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Guo X, Gong D, Li J, Mo X, Ding X, Chen J, Chen X, Li X, He Y, Wang L, Liu Z, Li Q, Wang H, Wang B. Comprehensive measurement of carbonyls in Lhasa, Tibetan Plateau: Implications for strong atmospheric oxidation capacity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174626. [PMID: 38997034 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Carbonyls are ubiquitous in the troposphere and play a crucial role in atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC), particularly in photochemistry-active regions such as the Tibetan Plateau (TP). However, the composition and evolution of carbonyls over the TP is still poorly understood due to a lack of comprehensive observations and modelling. Here, we conducted an intensive field measurement of 37 carbonyls and their precursors at a suburban site in Lhasa during summer 2022. Markedly higher levels of carbonyls (7.24 ± 3.83 ppbv) were found during ozone pollution episodes, with 36 % higher than those during non-episodes. Formaldehyde was the most abundant carbonyl (38 %), which primarily originating from photochemical secondary formations. Simulations using the Rapid adaptive Optimization Model for Atmospheric Chemistry (ROMAC) indicated strong AOC in Lhasa, with the daytime maximum of ·OH and ·HO2 of 9.8 × 106 and 4.2 × 108 molecules cm-3, respectively, which were even higher than that in most of the megacities in China. Notably, AOC significantly enhanced with the increasing carbonyls during the episodes, with the concentrations of ·OH and ·HO2 were boosted 21 % and 67 % than those during non-episodes, respectively. Budget analysis revealed that the ·HO2 + NO (88 %) and ·OH + VOC (74 %) pathways dominated the generation and loss of ·OH, respectively. And for ·HO2, they were ·RO2 + NO (67 %) and ·HO2 + NO (83 %). This study provides valuable insights into the strong AOC in the ecologically-fragile and climate-sensitive TP region, and highlighted the crucial role of anthropogenic-biogenic interactions in the active photochemistry of TP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmei Guo
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Daocheng Gong
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, Guangzhou 511443, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jiangyong Li
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xujun Mo
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Ding
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yingyan He
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Zhuangxi Liu
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Qinqin Li
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, Guangzhou 511443, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, Guangzhou 511443, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Boguang Wang
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, Guangzhou 511443, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou 511443, China.
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Liu C, Xin Y, Zhang C, Liu J, Liu P, He X, Mu Y. Ambient volatile organic compounds in urban and industrial regions in Beijing: Characteristics, source apportionment, secondary transformation and health risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:158873. [PMID: 36126704 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Field measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were conducted simultaneously at an urban site and one industrial park site in Beijing in summer. The VOCs concentrations were 94.3 ± 157.8 ppbv and 20.7 ± 8.9 ppbv for industrial and urban sites, respectively. Alkanes and aromatics were the major contributors to VOCs in industrial site, while oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) contributed most in urban site. The most abundant VOC species were n-pentane and formaldehyde for industrial site and urban site, respectively. The calculated ozone formation potential (OFP) and OH loss rates (LOH) were 621.1 ± 1491.9 ppbv (industrial site), 102.9 ± 37.3 ppbv (urban site), 22.0 ± 39.0 s-1 (industrial site) and 5.3 ± 2.2 s-1 (urban site), respectively. Based on the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, solvent utilization I (34.1 %), solvent utilization II (27.9 %), mixture combustion source (19.3 %), OVOCs related source (9.6 %) and biogenic source (9.1 %) were identified in the industrial site, while OVOCs related source (27.8 %), vehicle exhaust (22.1 %), solvent utilization (19.3 %), coal combustion (16.0 %) and biogenic source (14.8 %) were identified in the urban site. The results of O3-VOCs-NOx sensitivity indicated that O3 formation were respectively under the VOC-limited and NOx-limited conditions in Beijing urban and industrial regions. Additionally, aromatics accounted remarkable SOA formation ability both in the two sites, and SOA potentials of xylene, toluene and ethylbenzene as the indicator species for the solvent utilization in industrial site were remarkable higher than those obtained in urban regions. The hazard index values in the industrial and urban sites were 1.72 and 3.39, respectively, suggesting a high non-carcinogenic risks to the exposed population. Formaldehyde had the highest carcinogenic risks in the two sites, and the cumulative carcinogenic risks in the industrial site and urban site were 1.95 × 10-5 and 1.21 × 10-5, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengtang Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yanyan Xin
- College of Environmental Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaowei He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Atmospheric Carbonyl Compounds in the Central Taklimakan Desert in Summertime: Ambient Levels, Composition and Sources. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Although carbonyl compounds are a key species with atmospheric oxidation capacity, their concentrations and sources have not been sufficiently characterized in various atmospheres, especially in desert areas. In this study, atmospheric carbonyl compounds were measured from 16 May to 15 June 2018 in Tazhong in the central Taklimakan Desert, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Concentrations, chemical compositions, and sources of carbonyl compounds were investigated and compared with those of different environments worldwide. The average concentration of total carbonyls during the sampling period was 11.79 ± 4.03 ppbv. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were the most abundant carbonyls, with average concentrations of 6.08 ± 2.37, 1.68 ± 0.78, and 2.52 ± 0.68 ppbv, respectively. Strong correlations between formaldehyde and other carbonyls were found, indicating same or similar sources and sinks. A hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory was used to analyze 72 h back trajectories. The values of C1/C2 (formaldehyde to acetaldehyde, 3.22–4.59) and C2/C3 (acetaldehyde to propionaldehyde, 15.00–17.03) from different directions and distances of the trajectories were consistent with the characteristics of a remote area. Relative to various environments, the carbonyl concentration in the Tazhong desert site was lower than that in urban areas and higher than that in suburban and remote areas, implying contributions from local primary and secondary sources. The obtained data can be used to improve the source and sink estimation of carbonyls at the regional scale.
