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Berry G, Parsons A, Morgan M, Rickert J, Cho H. A review of methods to reduce the probability of the airborne spread of COVID-19 in ventilation systems and enclosed spaces. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 203:111765. [PMID: 34331921 PMCID: PMC8317458 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 forced the human population to rethink its way of living. The threat posed by the potential spread of the virus via an airborne transmission mode through ventilation systems in buildings and enclosed spaces has been recognized as a major concern. To mitigate this threat, researchers have explored different technologies and methods that can remove or decrease the concentration of the virus in ventilation systems and enclosed spaces. Although many technologies and methods have already been researched, some are currently available on the market, but their effectiveness and safety concerns have not been fully investigated. To acquire a broader view and collective perspective of the current research and development status, this paper discusses a comprehensive review of various workable technologies and methods to combat airborne viruses, e.g., COVID-19, in ventilation systems and enclosed spaces. These technologies and methods include an increase in ventilation, high-efficiency air filtration, ionization of the air, environmental condition control, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation, non-thermal plasma and reactive oxygen species, filter coatings, chemical disinfectants, and heat inactivation. Research gaps have been identified and discussed, and recommendations for applying such technologies and methods have also been provided in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gentry Berry
- Institute for Clean Energy Technology, Mississippi State University, 205 Research Blvd, Starkville, MS, 39759, USA
| | - Adam Parsons
- Institute for Clean Energy Technology, Mississippi State University, 205 Research Blvd, Starkville, MS, 39759, USA
| | - Matthew Morgan
- Institute for Clean Energy Technology, Mississippi State University, 205 Research Blvd, Starkville, MS, 39759, USA
| | - Jaime Rickert
- Institute for Clean Energy Technology, Mississippi State University, 205 Research Blvd, Starkville, MS, 39759, USA
| | - Heejin Cho
- Institute for Clean Energy Technology, Mississippi State University, 205 Research Blvd, Starkville, MS, 39759, USA.
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2
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Camilleri E, Korza G, Huesca‐Espita L, Setlow B, Stamatis D, Setlow P. Mechanisms of killing of
Bacillus thuringiensis
Al Hakam spores in a blast environment with and without iodic acid. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 128:1378-1389. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Camilleri
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics UConn Health Farmington CT USA
| | - G. Korza
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics UConn Health Farmington CT USA
| | - L.d.C. Huesca‐Espita
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics UConn Health Farmington CT USA
- Departamento de Ingenieria Quimica Alimentos y Ambiental Universidad de las Americas Puebla Mexico
| | - B. Setlow
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics UConn Health Farmington CT USA
| | - D. Stamatis
- Indian Head EODTD Naval Surface Warfare Center Indian Head MD USA
| | - P. Setlow
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics UConn Health Farmington CT USA
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3
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Wood JP, Adrion AC. Review of Decontamination Techniques for the Inactivation of Bacillus anthracis and Other Spore-Forming Bacteria Associated with Building or Outdoor Materials. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:4045-4062. [PMID: 30901213 PMCID: PMC6547374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the intentional release of Bacillus anthracis spores through the U.S. Postal Service in the fall of 2001, research and development related to decontamination for this biological agent have increased substantially. This review synthesizes the advances made relative to B. anthracis spore decontamination science and technology since approximately 2002, referencing the open scientific literature and publicly available, well-documented scientific reports. In the process of conducting this review, scientific knowledge gaps have also been identified. This review focuses primarily on techniques that are commercially available and that could potentially be used in the large-scale decontamination of buildings and other structures, as well as outdoor environments. Since 2002, the body of scientific data related to decontamination and microbial sterilization has grown substantially, especially in terms of quantifying decontamination efficacy as a function of several factors. Specifically, progress has been made in understanding how decontaminant chemistry, the materials the microorganisms are associated with, environmental factors, and microbiological methods quantitatively impact spore inactivation. While advancement has been made in the past 15 years to further the state of the science in the inactivation of bacterial spores in a decontamination scenario, further research is warranted to close the scientific gaps that remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Wood
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Offce of Research and Development, National Homeland Security Research Center, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina United States
- Corresponding Author: Phone: (919) 541-5029;
| | - Alden Charles Adrion
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Offce of Research and Development, National Homeland Security Research Center, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Postdoctoral Fellow, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
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4
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Wang S, Liu X, Schoenitz M, Dreizin EL. Nanocomposite Thermites with Calcium Iodate Oxidizer. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201600213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Song Wang
- New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | - Xinhang Liu
- New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ 07102 USA
