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Chen L, Cui B, Zhang C, Hu X, Wang Y, Li G, Chang L, Liu L. Impacts of Fuel Stage Ratio on the Morphological and Nanostructural Characteristics of Soot Emissions from a Twin Annular Premixing Swirler Combustor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:10558-10566. [PMID: 38833713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c03478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Soot particles emitted from aircraft engines constitute a major anthropogenic source of pollution in the vicinity of airports and at cruising altitudes. This emission poses a significant threat to human health and may alter the global climate. Understanding the characteristics of soot particles, particularly those generated from Twin Annular Premixing Swirler (TAPS) combustors, a mainstream combustor in civil aviation engines, is crucial for aviation environmental protection. In this study, a comprehensive characterization of soot particles emitted from TAPS combustors was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and Raman spectroscopy. The morphology and nanostructure of soot particles were examined across three distinct fuel stage ratios (FSR), at 10%, 15%, and 20%. The SEM analysis of soot particle morphology revealed that coated particles constitute over 90% of the total particle sample, with coating content increasing proportionally to the fuel stage ratio. The results obtained from HRTEM indicated that average primary particle sizes increase with the fuel stage ratio. The results of HRTEM and Raman spectroscopy suggest that the nanostructure of soot particles becomes more ordered and graphitized with an increasing fuel stage ratio, resulting in lower oxidation activity. Specifically, soot fringe length increased with the fuel stage ratio, while soot fringe tortuosity and separation distance decreased. In addition, there is a prevalent occurrence of defects in the graphitic lattice structure of soot particles, suggesting a high degree of elemental carbon disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Chen
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Boxuan Cui
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chenglin Zhang
- Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, 166 Shuanghongqiao Street, Pingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 311115, China
| | - Xuehuan Hu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Guangze Li
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, 166 Shuanghongqiao Street, Pingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 311115, China
| | - Liuyong Chang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, 166 Shuanghongqiao Street, Pingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 311115, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, 166 Shuanghongqiao Street, Pingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 311115, China
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Yin S, Lu Z, Zhang Y, Song L, Bi S, Luo X, Yao L, Bi X, Bo H, Feng Y. Characteristics of number concentration, size distribution and components of particulate matter emitted from a typical large civil airport. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172040. [PMID: 38554962 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Civil airports are recognized as significant contributors to fine particulate matter, especially ultra-fine particulate matter (UFP). The pollutants from airport activities have a notable adverse impact on global climate, urban air quality, and public health. However, there is a lack of practical observational studies on the characterization of integrated pollutant emissions from large civil airports. This study aims to focus on the combined emission characteristics of particulate number concentration (PNC), size distribution, and components at a large civil airport, especially UFP. The findings reveal that airport activities significantly contribute to elevated PNC levels during aircraft activity in downwind conditions (four times higher than background levels) and upwind conditions (7.5 times higher). UFP dominates the PNC around the airport. The particle size distribution shows two peaks occurring around 10-30 nm and 60-80 nm. Notably, particles within the ranges of 17-29 nm and 57-101 nm account for 65.9 % and 12.0 % of the total PNC respectively. Aircraft landing has the greatest impact on particles sized between 6 and 17 nm while takeoff affects particles sized between 29 and 57 nm resulting in a respective increase in PNC by factors of approximately 3.27 and 35.4-fold increase compared to background levels. Different aircraft types exhibit varying effects on PNC with A320 and A321 showing more pronounced effects during takeoff and landing.The presence of airports leads to roughly five-fold rise in elemental component concentrations with Si being highest followed by OC, Ca, Al, Fe, Ca2+, EC, and Mg2+. The OC/EC ratio under high aircraft activity in downwind conditions falls within range of approximately 2.5-3.5. These characteristic components and ratio can be considered as identifying species for civil airports. PMF model show about 75 % of the particulate emissions at the airport boundary were related to airport activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihan Yin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhichao Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lilai Song
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shenyu Bi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xi Luo
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lu Yao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaohui Bi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Han Bo
- Research Centre for Environment and Sustainable Development of Civil Aviation Administration of China, School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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3
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Giannelli R, Stevens J, Kinsey JS, Kittelson D, Zelenyuk A, Howard R, Forde M, Hoffman B, Leggett C, Maeroff B, Bies N, Swanson J, Suski K, Payne G, Manin J, Frazee R, Onasch TB, Freedman A, Khalek I, Badshah H, Preece D, Premnath V, Agnew S. Evaluation of methods for characterizing the fine particulate matter emissions from aircraft and other diffusion flame combustion aerosol sources. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2024; 178:1-20. [PMID: 38751612 PMCID: PMC11095129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2024.106352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency in collaboration with the U. S. Air Force Arnold Engineering Development Complex conducted the VAriable Response In Aircraft nvPM Testing (VARIAnT) 3 and 4 test campaigns to compare nonvolatile particulate matter (nvPM) emissions measurements from a variety of diffusion flame combustion aerosol sources (DFCASs), including a Cummins diesel engine, a diesel powered generator, two gas turbine start carts, a J85-GE-5 turbojet engine burning multiple fuels, and a Mini-CAST soot generator. The VARIAnT research program was devised to understand reported variability in the ARP6320A sampling system nvPM measurements. The VARIAnT research program has conducted four test campaigns to date with the VARIAnT 3 and 4 campaigns devoted to: (1) assessing the response of three different black carbon mass analyzers to particles of different size, morphology, and chemical composition; (2) characterizing the particles generated by 6 different combustion sources according to morphology, effective density, and chemical composition; and (3) assessing any significant difference between black carbon as determined by the 3 mass analyzers and the total PM determined via other techniques. Results from VARIAnT 3 and 4 campaigns revealed agreement of about 20% between the Micro-Soot Sensor, the Cavity Attenuated Phase Shift (CAPS PMSSA) monitor and the thermal-optical reference method for elemental carbon (EC) mass, independent of the calibration source used. For the LII-300, the measured mass concentrations in VARIAnT 3 fall within 18% and in VARIAnT 4 fall within 27% of the reference EC mass concentration when calibrated on a combustor rig in VARIAnT 3 and on an LGT-60 start cart in VARIAnT 4, respectively. It was also found that the three mass instrument types (MSS, CAPS PMSSA, and LII-300) can exhibit different BC to reference EC ratios depending on the emission source that appear to correlate to particle geometric mean mobility diameter, morphology, or some other parameter associated with particle geometric mean diameter (GMD) with the LII-300 showing a slightly stronger apparent trend with GMD. Systematic differences in LII-300 measured mass concentrations have been reduced by calibrating with a turbine combustion as a particle source (combustor or turbine engine). With respect to the particle size measurements, the sizing instruments (TSI SMPS, TSI EEPS, and Cambustion DMS 500) were found to be in general agreement in terms of size distributions and concentrations with some exceptions. Gravimetric measurements of the total aerosol mass produced by the various DFCAs differed from the reference EC, BC and integrated particle size distribution measured aerosol masses. The measurements of particle size distributions and single particle analysis performed using the miniSPLAT indicated the presence of larger particles (≳150 nm) having more compact morphologies, higher effective density, and a composition dominated by OC and containing ash. This increased large particle fraction is also associated with higher values of single scattering albedo measured by the CAPS PMSSA instrument and higher OC measurements. These measurements indicate gas turbine engine emissions can be a more heterogeneous mix of particle types beyond the original E-31 assumption that engine exit exhaust particles are mainly composed of black carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Giannelli
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Jeffrey Stevens
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - John S. Kinsey
- Shu Research LLC, Mebane, NC 27302, Formerly U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - David Kittelson
- University of Minnesota, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Alla Zelenyuk
- U.S. Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Robert Howard
- Arnold Engineering Development Complex, Arnold Air Force Base, TN, 37389, USA
| | - Mary Forde
- Arnold Engineering Development Complex, Arnold Air Force Base, TN, 37389, USA
| | - Brandon Hoffman
- U.S. Air Force, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH (Formerly Arnold Engineering Development Complex, Arnold Air Force Base, TN, 37389, USA
| | - Cullen Leggett
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Bruce Maeroff
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Nick Bies
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Jacob Swanson
- Minnesota State University, Bloomington, MN, 55431, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Suski
- U.S. Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | | | - Julien Manin
- Artium Technologies Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, 94085, USA
| | - Richard Frazee
- Singularity Scientific Consulting Services, LLC, Whitmore Lake, MI, 48189, USA
| | | | | | - Imad Khalek
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78238, USA