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Qu H, Wang Y, Zhang R, Liu X, Huey LG, Sjostedt S, Zeng L, Lu K, Wu Y, Shao M, Hu M, Tan Z, Fuchs H, Broch S, Wahner A, Zhu T, Zhang Y. Chemical Production of Oxygenated Volatile Organic Compounds Strongly Enhances Boundary-Layer Oxidation Chemistry and Ozone Production. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:13718-13727. [PMID: 34623137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photolysis of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) produces a primary source of free radicals, including OH and inorganic and organic peroxy radicals (HO2 and RO2), consequently increasing photochemical ozone production. The amplification of radical cycling through OVOC photolysis provides an important positive feedback mechanism to accelerate ozone production. The large production of OVOCs near the surface helps promote photochemistry in the whole boundary layer. This amplifier effect is most significant in regions with high nitrogen oxides (NOx) and VOC concentrations such as Wangdu, China. Using a 1-D model with comprehensive observations at Wangdu and the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM), we find that OVOC photolysis is the largest free-radical source in the boundary layer (46%). The condensed chemistry mechanism we used severely underestimates the OVOC amplifier effect in the boundary layer, resulting in a lower ozone production rate sensitivity to NOx emissions. Due to this underestimation, the model-simulated threshold NOx emission value, below which ozone production decreases with NOx emission decrease, is biased low by 24%. The underestimated OVOC amplifier effect in a condensed mechanism implies a low bias in the current 3-D model-estimated efficacy of NOx emission reduction on controlling ozone in polluted urban and suburban regions of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Qu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yuhang Wang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ruixiong Zhang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Xiaoxi Liu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Lewis Gregory Huey
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Steven Sjostedt
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yusheng Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Shao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhaofeng Tan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Hendrik Fuchs
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Sebastian Broch
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Andreas Wahner
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Pei Y, Qin J, Wang J, Hu Y. Fe-based metal organic framework derivative with enhanced Lewis acidity and hierarchical pores for excellent adsorption of oxygenated volatile organic compounds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 790:148132. [PMID: 34111790 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A series of Fe-based metal organic framework derived materials were prepared by thermal treating MIL-100(Fe) in nitrogen atmosphere for adsorption removal of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) such as methanol, formaldehyde and acetone under dynamic conditions. The experimental results showed that the partially carbonized M-350 material obtained by calcining MIL-100(Fe) at 350 °C exhibited the best adsorption performance and high stability. The breakthrough adsorption capacity of M-350 for methanol was 61.5% higher than that of pure MIL-100 (Fe), and it was 24.7, 6.5 and 2.6 times higher than that of commercial activated carbon, ZSM-5 and SAPO-34 adsorbents, respectively. The excellent adsorption performance was attributed to the exposure of abundant coordinatively unsaturated iron metal sites acting as Lewis acid sites through high temperature calcination, which had a strong affinity for OVOCs. Meanwhile, a hierarchical porous structure and high specific surface area further promoted the adsorption. This work provides new insights into the further development of metal organic frameworks based functional materials for VOCs removal and purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Pei
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Junxian Qin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yun Hu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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de Bruyn WJ, Clark CD, Harrison AW, Senstad M, Hok S. The degradation of acetaldehyde in estuary waters in Southern California, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:35811-35821. [PMID: 33675494 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Acetaldehyde plays an important role in oxidative cycles in the troposphere. Estimates of its air-water flux are important in global models. Biological degradation is believed to be the dominant loss process in water, but there have been few measurements, none in estuaries. Acetaldehyde degradation rates were measured in surface waters at the inflow to the Upper Newport Back Bay estuary in Orange County, Southern California, USA, over a 6-month period including the rainy winter season. Deuterated acetaldehyde was added to filtered and unfiltered water samples incubated in glass syringes, and its loss analyzed by purge and trap gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Filtered samples showed no significant degradation, suggesting that particle-mediated degradation is the dominant removal process. Correlation between measured degradation rate constants in unfiltered incubations and bacteria counts suggests the loss is due to microorganisms. Degradation in unfiltered samples followed first-order kinetics, with rate constants ranging from 0.0006 to 0.025 min-1 (k; average 0.0043 ± 0.006 min-1). Turnover (1/k) ranged from 40 to 1667 min, consistent with prior studies in coastal waters. Acetaldehyde concentrations in the estuary are estimated to range from 30 to ~500 nM (average ~250 nM). Results suggest the estuary is a source of acetaldehyde to the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren J de Bruyn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA, 98266, USA
| | - Catherine D Clark
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Engineering, Western Washington University, 516 High Street, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA.
| | - Aaron W Harrison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA, 98266, USA
| | - Mary Senstad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA, 98266, USA
| | - Sovanndara Hok
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA, 98266, USA
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Fischer PQ, Sánchez‐Andrea I, Stams AJM, Villanueva L, Sousa DZ. Anaerobic microbial methanol conversion in marine sediments. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:1348-1362. [PMID: 33587796 PMCID: PMC8048578 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Methanol is an ubiquitous compound that plays a role in microbial processes as a carbon and energy source, intermediate in metabolic processes or as end product in fermentation. In anoxic environments, methanol can act as the sole carbon and energy source for several guilds of microorganisms: sulfate-reducing microorganisms, nitrate-reducing microorganisms, acetogens and methanogens. In marine sediments, these guilds compete for methanol as their common substrate, employing different biochemical pathways. In this review, we will give an overview of current knowledge of the various ways in which methanol reaches marine sediments, the ecology of microorganisms capable of utilizing methanol and their metabolism. Furthermore, through a metagenomic analysis, we shed light on the unknown diversity of methanol utilizers in marine sediments which is yet to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Q. Fischer
- Laboratory of MicrobiologyWageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4Wageningen6708 WEThe Netherlands
- Department of Marine Microbiology and BiogeochemistryRoyal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59Den BurgTexel7197 ABThe Netherlands
| | - Irene Sánchez‐Andrea
- Laboratory of MicrobiologyWageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4Wageningen6708 WEThe Netherlands
| | - Alfons J. M. Stams
- Laboratory of MicrobiologyWageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4Wageningen6708 WEThe Netherlands
- Centre of Biological EngineeringUniversity of Minho, Campus de GualtarBraga4710‐057Portugal
| | - Laura Villanueva
- Department of Marine Microbiology and BiogeochemistryRoyal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59Den BurgTexel7197 ABThe Netherlands
- Faculty of GeosciencesUtrecht University, Princetonlaan 8aUtrecht3584 CBThe Netherlands
| | - Diana Z. Sousa
- Laboratory of MicrobiologyWageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4Wageningen6708 WEThe Netherlands
