaya) rather than arsenic levels in groundwater (0.074-0.301 mg/l) or soil (25.3-60 mg/kg). Arsenic is translocated from root to aerial parts in descending order. Leaf, stem, root, root soil and surface soil showed a similar trend in their change of arsenic concentration throughout the cultivation period. Arsenic concentration was highest in vegetative phase; sharply declined in reproductive phase; followed by moderate increase in ripening phase. The young root tissues in vegetative (primary) phase could uptake arsenic at a much faster rate than the older tissues in later phases. With the growth of the plant, higher concentrations of iron in root soil in the reproductive phase confirmed the formation of iron plaques on the surface of the root, which sequester arsenic and prevented its uptake by plants. Finally, co-precipitation of arsenic with iron released from crystallized iron plaques results in loosening of the iron plaques from root surface. Thus, soil arsenic concentration increases in the final phase of cultivation which in turn contributes to increased concentration in plant parts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reshmi Das
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Madhurima Joardar
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kokata, 700032, India
| | - Soma Ghosh
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kokata, 700032, India
| | - Subhojit Bhowmick
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kokata, 700032, India
| | - Tarit Roychowdhury
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kokata, 700032, India.
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9
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Vijaya Nadaraja A, Pushpangadhan Saraswathy D, Cheruvathery Ravindran S, Mariya A, Godwin Russel J, Selvanesan P, Pereira B, Bhaskaran K. Spatio-temporal distribution of perchlorate and its toxicity in Hydrilla verticillata. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 144:490-497. [PMID: 28668764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The spatio-temporal distribution of perchlorate in water sources around an ammonium perchlorate production unit and its toxicity response on a dominant aquatic plant, Hydrilla verticillata are reported in this study. Samples (n=453) from ground water (open well) and surface water sources within 5km from the production unit over a period of 12 months (2014, June - 2015, May) were screened for ClO4-. During the period, ClO4-concentration in ground water samples close to the production unit increased to >40,000μg/L, and ClO4- was detected at 1740μg/L in well water 1.6km away from the production unit. A community pond in the area also showed an increase in ClO4- level up to 29,000μg/L. In all water sources, ClO4- level was maximum during the rainy season (July, monsoon). A natural degradation of ClO4- was not observed in the area as evident from its persistent level and spreading to more areas. H. verticillata, the dominant vegetation in the pond exhibited severe toxic response like massive decay and loss of photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll and carotene due to ClO4- exposure. The plant accumulated ClO4- up to 60±0.8mg/kg wet weight with a Bio-Concentration Factor 2.06±0.005. This is the first report on spatio-temporal distribution of ClO4- at higher levels in a natural environment and its toxicity response to plants under natural condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anie Mariya
- Environmental Technology, CSIR-NIIST, Thiruvananthapuram-19, India
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10
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Estrada NL, Böhlke JK, Sturchio NC, Gu B, Harvey G, Burkey KO, Grantz DA, McGrath MT, Anderson TA, Rao B, Sevanthi R, Hatzinger PB, Jackson WA. Stable isotopic composition of perchlorate and nitrate accumulated in plants: Hydroponic experiments and field data. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 595:556-566. [PMID: 28399495 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural perchlorate (ClO4-) in soil and groundwater exhibits a wide range in stable isotopic compositions (δ37Cl, δ18O, and Δ17O), indicating that ClO4- may be formed through more than one pathway and/or undergoes post-depositional isotopic alteration. Plants are known to accumulate ClO4-, but little is known about their ability to alter its isotopic composition. We examined the potential for plants to alter the isotopic composition of ClO4- in hydroponic and field experiments conducted with snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). In hydroponic studies, anion ratios indicated that ClO4- was transported from solutions into plants similarly to NO3- but preferentially to Cl- (4-fold). The ClO4- isotopic compositions of initial ClO4- reagents, final growth solutions, and aqueous extracts from plant tissues were essentially