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Echeveste P, Galbán-Malagón C, Dachs J, Agustí S. Airborne organic pollutants impact microbial communities in temperate and Antarctic seawaters. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 364:143085. [PMID: 39146985 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Airborne Organic Pollutants (AOPs) reach remote oceanic regions after long range atmospheric transport and deposition, incorporating into natural microbial communities. This study investigated the effects of AOPs on natural microbial communities of the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlantic Ocean and the Bellingshausen Sea, by assessing the impact of both non-polar and polar AOPs on cell abundances, chlorophyll a concentrations and cell viabilities of different microbial groups. Our results indicate that almost all groups, except flagellates in the Bellingshausen Sea, were significantly affected by AOPs. While no significant differences in chlorophyll a concentrations were observed between non-polar and polar AOPs, significant variations in cell abundances were noted. Cell death occurred at AOP concentrations as low as five times the oceanic field levels, likely due to their high chemical activity. Cyanobacteria in temperate waters exhibited the highest sensitivity to AOPs, whereas medium and larger diatoms in the Bellingshausen Sea were more affected than smaller diatoms or flagellates, contrary to the expected size-related sensitivity trend. Additionally, microorganisms in temperate waters were more sensitive to the polar fraction of AOPs compared to the non-polar fraction, which showed an inverse sensitivity pattern. This differential sensitivity is attributed to variations in the ratio of polar to non-polar AOPs in the respective environments. Our findings underscore the varying impacts of AOPs on marine microbial communities across different oceanic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Echeveste
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de las Islas Baleares. Palma, Spain.
| | - Cristóbal Galbán-Malagón
- Centro de Genómica Ecología y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Mayor. Santiago, Chile; Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, United States of America
| | - Jordi Dachs
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC. Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Agustí
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Ashok A, Agusti S. Contrasting sensitivity among oligotrophic marine microbial communities to priority PAHs. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136490. [PMID: 36210574 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Oligotrophic areas represent a large proportion of the oceans, wherein microbial food webs largely determine carbon flux dynamics and biogeochemical cycles. However, little is known regarding the sensitivity of microbial planktonic communities to pollutants in such areas. Organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH/s) are toxic oil derivatives that occur as complex mixtures and reach marine environments through different sources. Therefore, our study analyzed the PAH tolerance of natural photosynthetic and heterotrophic bacteria and eukaryotes from the oligotrophic Red Sea, which is uniquely susceptible to high oil contamination. Natural communities sampled from the surface layer were exposed to a concentration gradient of a mixture of 16 priority PAHs at in situ conditions for 48 h. The populations of the dominant picocyanobacteria Synechococcus sp., picophytoeukaryotes, and low nucleic acid (LNA) bacteria decreased upon exposure to PAHs in a strong dose-dependent manner. Chlorophyll-a, which was measured as an indicator of the total autotrophic community response, also decreased substantially. High nucleic acid (HNA) bacteria, however, exhibited lower growth inhibition (<50%). The lethal concentration (LC10) thresholds to the 16-PAH mixture demonstrated contrasting sensitivities among the microbial communities studied increasing from picoeukaryotes (5.98 ± 2.08 μg L-1) < chlorophyll-a (19.51 ± 8.11 μg L-1) < LNA bacteria (23.63 ± 10.64 μg L-1) < Synechococcus sp. (26.77 ± 13.34 μg L-1) < HNA bacteria (97.13 ± 17.28 μg L-1). The sensitivity of Red Sea Synechococcus and picophytoeukaryotes to the 16-PAH mixture was between 2 and 6.5 times higher compared to single PAH compounds tested previously. However, some populations of HNA bacteria and Synechococcus sp., were highly tolerant, suggesting an adaptation to chronic pollution. Concerningly, the LC10 toxicity thresholds approached the ambient PAH concentrations in the Red Sea, suggesting that environmental oil pollution actively shapes the microbial community structures in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Ashok
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Susana Agusti
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Transformation of oxytetracycline on MnO2@polyelectrolyte layers modified anode and toxicity assessment of its electrochemical oxidation intermediates. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2022.104382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Zheng M, Han H, Xu C, Zhang Z, Ma W. A novel study for joint toxicity of typical aromatic compounds in coal pyrolysis wastewater by Tetrahymena thermophile. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 210:111880. [PMID: 33421721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The coal pyrolysis wastewater (CPW) contributed to aquatic environment contamination with amount of aromatic pollutants, and the research on joint toxicity of the mixture of aromatic compounds was vital for environmental protection. By using Tetrahymena thermophile as non-target organism, the joint toxicity of typical nonpolar narcotics and polar narcotics in CPW was investigated. The results demonstrated that the nonpolar narcotics exerted chronic and reversible toxicity by hydrophobicity-based membrane perturbation, while polar narcotics performed acute toxicity by irreversible damage of cells. As the most hydrophobic nonpolar narcotics, indole and naphthalene caused the highest joint toxicity in 24 h with the lowest EC50mix (24.93 mg/L). For phenolic compounds, the combination of p-cresol and p-nitrophenol also showed the top toxicity (EC50mix = 10.9 mg/L) with relation to high hydrophobicity, and the joint toxicity was obviously stronger and more acute than that of nonpolar narcotics. Furthermore, by studying the joint toxicity of nonpolar narcotics and polar narcotics, the hydrophobicity-based membrane perturbation was the first step of toxicity effects, and afterwards the acute toxicity induced by electrophilic polar substituents of phenols dominated joint toxicity afterwards. This toxicity investigation was critical for understanding universal and specific effects of CPW to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Zheng
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hongjun Han
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Chunyan Xu
- Harbin Gongchuang Environmental Protection Technology Company, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China
| | - Zhengwen Zhang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wencheng Ma
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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5
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Özel Duygan BD, Hadadi N, Babu AF, Seyfried M, van der Meer JR. Rapid detection of microbiota cell type diversity using machine-learned classification of flow cytometry data. Commun Biol 2020; 3:379. [PMID: 32669688 PMCID: PMC7363847 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1106-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of complex microbial communities typically entails high-throughput sequencing and downstream bioinformatics analyses. Here we expand and accelerate microbiota analysis by enabling cell type diversity quantification from multidimensional flow cytometry data using a supervised machine learning algorithm of standard cell type recognition (CellCognize). As a proof-of-concept, we trained neural networks with 32 microbial cell and bead standards. The resulting classifiers were extensively validated in silico on known microbiota, showing on average 80% prediction accuracy. Furthermore, the classifiers could detect shifts in microbial communities of unknown composition upon chemical amendment, comparable to results from 16S-rRNA-amplicon analysis. CellCognize was also able to quantify population growth and estimate total community biomass productivity, providing estimates similar to those from 14C-substrate incorporation. CellCognize complements current sequencing-based methods by enabling rapid routine cell diversity analysis. The pipeline is suitable to optimize cell recognition for recurring microbiota types, such as in human health or engineered systems. Duygan et al. develop a supervised machine learning algorithm, CellCognize, to quantify cell type diversity from multidimensional flow cytometry data. Their model achieves 80% prediction accuracy, detects shifts in microbial communities of unknown composition and quantifies population growth and biomass productivity. Their work will be useful to study microbiota in human health or engineered systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birge D Özel Duygan
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Noushin Hadadi
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ambrin Farizah Babu
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Jan R van der Meer
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Liu CB, Qu GB, Cao MX, Liang Y, Hu LG, Shi JB, Cai Y, Jiang GB. Distinct toxicological characteristics and mechanisms of Hg 2+ and MeHg in Tetrahymena under low concentration exposure. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 193:152-159. [PMID: 29096088 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic divalent mercury complexes (Hg2+) and monomethylmercury complexes (MeHg) are the main mercury species in aquatic systems and their toxicity to aquatic organisms is of great concern. Tetrahymena is a type of unicellular eukaryotic protozoa located at the bottom of food chain that plays a fundamental role in the biomagnification of mercury. In this work, the dynamic accumulation properties, toxicological characteristics and mechanisms of Hg2+ and MeHg in five Tetrahymena species were evaluated in detail. The results showed that both Hg2+ and MeHg were ingested and exhibited inhibitory effects on the proliferation or survival of Tetrahymena species. However, the ingestion rate of MeHg was significantly higher than that of Hg2+. The mechanisms responsible for the toxicity of MeHg and Hg2+ were different, although both chemicals altered mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). MeHg disrupted the integrity of membranes while Hg2+ had detrimental effects on Tetrahymena as a result of the increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, the five Tetrahymena species showed different capacities in accumulating Hg2+ and MeHg, with T. corlissi exhibiting the highest accumulations. The study also found significant growth-promoting effect on T. corlissi under low concentration exposure (0.003 and 0.01μg Hg/mL (15 and 50nM)), suggesting different effect and mechanism that should be more closely examined when assessing the bioaccumulation and toxicity of mercury