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Xia H, Huang D, Bao F, Li M, Zhang Y, Chen C, Zhao J. Photochemical aging of Beijing urban PM 2.5: Production of oxygenated volatile organic compounds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140751. [PMID: 32673920 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 has become the dominant atmospheric pollutant in many countries. Many components of PM2.5 are highly photoactive. However, the photochemical aging of PM2.5 remains poorly understood. In this study, the photoaging of real PM2.5 samples collected from 2017 to 2018 in Beijing under simulated solar radiation (λ ~ 340-850 nm) was investigated. Our study showed that large amounts of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs), such as acetaldehyde, formic acid, acetone and acetic acid, were released during the photochemical aging of PM2.5. Furthermore, although a positive correlation between the OVOCs yield and the organic matter (OM) in PM2.5 was observed, the product distribution from the photoaging of PM2.5 was different from that in the direct photolysis of artificially synthesized SOA. Because of the release of OVOCs, the PM2.5 mass loss was evaluated to be ~1.80% per day under typical atmospheric conditions. The OVOCs released during the photoaging of PM2.5 may contribute substantially to the OVOCs sources omitted from troposphere chemistry models and may have a significant effect on the OVOCs distribution and oxidation capacity of the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Xia
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Di Huang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Fengxia Bao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Chuncheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
| | - Jincai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
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9
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Travis KR, Heald CL, Allen HM, Apel EC, Arnold SR, Blake DR, Brune WH, Chen X, Commane R, Crounse JD, Daube BC, Diskin GS, Elkins JW, Evans MJ, Hall SR, Hintsa EJ, Hornbrook RS, Kasibhatla PS, Kim MJ, Luo G, McKain K, Millet DB, Moore FL, Peischl J, Ryerson TB, Sherwen T, Thames AB, Ullmann K, Wang X, Wennberg PO, Wolfe GM, Yu F. Constraining remote oxidation capacity with ATom observations. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2020; 20:7753-7781. [PMID: 33688335 PMCID: PMC7939060 DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-7753-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The global oxidation capacity, defined as the tropospheric mean concentration of the hydroxyl radical (OH), controls the lifetime of reactive trace gases in the atmosphere such as methane and carbon monoxide (CO). Models tend to underestimate the methane lifetime and CO concentrations throughout the troposphere, which is consistent with excessive OH. Approximately half of the oxidation of methane and non-methane volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is thought to occur over the oceans where oxidant chemistry has received little validation due to a lack of observational constraints. We use observations from the first two deployments of the NASA ATom aircraft campaign during July-August 2016 and January-February 2017 to evaluate the oxidation capacity over the remote oceans and its representation by the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model. The model successfully simulates the magnitude and vertical profile of remote OH within the measurement uncertainties. Comparisons against the drivers of OH production (water vapor, ozone, and NO y concentrations, ozone photolysis frequencies) also show minimal bias, with the exception of wintertime NO y . The severe model overestimate of NO y during this period may indicate insufficient wet scavenging and/or missing loss on sea-salt aerosols. Large uncertainties in these processes require further study to improve simulated NO y partitioning and removal in the troposphere, but preliminary tests suggest that their overall impact could marginally reduce the model bias in tropospheric OH. During the ATom-1 deployment, OH reactivity (OHR) below 3 km is significantly enhanced, and this is not captured by the sum of its measured components (cOHRobs) or by the model (cOHRmod). This enhancement could suggest missing reactive VOCs but cannot be explained by a comprehensive simulation of both biotic and abiotic ocean sources of VOCs. Additional sources of VOC reactivity in this region are difficult to reconcile with the full suite of ATom measurement constraints. The model generally reproduces the magnitude and seasonality of cOHRobs but underestimates the contribution of oxygenated VOCs, mainly acetaldehyde, which is severely underestimated throughout the troposphere despite its calculated lifetime of less than a day. Missing model acetaldehyde in previous studies was attributed to measurement uncertainties that have been largely resolved. Observations of peroxyacetic acid (PAA) provide new support for remote levels of acetaldehyde. The underestimate in both model acetaldehyde and PAA is present throughout the year in both hemispheres and peaks during Northern Hemisphere summer. The addition of ocean sources of VOCs in the model increases cOHRmod by 3% to 9% and improves model-measurement agreement for acetaldehyde, particularly in winter, but cannot resolve the model summertime bias. Doing so would require 100 Tg yr-1 of a long-lived unknown precursor throughout the year with significant additional emissions in the Northern Hemisphere summer. Improving the model bias for remote acetaldehyde and PAA is unlikely to fully resolve previously reported model global biases in OH and methane lifetime, suggesting that future work should examine the sources and sinks of OH over land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. Travis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Colette L. Heald
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hannah M. Allen
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Eric C. Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Stephen R. Arnold
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Donald R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - William H. Brune
- Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- University of Minnesota, Department of Soil, Water and Climate, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Róisín Commane
- Dept. of Earth & Environmental Sciences of Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - John D. Crounse
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Bruce C. Daube
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - James W. Elkins
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Mathew J. Evans
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories (WACL), Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), University of York, York, UK
| | - Samuel R. Hall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Eric J. Hintsa
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, CO, USA
| | - Rebecca S. Hornbrook
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Michelle J. Kim
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Gan Luo
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University of Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Kathryn McKain
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, CO, USA
| | - Dylan B. Millet
- University of Minnesota, Department of Soil, Water and Climate, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Fred L. Moore
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, CO, USA
| | - Jeffrey Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Thomas B. Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Tomás Sherwen
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories (WACL), Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), University of York, York, UK
| | - Alexander B. Thames
- Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Kirk Ullmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Xuan Wang
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul O. Wennberg
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Glenn M. Wolfe
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Fangqun Yu
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University of Albany, Albany, NY, USA
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10
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Huang XF, Zhang B, Xia SY, Han Y, Wang C, Yu GH, Feng N. Sources of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) in urban atmospheres in North and South China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114152. [PMID: 32066058 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) are critical precursors of atmospheric ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Although China is experiencing increasing O3 pollution from north to south, understanding the major sources of OVOCs in this region is still limited due to their active photochemical behaviors. In this study, five critical OVOCs at a northern urban site (Beijing) and a southern urban site (Shenzhen) were monitored in summer using proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). The mean total concentration of VOCs measured in Beijing (39.4 ppb) was much higher than that measured in Shenzhen (16.7 ppb), with methanol and formaldehyde being the most abundant in concentration at both sites. The source apportionment of daytime OVOCs was conducted effectively using a photochemical age-based parameterization method. Biogenic and anthropogenic secondary sources were the main sources of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone at both sites, with a total contribution of 46-82%; acetone also had a large regional-scale background contribution (36-38%); methanol and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) were mainly derived from anthropogenic primary sources (35-55%) at both sites. In addition, the regional background levels of OVOCs measured in North China were shown to be much higher than those measured in South China. The calculation of the total O3 formation potential (OFP) of OVOCs highlights the comparable contributions from anthropogenic and biogenic sources in both Beijing and Shenzhen, indicating the important role of biogenic OVOC sources even in polluted environments. Since biogenic sources are already important but uncontrollable, anthropogenic emissions in China need to be restricted even more critically in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Science and Technology Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Science and Technology Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shi-Yong Xia