indistinguishable, indicating no significant isotope effects during ClO4- uptake or accumulation. The ClO4- isotopic composition of field-grown snap beans was also consistent with that of ClO4- in varying proportions from irrigation water and precipitation. NO3- uptake had little or no effect on NO3- isotopic compositions in hydroponic solutions. However, a large fractionation effect with an apparent ε (15N/18O) ratio of 1.05 was observed between NO3- in hydroponic solutions and leaf extracts, consistent with partial NO3- reduction during assimilation within plant tissue. We also explored the feasibility of evaluating sources of ClO4- in commercial produce, as illustrated by spinach, for which the ClO4- isotopic composition was similar to that of indigenous natural ClO4-. Our results indicate that some types of plants can accumulate and (presumably) release ClO4- to soil and groundwater without altering its isotopic characteristics. Concentrations and isotopic compositions of ClO4- and NO3- in plants may be useful for determining sources of fertilizers and sources of ClO4- in their growth environments and consequently in food supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nubia Luz Estrada
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1023, USA
| | - J K Böhlke
- National Research Program, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA 20192, USA
| | - Neil C Sturchio
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Baohua Gu
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Greg Harvey
- U.S. Air Force, ASC/ENVR, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA
| | - Kent O Burkey
- U.S.D.A. - A.R.S., Plant Sciences Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - David A Grantz
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Kearney Agricultural Center, Parlier, CA 93648, USA
| | - Margaret T McGrath
- Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology Section, SIPS, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901, USA
| | - Todd A Anderson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Lubbock, TX 79409-1163, USA
| | - Balaji Rao
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1023, USA
| | - Ritesh Sevanthi
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1023, USA
| | | | - W Andrew Jackson
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1023, USA.
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11
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Evidence for the Root-Uptake of Arsenite at Lateral Root Junctions and Root Apices in Rice (Oryza sativa L.). SOILS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/soils1010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Leoterio DM, Paim APS, Belian MF, Galembeck A, Lavorante AF, Pinto E, Amorim CG, Araújo AN, Montenegro MC. Potentiometric perchlorate determination at nanomolar concentrations in vegetables. Food Chem 2017; 227:166-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.01.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Calderón R, Godoy F, Escudey M, Palma P. A review of perchlorate (ClO 4-) occurrence in fruits and vegetables. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:82. [PMID: 28130763 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-5793-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1990s, a large number of studies around the world have reported the presence of perchlorate in different types of environmental matrices. In view of their inherent characteristics, such as high solubility, mobility, persistence, and low affinity for the surface of soil, perchlorates are mobilized through the water-soil system and accumulate in edible plant species of high human consumption. However, the ingestion of food products containing perchlorate represents a potential health risk to people due to their adverse effects on thyroid, hormone, and neuronal development, mainly in infants and fetuses. At present, research has been centered on determining sources, fates, and remediation methods and not on its real extension in vegetables under farming conditions. This review presents a comprehensive overview and update of the frequent detection of perchlorate in fruits and vegetables produced and marketed around the world. Additionally, the impact of fertilizer on the potential addition of perchlorate to soil and its mobility in the water-soil-plant system is discussed. This review is organized into the following sections: sources of perchlorate, mobility in the water-soil system, presence in fruits and vegetables in different countries, international regulations, and toxicological studies. Finally, recommendations for future studies concerning perchlorate in fruits and vegetables are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Calderón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA La Platina, Santa Rosa, 11610, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile.