in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guang-Bo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meng-Xi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Li-Gang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jian-Bo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Yong Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Gui-Bin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Huai W, Deng Z, Lin W, Chen Q. Enhanced killing of Escherichia coli using a combination of polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride and 1-bromo-3-chloro-5,5- dimethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2017; 364:4329275. [PMID: 29029044 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The bactericidal activities of polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride (PHMB), 1-bromo-3-chloro-5,5-dimethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione (BCDMH) and the combination of the two (designated as PB) were compared using Escherichia coli as the test organism. PB exhibited strong bactericidal activity: 10 mg/L PHMB combined with 8 mg/L BCDMH resulted in approximately 5.74 log10 reduction (LR), whereas 320 mg/L PHMB or 20 mg/L BCDMH was about 5.53 and 6.56 LR, respectively. Analyses using scanning electron microscopy, flow cytometry and atomic absorption spectroscopy indicated that PB, PHMB and BCDMH disrupted cell membranes and changed membrane structure and permeability, resulting in the leakage of intracellular soluble proteins and ions. PB exerted stronger effects on potassium and magnesium leakage, membrane potential and permeability than BCDMH did. PB caused less protein leakage than PHMB did. These results suggest that at a relatively low concentration, PB exhibited good bactericidal activity and physiological effect on E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Huai
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, No. 333, Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Zhirui Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, No. 333, Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Wenshu Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, No. 333, Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Qin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, No. 333, Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, PR China
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8
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Echeveste P, Silva JC, Lombardi AT. Cu and Cd affect distinctly the physiology of a cosmopolitan tropical freshwater phytoplankton. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 143:228-235. [PMID: 28551580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Copper and Cd are natural constituents of freshwater ecosystems, both cycling influenced by microbial communities. The present research examined the impacts of environmentally relevant concentrations of Cu and Cd on the growth, viability, cell size, chlorophyll a (Chl a) content and photochemical efficiency of the tropical freshwater phytoplankton Chlorolobion braunii. Cell growth was significantly impaired by Cu and Cd, with EC50 occurring at 33.6 and 1.6µM, respectively. At sublethal levels (< EC50), cell death was already induced at 5µM Cu and 1µMCd. Average cell volume significantly increased as metal concentrations increased, as did the Chl a content per cell, although the Chl a content per unit volume decreased. Copper did not affect both the photosystem II (PSII) maximum quantum yield (ΦM) or the operational quantum yield (ΦE), while Cd significantly impacted ΦE, with EC50 occurring at 18.4µM. Different responses for Cu and Cd were obtained whether the photochemical fluorescence quenching (Qp) or non-photochemical quenching (Qn) were considered. Qp decreased after Cd addition, but was not altered after Cu addition. Qn values significantly increased after the addition of either metal. Non-photochemical quenching due to heat dissipation (NPQ) significantly increased in response to both metals, but it was more pronounced in the case of Cd. Overall, Cd was more toxic to C. braunii than Cu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Echeveste
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luis km 235, São Carlos, SP CEP 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Jaqueline C Silva
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luis km 235, São Carlos, SP CEP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Ana T Lombardi
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luis km 235, São Carlos, SP CEP 13560-970, Brazil
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9
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Cerezo MI, Linden M, Agustí S. Flow cytometry detection of planktonic cells with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons sorbed to cell surfaces. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 118:64-70. [PMID: 28222861 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are very important components of oil pollution. These pollutants tend to sorb to cell surfaces, exerting toxic effects on organisms. Our study developed a flow cytometric method for the detection of PAHs sorbed to phytoplankton by exploiting their spectral characteristics. We discriminated between cells with PAHs from cells free of PAHs. Clear discrimination was observed with flow cytometer provided with 375 or 405nm lasers in addition to the standard 488nm laser necessary to identify phytoplankton. Using this method, we measured the relationship between the percentages of phytoplankton organisms with PAHs, with the decrease in the growth rate. Moreover, the development of this method could be extended to facilitate the study of PAHs impact on cell cultures from a large variety of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Cerezo
- Department of Global Change Research, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, Miquel Marqués 21, 07190 Esporles, Spain.