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Science and Technology Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yu Han
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Science and Technology Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Science and Technology Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Environmental Laboratory, PKU-HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institution, Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Guang-He Yu
- Environmental Laboratory, PKU-HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institution, Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
| | - Ning Feng
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Science and Technology Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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11
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Chen X, Millet DB, Singh HB, Wisthaler A, Apel EC, Atlas EL, Blake DR, Bourgeois I, Brown SS, Crounse JD, de Gouw JA, Flocke FM, Fried A, Heikes BG, Hornbrook RS, Mikoviny T, Min KE, Müller M, Neuman JA, O'Sullivan DW, Peischl J, Pfister GG, Richter D, Roberts JM, Ryerson TB, Shertz SR, Thompson CR, Treadaway V, Veres PR, Walega J, Warneke C, Washenfelder RA, Weibring P, Yuan B. On the sources and sinks of atmospheric VOCs: an integrated analysis of recent aircraft campaigns over North America. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2019; 19:9097-9123. [PMID: 33688334 PMCID: PMC7939023 DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-9097-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We apply a high-resolution chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem CTM) with updated treatment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and a comprehensive suite of airborne datasets over North America to (i) characterize the VOC budget and (ii) test the ability of current models to capture the distribution and reactivity of atmospheric VOCs over this region. Biogenic emissions dominate the North American VOC budget in the model, accounting for 70 % and 95 % of annually emitted VOC carbon and reactivity, respectively. Based on current inventories anthropogenic emissions have declined to the point where biogenic emissions are the dominant summertime source of VOC reactivity even in most major North American cities. Methane oxidation is a 2x larger source of nonmethane VOCs (via production of formaldehyde and methyl hydroperoxide) over North America in the model than are anthropogenic emissions. However, anthropogenic VOCs account for over half of the ambient VOC loading over the majority of the region owing to their longer aggregate lifetime. Fires can be a significant VOC source episodically but are small on average. In the planetary boundary layer (PBL), the model exhibits skill in capturing observed variability in total VOC abundance (R 2 = 0:36) and reactivity (R 2 = 0:54). The same is not true in the free troposphere (FT), where skill is low and there is a persistent low model bias (~ 60 %), with most (27 of 34) model VOCs underestimated by more than a factor of 2. A comparison of PBL: FT concentration ratios over the southeastern US points to a misrepresentation of PBL ventilation as a contributor to these model FT biases. We also find that a relatively small number of VOCs (acetone, methanol, ethane, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, isoprene C oxidation products, methyl hydroperoxide) drive a large fraction of total ambient VOC reactivity and associated model biases; research to improve understanding of their budgets is thus warranted. A source tracer analysis suggests a current overestimate of biogenic sources for hydroxyacetone, methyl ethyl ketone and glyoxal, an underestimate of biogenic formic acid sources, and an underestimate of peroxyacetic acid production across biogenic and anthropogenic precursors. Future work to improve model representations of vertical transport and to address the VOC biases discussed are needed to advance predictions of ozone and SOA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis-Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Dylan B. Millet
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis-Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eric C. Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Elliot L. Atlas
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Donald R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ilann Bourgeois
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Steven S. Brown
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - John D. Crounse
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Joost A. de Gouw
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Frank M. Flocke
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Alan Fried
- Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Brian G. Heikes
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Rebecca S. Hornbrook
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Tomas Mikoviny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kyung-Eun Min
- School of Earth Science and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Markus Müller
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - J. Andrew Neuman
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Jeff Peischl
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Gabriele G. Pfister
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Dirk Richter
- Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James M. Roberts
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Thomas B. Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Stephen R. Shertz
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Chelsea R. Thompson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Victoria Treadaway
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Patrick R. Veres
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James Walega
- Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Petter Weibring
- Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Bin Yuan
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Vichi F, Imperiali A, Frattoni M, Perilli M, Benedetti P, Esposito G, Cecinato A. Air pollution survey across the western Mediterranean Sea: overview on oxygenated volatile hydrocarbons (OVOCs) and other gaseous pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:16781-16799. [PMID: 30997642 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04916-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the Mediterranean Sea basin is among the most sensitive areas over the world for climate change and air quality issues, it still remains less studied than the oceanic regions. The domain investigated by the research ship Minerva Uno cruise in Summer 2015 was the Tyrrhenian Sea. An overview on the marine boundary layer (MBL) concentration levels of carbonyl compounds, ozone (O3), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) is reported. The north-western Tyrrhenian Sea samples showed a statistically significant difference in acetone and SO2 concentrations when compared to the south-eastern ones. Acetone and SO2 values were higher in the southern part of the basin; presumably, a blend of natural (including volcanism) and anthropogenic (shipping) sources caused this difference. The mean acetone concentration reached 5.4 μg/m3; formaldehyde and acetaldehyde means were equal to 1.1 μg/m3 and 0.38 μg/m3, respectively. Maximums of 3.0 μg/m3 for formaldehyde and 1.0 μg/m3 for acetaldehyde were detected along the route from Civitavecchia to Fiumicino. These two compounds were also present at levels above the average in proximity of petrol-refining plants on the coast; in fact, formaldehyde reached 1.56 μg/m3 and 1.60 μg/m3, respectively, near Milazzo and Augusta harbors; meanwhile, acetaldehyde was as high as 0.75 μg/m3 at both sites. The levels of formaldehyde agreed with previously reported measurements over Mediterranean Sea and elsewhere; besides, a day/night trend was observed, confirming the importance of photochemical formation for this pollutant. According to this study, Mediterranean Sea basin, which is a closed sea, was confirmed to suffer a high anthropic pressure impacting with diffuse emissions, while natural contribution to pollution could come from volcanic activity, particularly in the south-eastern Tyrrhenian Sea region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Vichi
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR.IIA), Monterotondo, RM, Italy.