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Fabrica 1990, segundo piso, Santiago, Chile.
| | - F Godoy
- Centro i-mar, Universidad de los Lagos, Camino Chinquihue Km 6, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - M Escudey
- Facultad de Química and Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. B. O'Higgins 3363, C 40-33, 7254758, Santiago, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CEDENNA, 9170124, Santiago, Chile
| | - P Palma
- Laboratorio de Salu Pública, Ambiental y Laboral, SEREMI de Salud Región Metropolitana, San Diego 630, piso 8, Santiago, Chile
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Luo J, Qi S, Gu XWS, Hou T, Lin L. Ecological Risk Assessment of EDTA-Assisted Phytoremediation of Cd Under Different Cultivation Systems. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 96:259-264. [PMID: 26499324 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-015-1678-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A long-term field experiment was designed to assess remediation efficiency and ecological risk of phytoremediation of Cd under different cultivation systems with or without ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). EDTA can significantly improve the phytoremediation effectiveness of a historically polluted e-waste dismantling site through enhancing Cd uptake by plants in all cultivation systems along with higher ecological risks to different receptors especially in the presence of Cicer arietinum (chickpea). Moisture content at each layer of soil profile under Eucalyptus globules L. cultivated sites was consistently lower than under chickpea monoculture as a result of E. globules' high water use efficiency. Besides low soil moisture, E. globules can intercept more Cd-rich leachate than chickpea regardless of the presence of EDTA. E. globules could be used for Cd phytoremediation as they can take full advantage of EDTA and decrease ecological risk caused by the chelator.
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15
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Dannehl D, Schuch I, Gao Y, Cordiner S, Schmidt U. Effects of hypochlorite as a disinfectant for hydroponic systems on accumulations of chlorate and phytochemical compounds in tomatoes. Eur Food Res Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-015-2544-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Chen GK, Li XB, He HZ, Li HS, Zhang ZM. Varietal differences in the growth of rice seedlings exposed to perchlorate and their antioxidative defense mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:1926-1933. [PMID: 25898795 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate perchlorate (ClO4 (-) ) phytotoxicity in different rice varieties. Considerable variations were observed when 24 rice varieties were treated with ClO4 (-) . The shoot height, root length, and biomass of most varieties were significantly reduced by ClO4 (-) . The roots were more sensitive than the shoots. Hierarchical clustering analysis demonstrated primarily 4 groups: ClO4 (-) -sensitive, medium ClO4 (-) -sensitive, medium ClO4 (-) tolerant, and ClO4 (-) -tolerant. Gannuoxiang (a ClO4 (-) -tolerant variety) and IR65598-112-2 (a ClO4 (-) -sensitive variety) were chosen to explore their antioxidant response when exposed to 0.2 mmol/L, 2.0 mmol/L, and 4.0 mmol/L ClO4 (-) . The results showed that the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase increased in the shoots and roots of gannuoxiang with increasing doses of ClO4 (-) , but both of them decreased at higher concentrations of ClO4 (-) in IR65598-112-2. The addition of ClO4 (-) led to a significant increase in peroxidase activities for both of the varieties, whereas the increase was more pronounced in gannuoxiang than in IR65598-112-2. No significant difference was found in malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in gannuoxiang, whereas the addition of ClO4 (-) increased the MDA level significantly in IR65598-112-2. The results indicated that gannuoxiang has higher activities of antioxidant enzymes than IR65598-112-2 to cope with oxidative damage caused by ClO4 (-) stress, which may be the main cause of its high tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Kui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, South China Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, South China Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Zhi He
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, South China Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua-Shou Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, South China Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Calderón R, Palma P, Parker D, Escudey M. Capture and accumulation of perchlorate in lettuce. Effect of genotype, temperature, perchlorate concentration, and competition with anions. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 111:195-200. [PMID: 24997918 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Various studies have evaluated the accumulation of ClO4(-) in lettuce (Lactuca sativa), but very few have dealt with the variables that can interfere with its capture. The present study evaluates the transfer of ClO4(-) in two L. sativa varieties: butter head (L. sativa var. capitata) and cos lettuce (L. sativa var. crispa) under hydroponic conditions. The ClO4(-) concentrations used correspond to levels (1 and 2mgL(-1)), measured in irrigation water in the Iquique region in the north of Chile. Results indicate that the capture of ClO4(-) is dependent on its concentration, lettuce genotype, and temperature. The butter head variety accumulates the highest perchlorate concentrations. Anion competition involving NO3(-) (16 and 48mM), Cl(-) (23 and 56mM), and SO4(2-) (10 and 20mM) was evaluated, being NO3(-) (48mM), the most significant competition reducing the concentration of ClO4(-) in tissues of L. sativa varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Calderón
- Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Casilla 15-D, Temuco, Chile.