| | | | - Daniel Preece
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78238, USA
| | - Vinay Premnath
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78238, USA
| | - Scott Agnew
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
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Shen X, Che H, Lv T, Wu B, Cao X, Li X, Zhang H, Hao X, Zhou Q, Yao Z. Real-world emission characteristics of semivolatile/intermediate-volatility organic compounds originating from nonroad construction machinery in the working process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159970. [PMID: 36347292 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Detailed emission characterization of semivolatile/intermediate-volatility organic compounds (S/IVOCs) originating from nonroad construction machines (NRCMs) remains lacking in China. Twenty-one NRCMs were evaluated with a portable emission measurement system in the working process. Gas phase S/IVOCs were collected by Tenax TA tubes and analyzed via thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). Particle phase S/IVOCs were collected by quartz filters and analyzed via GC-MS. The average emission factors (EFs) for fuel-based total (gas + particle phase) IVOCs and SVOCs of the assessed NRCMs were 221.45 ± 194.60 and 11.68 ± 10.67 mg/kg fuel, respectively. Compared to excavators, the average IVOC and SVOC EFs of loaders were 1.32 and 1.55 times higher, respectively. Compared to the working mode, the average IVOC EFs under the moving mode (only moving forward or backward) were 1.28 times higher. The IVOC and SVOC EFs for excavators decreased by 69.06% and 38.37%, respectively, from China II to China III. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of emission control regulations. In regard to individual NRCMs, excavators and loaders were affected differently by emission standards. The volatility distribution demonstrated that IVOCs and SVOCs were dominated by gas- and particle-phase compounds, respectively. The mode of operation also affected S/IVOC gas-particle partitioning. Combined with previous studies, the mechanical type significantly affected the volatility distribution of IVOCs. IVOCs from higher volatile fuels are more distributed in the high-volatility interval. The total secondary organic aerosol (SOA) production potential was 104.36 ± 79.67 mg/kg fuel, which originated from VOCs (19.98%), IVOCs (73.87%), and SVOCs (6.15%). IVOCs were a larger SOA precursor than VOCs and SVOCs. In addition, normal (n-) alkanes were suitably correlated with IVOCs, which may represent a backup solution to quantify IVOC EFs. This work provides experimental data support for the refinement of the emission characteristics and emission inventories of S/IVOCs originating from NRCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbao Shen
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hongqian Che
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Tiantian Lv
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Bobo Wu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xinyue Cao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xuewei Hao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhiliang Yao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
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5
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Zhang C, Chen L, Ding S, Zhou X, Chen R, Zhang X, Yu Z, Wang J. Mitigation effects of alternative aviation fuels on non-volatile particulate matter emissions from aircraft gas turbine engines: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 820:153233. [PMID: 35066040 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Global air transportation has grown rapidly in the past decade until the recent coronavirus pandemic. Previous research has demonstrated that particulate matter (PM) emissions from aircraft gas turbine engines can impair human health and environment, and may play a significant role in global climate change via direct absorption of solar radiation and indirect effect by their interaction with clouds. Using alternative aviation fuels (AAFs) from different sources have become a promising means to reduce aviation PM emissions and ensure energy sustainability. This work presents a review of non-volatile PM (nvPM) emission characteristics of aircraft gas turbine engines burning conventional aviation fuel (CAF) and CAF/AAF blends from recent ground and cruise tests. Current engine emission regulations, as well as available aviation PM emission prediction models and inventories are also discussed. Available nvPM emission characteristics, including particle number, particle mass, and particle size distribution (PSD), are analyzed and compared among different studies. The synthesized results indicate that burning AAFs tends to generate smaller size nvPM and reduce up to 90% nvPM number as well as 60-85% nvPM mass. The reduction is the most significant at low engine power settings, but becomes marginal at high engine power settings. The utilization of AAF blends reduces nvPM emission yet increases water vapor emission, which may promote contrail and even widespread cirrus cloud formation. Therefore, more investigation is required to quantify the potential impact of burning AAF at cruise altitudes on cloud formation and climate change. An appropriate estimation method for the particle number emissions from aircraft gas turbine engines fueled by both CAF and CAF/AAF blends is also in need aiming to establish a global aviation nvPM emission inventory and improve relevant global climate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiqi Zhang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China; Shenyuan Honors College of Beihang University, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Longfei Chen
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
| | - Shuiting Ding
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Xingfan Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100054, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100054, China
| | - Xiaole Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering (IfU), ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Ueberlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Zhenhong Yu
- Hudson River Research, LLC, 123 Town Square Place, Jersey City, NJ 07310, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering (IfU), ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Ueberlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Zhang J, Zhang S, Zhang X, Wang J, Wu Y, Hao J. Developing a High-Resolution Emission Inventory of China's Aviation Sector Using Real-World Flight Trajectory Data. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5743-5752. [PMID: 35418234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Economic growth and globalization have led to a surge in civil aviation transportation demand. Among the major economies in the world, China has experienced a 12-fold increase in terms of total passenger aviation traffic volume since 2000 and is expected to be the largest aviation market soon. To better understand the environmental impacts of China's aviation sector, this study developed a real-world flight trajectory-based emission inventory, which enabled the fine-grained characterization of four-dimensional (time, longitude, latitude, and altitude) emissions of various flight stages. Our results indicated that fuel consumption and CO2 emissions showed two peaks in altitude distribution: below 1,000 m and between 8,000 and 12,000 m. Various pollutants depicted different vertical distributions; for example, nitrogen oxides (NOX) had a higher fraction during the high-altitude cruise stage due to the thermal NOX mechanism, while hydrocarbons had a dominant fraction at the low-altitude stages due to the incomplete combustion under low-load conditions. This improved aviation emission inventory approach identified that total emissions of CO2 and air pollutants from short-distance domestic flights would be significantly underestimated by the conventional great-circle-based approach due to underrepresented calculation parameters (particularly, flight distance, duration, and cruise altitude). Therefore, we suggest that more real-world aviation flight information, especially actual trajectory records, should be utilized to improve assessments of the environmental impacts of aviation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingran Zhang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Shaojun Zhang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaole Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering (IfU), ETH Zürich, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering (IfU), ETH Zürich, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Ye Wu
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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7
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Kittelson DB, Swanson J, Aldridge M, Giannelli RA, Kinsey JS, Stevens JA, Liscinsky DS, Hagen D, Leggett C, Stephens K, Hoffman B, Howard R, Frazee RW, Silvis W, McArthur T, Lobo P, Achterberg S, Trueblood M, Thomson K, Wolff L, Cerully K, Onasch T, Miake-Lye R, Freedman A, Bachalo W, Payne G. Experimental verification of principal losses in a regulatory particulate matter emissions sampling system for aircraft turbine engines. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2021; 56:63-74. [PMID: 35602286 PMCID: PMC9118390 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2021.1971152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A sampling system for measuring emissions of nonvolatile particulate matter (nvPM) from aircraft gas turbine engines has been developed to replace the use of smoke number and is used for international regulatory purposes. This sampling system can be up to 35 m in length. The sampling system length in addition to the volatile particle remover (VPR) and other sampling system components lead to substantial particle losses, which are a function of the particle size distribution, ranging from 50 to 90% for particle number concentrations and 10-50% for particle mass concentrations. The particle size distribution is dependent on engine technology, operating point, and fuel composition. Any nvPM emissions measurement bias caused by the sampling system will lead to unrepresentative emissions measurements which limit the method as a universal metric. Hence, a method to estimate size dependent sampling system losses using the system parameters and the measured mass and number concentrations was also developed (SAE 2017; SAE 2019). An assessment of the particle losses in two principal components used in ARP6481 (SAE 2019) was conducted during the VAriable Response In Aircraft nvPM Testing (VARIAnT) 2 campaign. Measurements were made on the 25-meter sample line portion of the system using multiple, well characterized particle sizing instruments to obtain the penetration efficiencies. An agreement of ± 15% was obtained between the measured and the ARP6481 method penetrations for the 25-meter sample line portion of the system. Measurements of VPR penetration efficiency were also made to verify its performance for aviation nvPM number. The research also demonstrated the difficulty of making system loss measurements and substantiates the E-31 decision to predict rather than measure system losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. B. Kittelson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - J. Swanson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - M. Aldridge