| | - Andrea Imperiali
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR.IIA), Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Frattoni
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR.IIA), Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Mattia Perilli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR.IIA), Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Paolo Benedetti
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR.IIA), Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Giulio Esposito
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR.IIA), Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Angelo Cecinato
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR.IIA), Monterotondo, RM, Italy
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13
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Wang S, Apel EC, Hornbrook RS, Hills A, Emmons LK, Tilmes S, Lamarque JF, Jimenez JL, Campuzano-Jost P, Nault BA, Crounse JD, Wennberg PO, Ryerson TB, Thompson CR, Peischl J, Moore F, Nance D, Hall B, Elkins J, Tanner D, Gregory Huey L, Hall SR, Ullmann K, Orlando JJ, Tyndall GS, Flocke FM, Ray E, Hanisco TF, Wolfe GM, St.Clair J, Commane R, Daube B, Barletta B, Blake DR, Weinzierl B, Dollner M, Conley A, Vitt F, Wofsy SC, Riemer DD. Atmospheric Acetaldehyde: Importance of Air-Sea Exchange and a Missing Source in the Remote Troposphere. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2019; 46:5601-5613. [PMID: 32606484 PMCID: PMC7325730 DOI: 10.1029/2019gl082034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report airborne measurements of acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) during the first and second deployments of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom). The budget of CH3CHO is examined using the Community Atmospheric Model with chemistry (CAM-chem), with a newly-developed online air-sea exchange module. The upper limit of the global ocean net emission of CH3CHO is estimated to be 34 Tg a-1 (42 Tg a-1 if considering bubble-mediated transfer), and the ocean impacts on tropospheric CH3CHO are mostly confined to the marine boundary layer. Our analysis suggests that there is an unaccounted CH3CHO source in the remote troposphere and that organic aerosols can only provide a fraction of this missing source. We propose that peroxyacetic acid (PAA) is an ideal indicator of the rapid CH3CHO production in the remote troposphere. The higher-than-expected CH3CHO measurements represent a missing sink of hydroxyl radicals (and halogen radical) in current chemistry-climate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Wang
- Advanced Study Program (ASP), National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO, 80301
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO, 80301
| | - Eric C. Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO, 80301
| | - Rebecca S. Hornbrook
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO, 80301
| | - Alan Hills
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO, 80301
| | - Louisa K. Emmons
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO, 80301
| | - Simone Tilmes
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO, 80301
- Climate and Global Dynamics, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO, 80301
| | - Jean-François Lamarque
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO, 80301
- Climate and Global Dynamics, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO, 80301
| | - Jose L. Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Benjamin A. Nault
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309
| | - John D. Crounse
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Paul O. Wennberg
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Thomas B. Ryerson
- Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - Chelsea R. Thompson
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309
- Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - Jeff Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309
- Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - Fred Moore
- Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - David Nance
- Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - Brad Hall
- Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - James Elkins
- Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - David Tanner
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - L. Gregory Huey
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Samuel R. Hall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO, 80301
| | - Kirk Ullmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO, 80301
| | - John J. Orlando
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO, 80301
| | - Geoff S. Tyndall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO, 80301
| | - Frank M. Flocke
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO, 80301
| | - Eric Ray
- Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - Thomas F. Hanisco
- Goddard Space Flight Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - Glenn M. Wolfe
- Goddard Space Flight Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, MD 20771
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21228
| | - Jason St.Clair
- Goddard Space Flight Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, MD 20771
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21228
| | - Róisín Commane
- Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964
| | - Bruce Daube
- Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Barbara Barletta
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine; CA 92697
| | - Donald R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine; CA 92697
| | - Bernadett Weinzierl
- Faculty of Physics, Aerosol Physics and Environmental Physics, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Maximilian Dollner
- Faculty of Physics, Aerosol Physics and Environmental Physics, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Andrew Conley
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO, 80301
| | - Francis Vitt
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO, 80301
| | - Steven C. Wofsy
- Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
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14
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Howat AM, Vollmers J, Taubert M, Grob C, Dixon JL, Todd JD, Chen Y, Kaster AK, Murrell JC. Comparative Genomics and Mutational Analysis Reveals a Novel XoxF-Utilizing Methylotroph in the Roseobacter Group Isolated From the Marine Environment. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:766. [PMID: 29755426 PMCID: PMC5934484 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Roseobacter group comprises a significant group of marine bacteria which are involved in global carbon and sulfur cycles. Some members are methylotrophs, using one-carbon compounds as a carbon and energy source. It has recently been shown that methylotrophs generally require a rare earth element when using the methanol dehydrogenase enzyme XoxF for growth on methanol. Addition of lanthanum to methanol enrichments of coastal seawater facilitated the isolation of a novel methylotroph in the Roseobacter group: Marinibacterium anthonyi strain La 6. Mutation of xoxF5 revealed the essential nature of this gene during growth on methanol and ethanol. Physiological characterization demonstrated the metabolic versatility of this strain. Genome sequencing revealed that strain La 6 has the largest genome of all Roseobacter group members sequenced to date, at 7.18 Mbp. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) showed that whilst it displays the highest core gene sequence similarity with subgroup 1 of the Roseobacter group, it shares very little of its pangenome, suggesting unique genetic adaptations. This research revealed that the addition of lanthanides to isolation procedures was key to cultivating novel XoxF-utilizing methylotrophs from the marine environment, whilst genome sequencing and MLSA provided insights into their potential genetic adaptations and relationship to the wider community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M. Howat
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - John Vollmers
- Institute for Biological Interfaces 5 (IBG-5), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Taubert
- Aquatic Geomicrobiology, Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Carolina Grob
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jonathan D. Todd
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Yin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Kristin Kaster
- Institute for Biological Interfaces 5 (IBG-5), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J. C. Murrell
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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15