| | - Paulina Palma
- Laboratorio Sanitario Ambiental, SEREMI de Salud Región Metropolitana, San Diego 630 piso 8, Santiago, Chile
| | - David Parker
- Soil and Water Science Section, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Mauricio Escudey
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Facultad de Química y Biología, Av. B. O'Higgins 3363, C 40-33, 7254758 Santiago, Chile; Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CEDENNA, 9170124 Santiago, Chile
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18
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Grantz DA, Jackson A, Vu HB, Burkey KO, McGrath MT, Harvey G. High ozone increases soil perchlorate but does not affect foliar perchlorate content. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2014; 43:1460-1466. [PMID: 25603093 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2013.11.0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O) is implicated in the natural source inventory of ClO, a hydrophilic salt that migrates to groundwater and interferes with the uptake of iodide in mammals, including humans. Tropospheric O is elevated in many urban and some rural areas in the United States and globally. We previously showed that controlled O exposure at near-ambient concentrations (up to 114 nL L, 12-h mean) did not increase foliar ClO. Under laboratory conditions, O has been shown to oxidize Cl to ClO. Plant tissues contain Cl and exhibit responses to O invoking redox reactions. As higher levels of O are associated with stratospheric incursion and with developing megacities, we have hypothesized that exposure of vegetation to such elevated O may increase foliar ClO. This would contribute to ClO in environments without obvious point sources. At these high O concentrations (up to 204 nL L, 12-h mean; 320 nL L maximum), we demonstrated an increase in the ClO concentration in surface soil that was linearly related to the O concentration. There was no relationship of foliar ClO with O exposure or dose (stomatal uptake). Accumulation of ClO varied among species at low O, but this was not related to soil surface ClO or to foliar ClO concentrations following exposure to O. These data extend our previous conclusions to the highest levels of plausible O exposure, that tropospheric O contributes to environmental ClO through interaction with the soil but not through increased foliar ClO.
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19
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Calderón R, Palma P, Parker D, Molina M, Godoy FA, Escudey M. Perchlorate levels in soil and waters from the Atacama Desert. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 66:155-161. [PMID: 24165784 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-013-9960-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate is an anion that originates as a contaminant in ground and surface waters. The presence of perchlorate in soil and water samples from northern Chile (Atacama Desert) was investigated by ion chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry. Results indicated that perchlorate was found in five of seven soils (cultivated and uncultivated) ranging from 290 ± 1 to 2,565 ± 2 μg/kg. The greatest concentration of perchlorate was detected in Humberstone soil (2,565 ± 2 μg/kg) associated with nitrate deposits. Perchlorate levels in Chilean soils are greater than those reported for uncultivated soils in the United States. Perchlorate was also found in superficial running water ranging from 744 ± 0.01 to 1,480 ± 0.02 μg/L. Perchlorate water concentration is 30-60 times greater than levels established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (24.5 μg/L) for drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Calderón
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. B. O`Higgins 3363, C 40-33, 7254758, Santiago, Chile,
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20
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Grantz DA, Burkey KO, Jackson WA, Vu HB, McGrath MT, Harvey G. Perchlorate content of plant foliage reflects a wide range of species-dependent accumulation but not ozone-induced biosynthesis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 184:690-696. [PMID: 23642565 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate (ClO4(-)) interferes with uptake of iodide in humans. Emission inventories do not explain observed distributions. Ozone (O3) is implicated in the natural origin of ClO4(-), and has increased since pre-industrial times. O3 produces ClO4(-)in vitro from Cl(-), and plant tissues contain Cl(-) and redox reactions. We hypothesize that O3 exposure may induce plant synthesis of ClO4(-). We exposed contrasting crop species to environmentally relevant O3 concentrations. In the absence of O3 exposure, species exhibited a large range of ClO4(-) accumulation but there was no relationship between leaf ClO4(-) and O3, whether expressed as exposure or cumulative flux (dose). Older, senescing leaves accumulated more ClO4(-) than younger leaves. O3 exposed vegetation is not a source of environmental ClO4(-). There was evidence of enhanced ClO4(-) content in the soil surface at the highest O3 exposure, which could be a significant contributor to environmental ClO4(-).