- National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - R. A. Giannelli
- National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - J. S. Kinsey
- Office of Research and Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - J. A. Stevens
- National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - D. S. Liscinsky
- Formerly United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, Connecticut, USA (retired)
| | - D. Hagen
- Center for Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, USA
| | - C. Leggett
- National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - K. Stephens
- Aerospace Testing Alliance, Arnold Engineering Development Complex, Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee, USA
| | - B. Hoffman
- Aerospace Testing Alliance, Arnold Engineering Development Complex, Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee, USA
| | - R. Howard
- Aerospace Testing Alliance, Arnold Engineering Development Complex, Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - W. Silvis
- AVL-North America, Plymouth, Michigan, USA
| | | | - P. Lobo
- Center for Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, USA
| | - S. Achterberg
- Center for Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, USA
| | - M. Trueblood
- Center for Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, USA
| | - K. Thomson
- National Research Council-Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - L. Wolff
- Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - T. Onasch
- Aerodyne Research, Inc, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - R. Miake-Lye
- Aerodyne Research, Inc, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A. Freedman
- Aerodyne Research, Inc, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - W. Bachalo
- Artium Technologies, Sunnyvale, California, USA
| | - G. Payne
- Artium Technologies, Sunnyvale, California, USA
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Kinsey JS, Giannelli R, Howard R, Hoffman B, Frazee R, Aldridge M, Leggett C, Stevens K, Kittelson D, Silvis W, Stevens J, Lobo P, Achterberg S, Swanson J, Thomson K, McArthur T, Hagen D, Trueblood M, Wolff L, Liscinsky D, Arey R, Cerully K, Miake-Lye R, Onasch T, Freedman A, Bachalo W, Payne G, Durlicki M. Assessment of a regulatory measurement system for the determination of the non-volatile particulate matter emissions from commercial aircraft engines. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2021; 154:1-16. [PMID: 35949248 PMCID: PMC9358972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The SAE International has published Aerospace Information Report (AIR) 6241 which outlined the design and operation of a standardized measurement system for measuring non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) mass and number emissions from commercial aircraft engines. Prior to this research, evaluation of this system by various investigators revealed differences in nvPM mass emissions measurement on the order of 15-30% both within a single sampling system and between two systems operating in parallel and measuring nvPM mass emissions from the same source. To investigate this issue, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency in collaboration with the U. S. Air Force's Arnold Engineering Development Complex initiated the VAriable Response In Aircraft nvPM Testing (VARIAnT) research program to compare nvPM measurements within and between AIR-compliant sampling systems used for measuring combustion aerosols generated both by a 5201 Mini-CAST soot generator and a J85-GE-5 turbojet engine burning multiple fuels. The VARIAnT research program has conducted four test campaigns to date. The first campaign (VARIAnT 1) compared two essentially identical commercial versions of the sampling system while the second campaign (VARIAnT 2) compared a commercial system to the custom-designed Missouri University of Science and Technology's North American Reference System (NARS) built to the same specifications. Comparisons of nvPM particle mass (i.e., black carbon), number, and size were conducted in both campaigns. Additionally, the sensitivity to variation in system operational parameters was evaluated in VARIAnT 1. Results from both campaigns revealed agreement of about 12% between the two sampling systems, irrespective of manufacturer, in all aspects except for black carbon determination. The major source of measurement differences (20-70%) was due to low BC mass measurements made by the Artium Technologies LII-300 as compared to the AVL 483 Micro-Soot Sensor, the Aerodyne Cavity Attenuated Phase Shift (CAPS PMSSA) monitor, and the thermal-optical reference method for elemental carbon (EC) determination, which was used as the BC reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S. Kinsey
- Formerly U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Robert Giannelli
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Robert Howard
- QuantiTech, Inc. (Formerly Aerospace Testing Alliance), Arnold Engineering Development Complex, Arnold Air Force Base, TN, 37389, USA
| | - Brandon Hoffman
- U. S. Air Force, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH (Formerly Arnold Engineering Development Complex), Arnold Air Force Base, TN, 37389, USA
| | - Richard Frazee
- Singularity Scientific, Whitmore Lake, MI 48189 (Formerly AVL-North America), Plymouth, MI, 48170, USA
| | - Michael Aldridge
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Cullen Leggett
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Katherine Stevens
- Honeywell Aerospace, Phoenix, AZ (Formerly Aerospace Testing Alliance), Arnold Engineering Development Complex, Arnold Air Force Base, TN, 37389, USA
| | - David Kittelson
- University of Minnesota, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - William Silvis
- WMS Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 (Formerly AVL-North America), Plymouth, MI, 48170, USA
| | - Jeffrey Stevens
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Prem Lobo
- National Research Council-Canada, Ottawa, CANADA (Formerly Missouri University of Science and Technology), USA
| | - Steven Achterberg
- Missouri University of Science and Technology, Center for Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research, Rolla, MO, 65409, USA
| | - Jacob Swanson
- University of Minnesota, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | | | | | - Donald Hagen
- Missouri University of Science and Technology, Center for Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research, Rolla, MO, 65409, USA
| | - Max Trueblood
- Missouri University of Science and Technology, Center for Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research, Rolla, MO, 65409, USA
| | - Lindsay Wolff
- Formerly Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - David Liscinsky
- Formerly United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, CT, 06108, USA
| | - Russell Arey
- Deceased (Formerly GE Aviation), Cincinnati, OH, 45215, USA
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9
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Merzenich H, Riccetti N, Hoffmann B, Blettner M, Forastiere F, Gianicolo E. Air pollution and airport apron workers: A neglected occupational setting in epidemiological research. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 231:113649. [PMID: 33113483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Airport apron workers are occupationally exposed to jet exhaust and major concern is related to the exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP) from aircrafts. To date, little attention has been given to occupational exposures to aircraft-related UFP, although aircraft engines have high emissions of ultrafine particles, which are orders of magnitude higher than residential exposure. UFP could possibly contribute to the development of cancer, heart disease, mental illness, and respiratory symptoms. In addition to particulate matter, apron workers are exposed to other polluting substances associated with vehicles, aircraft exhaust or direct fuel emissions. METHODS We performed a scoping review on occupational health hazards due to air pollution among apron workers. RESULTS Only three epidemiological studies were identified: two cross-sectional studies are of limited relevance due to a small sample size and a lack of quantitative exposure data. One sizeable cohort study performed an individual exposure measurement for UFP and considered relevant confounders. However, current studies are not numerous enough to evaluate an association of occupational air pollution with potential health effects among airport workers. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that current scientific evidence on this topic is sparse. Further observational studies in this occupational work force is highly recommended. For a better understanding of adverse health effects due to air pollution and especially UFP, studies in different countries are essential, since working environments, medical monitoring of workers or safety standards might differ internationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiltrud Merzenich
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Nicola Riccetti
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Barbara Hoffmann
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria Blettner
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Emilio Gianicolo
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Lecce, Italy
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Xu H, Fu Q, Yu Y, Liu Q, Pan J, Cheng J, Wang Z, Liu L. Quantifying aircraft emissions of Shanghai Pudong International Airport with aircraft ground operational data. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114115. [PMID: 32045794 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The air traffic growth at Shanghai Pudong International Airport (PVG) has attracted much concern over the potential impacts on local air quality and human health; however, the emission contributions due to aircraft activities, impact on air quality and health effects remain unclear. In this study, the ground operational data derived from the Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS) dataset are newly utilized to obtain the PVG-specific emission parameters of 10 distinct aircraft-engine combinations during the taxi-in and taxi-out phases of the landing and take-off (LTO) cycle. The resulting emission parameters, together with PVG-specific operational conditions, are applied to quantify the annual emissions in 2017 for main engines and auxiliary power units (APUs) at PVG, emission variations caused by mixing layer height, sensitivity of black carbon (BC) emissions to the estimation method and sensitivity of PM2.5 emissions to the fuel sulfur content (FSC). The results show noticeable discrepancies between the corrected fuel flows and NOx emission indices (EIs) and those certified by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The annual emissions of hydrocarbons (HC), CO, NOx, NO, NO2, HONO, HNO3, NOy, SO2, SO42-, BC, organic carbon (OC) and PM2.5 with corrected emission parameters are 3.82 × 105 kg, 4.35 × 106 kg, 5.36 × 106 kg, 4.40 × 106 kg, 9.58 × 105 kg, 1.03 × 105 kg, 3.83 × 103 kg, 5.47 × 106 kg, 3.56 × 105 kg, 1.31 × 104 kg, 5.43 × 104 kg, 4.73 × 103 kg and 7.22 × 104 kg, respectively, while the application of the maximum height of the mixing layer contributes to emission increases as high as 16.9% (NOx). An alternative estimation of BC emissions leads to an increase of 50% compared with first-order approximation 3 (FOA3), while a reduction in PM2.5 emissions can be expected by minimizing the FSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yamei Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qizhen Liu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Jun Pan