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Anderson DC, Nicely JM, Wolfe GM, Hanisco TF, Salawitch RJ, Canty TP, Dickerson RR, Apel EC, Baidar S, Bannan TJ, Blake NJ, Chen D, Dix B, Fernandez RP, Hall SR, Hornbrook RS, Huey LG, Josse B, Jöckel P, Kinnison DE, Koenig TK, LeBreton M, Marécal V, Morgenstern O, Oman LD, Pan LL, Percival C, Plummer D, Revell LE, Rozanov E, Saiz-Lopez A, Stenke A, Sudo K, Tilmes S, Ullmann K, Volkamer R, Weinheimer AJ, Zeng G. Formaldehyde in the Tropical Western Pacific: Chemical sources and sinks, convective transport, and representation in CAM-Chem and the CCMI models. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2017. [PMID: 29527424 DOI: 10.1002/2017ja024474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) directly affects the atmospheric oxidative capacity through its effects on HOx. In remote marine environments, such as the Tropical Western Pacific (TWP), it is particularly important to understand the processes controlling the abundance of HCHO because model output from these regions is used to correct satellite retrievals of HCHO. Here, we have used observations from the CONTRAST field campaign, conducted during January and February 2014, to evaluate our understanding of the processes controlling the distribution of HCHO in the TWP as well as its representation in chemical transport/climate models. Observed HCHO mixing ratios varied from ~500 pptv near the surface to ~75 pptv in the upper troposphere. Recent convective transport of near surface HCHO and its precursors, acetaldehyde and possibly methyl hydroperoxide, increased upper tropospheric HCHO mixing ratios by ~33% (22 pptv); this air contained roughly 60% less NO than more aged air. Output from the CAM-Chem chemistry transport model (2014 meteorology) as well as nine chemistry climate models from the Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative (free-running meteorology) are found to uniformly underestimate HCHO columns derived from in situ observations by between 4 and 50%. This underestimate of HCHO likely results from a near factor of two underestimate of NO in most models, which strongly suggests errors in NOx emissions inventories and/or in the model chemical mechanisms. Likewise, the lack of oceanic acetaldehyde emissions and potential errors in the model acetaldehyde chemistry lead to additional underestimates in modeled HCHO of up to 75 pptv (~15%) in the lower troposphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Anderson
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Julie M Nicely
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, Maryland, USA
| | - Glenn M Wolfe
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas F Hanisco
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Ross J Salawitch
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Timothy P Canty
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Russell R Dickerson
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric C Apel
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Sunil Baidar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Nicola J Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Dexian Chen
- School of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Barbara Dix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Rafael P Fernandez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Natural Science, National Research Council (CONICET), FCEN-UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Samuel R Hall
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | - L Gregory Huey
- School of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Beatrice Josse
- Centre National de Recherche Météorologique, UMR3589, Méteo-France-CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrick Jöckel
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | | | - Theodore K Koenig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael LeBreton
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Virginie Marécal
- Centre National de Recherche Météorologique, UMR3589, Méteo-France-CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Olaf Morgenstern
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Luke D Oman
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura L Pan
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Carl Percival
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, UK
| | - David Plummer
- Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis, Environment Canada, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Laura E Revell
- Bodeker Scientific, Alexandra, New Zealand
- ETH Zürich, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eugene Rozanov
- ETH Zürich, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Zürich, Switzerland
- Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos World Radiation Centre, Davos Dorf, Switzerland
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Stenke
- ETH Zürich, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kengo Sudo
- Nagoya University, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya, Japan
- Japan Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Simone Tilmes
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Kirk Ullmann
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Rainer Volkamer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Guang Zeng
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
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16
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Anderson DC, Nicely JM, Wolfe GM, Hanisco TF, Salawitch RJ, Canty TP, Dickerson RR, Apel EC, Baidar S, Bannan TJ, Blake NJ, Chen D, Dix B, Fernandez RP, Hall SR, Hornbrook RS, Huey LG, Josse B, Jöckel P, Kinnison DE, Koenig TK, LeBreton M, Marécal V, Morgenstern O, Oman LD, Pan LL, Percival C, Plummer D, Revell LE, Rozanov E, Saiz-Lopez A, Stenke A, Sudo K, Tilmes S, Ullmann K, Volkamer R, Weinheimer AJ, Zeng G. Formaldehyde in the Tropical Western Pacific: Chemical sources and sinks, convective transport, and representation in CAM-Chem and the CCMI models. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2017; 122:11201-11226. [PMID: 29527424 PMCID: PMC5839129 DOI: 10.1002/2016jd026121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) directly affects the atmospheric oxidative capacity through its effects on HOx. In remote marine environments, such as the Tropical Western Pacific (TWP), it is particularly important to understand the processes controlling the abundance of HCHO because model output from these regions is used to correct satellite retrievals of HCHO. Here, we have used observations from the CONTRAST field campaign, conducted during January and February 2014, to evaluate our understanding of the processes controlling the distribution of HCHO in the TWP as well as its representation in chemical transport/climate models. Observed HCHO mixing ratios varied from ~500 pptv near the surface to ~75 pptv in the upper troposphere. Recent convective transport of near surface HCHO and its precursors, acetaldehyde and possibly methyl hydroperoxide, increased upper tropospheric HCHO mixing ratios by ~33% (22 pptv); this air contained roughly 60% less NO than more aged air. Output from the CAM-Chem chemistry transport model (2014 meteorology) as well as nine chemistry climate models from the Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative (free-running meteorology) are found to uniformly underestimate HCHO columns derived from in situ observations by between 4 and 50%. This underestimate of HCHO likely results from a near factor of two underestimate of NO in most models, which strongly suggests errors in NOx emissions inventories and/or in the model chemical mechanisms. Likewise, the lack of oceanic acetaldehyde emissions and potential errors in the model acetaldehyde chemistry lead to additional underestimates in modeled HCHO of up to 75 pptv (~15%) in the lower troposphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Anderson
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Julie M Nicely
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, Maryland, USA
| | - Glenn M Wolfe
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas F Hanisco
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Ross J Salawitch
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Timothy P Canty
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Russell R Dickerson
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric C Apel
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Sunil Baidar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Nicola J Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Dexian Chen
- School of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Barbara Dix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Rafael P Fernandez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Natural Science, National Research Council (CONICET), FCEN-UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Samuel R Hall
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | - L Gregory Huey
- School of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Beatrice Josse
- Centre National de Recherche Météorologique, UMR3589, Méteo-France-CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrick Jöckel
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | | | - Theodore K Koenig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael LeBreton
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Virginie Marécal
- Centre National de Recherche Météorologique, UMR3589, Méteo-France-CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Olaf Morgenstern
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Luke D Oman
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura L Pan
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Carl Percival
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, UK
| | - David Plummer
- Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis, Environment Canada, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Laura E Revell
- Bodeker Scientific, Alexandra, New Zealand
- ETH Zürich, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eugene Rozanov
- ETH Zürich, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Zürich, Switzerland
- Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos World Radiation Centre, Davos Dorf, Switzerland
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Stenke
- ETH Zürich, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kengo Sudo
- Nagoya University, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya, Japan
- Japan Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Simone Tilmes
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Kirk Ullmann
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Rainer Volkamer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Guang Zeng
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
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17
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Yuan B, Koss AR, Warneke C, Coggon M, Sekimoto K, de Gouw JA. Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry: Applications in Atmospheric Sciences. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13187-13229. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yuan
- Institute
