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Cao Q, Chu B, Zhang P, Ma Q, Ma J, Liu Y, Liu J, Zhao Y, Zhang H, Wang Y, He H. Effects of SO 2 on NH 4NO 3 Photolysis: The Role of Reducibility and Acidic Products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37235870 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate photolysis is a vital process in secondary NOx release into the atmosphere. The heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 due to nitrate photolysis has been widely reported, while the influence of SO2 on nitrate photolysis has rarely been investigated. In this study, the photolysis of nitrate on different substrates was investigated in the absence and presence of SO2. In the photolysis of NH4NO3 on the membrane without mineral oxides, NO, NO2, HONO, and NH3 decreased by 17.1, 6.0, 12.6, and 57.1% due to the presence of SO2, respectively. In the photolysis of NH4NO3 on the surface of mineral oxides, SO2 also exhibited an inhibitory effect on the production of NOx, HONO, and NH3 due to its reducibility and acidic products, while the increase in surface acidity due to the accumulation of abundant sulfate on TiO2 and MgO promoted the release of HONO. On the photoactive oxide TiO2, HSO3-, generated by the uptake of SO2, could compete for holes with nitrate to block nitrate photolysis. This study highlights the interaction between the heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 and nitrate photolysis and provides a new perspective on how SO2 affects the photolysis of nitrate absorbed on the photoactive oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Cao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yaqi Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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Zhou R, El-Naggar A, Li Y, Cai Y, Chang SX. Converting rice husk to biochar reduces bamboo soil N 2O emissions under different forms and rates of nitrogen additions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:28777-28788. [PMID: 33550547 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12744-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The effects of biochar application combined with different forms and rates of inorganic nitrogen (N) addition on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from forest soils have not been well documented. A microcosm experiment was conducted to study the effects of rice husk and its biochar in combination with the addition of N fertilizers in different forms (ammonium [NH4+] and nitrate [NO3-]) and rates (equivalent to 150 and 300 kg N ha-1 yr-1) on N2O emissions from Lei bamboo (Phyllostachys praecox) soils. The application of rice husk significantly increased cumulative N2O emissions under the addition of both NO3--N and NH4+-N. Biochar significantly reduced cumulative N2O emissions by 15.2 and 5.8 μg N kg-1 when co-applied with the low and high rates of NO3--N, respectively, compared with the respective NO3--N addition rate without biochar. There was no significant difference in soil N2O emissions between the two NH4+-N addition rates, and cumulative N2O emission decreased with increasing soil NH4+-N concentration, mainly due to the toxic effect caused by the excessive NH4+-N on soil N2O production from the nitrification process. Cumulative N2O emissions recorded 18.74 and 14.04 μg N kg-1 under low and high rates of NO3--N addition, respectively, which were higher than those produced by NH4+-N addition. Our study demonstrated that the conversion of rice husk to biochar could reduce N2O emissions under the addition of different N forms and rates. Moreover, rice husk or its biochar in combination with NH4+-N fertilizer produced less N2O in Lei bamboo soil, compared with NO3--N fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Ali El-Naggar
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Yongfu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Yanjiang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Scott X Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
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Catling DC, Krissansen-Totton J, Kiang NY, Crisp D, Robinson TD, DasSarma S, Rushby AJ, Del Genio A, Bains W, Domagal-Goldman S. Exoplanet Biosignatures: A Framework for Their Assessment. ASTROBIOLOGY 2018; 18:709-738. [PMID: 29676932 PMCID: PMC6049621 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2017.1737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Finding life on exoplanets from telescopic observations is an ultimate goal of exoplanet science. Life produces gases and other substances, such as pigments, which can have distinct spectral or photometric signatures. Whether or not life is found with future data must be expressed with probabilities, requiring a framework of biosignature assessment. We present a framework in which we advocate using biogeochemical "Exo-Earth System" models to simulate potential biosignatures in spectra or photometry. Given actual observations, simulations are used to find the Bayesian likelihoods of those data occurring for scenarios with and without life. The latter includes "false