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Grantz
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California at Riverside, Kearney Agricultural Center, 9240 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA 93648, USA.
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Bhaskaran K, Vijaya Nadaraja A, Tumbath S, Babu Shah L, Gangadharan Puthiya Veetil P. Phytoremediation of perchlorate by free floating macrophytes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 260:901-906. [PMID: 23872336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Phytoremediation of perchlorate by free floating macrophytes (Eichornia, Pistia, Salvinia and Lemna) was evaluated in this study. Among the plants tested, Pistia showed 63.8 ± 4% (w/v) removal of 5 mg/L level perchlorate in 7 days, whereas the removal was absent in other plants. Phyto-accumulation (18.2%) and rhizo-degradation (45.68%) were identified as the mechanisms involved in perchlorate removal in Pistia. Whole plant extraction yielded 45.4 μg perchlorate/g dry weight biomass in 7 days period. High intensity of light and presence of nitrate negatively affected perchlorate removal by Pistia. An enrichment of Pistia root homogenate exhibited faster reduction of perchlorate where 100mg/L of the compound was reduced completely in 48 h under anoxic condition. A novel perchlorate reducing bacterium, isolated from Pistia root homogenate enrichment was identified as Acinetobacter sp. NIIST (Genbank JX467695).
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnakumar Bhaskaran
- Environmental Technology, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-India), Industrial Estate (PO), Thiruvananthapuram-19, India.
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Ha W, Suarez DL, Lesch SM. Predicting perchlorate uptake in greenhouse lettuce from perchlorate, nitrate, and chloride irrigation water concentrations. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2013; 42:208-18. [PMID: 23673756 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2012.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate (ClO) has been detected in edible leafy vegetables irrigated with Colorado River water. The primary concern has been the ClO concentration in lettuce ( L. var. L.). There has been a limited number of studies on ClO uptake, but the interactive effect of other anions on ClO uptake is not known in detail. We conducted a greenhouse ClO uptake experiment using two types of lettuce (iceberg and butterhead) to investigate the interaction of uptake of ClO, Cl, and NO on ClO uptake under controlled conditions. We examined three concentrations of ClO, 40, 220, and 400 nmol/L; Cl at 2.5, 13.75, and 25 mmol/L; and NO at 2, 11, and 20 mmol/L. Perchlorate was taken up the most in lettuce when ClO was the greatest and NO and Cl were lowest in concentration in the irrigation water. More ClO was detected in leafy material than in root tissue. In general, the outer leaves of iceberg and butterhead lettuce contained more ClO than did the inner leaves. The results indicate that selective ClO uptake occurs for green leaf lettuce. A predictive model was developed to describe the ClO concentration in lettuce as related to the Cl, NO, and ClO concentration in the irrigation water. Research results can be utilized to elucidate the effect of salts on the accumulation and uptake of ClO by edible leafy vegetables.