for Environment and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Abigail R. Koss
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Matthew Coggon
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kanako Sekimoto
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Graduate
School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Joost A. de Gouw
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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18
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Toumi I, Yazidi O, Jaidane NE, Al Mogren MM, Francisco JS, Hochlaf M. Stereoisomers of hydroxymethanes: Probing structural and spectroscopic features upon substitution. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:244305. [PMID: 28049302 DOI: 10.1063/1.4972415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ab initio studies on CHx(OH)4-x (x = 0-3) polyols are carried out to derive their structural and spectroscopic features. Several stereoisomers (both equilibrium structures and transition states) are found. Some are predicted here for the first time. We determined hence their geometrical parameters, vibrational frequencies, electronic excitation energies for the singlet manifold, and IR spectra. While the IR spectra for all polyols present similar shapes, their UV spectra exhibit however distinct band origin that are specific to each polyol and more interestingly to each diasteroisomer. Stereoelectronic effects are also noticed and discussed. It is suggested that UV spectroscopy is an efficient probe to experimentally identify polyols in mixtures involving polyols.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Toumi
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Atomique, Moléculaire et Applications-LSAMA, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - O Yazidi
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Atomique, Moléculaire et Applications-LSAMA, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - N-E Jaidane
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Atomique, Moléculaire et Applications-LSAMA, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - M Mogren Al Mogren
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - J S Francisco
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Earth and Atmospheric Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 49707, USA
| | - M Hochlaf
- Laboratoire Modélisation et Simulation Multi Echelle, MSME UMR 8208 CNRS, Université Paris-Est, 5 Blvd. Descartes, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France
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19
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Müller JF, Liu Z, Nguyen VS, Stavrakou T, Harvey JN, Peeters J. The reaction of methyl peroxy and hydroxyl radicals as a major source of atmospheric methanol. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13213. [PMID: 27748363 PMCID: PMC5071643 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyl peroxy, a key radical in tropospheric chemistry, was recently shown to react with the hydroxyl radical at an unexpectedly high rate. Here, the molecular reaction mechanisms are elucidated using high-level quantum chemical methodologies and statistical rate theory. Formation of activated methylhydrotrioxide, followed by dissociation into methoxy and hydroperoxy radicals, is found to be the main reaction pathway, whereas methylhydrotrioxide stabilization and methanol formation (from activated and stabilized methylhydrotrioxide) are viable minor channels. Criegee intermediate formation is found to be negligible. Given the theoretical uncertainties, useful constraints on the yields are provided by atmospheric methanol measurements. Using a global chemistry-transport model, we show that the only explanation for the high observed methanol abundances over remote oceans is the title reaction with an overall methanol yield of ∼30%, consistent with the theoretical estimates given their uncertainties. This makes the title reaction a major methanol source (115 Tg per year), comparable to global terrestrial emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Müller
- Atmospheric Composition Department, Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Avenue Circulaire 3, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Vinh Son Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Trissevgeni Stavrakou
- Atmospheric Composition Department, Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Avenue Circulaire 3, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jeremy N. Harvey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Jozef Peeters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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20
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Howes NUM, Lockhart JPA, Blitz MA, Carr SA, Baeza-Romero MT, Heard DE, Shannon RJ, Seakins PW, Varga T. Observation of a new channel, the production of CH 3, in the abstraction reaction of OH radicals with acetaldehyde. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:26423-26433. [PMID: 27711478 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03970g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using laser flash photolysis coupled to photo-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PIMS), methyl radicals (CH3) have been detected as primary products from the reaction of OH radicals with acetaldehyde (ethanal, CH3CHO) with a yield of ∼15% at 1-2 Torr of helium bath gas. Supporting measurements based on laser induced fluorescence studies of OH recycling in the OH/CH3CHO/O2 system are consistent with the PIMS study. Master equation calculations suggest that the origin of the methyl radicals is from prompt dissociation of chemically activated acetyl products and hence is consistent with previous studies which have shown that abstraction, rather than addition/elimination, is the sole route for the OH + acetaldehyde reaction. However, the observation of a significant methyl product yield suggests that energy partitioning in the reaction is different from the typical early barrier mechanism where reaction exothermicity is channeled preferentially into the newly formed bond. The master equation calculations predict atmospheric yields of methyl radicals of ∼9%. The implications of the observations in atmospheric and combustion chemistry are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil U M Howes
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | | | - Mark A Blitz
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Scott A Carr
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | | | - Dwayne E Heard
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Robin J Shannon
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Paul W Seakins
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - T Varga
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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21
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Dorokhov YL, Shindyapina AV, Sheshukova EV, Komarova TV. Metabolic methanol: molecular pathways and physiological roles. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:603-44. [PMID: 25834233 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methanol has been historically considered an exogenous product that leads only to pathological changes in the human body when consumed. However, in normal, healthy individuals, methanol and its short-lived oxidized product, formaldehyde, are naturally occurring compounds whose functions and origins have received limited attention. There are several sources of human physiological methanol. Fruits, vegetables, and alcoholic beverages are likely the main sources of exogenous methanol in the healthy human body. Metabolic methanol may occur as a result of fermentation by gut bacteria and metabolic processes involving S-adenosyl methionine. Regardless of its source, low levels of methanol in the body are maintained by physiological and metabolic clearance mechanisms. Although human blood contains small amounts of methanol and formaldehyde, the content of these molecules increases sharply after receiving even methanol-free ethanol, indicating an endogenous source of the metabolic methanol present at low levels in the blood regulated by a cluster of genes. Recent studies of the pathogenesis of neurological disorders indicate metabolic formaldehyde as a putative causative agent. The detection of increased formaldehyde content in the blood of both neurological patients and the elderly indicates the important role of genetic and biochemical mechanisms of maintaining low levels of methanol and formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri L Dorokhov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia V Shindyapina
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Sheshukova
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Komarova
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
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22
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Carpenter LJ, Nightingale PD. Chemistry and Release of Gases from the Surface Ocean. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4015-34. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5007123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J. Carpenter
- Wolfson
Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Philip D. Nightingale
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect
Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, United Kingdom
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23
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Rypkema HA, Sinha A, Francisco JS. Carboxylic Acid Catalyzed Hydration of Acetaldehyde. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:4581-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp510704j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather A. Rypkema
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Amitabha Sinha
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Joseph S. Francisco
- Department of Chemistry, H.C.
