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Veselý L, Štůsek R, Mikula O, Yang X, Heger D. Freezing-induced acidification of sea ice brine. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174194. [PMID: 38925394 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The acidity of sea ice and snow plays a key role in the chemistry of the cryosphere; an important example lies in the photochemical catalytic release of reactive bromine in polar regions, facilitated at pHs below 6.5. We apply in-situ acid-base indicators to probe the microscopic acidity of the brine within the ice matrix in artificial sea water at a range of concentrations (0.35-70 PPT) and initial pHs (6-9). The results are supported by analogous measurements of the most abundant salts in seawater: NaCl, Na2SO4, and CaCO3. In the research herein, the acidity is expressed in terms of the Hammett acidity function, H2-. The obtained results show a pronounced acidity increase in sea water after freezing at -15 °C and during the subsequent cooling down to -50 °C. Importantly, we did not observe any significant hysteresis; the values of acidity upon warming markedly resembled those at the corresponding temperatures at cooling. The acidity increase is attributed to the minerals' crystallization, which is accompanied by a loss of the buffering capacity. Our observations show that lower salinity sea water samples (≤ 3.5 PPT) reach pH values below 6.5 at the temperature of -15 °C, whereas higher salinity ices attain such values only at -30 °C. The ensuing implications for polar chemistry and the relevance to the field measurements are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Veselý
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Štůsek
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Mikula
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
| | - Xin Yang
- British Antarctic Survey, UK Research Innovation, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dominik Heger
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Czech Republic.
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Eckhardt S, Pisso I, Evangeliou N, Zwaaftink CG, Plach A, McConnell JR, Sigl M, Ruppel M, Zdanowicz C, Lim S, Chellman N, Opel T, Meyer H, Steffensen JP, Schwikowski M, Stohl A. Revised historical Northern Hemisphere black carbon emissions based on inverse modeling of ice core records. Nat Commun 2023; 14:271. [PMID: 36650124 PMCID: PMC9845213 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35660-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Black carbon emitted by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass has a net warming effect in the atmosphere and reduces the albedo when deposited on ice and snow; accurate knowledge of past emissions is essential to quantify and model associated global climate forcing. Although bottom-up inventories provide historical Black Carbon emission estimates that are widely used in Earth System Models, they are poorly constrained by observations prior to the late 20th century. Here we use an objective inversion technique based on detailed atmospheric transport and deposition modeling to reconstruct 1850 to 2000 emissions from thirteen Northern Hemisphere ice-core records. We find substantial discrepancies between reconstructed Black Carbon emissions and existing bottom-up inventories which do not fully capture the complex spatial-temporal emission patterns. Our findings imply changes to existing historical Black Carbon radiative forcing estimates are necessary, with potential implications for observation-constrained climate sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Eckhardt
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway.
| | - Ignacio Pisso
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
| | | | | | - Andreas Plach
- Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joseph R McConnell
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, 89512, USA
| | - Michael Sigl
- Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Meri Ruppel
- Atmospheric Composition Unit, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland.,Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Saehee Lim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Nathan Chellman
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, 89512, USA
| | - Thomas Opel
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hanno Meyer
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | | | - Andreas Stohl
- Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Burgay F, Barbaro E, Cappelletti D, Turetta C, Gallet JC, Isaksson E, Stenni B, Dreossi G, Scoto F, Barbante C, Spolaor A. First discrete iron(II) records from Dome C (Antarctica) and the Holtedahlfonna glacier (Svalbard). CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 267:129335. [PMID: 33352366 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fe(II) is more soluble and bioavailable than Fe(III) species, therefore the investigation of their relative abundance and redox processes is relevant to better assess the supply of bioavailable iron to the ocean and its impact on marine productivity. In this context, we present a discrete chemiluminescence-based method for the determination of Fe(II) in firn matrices. The method was applied on discrete samples from a snow pit collected at Dome C (DC, Antarctica) and on a shallow firn core from the Holtedahlfonna glacier (HDF, Svalbard), providing the first Fe(II) record from both Antarctica and Svalbard. The method showed low detection limits (0.006 ng g-1 for DC and 0.003 ng g-1 for the HDF) and a precision ranging from 3% to 20% RSD. Fe(II) concentrations ranged between the LoD and 0.077 ng g-1 and between the LoD and 0.300 ng g-1 for the Antarctic and Arctic samples, respectively. The Fe(II) contribution with respect to the total dissolved Fe was comparable in both sites accounting, on average, for 5% and 3%, respectively. We found that Fe(II) correctly identified the Pinatubo/Cerro Hudson eruption in the DC record, demonstrating its reliability as volcanic tracer, while, on the HDF core, we provided the first preliminary insight on the processes that might influence Fe speciation in firn matrices (i.e. organic ligands and pH influences).