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23
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Ha W, Suarez DL, Lesch SM. Perchlorate uptake in spinach as related to perchlorate, nitrate, and chloride concentrations in irrigation water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:9363-9371. [PMID: 21939238 DOI: 10.1021/es2010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have reported on the detection of perchlorate (ClO(4)(-)) in edible leafy vegetables irrigated with Colorado River water. However, there is no information on spinach as related to ClO(4)(-) in irrigation water nor on the effect of other anions on ClO(4)(-) uptake. A greenhouse ClO(4)(-) uptake experiment using spinach was conducted to investigate the impact of presence of chloride (Cl(-)) and nitrate (NO(3)(-)) on ClO(4)(-) uptake under controlled conditions. We examined three concentrations of ClO(4)(-), 40, 220, and 400 nmol(c)/L (nanomoles of charge per liter of solution), three concentrations of Cl(-), 2.5, 13.75, and 25 mmol(c)/L, and NO(3)(-) at 2, 11, and 20 mmol(c)/L. The results revealed that ClO(4)(-) was taken up the most when NO(3)(-) and Cl(-) were lowest in concentration in irrigation water. More ClO(4)(-) was detected in spinach leaves than that in the root tissue. Relative to lettuces, spinach accumulated more ClO(4)(-) in the plant tissue. Perchlorate was accumulated in spinach leaves more than reported for outer leaves of lettuce at 40 nmol(c)/L of ClO(4)(-) in irrigation water. The results also provided evidence that spinach selectively took up ClO(4)(-) relative to Cl(-). We developed a predictive model to describe the ClO(4)(-) concentration in spinach as related to the Cl(-), NO(3)(-), and ClO(4)(-) concentration in irrigation water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonsook Ha
- U.S. Salinity Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 450 W. Big Springs Rd., Riverside, California 92507, United States.
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24
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Yang M, Her N. Perchlorate in soybean sprouts (Glycine max L. Merr.), water dropwort (Oenanthe stolonifera DC.), and lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) root in South Korea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:7490-5. [PMID: 21627073 DOI: 10.1021/jf2009638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of perchlorate in soybean sprouts (Glycine max L. Merr), water dropwort (Oenanthe stolonifera DC.), and lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) root, which are commonly consumed by people in South Korea, was determined by using an ion chromatograph coupled with a tandem mass spectrometer. For soybean sprouts (11 samples), perchlorate was detected in most (91%) of the samples at various concentrations of up to 78.4 μg/kg dry weight (DW); the mean concentration was 35.2 μg/kg DW. For water dropwort, of the 13 samples examined, four showed concentrations that were above the limit of quantification (LOQ). The mean perchlorate concentration was 20.7 μg/kg DW, and the highest perchlorate value was 39.9 μg/kg DW. Of the six lotus root samples examined, only one exhibited a detectable perchlorate concentration (17.3 μg/kg DW). For the accumulation experiments with artificially contaminated solutions, the concentrations of perchlorate in soybean sprouts gradually increased with the increase of perchlorate concentration in the solution. However, there was a decrease in the bioconcentration factor as the perchlorate concentration in the solution increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjune Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Korea Army Academy, Young-Cheon, Republic of Korea
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25
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Voogt W, Jackson WA. Perchlorate, nitrate, and iodine uptake and distribution in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and potential impact on background levels in humans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:12192-8. [PMID: 21047133 DOI: 10.1021/jf101227d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Much focus has been placed on the impact of exposure to perchlorate (ClO4(-)) from drinking water. Recently, it has become more apparent that a significant percentage of the total ClO4(-) exposure may be due to ingestion of food. Most studies have only evaluated the uptake and distribution of ClO4(-) by plants without considering the potential for uptake of iodine (I) by the plant and the subsequent impacts on ClO4(-) uptake and distribution on human health. The objectives of this research effort were to evaluate the relative uptake of ClO4(-) and I supplied as either KI or KIO3, the two major environmental forms of I in a standard hydroponic nutrient solution using butter head lettuce. No interaction of ClO4(-) uptake and distribution was found in the presence of I(-) or IO3(-) relative to previous studies evaluating