Brown Building, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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24
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Morajkar P, Bossolasco A, Schoemaecker C, Fittschen C. Photolysis of CH3CHO at 248 nm: Evidence of triple fragmentation from primary quantum yield of CH3 and HCO radicals and H atoms. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:214308. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4878668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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25
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Dixon JL, Beale R, Sargeant SL, Tarran GA, Nightingale PD. Microbial acetone oxidation in coastal seawater. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:243. [PMID: 24904556 PMCID: PMC4033308 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetone is an important oxygenated volatile organic compound (OVOC) in the troposphere where it influences the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere. However, the air-sea flux is not well quantified, in part due to a lack of knowledge regarding which processes control oceanic concentrations, and, specifically whether microbial oxidation to CO2 represents a significant loss process. We demonstrate that (14)C labeled acetone can be used to determine microbial oxidation to (14)CO2. Linear microbial rates of acetone oxidation to CO2 were observed for between 0.75-3.5 h at a seasonally eutrophic coastal station located in the western English Channel (L4). A kinetic experiment in summer at station L4 gave a V max of 4.1 pmol L(-1) h(-1), with a K m constant of 54 pM. We then used this technique to obtain microbial acetone loss rates ranging between 1.2 and 42 pmol L(-1) h(-1.)(monthly averages) over an annual cycle at L4, with maximum rates observed during winter months. The biological turnover time of acetone (in situ concentration divided by microbial oxidation rate) in surface waters varied from ~3 days in February 2011, when in situ concentrations were 3 ± 1 nM, to >240 days in June 2011, when concentrations were more than twofold higher at 7.5 ± 0.7 nM. These relatively low marine microbial acetone oxidation rates, when normalized to in situ concentrations, suggest that marine microbes preferentially utilize other OVOCs such as methanol and acetaldehyde.
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Yang M, Nightingale PD, Beale R, Liss PS, Blomquist B, Fairall C. Atmospheric deposition of methanol over the Atlantic Ocean. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:20034-9. [PMID: 24277830 PMCID: PMC3864313 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1317840110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the troposphere, methanol (CH3OH) is present ubiquitously and second in abundance among organic gases after methane. In the surface ocean, methanol represents a supply of energy and carbon for marine microbes. Here we report direct measurements of air-sea methanol transfer along a ∼10,000-km north-south transect of the Atlantic. The flux of methanol was consistently from the atmosphere to the ocean. Constrained by the aerodynamic limit and measured rate of air-sea sensible heat exchange, methanol transfer resembles a one-way depositional process, which suggests dissolved methanol concentrations near the water surface that are lower than what were measured at ∼5 m depth, for reasons currently unknown. We estimate the global oceanic uptake of methanol and examine the lifetimes of this compound in the lower atmosphere and upper ocean with respect to gas exchange. We also constrain the molecular diffusional resistance above the ocean surface-an important term for improving air-sea gas exchange models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxi Yang
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rachael Beale
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Peter S. Liss
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
- Department of Oceanography, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Byron Blomquist
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822; and
| | - Christopher Fairall
- Physical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305
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Morajkar P, Schoemaecker C, Okumura M, Fittschen C. Direct Measurement of the Equilibrium Constants of the Reaction of Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde with HO2
Radicals. INT J CHEM KINET 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Morajkar
- PhysicoChimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère-PC2A; UMR 8522; Université Lille Nord de France F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | - Coralie Schoemaecker
- PhysicoChimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère-PC2A; UMR 8522; Université Lille Nord de France F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | - Mitchio Okumura
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Christa Fittschen
- PhysicoChimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère-PC2A; UMR 8522; Université Lille Nord de France F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq France
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Hu L, Millet DB, Kim SY, Wells KC, Griffis TJ, Fischer EV, Helmig D, Hueber J, Curtis AJ. North American acetone sources determined from tall tower measurements and inverse modeling. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2013; 13:3379-3392. [PMID: 33719355 PMCID: PMC7954043 DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-3379-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We apply a full year of continuous atmospheric acetone measurements from the University of Minnesota tall tower Trace Gas Observatory (KCMP tall tower; 244 m a.g.l.), with a 0.5° × 0.667° GEOS-Chem nested grid simulation to develop quantitative new constraints on seasonal acetone sources over North America. Biogenic acetone emissions in the model are computed based on the MEGANv2.1 inventory. An inverse analysis of the tall tower observations implies a 37% underestimate of emissions from broadleaf trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, and an offsetting 40% overestimate of emissions from needleleaf trees plus secondary production from biogenic precursors. The overall result is a small (16%) model underestimate of the total primary + secondary biogenic acetone source in North America. Our analysis shows that North American primary + secondary anthropogenic acetone sources in the model (based on the EPA NEI 2005 inventory) are accurate to within approximately 20%. An optimized GEOS-Chem simulation incorporating the above findings captures 70% of the variance (R = 0.83) in the hourly measurements at the KCMP tall tower, with minimal bias. The resulting North American acetone source is 11 Tg a-1, including both primary emissions (5.5 Tg a-1) and secondary production (5.5 Tg a-1), and with roughly equal contributions from anthropogenic and biogenic sources. The North American acetone source alone is nearly as large as the total continental volatile organic compound (VOC) source from fossil fuel combustion. Using our optimized source estimates as a baseline, we evaluate the sensitivity of atmospheric acetone and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) to shifts in natural and anthropogenic acetone sources over North America. Increased biogenic acetone emissions due to surface warming are likely to provide a significant offset to any future decrease in anthropogenic acetone emissions, particularly during summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Hu
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - D. B. Millet
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - S. Y. Kim
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - K. C. Wells
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - T. J. Griffis
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - E. V. Fischer
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - D. Helmig
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Colorado, USA
| | - J. Hueber
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Colorado, USA
| | - A. J. Curtis
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Colorado, USA
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