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Affiliation(s)
- François Burgay
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino, 155, Venice, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council, Campus Scientifico, Via Torino, 155, Venice, Italy.
| | - Elena Barbaro
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council, Campus Scientifico, Via Torino, 155, Venice, Italy; Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino, 155, Venice, Italy
| | - David Cappelletti
- Università degli Studi di Perugia, Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia, Italy
| | - Clara Turetta
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council, Campus Scientifico, Via Torino, 155, Venice, Italy
| | | | | | - Barbara Stenni
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino, 155, Venice, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council, Campus Scientifico, Via Torino, 155, Venice, Italy
| | - Giuliano Dreossi
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council, Campus Scientifico, Via Torino, 155, Venice, Italy
| | - Federico Scoto
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council, Lecce, Italy
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino, 155, Venice, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council, Campus Scientifico, Via Torino, 155, Venice, Italy
| | - Andrea Spolaor
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council, Campus Scientifico, Via Torino, 155, Venice, Italy; Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino, 155, Venice, Italy
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Kjær HA, Vallelonga P, Svensson A, Elleskov L Kristensen M, Tibuleac C, Winstrup M, Kipfstuhl S. An Optical Dye Method for Continuous Determination of Acidity in Ice Cores. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:10485-10493. [PMID: 27580680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The pH of polar ice is important for the stability and mobility of impurities in ice cores and can be strongly influenced by volcanic eruptions or anthropogenic emissions. We present a simple optical method for continuous determination of acidity in ice cores based on spectroscopically determined color changes of two common pH-indicator dyes, bromophenol blue, and chlorophenol red. The sealed-system method described here is not equilibrated with CO2, making it simpler than existing methods for pH determination in ice cores and offering a 10-90% peak response time of 45 s and a combined uncertainty of 9%. The method is applied to Holocene ice core sections from Greenland and Antarctica and compared to standard techniques such as electrical conductivity measurement (ECM) conducted on the solid ice, and electrolytic meltwater conductivity, EMWC. Acidity measured in the Greenland NGRIP ice core shows good agreement with acidity calculated from ion chromatography. Conductivity and dye-based acidity Hdye+ are found to be highly correlated in the Greenland NEGIS firn core (75.38° N, 35.56° W), with all signals greater than 3σ variability coinciding with either volcanic eruptions or possible wild fire activity. In contrast, the Antarctic Roosevelt Island ice core (79.36° S, 161.71° W) features an anticorrelation between conductivity and Hdye+, likely due to strong influence of marine salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle Astrid Kjær
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul Vallelonga
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Svensson
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Catalin Tibuleac
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mai Winstrup
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Arienzo MM, McConnell JR, Chellman N, Criscitiello AS, Curran M, Fritzsche D, Kipfstuhl S, Mulvaney R, Nolan M, Opel T, Sigl M, Steffensen JP. A Method for Continuous (239)Pu Determinations in Arctic and Antarctic Ice Cores. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7066-7073. [PMID: 27244483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric nuclear weapons testing (NWT) resulted in the injection of plutonium (Pu) into the atmosphere and subsequent global deposition. We present a new method for continuous semiquantitative measurement of (239)Pu in ice cores, which was used to develop annual records of fallout from NWT in ten ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica. The (239)Pu was measured directly using an inductively coupled plasma-sector field mass spectrometer, thereby reducing analysis time and increasing depth-resolution with respect to previous methods. To validate this method, we compared our one year averaged results to published (239)Pu records and other records of NWT. The (239)Pu profiles from the Arctic ice cores reflected global trends in NWT and were in agreement with discrete Pu profiles from lower latitude ice cores. The (239)Pu measurements in the Antarctic ice cores tracked low latitude NWT, consistent with previously published discrete records from Antarctica. Advantages of the continuous (239)Pu measurement method are (1) reduced sample preparation and analysis time; (2) no requirement for additional ice samples for NWT fallout determinations; (3) measurements are exactly coregistered with all other chemical, elemental, isotopic, and gas measurements from the continuous analytical system; and (4) the long half-life means the (239)Pu record is stable through time.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Arienzo