ClO4(-) alone. Bioconcentration factors for ClO4(-) and total I in butter head lettuce when coexposed to both anions were similar for outer (292 ± 17 and 294 ± 12 L kg(-1) of dry weight, respectively) and inner (76 ± 18 and 60 ± 8 L kg(-1) of dry weight, respectively) leaves but not for roots (23 ± 3.7 and 359 ± 1.7 L kg(-1) of dry weight, respectively) when the iodine was supplied as I(-). The uptake of iodine was lower (BCF = 47 ± 3.8, 19 ± 0.6, and 189 ± 16, L kg(-1) of dry weight for the outer and inner leaves and roots, respectively) for all tissues when iodine was supplied as IO3(-), with the greatest accumulation by the roots. These results suggest that if lettuce is grown using fertilizers containing both ClO4(-) and I(-), then the final ratio of IT/ClO4 in the leaves will be essentially equal to the ratio in the fertilizer but lower if the I is supplied as IO3(-). Therefore, the impact of the consumption of lettuce containing ClO4(-) may be mitigated if the lettuce is grown using fertilizer with an appropriate amount of I to maintain the existing ratio of serum I to total goitrogen load (TGL). Nevertheless, the TGL in lettuce appeared to be almost completely dominated by NO3(-) with only a minor contribution of ClO4(-), even for the highest exposure to ClO4(-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Voogt
- Wageningen University and Research - Greenhouse Horticulture, Violierenweg 1, 2665MV Bleiswijk, The Netherlands
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Seyfferth AL, Sturchio NC, Parker DR. Is perchlorate metabolized or re-translocated within lettuce leaves? A stable-isotope approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:9437-42. [PMID: 19174928 DOI: 10.1021/es802006e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate is an environmental contaminant that is found in drinking water and a variety of foodstuffs, but many questions regarding its uptake, transport, and persistence in higher plants remain unanswered. In a series of hydroponic experiments, a stable-isotope tracer of perchlorate (95% 37ClO4(-)) was utilized to determine the extent of in vivo metabolism and of phloem re-translocation of perchlorate at low (i.e., nmol/kg of fresh weight (FW)) concentrations in lettuce. Chlorate and chlorite metabolites were not detected in lettuce leaves at detection limits of 13.1 and 291 nmol/kg FW, respectively, and chloride isotopic signatures were not substantially different from natural chloride. Perchlorate exhibited no significant movement from older leaves into new leaves, nor to roots. Stable isotopes proved useful in assessing perchlorate metabolism and re-translocation within lettuce at nmol/kg levels. The absence of any metabolism or re-translocation indicates that perchlorate is relatively persistent within leafy produce, and that the primary mode of transport of perchlorate is through the xylem of higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelia L Seyfferth
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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Sanchez CA, Blount BC, Valentin-Blasini L, Lesch SM, Krieger RI. Perchlorate in the feed-dairy continuum of the southwestern United States. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:5443-5450. [PMID: 18553887 DOI: 10.1021/jf0733923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate has the potential to cause thyroid dysfunction by inhibiting iodide uptake by the sodium iodide symporter. Perchlorate-contaminated waters may lead to human exposure through drinking water and food chain transfer in crops by way of irrigation water. Perchlorate has been found in dairy milk collected nationally and internationally. This study was conducted to evaluate perchlorate in the feed-dairy continuum in the southwestern United States. All feed products collected at dairies in this study had detectable levels of perchlorate as analyzed by ion chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The calculated total perchlorate intake across dairies ranged from 1.9 to 12.7 mg/cow per day. The variation in total perchlorate intake across dairies was largely associated with variation in forage and silage products. Alfalfa products were the single most important source of perchlorate intake variability among dairies. The estimated perchlorate intake from drinking water ranged from 0.01 mg per cow per day and was generally less than 2% of the total perchlorate intake. The perchlorate content of milk ranged from 0.9 to 10.3 microg/L and was similar to levels reported by the Food and Drug Administration's Total Diet Study. The perchlorate content of milk was significantly related to the presence of perchlorate in feed but the variation of perchlorate in milk could not be explained by feed intake alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Sanchez
- Department of Soil, Water, and Environmental Sciences, Yuma Agricultural Center, The University of Arizona, Yuma, Arizona 85364, USA
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