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Jinping Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Zhenwu Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Linqi Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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11
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Pirhadi M, Mousavi A, Sowlat MH, Janssen NAH, Cassee FR, Sioutas C. Relative contributions of a major international airport activities and other urban sources to the particle number concentrations (PNCs) at a nearby monitoring site. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 260:114027. [PMID: 32014744 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the positive matrix factorization (PMF) source apportionment model was employed to quantify the contributions of airport activities to particle number concentrations (PNCs) at Amsterdam Schiphol. Time-resolved particle number size distributions in parallel with the concentrations of auxiliary variables, including gaseous pollutants (NOx and CO), black carbon, PM2.5 mass, and number of arrivals/departures were measured for 32 sampling days over a 6-month period near Schiphol airport to be used in the model. PMF results revealed that airport activities, cumulatively, accounted for around 79.3% of PNCs and our model segregated them into three major groups: (i) aircraft departures, (ii) aircraft arrivals, and (iii) ground service equipment (GSE) (with some contributions of local road traffic, mostly from airport parking lots). Aircraft departures and aircraft arrivals showed mode diameters <20 nm and contributed, respectively, to 46.1% and 26.7% of PNCs. The factor GSE/local road traffic, with a mode diameter of around 60-80 nm, accounted for 6.5% of the PNCs. Road traffic related mainly to the surrounding freeways was characterized with a mode diameter of 30-40 nm; this factor contributed to 18.0% of PNCs although its absolute PNCs was comparable with that of areas heavily impacted by traffic emissions. Lastly, urban background with a mode diameter at 150-225 nm, had a minimal contribution (2.7%) to PNCs while dominating the particle volume/mass concentrations with a contribution of 58.2%. These findings illustrate the dominant role of the airport activities in ambient PNCs in the surrounding areas. More importantly, the quantification of the contributions of different airport activities to PNCs is a useful tool to better control and limit the increased PNCs near the airports that could adversely impact the health of the adjacent urban communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Pirhadi
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amirhosein Mousavi
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mohammad H Sowlat
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicole A H Janssen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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12
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Turgut ET, Gaga EO, Jovanović G, Odabasi M, Artun G, Ari A, Urošević MA. Elemental characterization of general aviation aircraft emissions using moss bags. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:26925-26938. [PMID: 31309420 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05910-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In light of growing concern and insufficient knowledge on the negative impact of aircraft emissions on environmental health, this study strives to investigate the air burden of major and trace elements caused by general aviation, piston-engine, and turboprop aircraft, within the vicinity of Eskisehir Hasan Polatkan Airport (Eskisehir, Turkey). The levels of 57 elements were investigated, based on moss bag biomonitoring using Sphagnum sp., along with chemical analyses of lubrication oil and aviation gasoline fuel used in the aircraft's operations. Five sampling sites were selected within the vicinity of the airport area to capture spatial changes in the concentration of airborne elements. The study demonstrates that moss bag biomonitoring is a useful tool in the identification of differences in the air burden by major and trace elements that have concentrated downwind of the aircraft emission sources. Moreover, pollutant enrichment in the Sphagnum moss bags and elemental characterization of oil/fuel are in agreement suggesting that Pb, followed by Cd, Cu, Mo, Cr, Ni, Fe, Si, Zn, Na, P, Ca, Mg, and Al are dominant elements that shaped the general aviation aircraft emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enis T Turgut
- Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Aircraft Airframe and Powerplant Department, Eskisehir Technical University, 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - Eftade O Gaga
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskisehir Technical University, 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Gordana Jovanović
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, a National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, Belgrade, 11080, Serbia
| | - Mustafa Odabasi
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gulzade Artun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskisehir Technical University, 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Akif Ari
- Faculty of Engineering, Gölköy Campus, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Mira Aničić Urošević
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, a National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, Belgrade, 11080, Serbia
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13
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Kinsey JS, Corporan E, Pavlovic J, DeWitt M, Klingshirn C, Logan R. Comparison of measurement methods for the characterization of the black carbon emissions from a T63 turboshaft engine burning conventional and Fischer-Tropsch fuels. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2019; 69:576-591. [PMID: 30526430 PMCID: PMC7382935 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2018.1556188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Emission measurements of black carbon (BC) mass were conducted on a T63 turboshaft engine, operated at idle and cruise power with conventional and alternative fuels, using an Artium LII-300 laser-induced incandescence analyzer (LII) and AVL model 483 micro soot sensor (MSS) photoacoustic instrument using the manufacturer's calibration for both instruments. These measurements were compared with elemental carbon (EC) determined by manual and semicontinuous thermal-optical transmission analyses according to National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) method 5040 as the reference method. The results indicate that both the LII and MSS instruments show good linear correlation with EC for the two fuels and two engine power conditions evaluated. The LII measurements were observed to be biased high (27-49%) and the MSS measurements were biased low (24-35%) relative to EC. The agreement between the instruments and the reference method was substantially improved by applying a calibration of the instruments against a common BC aerosol source. Test data also suggest that the two instruments show some sensitivity to particle size (or properties related to size), specifically for particles with a geometric mean diameter (GMD) <30 nm. This sensitivity is problematic, since new engines or certain combustion conditions in current engines will produce smaller particles compared with the T63 model tested in this study. Further assessments of instrument performance for particles within this size range are therefore warranted. Implications: Accurate black carbon emission measurements are needed to certify new and in-production commercial aircraft engines. Both the Artium LII-300 and AVL 483 micro soot sensor are currently approved by the International Civil Aviation Organization for this purpose. This study compares the two instruments against elemental carbon (EC) using NIOSH method 5040 as the reference using a T63 turboshaft engine. The results indicate that both instruments correlate reasonably well with EC, and the correlation substantially improved when applying a calibration against a common aerosol source. Sensitivity to particle size may be an issue for both instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Kinsey
- a National Risk Management Research Laboratory , Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Edwin Corporan
- b U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright-Patterson Air Force Base , Dayton , OH , USA
| | | | - Matthew DeWitt
- d Fuels and Combustion Divison , University of Dayton Research Institute , Dayton , OH , USA
| | - Christopher Klingshirn
- d Fuels and Combustion Divison , University of Dayton Research Institute , Dayton , OH , USA
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14
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Liati A, Schreiber D, Alpert PA, Liao Y, Brem BT, Corral Arroyo P, Hu J, Jonsdottir HR, Ammann M, Dimopoulos Eggenschwiler P. Aircraft soot from conventional fuels and biofuels during ground idle and climb-out conditions: Electron microscopy and X-ray micro-spectroscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 247:658-667. [PMID: 30711821 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Aircraft soot has a significant impact on global and local air pollution and is of particular concern for the population working at airports and living nearby. The morphology and chemistry of soot are related to its reactivity and depend mainly on engine operating conditions and fuel-type. We investigated the morphology (by transmission electron microscopy) and chemistry (by X-ray micro-spectroscopy) of soot from the exhaust of a CFM 56-7B26 turbofan engine, currently the most common engine in aviation fleet, operated in the test cell of SR Technics, Zurich airport. Standard kerosene (Jet A-1) and a biofuel blend (Jet A-1 with 32% HEFA) were used at ground idle and climb-out engine thrust, as these conditions highly influence air quality at airport areas. The results indicate that soot reactivity decreases from ground idle to climb-out conditions for both fuel types. Nearly one third of the primary soot particles generated by the blended fuel at climb-out engine thrust bear an outer amorphous shell implying higher reactivity. This characteristic referring to soot reactivity needs to be taken into account when evaluating the advantage of HEFA blending at high engine thrust. The soot type that is most prone to react with its surrounding is generated by Jet A-1 fuel at ground idle. Biofuel blending slightly lowers soot reactivity at ground idle but does the opposite at climb-out conditions. As far as soot reactivity is concerned, biofuels can prove beneficial for airports where ground idle is a common situation; the benefit of biofuels for climb-out conditions is uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Liati