- Desert Research Institute , 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, Nevada 89512, United States
| | - J R McConnell
- Desert Research Institute , 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, Nevada 89512, United States
| | - N Chellman
- Desert Research Institute , 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, Nevada 89512, United States
| | - A S Criscitiello
- University of Calgary , 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - M Curran
- Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston Tasmania 7050, Australia
- Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania , Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - D Fritzsche
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Potsdam/Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - S Kipfstuhl
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Potsdam/Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - R Mulvaney
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, United Kingdom
| | - M Nolan
- University of Alaska Fairbanks , 505 N Chandalar Dr, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, United States
| | - T Opel
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Potsdam/Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - M Sigl
- Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - J P Steffensen
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
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Onset of deglacial warming in West Antarctica driven by local orbital forcing. Nature 2013; 500:440-4. [PMID: 23945585 DOI: 10.1038/nature12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The cause of warming in the Southern Hemisphere during the most recent deglaciation remains a matter of debate. Hypotheses for a Northern Hemisphere trigger, through oceanic redistributions of heat, are based in part on the abrupt onset of warming seen in East Antarctic ice cores and dated to 18,000 years ago, which is several thousand years after high-latitude Northern Hemisphere summer insolation intensity began increasing from its minimum, approximately 24,000 years ago. An alternative explanation is that local solar insolation changes cause the Southern Hemisphere to warm independently. Here we present results from a new, annually resolved ice-core record from West Antarctica that reconciles these two views. The records show that 18,000 years ago snow accumulation in West Antarctica began increasing, coincident with increasing carbon dioxide concentrations, warming in East Antarctica and cooling in the Northern Hemisphere associated with an abrupt decrease in Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. However, significant warming in West Antarctica began at least 2,000 years earlier. Circum-Antarctic sea-ice decline, driven by increasing local insolation, is the likely cause of this warming. The marine-influenced West Antarctic records suggest a more active role for the Southern Ocean in the onset of deglaciation than is inferred from ice cores in the East Antarctic interior, which are largely isolated from sea-ice changes.
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Maselli OJ, Fritzsche D, Layman L, McConnell JR, Meyer H. Comparison of water isotope-ratio determinations using two cavity ring-down instruments and classical mass spectrometry in continuous ice-core analysis. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2013; 49:387-398. [PMID: 23713832 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2013.781598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a detailed comparison between subsequent versions of commercially available wavelength-scanned cavity ring-down water isotope analysers (L2120-i and L2130-i, Picarro Inc.). The analysers are used in parallel in a continuous mode by adaption of a low-volume flash evaporation module. Application of the analysers to ice-core analysis is assessed by comparison between continuous water isotope measurements of a glacial ice-core from Severnaya Zemlya with discrete isotope-ratio mass spectrometry measurements performed on parallel samples from the same ice-core. The great advances between instrument versions, particularly in the measurement of δ(2)H, allow the continuous technique to achieve the same high level of accuracy and precision obtained using traditional isotope spectrometry techniques in a fraction of the experiment time. However, when applied to continuous ice-core measurements, increased integration times result in a compromise of the achievable depth resolution of the ice-core records.
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