| | - Matthew Linden
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis (CMCA), The University of Western Australia, Mail Bag 510, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, WA, Australia.
| | - Susana Agustí
- Department of Global Change Research, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, Miquel Marqués 21, 07190 Esporles, Spain; Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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10
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Echeveste P, Galbán-Malagón C, Dachs J, Berrojalbiz N, Agustí S. Toxicity of natural mixtures of organic pollutants in temperate and polar marine phytoplankton. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 571:34-41. [PMID: 27470667 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Semivolatile and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) undergo atmospheric transport before being deposited to the oceans, where they partition to phytoplankton organic matter. The goal of this study was to determine the toxicity of naturally occurring complex mixtures of organic pollutants to temperate and polar phytoplankton communities from the Mediterranean Sea, the North East (NE) Atlantic, and Southern Oceans. The cell abundance of the different phytoplankton groups, chlorophyll a concentrations, viability of the cells, and growth and decay constants were monitored in response to addition of a range of concentrations of mixtures of organic pollutants obtained from seawater extracts. Almost all of the phytoplankton groups were significantly affected by the complex mixtures of non-polar and polar organic pollutants, with toxicity being greater for these mixtures than for single POPs or simple POP mixtures. Cocktails' toxicity arose at concentrations as low as tenfold the field oceanic levels, probably due to a higher chemical activity of the mixture than of simple POPs mixtures. Overall, smaller cells were the most affected, although Mediterranean picophytoplankton was significantly more tolerant to non-polar POPs than picophytoplankton from the Atlantic Ocean or the Bellingshausen Sea microphytoplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Echeveste
- Department of Global Change Research, Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.
| | - Cristóbal Galbán-Malagón
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Universidad Nacional Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Jordi Dachs
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Naiara Berrojalbiz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain; Norges Geotekniske Institutt, Oslo, Norway
| | - Susana Agustí
- Department of Global Change Research, Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Wen G, Kötzsch S, Vital M, Egli T, Ma J. BioMig--A Method to Evaluate the Potential Release of Compounds from and the Formation of Biofilms on Polymeric Materials in Contact with Drinking Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:11659-69. [PMID: 26338053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In contact with water, polymeric materials (plastics) release compounds that can support suspended microbial growth and/or biofilm formation. The different methods presently used in the European Union to test plastics take 7-16 weeks to obtain a result. In industry, this delays material and product development as well as quality testing. Therefore, we developed a method package (BioMig) that allows testing of plastic materials with high reproducibility in 2 weeks for their potential biofilm (or biomass) formation and release of carbonaceous migration products when in contact with water. BioMig consists of (i) an extended migration potential test (seven times for 24 h at 60 °C), based on the European norm EN 12873-1 and the German UBA (Umweltbundesamt) guideline, and (ii) a biomass formation potential (BFP) test (14 days at 30 °C), which is a modified version of the Dutch biofilm production potential test. In the migration potential test, the amount of carbon released into water by the specimen is quantified by monitoring total and assimilable organic carbon over time; furthermore, the modular design of the test also allows one to assess additional parameters such as pathogen growth potential on the migration water or toxic effects on microbial growth. Flow cytometry (FCM)-based total cell counting (TCC) is used to quantify microbial growth in suspension and on surfaces after removal with mild sonication without affecting cell integrity. The BFP test allows one to determine both the planktonic (pBFP) and the sessile (sBFP) cell fractions. The sBFP consists of surface-attached cells after removal (>90% efficiency). Results for four standard test materials (PE-Xa, PE-Xc, EPDM 2%, and EPDM 20%), plus positive (PVC-P) and negative (glass) controls are presented. FCM-based TCC demonstrates that the release of growth-supporting carbon and proliferation of surface-attached cells stops increasing and stabilizes after 14 days of incubation; this allows for faster assessment of growth-supporting properties of plastics with BioMig compared to established tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wen
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology , Department of Environmental Microbiology, P.O. Box 611, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Stefan Kötzsch