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Automotive Powertrain Technologies Laboratory, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - D Schreiber
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Automotive Powertrain Technologies Laboratory, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - P A Alpert
- PSI, Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, CH-5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Y Liao
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Automotive Powertrain Technologies Laboratory, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - B T Brem
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - P Corral Arroyo
- PSI, Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, CH-5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - J Hu
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Automotive Powertrain Technologies Laboratory, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - H R Jonsdottir
- University of Bern, Institute of Anatomy, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Ammann
- PSI, Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, CH-5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - P Dimopoulos Eggenschwiler
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Automotive Powertrain Technologies Laboratory, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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15
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Rahim MF, Pal D, Ariya PA. Physicochemical studies of aerosols at Montreal Trudeau Airport: The importance of airborne nanoparticles containing metal contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:734-744. [PMID: 30623829 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particles, specifically nanoparticles, are identified health hazards and a key research domain in air pollution and climate change. We performed a systematic airport study to characterize real-time size and number density distribution, chemical composition and morphology of the aerosols (∼10 nm-10 μm) using complementary cutting-edge and novel techniques, namely optical aerosol analyzers, triple quad ICP-MS/MS and high-resolution STEM imaging. The total number density of aerosols, predominantly composed of nanoparticles, reached a maximum of 2 × 106 cm-3 and is higher than reported values from any other international airport. We also provide evidence for a wide range of metal in aerosols, and emerging metals in nanoparticles (e.g., Zn and Ni). The geometric mean, median and 99th and 1st percentile values of observed nanoparticle number densities at the apron were 1.0 × 105, 9.0 × 104, 1.2 × 106 and 9.3 × 103 cm-3, respectively. These observations were statistically higher than corresponding measurements in downtown Montreal and at major highways during rush hour. This airport is thus a hotspot for nanoparticles containing emerging contaminants. The diurnal trends in concentrations exhibit peaks during flight and rush hours, showing correlations with pollutants such as CO. The HR-TEM-EDS provided evidence for nano-sized particles produced in combustion engines. Implications of our results for air pollution and health are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayeesha F Rahim
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Devendra Pal
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Parisa A Ariya
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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16
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Liu H, Tian H, Hao Y, Liu S, Liu X, Zhu C, Wu Y, Liu W, Bai X, Wu B. Atmospheric emission inventory of multiple pollutants from civil aviation in China: Temporal trend, spatial distribution characteristics and emission features analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 648:871-879. [PMID: 30144755 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A detailed comprehensive emission inventory of multiple air pollutants from civil aviation in China for the historical period of 1980-2015 is developed by using an approach of combining bottom-up with top-down for the first time. Annual emissions of various pollutants present a rapidly ascending trend along with the increase of economic volume and population, which are estimated at approximately 4.77 kt HC, 59.63 kt CO, 304.77 kt NOx, 59,961 kt CO2, 19.04 kt SO2, 3.32 kt PM2.5, 1.59 kt BC, 1.06 kt OC and 5.44 t heavy metals (HMs), respectively, by the year 2015. We estimate the local emissions in 208 domestic civil airports and allocate the total cruise emissions onto 299 main domestic flight segments with surrogate indexes, such as route distance, cargo and passenger turnover. The results demonstrate that emission intensities in central and eastern China are much higher than those in northeastern and western China, and these regions are characterized with high population density, huge economy volume, as well as transit convenience. Furthermore, we have explored emission characteristics of multiple pollutants under different operation modes in 2015. For PM2.5, SO2/CO2/HMs and NOx, the emissions from cruise process constitute the dominant contributor with a share of 89%, 92% and 81%, of the associated total emissions, respectively, comparing with 76% and 71% of the total CO and HC emissions release from Landing and Take-off (LTO) process. Consequently, there are notably different emission characteristics from different flight processes due to various combustion status of aviation fuel. In addition, we predict the future trends of multi-pollutants emissions from China's civil aviation industry through 2050 under three scenarios, and the results indicate that the reduction from the improvement of new technology or new national standards would be largely offset by the rise in multi-pollutants emissions from rapidly aviation fuel growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanjia Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hezhong Tian
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yan Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shuhan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chuanyong Zhu
- Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yiming Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Bai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Bobo Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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He RW, Shirmohammadi F, Gerlofs-Nijland ME, Sioutas C, Cassee FR. Pro-inflammatory responses to PM 0.25 from airport and urban traffic emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:997-1003. [PMID: 30021333 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Air traffic is rapidly growing, raising concerns about the air pollution in the surroundings of airports and its impact on public health. However, little is known about the impact of air pollution sources on air quality and health in the vicinity of airports. In this study, the sources and adverse health effects of airport-related particulate matter (PM) were investigated and compared to those of urban traffic emissions. Ambient PM0.25 were collected at the Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) and at a central Los Angeles site (USC campus), along with PM2.5 collected directly from turbine and diesel engines. The particle chemical composition, oxidative potential (OP) (ascorbic acid (AA), and electron spin resonance (ESR) assay) as well as their reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity, inflammatory potential (interleukin (IL) 6 and 8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) and cytotoxicity on human bronchial epithelial (16HBE) cells were assessed. Chemical composition measurements confirmed that aircraft emissions were the major source to LAX PM0.25, while the sources of the USC samples were more complex, including traffic emissions, suspended road and soil dust, and secondary aerosols. The traffic-related transition metals (Fe and Cu) in LAX and USC samples mainly affected OP values of particles, while multiple factors such as composition, size distribution and internalized amount of particles contributed to the promotion of ROS generation in 16HBE cells during 4 h exposure. Internalized particles in cells might also play an important role in activating inflammatory responses during cell recovery period, with LAX particles being more potent. Our results demonstrated considerable toxicity of airport-related particles, even at low exposure concentrations, suggesting that airport emission as source of PM0.25 may also contribute to the adverse effects on public health attributable to PM. The potency of such particles is in the same range as those collected at a site in urban area impacted heavily by traffic emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Wen He
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box, 2720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Farimah Shirmohammadi
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 3620 S Vermont Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Miriam E Gerlofs-Nijland
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box, 2720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 3620 S Vermont Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box, 2720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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18
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Li Y, Zhang H, Zhao Z, Tian Y, Liu K, Jie F, Zhu L, Chen H. Mass spectral chemical fingerprints reveal the molecular dependence of exhaust particulate matters on engine speeds. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 67:287-293. [PMID: 29778162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matters (PMs) emitted by automobile exhaust contribute to a significant fraction of the global PMs. Extractive atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (EAPCI-MS) was developed to explore the molecular dependence of PMs collected from exhaust gases produced at different vehicle engine speeds. The mass spectral fingerprints of the organic compounds embedded in differentially sized PMs (e.g., 0.22-0.45, 0.45-1.00, 1.00-2.00, 2.00-3.00, 3.00-5.00, and 5.00-10.00μm) generated at different engine speeds (e.g., 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000r/min) were chemically profiled in the mass range of mass to charge ratio (m/z) 50-800. Organic compounds, including alcohols, aldehydes, and esters, were detected in all the PMs tested, with varied concentration levels for each individual PM sample. At relatively low engine speeds (≤1500r/min), the total amount of organic species embedded in PMs of 0.22-1.00μm was greater than in PMs of other sizes, while more organic species were found in PMs of 5.00-10.00μm at high engine speeds (≥3000r/min), indicating that the organic compounds distributed in different sizes of PMs strongly correlated with the engine speed. The experimental data showed that the EAPCI-MS technique enables molecular characterization of PMs in exhaust, revealing the chemical dependence of PMs on the engine speeds (i.e., the combustion conditions) of automobiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Zongshan Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yong Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Kun Liu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Feifan Jie
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China.