positives" wherein abiotic sources mimic biosignatures. Prior knowledge of factors influencing planetary inhabitation, including previous observations, is combined with the likelihoods to give the Bayesian posterior probability of life existing on a given exoplanet. Four components of observation and analysis are necessary. (1) Characterization of stellar (e.g., age and spectrum) and exoplanetary system properties, including "external" exoplanet parameters (e.g., mass and radius), to determine an exoplanet's suitability for life. (2) Characterization of "internal" exoplanet parameters (e.g., climate) to evaluate habitability. (3) Assessment of potential biosignatures within the environmental context (components 1-2), including corroborating evidence. (4) Exclusion of false positives. We propose that resulting posterior Bayesian probabilities of life's existence map to five confidence levels, ranging from "very likely" (90-100%) to "very unlikely" (<10%) inhabited. Key Words: Bayesian statistics-Biosignatures-Drake equation-Exoplanets-Habitability-Planetary science. Astrobiology 18, 709-738.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Catling
- Astrobiology Program, Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Virtual Planetary Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joshua Krissansen-Totton
- Astrobiology Program, Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Virtual Planetary Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nancy Y. Kiang
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York
| | - David Crisp
- MS 233-200, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Tyler D. Robinson
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, California
| | - Shiladitya DasSarma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, and Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | - William Bains
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Science, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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4
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Wang B, Lerdau M, He Y. Widespread production of nonmicrobial greenhouse gases in soils. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:4472-4482. [PMID: 28585372 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ), and nitrous oxide (N2 O) are the three most important greenhouse gases (GHGs), and all show large uncertainties in their atmospheric budgets. Soils of natural and managed ecosystems play an extremely important role in modulating their atmospheric abundance. Mechanisms underlying the exchange of these GHGs at the soil-atmosphere interface are often assumed to be exclusively microbe-mediated (M-GHGs). We argue that it is a widespread phenomenon for soil systems to produce GHGs through nonmicrobial pathways (NM-GHGs) based on a review of the available evidence accumulated over the past half century. We find that five categories of mechanistic process, including photodegradation, thermal degradation, reactive oxidative species (ROS) oxidation, extracellular oxidative metabolism (EXOMET), and inorganic chemical reactions, can be identified as accounting for their production. These pathways are intricately coupled among themselves and with M-GHGs production and are subject to strong influences from regional and global change agents including, among others, climate warming, solar radiation, and alterations of atmospheric components. Preliminary estimates have suggested that NM-GHGs could play key roles in contributing to budgets of GHGs in the arid regions, whereas their global importance would be enhanced with accelerated global environmental changes. Therefore, more research should be undertaken, with a differentiation between NM-GHGs and M-GHGs, to further elucidate the underlying mechanisms, to investigate the impacts of various global change agents, and to quantify their contributions to regional and global GHGs budgets. These efforts will contribute to a more complete understanding of global carbon and nitrogen cycling and a reduction in the uncertainty of carbon-climate feedbacks in the Earth system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Manuel Lerdau
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Yongli He
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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5
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Abstract