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology , Department of Environmental Microbiology, P.O. Box 611, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Marius Vital
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology , Department of Environmental Microbiology, P.O. Box 611, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute for Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics , Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETH), CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Egli
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology , Department of Environmental Microbiology, P.O. Box 611, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute for Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics , Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETH), CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, People's Republic of China
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12
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Echeveste P, Tovar-Sánchez A, Agustí S. Tolerance of polar phytoplankton communities to metals. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 185:188-195. [PMID: 24286693 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of pollutants reach polar regions, particularly the Arctic, impacting their communities. In this study we analyzed the toxic levels of Hg, Cd and Pb to natural phytoplankton communities of the Arctic and Southern Oceans, and compared their sensitivities with those observed on phytoplankton natural communities from temperate areas. Mercury was the most toxic metal for both Arctic and Antarctic communities, while both Cd and Pb were toxic only for the Antarctic phytoplankton. Total cell abundance of the populations forming the Arctic community increased under high Cd and Pb concentrations, probably due to a decrease of the grazing pressure or the increase of the most resistant species, although analysis of individual cells indicated that cell death was already induced at the highest levels. These results suggest that phytoplankton may have acquired adapting mechanisms to face high levels of Pb and Cd in the Arctic Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Echeveste
- Department of Global Change Research, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Miquel Marqués 21, 07190, Esporles, Illes Balears, Spain; Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis km 235, São Carlos, SP CEP 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - A Tovar-Sánchez
- Department of Global Change Research, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Miquel Marqués 21, 07190, Esporles, Illes Balears, Spain; ICMAN-Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (CSIC), Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - S Agustí
- Department of Global Change Research, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Miquel Marqués 21, 07190, Esporles, Illes Balears, Spain; The UWA Oceans Institute and School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009, Australia
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13
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Pomati F, Nizzetto L. Assessing triclosan-induced ecological and trans-generational effects in natural phytoplankton communities: a trait-based field method. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2013; 22:779-94. [PMID: 23564369 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-013-1068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We exposed replicated phytoplankton communities confined in semi-permeable membrane-based mesocosms to 0, 0.1, 1 and 10 μg L(-1) triclosan (TCS) and placed them back in their original environment to investigate the occurrence of trans-generational responses at individual, population and community levels. TCS diffused out of mesocosms with a half-life of less than 8 h, so that only the parental generation was directly stressed. At the beginning of the experiment and after 7 days (approximately 2 generations) we analysed responses in the phytoplankton using scanning flow-cytometry. We acquired information on several individually expressed phenotypic traits, such as size, biovolume, pigment fluorescence and packaging, for thousands of individuals per replicated population and derived population and community aggregated traits. We found significant changes in community functioning (increased productivity in terms of biovolume and total fluorescence), with maximal effects at 1 μg L(-1) TCS. We detected significant and dose-dependent responses on population traits, such as changes in abundance for several populations, increased average size and fluorescence of cells, and strong changes in within-population trait mean and variance (suggesting micro-evolutionary effects). We applied the Price equation approach to partition community effects (changes in biovolume or fluorescence) in their physiological and ecological components, and quantified the residual component (including also evolutionary responses). Our results suggested that evolutionary or inheritable phenotypic plasticity responses may represent a significant component of the total observed change following exposure and over relatively small temporal scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pomati