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19
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Shirmohammadi F, Lovett C, Sowlat MH, Mousavi A, Verma V, Shafer MM, Schauer JJ, Sioutas C. Chemical composition and redox activity of PM 0.25 near Los Angeles International Airport and comparisons to an urban traffic site. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 610-611:1336-1346. [PMID: 28873663 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the relative impacts of emissions from Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), as well as the impacts of traffic emissions from freeways, on the oxidative potential of particulate matter (PM), PM0.25 were collected at two urban background locations in Los Angeles. Redox activity of the PM samples was measured by means of an in vitro alveolar macrophage assay that quantifies the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells, and detailed chemical analyses were performed to determine the speciated chemical composition of collected PM. A molecular marker-based chemical mass balance (MM-CMB) model was applied to estimate the relative contributions from the following primary sources to the organic carbon (OC) component of PM: mobile sources (combined gasoline and diesel vehicles), wood smoke, vegetative detritus, road dust and ship emissions. A source profile of aircraft emissions was not included in the model; however its contribution was estimated from un-apportioned primary OC in the MM-CMB model ("other OC") after accounting for the contribution of secondary organic carbon (SOC) to OC. The contribution of mobile sources to OC was 82% and 28% at the central Los Angeles site (freeway emissions) and the LAX site, respectively. The estimated contribution of aircraft emissions to PM0.25 OC was 36% at the LAX site. ROS activity levels showed little spatial variability, with no statistically significant difference between the averages observed at LAX (24.75±4.01μgZymosan/m3) and central Los Angeles (27.77±2 0.32μgZymosan/m3), suggesting similar levels of inhalation exposure to redox active species of PM0.25. A multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the variability in ROS activity is best explained by the chemical markers of major identified sources: EC emitted by traffic, and sulfur, considered in our study as a potential tracer of aircraft emissions, with statistically significantly higher concentrations of sulfur at the LAX site (p<0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Farimah Shirmohammadi
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Lovett
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mohammad Hossein Sowlat
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amirhosein Mousavi
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vishal Verma
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Martin M Shafer
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, Madison, WI, USA
| | - James J Schauer
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, Madison, WI, USA; University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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20
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Penn SL, Boone ST, Harvey BC, Heiger-Bernays W, Tripodis Y, Arunachalam S, Levy JI. Modeling variability in air pollution-related health damages from individual airport emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 156:791-800. [PMID: 28501677 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we modeled concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) attributable to precursor emissions from individual airports in the United States, developing airport-specific health damage functions (deaths per 1000t of precursor emissions) and physically-interpretable regression models to explain variability in these functions. We applied the Community Multiscale Air Quality model using the Decoupled Direct Method to isolate PM2.5- or O3-related contributions from precursor pollutants emitted by 66 individual airports. We linked airport- and pollutant-specific concentrations with population data and literature-based concentration-response functions to create health damage functions. Deaths per 1000t of primary PM2.5 emissions ranged from 3 to 160 across airports, with variability explained by population patterns within 500km of the airport. Deaths per 1000t of precursors for secondary PM2.5 varied across airports from 0.1 to 2.7 for NOx, 0.06 to 2.9 for SO2, and 0.06 to 11 for VOCs, with variability explained by population patterns and ambient concentrations influencing particle formation. Deaths per 1000t of O3 precursors ranged from -0.004 to 1.0 for NOx and 0.03 to 1.5 for VOCs, with strong seasonality and influence of ambient concentrations. Our findings reinforce the importance of location- and source-specific health damage functions in design of health-maximizing emissions control policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefani L Penn
- Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, 715 Albany St 4W Boston, MA 02118, United States.
| | - Scott T Boone
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, UNC Institute for the Environment, 100 Europa Dr., Chapel Hill, NC 27517, United States.
| | - Brian C Harvey
- Boston University College of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
| | - Wendy Heiger-Bernays
- Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, 715 Albany St 4W Boston, MA 02118, United States.
| | - Yorghos Tripodis
- Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, 801 Massachusetts Ave., Boston, MA 02118, United States.
| | - Sarav Arunachalam
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, UNC Institute for the Environment, 100 Europa Dr., Chapel Hill, NC 27517, United States.
| | - Jonathan I Levy
- Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, 715 Albany St 4W Boston, MA 02118, United States.
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Vuković G, Urošević MA, Škrivanj S, Vergel K, Tomašević M, Popović A. The first survey of airborne trace elements at airport using moss bag technique. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:15107-15115. [PMID: 28493193 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9140-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Air traffic represents an important way of social mobility in the world, and many ongoing discussions are related to the impacts that air transportation has on local air quality. In this study, moss Sphagnum girgensohnii was used for the first time in the assessment of trace element content at the international airport. The moss bags were exposed during the summer of 2013 at four sampling sites at the airport 'Nikola Tesla' (Belgrade, Serbia): runway (two), auxiliary runway and parking lot. According to the relative accumulation factor (RAF) and the limit of quantification of the moss bag technique (LOQT), the most abundant elements in the samples were Zn, Na, Cr, V, Cu and Fe. A comparison between the element concentrations at the airport and the corresponding values in different land use classes (urban central, suburban, industrial and green zones) across the city of Belgrade did not point out that the air traffic and associated activities significantly contribute to the trace element air pollution. This study emphasised an easy operational and robust (bio)monitoring, using moss bags as a suitable method for assessment of air quality within various microenvironments with restriction in positioning referent instrumental devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Vuković
- Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, Belgrade, 11080, Serbia.
| | - Mira Aničić Urošević
- Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, Belgrade, 11080, Serbia
| | - Sandra Škrivanj
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Konstantin Vergel
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot Curie 6, Dubna, Russian Federation, 141980
| | - Milica Tomašević
- Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, Belgrade, 11080, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Popović
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
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22
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Durdina L, Brem BT, Setyan A, Siegerist F, Rindlisbacher T, Wang J. Assessment of Particle Pollution from Jetliners: from Smoke Visibility to Nanoparticle Counting. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:3534-3541. [PMID: 28230356 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Aviation is a substantial and a fast growing emissions source. Besides greenhouse gases, aircraft engines emit black carbon (BC), a climate forcer and air pollutant. Aviation BC emissions have been regulated and estimated through exhaust smoke visibility (smoke number). Their impacts are poorly understood because emission inventories lack representative data. Here, we measured BC mass and number-based emissions of the most popular airliner's engines according to a new emission standard. We used a calibrated engine performance model to determine the emissions on the ground, at cruise altitude, and over entire flight missions. Compared to previous estimates, we found up to a factor of 4 less BC mass emitted from the standardized landing and takeoff cycle and up to a factor of 40 less during taxiing. However, the taxi phase accounted for up to 30% of the total BC number emissions. Depending on the fuel composition and flight distance, the mass and number-based emission indices (/kg fuel burned) were 6.2-14.7 mg and 2.8 × 1014 - 8.7 × 1014, respectively. The BC mass emissions per passenger-km were similar to gasoline vehicles, but the number-based emissions were relatively higher, comparable to old diesel vehicles. This study provides representative data for models and will lead to more accurate assessments of environmental impacts of aviation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Durdina
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa , Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
- Institute of Environmental Engineering (IfU), ETH Zürich , Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin T Brem
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa , Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
- Institute of Environmental Engineering (IfU), ETH Zürich , Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Ari Setyan
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa , Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
- Institute of Environmental Engineering (IfU), ETH Zürich , Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jing Wang
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa , Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
- Institute of Environmental Engineering (IfU), ETH Zürich , Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
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23
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Abrahamson JP, Zelina J, Andac MG, Vander Wal RL. Predictive Model Development for Aviation Black Carbon Mass Emissions from Alternative and Conventional Fuels at Ground and Cruise. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:12048-12055. [PMID: 27684524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The first order approximation (FOA3) currently employed to estimate BC mass emissions underpredicts BC emissions due to inaccuracies in measuring low smoke numbers (SNs) produced by modern high bypass ratio engines. The recently developed Formation and Oxidation (FOX) method removes the need for and hence uncertainty associated with (SNs), instead relying upon engine conditions in order to predict BC mass. Using the true engine operating conditions from proprietary engine cycle data an improved FOX (ImFOX) predictive relation is developed. Still, the current methods are not optimized to estimate cruise emissions nor account for the use of alternative jet fuels with reduced aromatic content. Here improved correlations are developed to predict engine conditions and BC mass emissions at ground and cruise altitude. This new ImFOX is paired with a newly developed hydrogen relation to predict emissions from alternative fuels and fuel blends. The ImFOX is designed for rich-quench-lean style combustor technologies employed predominately in the current aviation fleet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Abrahamson