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5
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Li Q, Korza G, Setlow P. Killing the spores of
Bacillus
species by molecular iodine. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 122:54-64. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Q. Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics UConn Health Farmington CT USA
| | - G. Korza
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics UConn Health Farmington CT USA
| | - P. Setlow
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics UConn Health Farmington CT USA
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6
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Adhikari A, Yermakov M, Indugula R, Reponen T, Driks A, Grinshpun SA. Culturability of Bacillus spores on aerosol collection filters exposed to airborne combustion products of Al, Mg, and B·Ti. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 147:212-7. [PMID: 26914458 PMCID: PMC6705131 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Destruction of bioweapon facilities due to explosion or fire could aerosolize highly pathogenic microorganisms. The post-event air quality assessment is conducted through air sampling. A bioaerosol sample (often collected on a filter for further culture-based analysis) also contains combustion products, which may influence the microbial culturability and, thus, impact the outcome. We have examined the interaction between spores deposited on collection filters using two simulants of Bacillus anthracis [B. thuringiensis (Bt) and B. atrophaeus (referred to as BG)] and incoming combustion products of Al as well as Mg and B·Ti (common ingredient of metalized explosives). Spores extracted from Teflon, polycarbonate, mixed cellulose ester (MCE), and gelatin filters (most common filter media for bioaerosol sampling), which were exposed to combustion products during a short-term sampling, were analyzed by cultivation. Surprisingly, we observed that aluminum combustion products enhanced the culturability of Bt (but not BG) spores on Teflon filters increasing the culturable count by more than an order of magnitude. Testing polycarbonate and MCE filter materials also revealed a moderate increase of culturability although gelatin did not. No effect was observed with either of the two species interacting on either filter media with products originated by combustion of Mg and B·Ti. Sample contamination, spore agglomeration, effect of a filter material on the spore survival, changes in the spore wall ultrastructure and germination, as well as other factors were explored to interpret the findings. The study raises a question about the reliability of certain filter materials for collecting airborne bio-threat agents in combustion environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atin Adhikari
- Center for Health-Related Aerosol Studies, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460, USA
| | - Michael Yermakov
- Center for Health-Related Aerosol Studies, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Reshmi Indugula
- Center for Health-Related Aerosol Studies, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Tiina Reponen
- Center for Health-Related Aerosol Studies, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Adam Driks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Sergey A Grinshpun
- Center for Health-Related Aerosol Studies, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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7
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Smith DK, McCollum J, Pantoya ML. Effect of environment on iodine oxidation state and reactivity with aluminum. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:11243-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06998j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Iodine oxide is a highly reactive solid oxidizer and with its abundant generation of iodine gas during reaction, this oxidizer also shows great potential as a biocidal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan K. Smith
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Texas Tech University
- Lubbock
- USA
| | - Jena McCollum
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Texas Tech University
- Lubbock
- USA
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8
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Wang J, Qiao Z, Yang Y, Shen J, Long Z, Li Z, Cui X, Yang G. Core-Shell Al-Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Configurations to Enhance Reaction Kinetics and Energy Performance for Nanoenergetic Materials. Chemistry 2015; 22:279-84. [PMID: 26612396 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The energy performance of solid energetic materials (Al, Mg, etc.) is typically restricted by a natural passivation layer and the diffusion-limited kinetics between the oxidizer and the metal. In this work, we use polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as the fluorine carrier and the shielding layer to construct a new type of nano-Al based fuels. The PTFE shell not only prevents nano-Al layers from oxidation, but also assists in enhancing the reaction kinetics, greatly improving the stability and reactivity of fuels. An in situ chemical vapor deposition combined with the electrical explosion of wires (EEW) method is used to fabricate core-shell nanostructures. Studies show that by controlling the stoichiometric ratio of the precursors, the morphology of the PTFE shell and the energy performance can be easily tuned. The resultant composites exhibit superior energy output characters than that of their physically mixed Al/PTFE counterparts. This synthetic strategy might provide a general approach to prepare other high-energy fuels (Mg, Si).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900 (P. R. China)
| | - Zhiqiang Qiao
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900 (P. R. China)
| | - Yuntao Yang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900 (P. R. China)
| | - Jinpeng Shen
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900 (P. R. China)
| | - Zhang Long
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900 (P. R. China)
| | - Zhaoqian Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010 (P. R. China)
| | - Xudong Cui
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900 (P. R. China).
| | - Guangcheng Yang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900 (P. R. China).