Oxygenic photosynthesis is Earth's dominant metabolism, having evolved to harvest the largest expected energy source at the surface of most terrestrial habitable zone planets. Using CO2 and H2O-molecules that are expected to be abundant and widespread on habitable terrestrial planets-oxygenic photosynthesis is plausible as a significant planetary process with a global impact. Photosynthetic O2 has long been considered particularly robust as a sign of life on a habitable exoplanet, due to the lack of known "false positives"-geological or photochemical processes that could also produce large quantities of stable O2. O2 has other advantages as a biosignature, including its high abundance and uniform distribution throughout the atmospheric column and its distinct, strong absorption in the visible and near-infrared. However, recent modeling work has shown that false positives for abundant oxygen or ozone could be produced by abiotic mechanisms, including photochemistry and atmospheric escape. Environmental factors for abiotic O2 have been identified and will improve our ability to choose optimal targets and measurements to guard against false positives. Most of these false-positive mechanisms are dependent on properties of the host star and are often strongest for planets orbiting M dwarfs. In particular, selecting planets found within the conservative habitable zone and those orbiting host stars more massive than 0.4 M⊙ (M3V and earlier) may help avoid planets with abundant abiotic O2 generated by water loss. Searching for O4 or CO in the planetary spectrum, or the lack of H2O or CH4, could help discriminate between abiotic and biological sources of O2 or O3. In advance of the next generation of telescopes, thorough evaluation of potential biosignatures-including likely environmental context and factors that could produce false positives-ultimately works to increase our confidence in life detection. Key Words: Biosignatures-Exoplanets-Oxygen-Photosynthesis-Planetary spectra. Astrobiology 17, 1022-1052.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria S Meadows
- 1 Department of Astronomy and Astrobiology Program, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
- 2 NASA Astrobiology Institute-Virtual Planetary Laboratory , USA
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Aregahegn KZ, Shemesh D, Gerber RB, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Photochemistry of Thin Solid Films of the Neonicotinoid Imidacloprid on Surfaces. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:2660-2668. [PMID: 27989110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Imidacloprid (IMD) is the most widely used neonicotinoid insecticide found on environmental surfaces and in water. Analysis of surface-bound IMD photolysis products was performed using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transfer infrared (ATR-FTIR) analysis, electrospray ionization (ESI-MS), direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS), and transmission FTIR for gas-phase products. Photolysis quantum yields (ϕ) for loss of IMD were determined to be (1.6 ± 0.6) × 10-3 (1s) at 305 nm and (8.5 ± 2.1) × 10-3 (1s) at 254 nm. The major product is the imidacloprid urea derivative (IMD-UR, 84% yield), with smaller amounts of the desnitro-imidacloprid (DN-IMD, 16% yield) product, and gaseous nitrous oxide (N2O). Theoretical calculations show that the first step of the main mechanism is the photodissociation of NO2, which then recombines with the ground electronic state of IMD radical to form IMD-UR and N2O in a thermally driven process. The photolytic lifetime of IMD at a solar zenith angle of 35° is calculated to be 16 h, indicating the significant reaction of IMD over the course of a day. Desnitro-imidacloprid has been identified by others as having increased binding to target receptors compared to IMD, suggesting that photolysis on environmental surfaces increases toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kifle Z Aregahegn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Dorit Shemesh
- Department of Physical Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Research Center, The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - R Benny Gerber
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Physical Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Research Center, The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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7
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Terada A, Sugawara S, Hojo K, Takeuchi Y, Riya S, Harper WF, Yamamoto T, Kuroiwa M, Isobe K, Katsuyama C, Suwa Y, Koba K, Hosomi M. Hybrid Nitrous Oxide Production from a Partial Nitrifying Bioreactor: Hydroxylamine Interactions with Nitrite. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:2748-2756. [PMID: 28164698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms of nitrous oxide (N2O) production from a bioreactor for partial nitrification (PN). Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) enriched from a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) were subjected to N2O production pathway tests. The N2O pathway test was initiated by supplying an inorganic medium to ensure an initial NH4+-N concentration of 160 mg-N/L, followed by 15NO2- (20 mg-N/L) and dual 15NH2OH (each 17 mg-N/L) spikings to quantify isotopologs of gaseous N2O (44N2O, 45N2O, and 46N2O). N2O production was boosted by 15NH2OH spiking, causing exponential increases in mRNA transcription levels of AOB functional genes encoding hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (haoA), nitrite reductase (nirK), and nitric oxide reductase (norB) genes. Predominant production of 45N2O among N2O isotopologs (46% of total produced N2O) indicated that coupling of 15NH2OH with 14NO2- produced N2O via N-nitrosation hybrid reaction as a