- John and Willie Leone Family Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, Penn State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Joseph Zelina
- General Electric Aviation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45215, United States
| | - M Gurhan Andac
- General Electric Aviation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45215, United States
| | - Randy L Vander Wal
- John and Willie Leone Family Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, Penn State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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24
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Environmental Exposure to Ultrafine Particles inside and nearby a Military Airport. ATMOSPHERE 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos7100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Masiol M, Mallon CTM, Haines KM, Utell MJ, Hopke PK. Airborne Dioxins, Furans, and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Exposure to Military Personnel in Iraq. J Occup Environ Med 2016; 58:S22-30. [PMID: 27501100 PMCID: PMC4978085 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to use ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) concentrations measured at Joint Base Balad in Iraq in 2007 to identify the sources of these species and their spatial patterns. METHODS The ratios of the measured species were compared with literature data for likely emission sources. Using the multiple site measurements on specific days, contour maps have been drawn using inverse distance weighting (IDW). RESULTS These analyses suggest multiple sources, including the burn pit (primarily a source of PCDD/PCDFs), the transportation field (primarily as source of PAHs), and other sources of PAHs that include aircraft, space heating, and diesel power generation. CONCLUSIONS The nature and locations of the sources were identified. PCDD/PCDFs were emitted by the burn pit. Multiple PAH sources exist across the base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Masiol
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York (Drs Masiol and Hopke); Professor, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics (Dr Mallon), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814; Bioenvironmental Engineering Flight Commander, 30th Medical Group, 338 South Dakota Ave, Vandenberg AFB, CA 93437 (Maj. Haines); Departments of Medicine and Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York (Dr Utell)
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26
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Pecorari E, Mantovani A, Franceschini C, Bassano D, Palmeri L, Rampazzo G. Analysis of the effects of meteorology on aircraft exhaust dispersion and deposition using a Lagrangian particle model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:839-856. [PMID: 26437354 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The risk of air quality degradation is of considerable concern particularly for those airports that are located near urban areas. The ability to quantitatively predict the effects of air pollutants originated by airport operations is important for assessing air quality and the related impacts on human health. Current emission regulations have focused on local air quality in the proximity of airports. However, an integrated study should consider the effects of meteorological events, at both regional and local level, that can affect the dispersion and the deposition of exhausts. Rigorous scientific studies and extensive experimental data could contribute to the analysis of the impacts of airports expansion plans. This paper is focused on the analysis of the effects of meteorology on aircraft emission for the Marco Polo Airport in Venice. This is the most important international airport in the eastern part of the Po' Valley, one of the most polluted area in Europe. Air pollution is exacerbated by meteorology that is a combination of large and local scale effects that do not allow significant dispersion. Moreover, the airport is located near Venice, a city of noteworthy cultural and architectural relevance, and nearby the lagoon that hosts several areas of outstanding ecological importance at European level (Natura 2000 sites). Dispersion and deposit of the main aircraft exhausts (NOx, HC and CO) have been evaluated by using a Lagrangian particle model. Spatial and temporal aircraft exhaust dispersion has been analyzed for LTO cycle. Aircraft taxiing resulted to be the most impacting aircraft operation especially for the airport working area and its surroundings, however occasionally peaks may be observed even at high altitudes when cruise mode starts. Mixing height can affect concentrations more significantly than the concentrations in the exhausts themselves. An increase of HC and CO concentrations (15-50%) has been observed during specific meteorological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Pecorari
- Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Calle Larga Santa Marta 2137, Dorsoduro, 30123 Venezia, Italy.
| | - Alice Mantovani
- OSMOTECH S.r.l., via Francesco Sforza, 15, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Franceschini
- Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Calle Larga Santa Marta 2137, Dorsoduro, 30123 Venezia, Italy
| | - Davide Bassano
- SAVE S.p.A., Marco Polo Venice airport viale G. Galilei 30/1, 30173 Tessera-Venezia, Italy
| | - Luca Palmeri
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, v. Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Rampazzo
- Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Calle Larga Santa Marta 2137, Dorsoduro, 30123 Venezia, Italy
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27
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Masiol M, Harrison RM. Aircraft engine exhaust emissions and other airport-related contributions to ambient air pollution: A review. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2014; 95:409-455. [PMID: 32288558 PMCID: PMC7108289 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Civil aviation is fast-growing (about +5% every year), mainly driven by the developing economies and globalisation. Its impact on the environment is heavily debated, particularly in relation to climate forcing attributed to emissions at cruising altitudes and the noise and the deterioration of air quality at ground-level due to airport operations. This latter environmental issue is of particular interest to the scientific community and policymakers, especially in relation to the breach of limit and target values for many air pollutants, mainly nitrogen oxides and particulate matter, near the busiest airports and the resulting consequences for public health. Despite the increased attention given to aircraft emissions at ground-level and air pollution in the vicinity of airports, many research gaps remain. Sources relevant to air quality include not only engine exhaust and non-exhaust emissions from aircraft, but also emissions from the units providing power to the aircraft on the ground, the traffic due to the airport ground service, maintenance work, heating facilities, fugitive vapours from refuelling operations, kitchens and restaurants for passengers and operators, intermodal transportation systems, and road traffic for transporting people and goods in and out to the airport. Many of these sources have received inadequate attention, despite their high potential for impact on air quality. This review aims to summarise the state-of-the-art research on aircraft and airport emissions and attempts to synthesise the results of studies that have addressed this issue. It also aims to describe the key characteristics of pollution, the impacts upon global and local air quality and to address the future potential of research by highlighting research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Masiol
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Liati A, Brem BT, Durdina L, Vögtli M, Dasilva YAR, Eggenschwiler PD, Wang J. Electron microscopic study of soot particulate matter emissions from aircraft turbine engines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:10975-10983. [PMID: 25180674 DOI: 10.1021/es501809b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The microscopic characteristics of soot particulate matter (PM) in gas turbine exhaust are critical for an accurate assessment of the potential impacts of the aviation industry on the environment and human health. The morphology and internal structure of soot particles emitted from a CFM 56-7B26/3 turbofan engine were analyzed in an electron microscopic study, down to the nanoscale, for ∼ 100%, ∼ 65%, and ∼ 7% static engine thrust as a proxy for takeoff, cruising, and taxiing, respectively. Sampling was performed directly on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) grids with a state-of-the-art sampling system designed for nonvolatile particulate matter. The electron microscopy results reveal that ∼ 100% thrust produces the highest amount of soot, the highest soot particle volume, and the largest and most crystalline primary soot particles with the lowest oxidative reactivity. The opposite is the case for soot produced during taxiing, where primary soot particles are smallest and most reactive and the soot amount and volume are lowest. The microscopic characteristics of cruising condition soot resemble the ones of the ∼ 100% thrust conditions, but they are more moderate. Real time online measurements of number and mass concentration show also a clear correlation with engine thrust level, comparable with the TEM study. The results of the present work, in particular the small size of primary soot particles present in the exhaust (modes of 24, 20, and 13 nm in diameter for ∼ 100%, ∼ 65% and ∼ 7% engine thrust, respectively) could be a concern for human health and the environment and merit further study. This work further emphasizes the significance of the detailed morphological characteristics of soot for assessing environmental impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthi Liati
- Laboratory of Internal Combustion Engines, ‡Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, and ∥Electron Microscopy Center, Empa Material Science and Technology , CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Mazaheri M, Bostrom TE, Johnson GR, Morawska L. Composition and morphology of particle emissions from in-use aircraft during takeoff and landing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:5235-5242. [PMID: 23618073 DOI: 10.1021/es3046058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to provide realistic data for air pollution inventories and source apportionment at airports, the morphology and composition of ultrafine particles (UFP) in aircraft engine exhaust were measured and characterized. For this purpose, two independent measurement techniques were employed to collect emissions during normal takeoff and landing operations at Brisbane Airport, Australia. PM1 emissions in the airfield were collected on filters and analyzed using the particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) technique. Morphological and compositional analyses of individual ultrafine particles in aircraft plumes were performed on silicon nitride membrane grids using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) combined with energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX). TEM results showed that the deposited particles were in the range of 5-100 nm in diameter, had semisolid spherical shapes and were dominant in the nucleation mode (18-20 nm). The EDX analysis showed the main elements in the nucleation particles were C, O, S, and Cl. The PIXE analysis of the airfield samples was generally in agreement with the EDX in detecting S, Cl, K, Fe, and Si in the particles. The results of this study provide important scientific information on the toxicity of aircraft exhaust and their impact on local air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Mazaheri