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9
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Baijot V, Glavier L, Ducéré J, Djafari Rouhani M, Rossi C, Estève A. Modeling the Pressure Generation in Aluminum‐Based Thermites. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201400297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Baijot
- CNRS, LAAS, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, 31400 Toulouse, France, Université de Toulouse, LAAS, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Ludovic Glavier
- CNRS, LAAS, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, 31400 Toulouse, France, Université de Toulouse, LAAS, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean‐Marie Ducéré
- CNRS, LAAS, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, 31400 Toulouse, France, Université de Toulouse, LAAS, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Mehdi Djafari Rouhani
- CNRS, LAAS, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, 31400 Toulouse, France, Université de Toulouse, LAAS, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Carole Rossi
- CNRS, LAAS, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, 31400 Toulouse, France, Université de Toulouse, LAAS, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Alain Estève
- CNRS, LAAS, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, 31400 Toulouse, France, Université de Toulouse, LAAS, 31400 Toulouse, France
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Abstract
Dust flames have been studied for decades because of their importance in industrial safety and accident prevention. Recently, dust flames have become a promising candidate to counter biological warfare. Sulfur in particular is one of the elements that is of interest, but sulfur dust flames are not well understood. Flame temperature and flame speed were measured for sulfur flames with particle concentrations of 280 and 560 g/m3and oxygen concentration between 10% and 42% by volume. The flame temperature increased with oxygen concentration from approximately 900 K for the 10% oxygen cases to temperatures exceeding 2000 K under oxygen enriched conditions. The temperature was also observed to increase slightly with particle concentration. The flame speed was observed to increase from approximately 10 cm/s with 10% oxygen to 57 and 81 cm/s with 42% oxygen for the 280 and 560 g/m3cases, respectively. A scaling analysis determined that flames burning in 21% and 42% oxygen are diffusion limited. Finally, it was determined that pressure-time data may likely be used to measure flame speed in constant volume dust explosions.
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11
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Zhou X, Xu D, Yang G, Zhang Q, Shen J, Lu J, Zhang K. Highly exothermic and superhydrophobic Mg/fluorocarbon core/shell nanoenergetic arrays. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:10497-10505. [PMID: 24918872 DOI: 10.1021/am502078e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mg/fluorocarbon core/shell nanoenergetic arrays are prepared onto silicon substrate, with Mg nanorods as the core and fluorocarbon as the shell. Mg nanorods are deposited by the glancing angle deposition technique, and the fluorocarbon layer is then prepared as a shell to encase the Mg nanorods by the magnetron sputtering deposition process. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy show the core/shell structure of the Mg/fluorocarbon arrays. X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy are used to characterize the structural composition of the Mg/fluorocarbon. It is found that the as-prepared fluorocarbon layer consists of shorter molecular chains compared to that of bulk polytetrafluoroethylene, which is proven beneficial to the low onset reaction temperature of Mg/fluorocarbon. Water contact angle test demonstrates the superhydrophobicity of the Mg/fluorocarbon arrays, and a static contact angle as high as 162° is achieved. Thermal analysis shows that the Mg/fluorocarbon material exhibits a very low onset reaction temperature of about 270 °C as well as an ultrahigh heat of reaction approaching 9 kJ/g. A preliminary combustion test reveals rapid combustion wave propagation, and a convective mechanism is adopted to explain the combustion behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhou
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong , 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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12
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Kappagantula K, Crane C, Pantoya M. Factors Influencing Temperature Fields during Combustion Reactions. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201300154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keerti Kappagantula
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Corner of 7th and Boston Avenue, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas. 79409 USA
| | - Charles Crane
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, 4200 W Jemez Rd #300, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
| | - Michelle Pantoya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Corner of 7th and Boston Avenue, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas. 79409 USA
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13
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Zhou X, Torabi M, Lu J, Shen R, Zhang K. Nanostructured energetic composites: synthesis, ignition/combustion modeling, and applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:3058-3074. [PMID: 24552204 DOI: 10.1021/am4058138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has stimulated revolutionary advances in many scientific and industrial fields, particularly in energetic materials. Powder mixing is the simplest and most traditional method to prepare nanoenergetic composites, and preliminary findings have shown that these composites perform more effectively than their micro- or macro-sized counterparts in terms of energy release, ignition, and combustion. Powder mixing technology represents only the minimum capability of nanotechnology to boost the development of energetic material research, and it has intrinsic limitations, namely, random distribution of fuel and oxidizer particles, inevitable fuel pre-oxidation, and non-intimate contact between reactants. As an alternative, nanostructured energetic composites can be prepared through a delicately designed process. These composites outperform powder-mixed nanocomposites in numerous ways; therefore, we comprehensively discuss the preparation strategies adopted for nanostructured energetic composites and the research achievements thus far in this review. The latest ignition and reaction models are briefly introduced. Finally, the broad promising applications of nanostructured energetic composites are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhou
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong , 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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14
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Xing Y, Li A, Felker DL, Burggraf LW. Nanoscale structural and mechanical analysis of Bacillus anthracis spores inactivated with rapid dry heating. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:1739-49. [PMID: 24375142 PMCID: PMC3957622 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03483-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective killing of Bacillus anthracis spores is of paramount importance to antibioterrorism, food safety, environmental protection, and the medical device industry. Thus, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of spore resistance and inactivation is highly desired for developing new strategies or improving the known methods for spore destruction. Previous studies have shown that spore inactivation mechanisms differ considerably depending upon the killing agents, such as heat (wet heat, dry heat), UV, ionizing radiation, and chemicals. It is believed that wet heat kills spores by inactivating critical enzymes, while dry heat kills spores by damaging their DNA. Many studies have focused on the biochemical aspects of spore inactivation by dry heat; few have investigated structural damages and changes in spore mechanical properties. In this study, we have inactivated Bacillus anthracis spores with rapid dry heating and performed nanoscale topographical and mechanical analysis of inactivated spores using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Our results revealed significant changes in spore morphology and nanomechanical properties after heat inactivation. In addition, we also found that these changes were different under different heating conditions that produced similar inactivation probabilities (high temperature for short exposure time versus low temperature for long exposure time). We attributed the differences to the differential thermal and mechanical stresses in the spore. The buildup of internal thermal and mechanical stresses may become prominent only in ultrafast, high-temperature heat inactivation when the experimental timescale is too short for heat-generated vapor to efficiently escape from the spore. Our results thus provide direct, visual evidences of the importance of thermal stresses and heat and mass transfer to spore inactivation by very rapid dry heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xing
- Department of Engineering Physics, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB), Dayton, Ohio, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alex Li
- Department of Engineering Physics, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB), Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel L. Felker
- Department of Systems Engineering & Management, Air Force Institute of Technology, WPAFB, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Larry W. Burggraf
- Department of Engineering Physics, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB), Dayton, Ohio, USA
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15
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Feng J, Jian G, Liu Q, Zachariah MR. Passivated iodine pentoxide oxidizer for potential biocidal nanoenergetic applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:8875-8880. [PMID: 23988006 DOI: 10.1021/am4028263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Iodine pentoxide (I2O5), also known as diiodine pentoxide, is a strong oxidizer which has been recently proposed as an iodine-rich oxidizer in nanoenergetic formulations, whose combustion products lead to molecular iodine as a biocidal agent. However, its highly hygroscopic nature hinders its performance as a strong oxidizer and an iodine releasing agent and prevents its implementation. In this work, we developed a gas phase assisted aerosol spray pyrolysis which enables creation of iron oxide passivated I2O5. Transmission electron microscopy elemental imaging as well as temperature-jump mass spectrometry confirmed the core shell nature of the material and the fact that I2O5 could be encapsulated in pure unhydrated form. Combustion performance finds an optimal coating thickness that enables combustion performance similar to a high performing CuO based thermite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Feng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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16
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Aly Y, Hoffman VK, Schoenitz M, Dreizin EL. Preparation, ignition, and combustion of mechanically alloyed Al-Mg powders with customized particle sizes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1557/opl.2013.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTAdding aluminum to propellants, pyrotechnics, and explosives is a common way to boost their energy density. A number of approaches have been investigated that shorten aluminum ignition delay, increase combustion rate, and decrease the tendency of aluminum droplets to agglomerate. Previous work showed that particles of mechanically alloyed Al-Mg powders burn faster than similarly sized particles of pure aluminum. However, preparation of mechanically alloyed powders with particle sizes matching those of fine aluminum used in energetic formulations was not achieved. This work is focused on preparation of mechanically alloyed, composite Al-Mg powders in which both internal structures and particle size distributions are adjusted. Binary powders with compositions in the range of 50 - 90 at. % Al were prepared and characterized. Milling protocol is optimized to prepare equiaxial, micron-scale particles suitable for laboratory evaluations of their oxidation, ignition, and combustion characteristics. Quantitative particle size analyses are done using low-angle laser light scattering. Electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction are used to examine particle morphology and phase makeup, respectively. Combustion of aerosolized powder clouds is studied using a constant volume explosion setup. For all materials, ignition and combustion characteristics are compared to each other and to those of pure Al. Compositions with improved performance (i.e., shorter ignition delay and faster pressurization rate) compared to pure Al are identified.
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