predominant pathway. Abiotic hybrid N2O production was also observed in the absence of the AOB-enriched biomass, indicating multiple pathways for N2O production in a PN bioreactor. The additional N2O pathway test, where 15NH4+ was spiked into 400 mg-N/L of NO2- concentration, confirmed that the hybrid N2O production was a dominant pathway, accounting for approximately 51% of the total N2O production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Terada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Sho Sugawara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Keisuke Hojo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Yuki Takeuchi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Shohei Riya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Willie F Harper
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
- Department of Systems Engineering and Management, Air Force Institute of Technology , Dayton, Ohio, United States
| | - Tomoko Yamamoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Megumi Kuroiwa
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , Saiwai-cho Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University , Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Isobe
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chie Katsuyama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University , Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Suwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University , Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Koba
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , Saiwai-cho Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Hosomi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
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8
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Diamond ML. Surprising Degradation Products from an Under-Fire Insecticide. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:97-98. [PMID: 28280774 PMCID: PMC5324082 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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9
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Doane TA. A survey of photogeochemistry. GEOCHEMICAL TRANSACTIONS 2017; 18:1. [PMID: 28246525 PMCID: PMC5307419 DOI: 10.1186/s12932-017-0039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The participation of sunlight in the natural chemistry of the earth is presented as a unique field of study, from historical observations to prospects for future inquiry. A compilation of known reactions shows the extent of light-driven interactions between naturally occurring components of land, air, and water, and provides the backdrop for an outline of the mechanisms of these phenomena. Catalyzed reactions, uncatalyzed reactions, direct processes, and indirect processes all operate in natural photochemical transformations, many of which are analogous to well-known biological reactions. By overlaying photochemistry and surface geochemistry, complementary approaches can be adopted to identify natural photochemical reactions and discern their significance in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Doane
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616-5270 USA
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10
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Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Introductory lecture: atmospheric chemistry in the Anthropocene. Faraday Discuss 2017; 200:11-58. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00161d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The term “Anthropocene” was coined by Professor Paul Crutzen in 2000 to describe an unprecedented era in which anthropogenic activities are impacting planet Earth on a global scale. Greatly increased emissions into the atmosphere, reflecting the advent of the Industrial Revolution, have caused significant changes in both the lower and upper atmosphere. Atmospheric reactions of the anthropogenic emissions and of those with biogenic compounds have significant impacts on human health, visibility, climate and weather. Two activities that have had particularly large impacts on the troposphere are fossil fuel combustion and agriculture, both associated with a burgeoning population. Emissions are also changing due to alterations in land use. This paper describes some of the tropospheric chemistry associated with the Anthropocene, with emphasis on areas having large uncertainties. These include heterogeneous chemistry such as those of oxides of nitrogen and the neonicotinoid pesticides, reactions at liquid interfaces, organic oxidations and particle formation, the role of sulfur compounds in the Anthropocene and biogenic–anthropogenic interactions. A clear and quantitative understanding of the connections between emissions, reactions, deposition and atmospheric composition is central to developing appropriate cost-effective strategies for minimizing the impacts of anthropogenic activities. The evolving nature of emissions in the Anthropocene places atmospheric chemistry at the fulcrum of determining human health and welfare in the future.