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
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Timko MT, Fortner E, Franklin J, Yu Z, Wong HW, Onasch TB, Miake-Lye RC, Herndon SC. Atmospheric measurements of the physical evolution of aircraft exhaust plumes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:3513-3520. [PMID: 23356965 DOI: 10.1021/es304349c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Drawing from a series of field measurement activities including the Alternative Aviation Fuels Experiments (AAFEX1 and AAFEX2), we present experimental measurements of particle number, size, and composition-resolved mass that describe the physical and chemical evolution of aircraft exhaust plumes on the time scale of 5 s to 2-3 min. As the plume ages, the particle number emission index initially increases by a factor of 10-50, due to gas-to-particle formation of a nucleation/growth mode, and then begins to fall with increased aging. Increasing the fuel sulfur content causes the initial increase to occur more rapidly. The contribution of the nucleation/growth mode to the overall particle number density is most pronounced at idle power and decreases with increasing engine power. Increasing fuel sulfur content, but not fuel aromatic content causes the nucleation/growth mode to dominate the particle number emissions at higher powers than for a fuel with "normal" sulfur and aromatic content. Particle size measurements indicate that the observed particle number emissions trends are due to continuing gas-to-particle conversion and coagulation growth of the nucleation/growth mode particles, processes which simultaneously increase particle mass and reduce particle number density. Measurements of nucleation/growth mode mass are consistent with the interpretation of particle number and size data and suggest that engine exit plane measurements may underestimate the total particle mass by as much as a factor of between 5 and 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Timko
- Aerodyne Research, Inc, 45 Manning Road, Billerica Massachusetts 01821, United States
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31
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Lai CH, Chuang KY, Chang JW. Characteristics of nano-/ultrafine particle-bound PAHs in ambient air at an international airport. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:1772-80. [PMID: 22821344 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of 22 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were estimated for individual particle-size distributions at the airport apron of the Taipei International Airport, Taiwan, on 48 days in July, September, October, and December of 2011. In total, 672 integrated air samples were collected using a micro-orifice uniform deposition impactor (MOUDI) and a nano-MOUDI. Particle-bound PAHs (P-PAHs) were analyzed by gas chromatography with mass selective detector (GC/MSD). The five most abundant species of P-PAHs on all sampling days were naphthalene (NaP), phenanthrene (PA), fluoranthene (FL), acenaphthene (AcP), and pyrene (Pyr). Total P-PAHs concentrations were 152.21, 184.83, and 188.94 ng/m(3) in summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. On average, the most abundant fractions of benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentration (BaPeq) in different molecular weights were high-weight PAHs (79.29 %), followed by medium-weight PAHs (11.57 %) and low-weight PAHs (9.14 %). The mean BaPeq concentrations were 1.25 and 0.94 (ng/m(3)) in ultrafine particles (<0.1 μm) and nano-particles (<0.032 μm), respectively. The percentages of total BaPeq in nano- and ultrafine particulate size ranges were 52.4 % and 70.15 %, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsiang Lai
- Department of Safety Health and Environmental Engineering, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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32
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Hsu HH, Adamkiewicz G, Houseman EA, Zarubiak D, Spengler JD, Levy JI. Contributions of aircraft arrivals and departures to ultrafine particle counts near Los Angeles International Airport. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 444:347-55. [PMID: 23280292 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While commercial aircraft are known sources of ultrafine particulate matter (UFP), the relationship between airport activity and local real-time UFP concentrations has not been quantified. Understanding these associations will facilitate interpretation of the exposure and health risk implications of UFP related to aviation emissions. OBJECTIVES We used time-resolved UFP data along with flight activity and meteorological information to determine the contributions of aircraft departures and arrivals to UFP concentrations. METHODS Aircraft flight activity and near-field continuous UFP concentrations (≧ 6 nm) were measured at five monitoring sites over a 42-day field campaign at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). We developed regression models of UFP concentrations as a function of time-lagged landing and take-off operations (LTO) activity, in the form of arrivals or departures weighted by engine-specific estimates of fuel consumption. RESULTS Our regression models demonstrate a strong association between departures and elevated total UFP concentrations at the end of the departure runway, with diminishing magnitude and time-lagged impacts with distance from the source. LTO activity contributed a median (95th, 99th percentile) UFP concentration of approximately 150,000 particles/cm(3) (2,000,000, 7,100,000) at a monitor at the end of the departure runway, versus 19,000 particles/cm(3) (80,000, 140,000), and 17,000 particles/cm(3) (50,000, 72,000) for monitors 250 m and 500 m further downwind, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated significant contributions from aircraft departure activities to UFP concentrations in close proximity to departure runways, with evidence of rapid plume evolution in the near field. Our methods can inform source attribution and interpretation of dispersion modeling outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Hsien Hsu
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Klapmeyer ME, Marr LC. CO2, NOx, and particle emissions from aircraft and support activities at a regional airport. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:10974-10981. [PMID: 22963581 DOI: 10.1021/es302346x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this research was to quantify emissions of carbon dioxide (CO(2)), nitrogen oxides (NO(x)), particle number, and black carbon (BC) from in-use aircraft and related activity at a regional airport. Pollutant concentrations were measured adjacent to the airfield and passenger terminal at the Roanoke Regional Airport in Virginia. Observed NO(x) emission indices (EIs) for jet-powered, commuter aircraft were generally lower than those contained in the International Civil Aviation Organization databank for both taxi (same as idle) and takeoff engine settings. NO(x) EIs ranged from 1.9 to 3.7 g (kg fuel)(-1) across five types of aircraft during taxiing, whereas EIs were consistently higher, 8.8-20.6 g (kg fuel)(-1), during takeoff. Particle number EIs ranged from 1.4 × 10(16) to 7.1 × 10(16) (kg fuel)(-1) and were slightly higher in taxi mode than in takeoff mode for four of the five types of aircraft. Diurnal patterns in CO(2) and NO(x) concentrations were influenced mainly by atmospheric conditions, while patterns in particle number concentrations were attributable mainly to patterns in aircraft activity. CO(2) and NO(x) fluxes measured by eddy covariance were higher at the terminal than at the airfield and were lower than found in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Klapmeyer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 418 Durham Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
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Shouse DT, Neuroth C, Hendricks RC, Lynch A, Frayne CW, Stutrud JS, Corporan E, Hankins CT. Alternate-Fueled Combustor-Sector Performance—Part A: Combustor Performance and Part B: Combustor Emissions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5402/2012/684981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alternate aviation fuels for military or commercial use are required to satisfy MIL-DTL-83133F or ASTM D 7566 standards, respectively, and are classified as “drop-in’’ fuel replacements. To satisfy legacy issues, blends to 50% alternate fuel with petroleum fuels are acceptable. Adherence to alternate fuels and fuel blends requires “smart fueling systems’’ or advanced fuel-flexible systems, including combustors and engines, without significant sacrifice in performance or emissions requirements. This paper provides preliminary performance and emissions and particulates combustor sector data. The data are for nominal inlet conditions at 225 psia and 800°F (1.551 MPa and 700 K), for synthetic-paraffinic-kerosene- (SPK-) type (Fisher-Tropsch (FT)) fuel and blends with JP-8+100 relative to JP-8+100 as baseline fueling. Assessments are made of the change in combustor efficiency, wall temperatures, emissions, and luminosity with SPK of 0%, 50%, and 100% fueling composition at 3% combustor pressure drop. The performance results (Part A) indicate no quantifiable differences in combustor efficiency, a general trend to lower liner and higher core flow temperatures with increased FT fuel blends. In general, emissions data (Part B) show little differences, but, with percent increase in FT-SPK-type fueling, particulate emissions and wall temperatures are less than with baseline JP-8. High-speed photography.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. T. Shouse
- Turbine Engine Division, Combustor Group, AFRL, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB), OH 45433, USA
| | - C. Neuroth
- Turbine Engine Division, Combustor Group, AFRL, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB), OH 45433, USA
| | - R. C. Hendricks
- Research and Technology Directorate, NASA Glenn Research Center, 21000 Brookpark Road, Cleveland, OH 44135, USA
| | - A. Lynch
- Turbine Engine Division, Combustor Group, AFRL, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB), OH 45433, USA
| | - C. W. Frayne
- Turbine Engine Division, Combustor Group, AFRL, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB), OH 45433, USA
| | - J. S. Stutrud
- Turbine Engine Division, Combustor Group, AFRL, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB), OH 45433, USA
| | - E. Corporan
- Turbine Engine Division, Combustor Group, AFRL, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB), OH 45433, USA
| | - Capt. T. Hankins
- Turbine Engine Division, Combustor Group, AFRL, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB), OH 45433, USA
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