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG), Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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Czechowska K, Sentchilo V, Beggah S, Rey S, Seyfried M, van der Meer JR. Examining chemical compound biodegradation at low concentrations through bacterial cell proliferation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:1913-1921. [PMID: 23339277 DOI: 10.1021/es303592c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We show proof of principle for assessing compound biodegradation at 1-2 mg C per L by measuring microbial community growth over time with direct cell counting by flow cytometry. The concept is based on the assumption that the microbial community will increase in cell number through incorporation of carbon from the added test compound into new cells in the absence of (as much as possible) other assimilable carbon. We show on pure cultures of the bacterium Pseudomonas azelaica that specific population growth can be measured with as low as 0.1 mg 2-hydroxybiphenyl per L, whereas in mixed community 1 mg 2-hydroxybiphenyl per L still supported growth. Growth was also detected with a set of fragrance compounds dosed at 1-2 mg C per L into diluted activated sludge and freshwater lake communities at starting densities of 10(4) cells per ml. Yield approximations from the observed community growth was to some extent in agreement with standard OECD biodegradation test results for all, except one of the examined compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Czechowska
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Bâtiment Biophore, Quartier UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Wu Y, Zeng Y, Qu JY, Wang WX. Mercury effects on Thalassiosira weissflogii: applications of two-photon excitation chlorophyll fluorescence lifetime imaging and flow cytometry. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 110-111:133-140. [PMID: 22293220 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The toxic effects of inorganic mercury [Hg(II)] and methylmercury (MeHg) on the photosynthesis and population growth in a marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii were investigated using two methods: two-photon excitation fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) and flow cytometry (FCM). For photosynthesis, Hg(II) exposure increased the average chlorophyll fluorescence lifetime, whereas such increment was not found under MeHg stress. This may be caused by the inhibitory effect of Hg(II) instead of MeHg on the electron transport chain. For population growth, modeled specific growth rate data showed that the reduction in population growth by Hg(II) mainly resulted from an increased number of injured cells, while the live cells divided at the normal rates. However, MeHg inhibitory effects on population growth were contributed by the reduced division rates of all cells. Furthermore, the cell images and the FCM data reflected the morphological changes of diatom cells under Hg(II)/MeHg exposure vividly and quantitatively. Our results demonstrated that the toxigenicity mechanisms between Hg(II) and MeHg were different in the algal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wu
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China
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Czechowska K, van der Meer JR. Reversible and irreversible pollutant-induced bacterial cellular stress effects measured by ethidium bromide uptake and efflux. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:1201-1208. [PMID: 22175440 DOI: 10.1021/es203352y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chemical pollution is known to affect microbial community composition but it is poorly understood how toxic compounds influence physiology of single cells that may lay at the basis of loss of reproductive fitness. Here we analyze physiological disturbances of a variety of chemical pollutants at single cell level using the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens in an oligotrophic growth assay. As a proxy for physiological disturbance we measured changes in geometric mean ethidium bromide (EB) fluorescence intensities in subpopulations of live and dividing cells exposed or not exposed to different dosages of tetradecane, 4-chlorophenol, 2-chlorobiphenyl, naphthalene, benzene, mercury chloride, or water-dissolved oil fractions. Because ethidium bromide efflux is an energy-dependent process any disturbance in cellular energy generation is visible as an increased cytoplasmic fluorescence. Interestingly, all pollutants even at the lowest dosage of 1 nmol/mL culture produced significantly increased ethidium bromide fluorescence compared to nonexposed controls. Ethidium bromide fluorescence intensities increased upon pollutant exposure dosage up to a saturation level, and were weakly (r(2) = 0.3905) inversely correlated to the proportion of live cells at that time point in culture. Temporal increase in EB fluorescence of growing cells is indicative for toxic but reversible effects. Cells displaying high continued EB fluorescence levels experience constant and permanent damage, and no longer contribute to population growth. The procedure developed here using bacterial ethidium bromide efflux pump activity may be a useful complement to screen sublethal toxicity effects of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Czechowska
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Bâtiment Biophore, Quartier UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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