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11
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Albertí M, Amat A, Farrera L, Pirani F. From the (NH3)2–5 clusters to liquid ammonia: Molecular dynamics simulations using the NVE and NpT ensembles. J Mol Liq 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Murray RH, Erler DV, Eyre BD. Nitrous oxide fluxes in estuarine environments: response to global change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:3219-3245. [PMID: 25752934 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide is a powerful, long-lived greenhouse gas, but we know little about the role of estuarine areas in the global N2 O budget. This review summarizes 56 studies of N2 O fluxes and associated biogeochemical controlling factors in estuarine open waters, salt marshes, mangroves, and intertidal sediments. The majority of in situ N2 O production occurs as a result of sediment denitrification, although the water column contributes N2 O through nitrification in suspended particles. The most important factors controlling N2 O fluxes seem to be dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and oxygen availability, which in turn are affected by tidal cycles, groundwater inputs, and macrophyte density. The heterogeneity of coastal environments leads to a high variability in observations, but on average estuarine open water, intertidal and vegetated environments are sites of a small positive N2 O flux to the atmosphere (range 0.15-0.91; median 0.31; Tg N2 O-N yr(-1) ). Global changes in macrophyte distribution and anthropogenic nitrogen loading are expected to increase N2 O emissions from estuaries. We estimate that a doubling of current median NO3 (-) concentrations would increase the global estuary water-air N2 O flux by about 0.45 Tg N2 O-N yr(-1) or about 190%. A loss of 50% of mangrove habitat, being converted to unvegetated intertidal area, would result in a net decrease in N2 O emissions of 0.002 Tg N2 O-N yr(-1) . In contrast, conversion of 50% of salt marsh to unvegetated area would result in a net increase of 0.001 Tg N2 O-N yr(-1) . Decreased oxygen concentrations may inhibit production of N2 O by nitrification; however, sediment denitrification and the associated ratio of N2 O:N2 is expected to increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H Murray
- Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Dirk V Erler
- Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Bradley D Eyre
- Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
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13
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Navarro-Gómez CJ, Herrera-Peraza EF, Alcocer-Yamanaka VH, Collins-Martínez VH, Quiñones-Montenegro LY, Trujillo-Navarrete B, Espino-Valdes MS. Identification of nitrous oxide emissions from green areas of Chihuahua City irrigated with treated wastewater. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2013; 63:276-283. [PMID: 23556237 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2012.718728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Since 2000, the city of Chihuahua had a distribution system of treated wastewater for irrigation of green areas and has replaced this water for processes that do not require the consumption of drinking water. This replacement was necessary in order to meet the growing demand for potable water which has exceeded the current supply of 700 L (184,88 gallons) per second. Nowadays it is necessary to identify and assess the risks to public health and the environment due to the substitution of drinking water by treated wastewater in the last 10yr. Treated wastewater contains compounds whose effects have not been evaluated when used for irrigation in public green areas. Therefore, it is not known whether there is a danger to the health of park visitors due to exposure and/or inhalation of the emitted gases, accidental ingestion of water, or impact to the environment. The purpose of the research, using an experimental prototype, is to identify the changes from nitrogen present in the treated wastewater to nitrous oxide. The research objective is the generation of data to simulate a regional scale at this stage, which will be analyzed and statistically validated using Minitab and Origin software. The experiment was performed using three different samples to compare water quality: drinking water treated wastewater, and water with nitrogen-based fertilizer (urea). Prototypes were filled with two types of soil: sand and clay Each type of water was sprinkled on the prototype, grass was planted in it, and the prototype was equipped with samplers to capture the gas in the root zone. The authors found high emissions of nitrous oxide in the clay-filled lysimeters, and climate and growing conditions of vegetation were the most important factors for producing nitrous oxide. IMPLICATIONS Major problems in the ecosystem arise from solutions that are not based on environmental public policy research or experimentation. For example, before application a specific policy or regulation, research should be performed to evaluate long term effects to the ecosystem and this can be done through close monitoring. This study raises awareness about the public policy of substituting potable water with treated wastewater for irrigation of green areas in Chihuahua City. The present study was performed during a sufficient period of time in order to assess the impact to the environment.
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Gankanda A, Grassian VH. Nitrate Photochemistry in NaY Zeolite: Product Formation and Product Stability under Different Environmental Conditions. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:2205-12. [DOI: 10.1021/jp312247m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aruni Gankanda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246, United States
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246, United States
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Rubasinghege G, Grassian VH. Role(s) of adsorbed water in the surface chemistry of environmental interfaces. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:3071-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc38872g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rubasinghege G, Grassian VH. Surface-Catalyzed Chlorine and Nitrogen Activation: Mechanisms for the Heterogeneous Formation of ClNO, NO, NO2, HONO, and N2O from HNO3 and HCl on Aluminum Oxide Particle Surfaces. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:5180-92. [DOI: 10.1021/jp301488b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gayan Rubasinghege
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
52242, United States
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
52242, United States
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