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Nakken CL, Meier S, Mjøs SA, Bijlsma L, Rowland SJ, Donald CE. Discovery of polycyclic aromatic acid metabolites in fish exposed to the petroleum compounds 1-methylphenanthrene and 1,4-dimethylphenanthrene. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170496. [PMID: 38296090 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Most of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in petroleum are alkylated (alkyl PAHs), still the metabolism of these alkyl PAHs to the expected acid products (polycyclic aromatic acids; PAAs) has yet to be demonstrated in oil-exposed fish. Should these compounds be discovered in fish as they have in ragworm, rodents, and humans, they could present an indicative biomarker for assessing oil pollution. In this study, the ability to biotransform alkyl PAHs to PAAs was examined on Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus). Exposure to phenanthrene, 1-methyphenanthrene or 1,4-dimethylphenanthrene was performed via intraperitoneal injection. An Ion Mobility Quadrupole Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (IMS-Q-TOF MS) was used in exploratory analysis of extracted bile samples. Acquisition of four-dimensional information by coupling liquid chromatography with the IMS-Q-TOF MS and in-silico prediction for feature prioritization in the data processing workflow allowed several tentative identifications with high degree of confidence. This work presents the first detection of PAAs in fish and suggests the importance of investigating alkyl PAHs in ecotoxicological studies of oil-polluted fish environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte L Nakken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Marine Toxicology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sonnich Meier
- Marine Toxicology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Svein A Mjøs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Steven J Rowland
- Petroleum & Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, Devon, UK
| | - Carey E Donald
- Marine Toxicology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway.
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2
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Kuo DTF, Di Toro DM. Determination of In Vivo Biotransformation Kinetics Using Early-Time Biota Concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:148-158. [PMID: 34967047 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Technical challenges have hampered the characterization of biotransformation kinetics-a critical link in understanding and predicting the toxicokinetics and ecotoxicology of organic compounds. A shortcut approach to characterize the in vivo biotransformation rate constant (kM ) with incomplete pathway or metabolite details was proposed. The value of kM can be derived as 2tln1fPC(t)) , with fPC (t) being the molar equivalent fraction of the parent compound (PC) at an early time t in both constant exposure and decay source chemical uptake scenarios. The approximation-based kM values agreed well with kM values derived from rigorous fitting or toxicokinetic modeling (n = 42, root mean square error = 0.30) with accuracy exceeding those of typical toxicokinetic or partitioning models. The method is accurate when sampling time is adequately resolved (i.e., t < ln(2)/kM ) but will likely produce biased kM values with improper time-averaging. The approximate equation yields consistent theoretical expectations for fast and slow biotransformation reactions and is fully compatible with standard bioaccumulation and toxicity testing protocols. The simplification strategy circumvents statistical complications and numerical issues inherent in regressing or modeling the toxicokinetics of multimetabolite systems and may be adapted to similar problems at other physiological scales or ecotoxicological contexts. The method can help advance interspecies comparison of chemical metabolism and support the development of in vitro-in vivo extrapolations and in silico models needed for building next-generation ecological and health risk-assessment practices. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:148-158. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave T F Kuo
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Kuo Research & Consulting, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dominic M Di Toro
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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3
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Méndez García M, García de Llasera MP. A review on the enzymes and metabolites identified by mass spectrometry from bacteria and microalgae involved in the degradation of high molecular weight PAHs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:149035. [PMID: 34303250 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High molecular weight PAHs (HMW PAHs) are dangerous pollutants widely distributed in the environment. The use of microorganisms represents an important tool for HMW PAHs bioremediation, so, the understanding of their biochemical pathways facilitates the development of biodegradation strategies. For this reason, the potential role of species of microalgae, bacteria, and microalga-bacteria consortia in the degradation of HMW PAHs is discussed. The identification of their metabolites, mostly by GC-MS and LC-MS, allows a better approach to the enzymes involved in the key steps of the metabolic pathways of HMW PAHs biodegradation. So, this review intends to address the proteomic research on enzyme activities and their involvement in regulating essential biochemical functions that help bacteria and microalgae in the biodegradation processes of HMW PAHs. It is noteworthy that, given that to the best of our knowledge, this is the first review focused on the mass spectrometry identification of the HMW PAHs metabolites; whereby and due to the great concern of the presence of HMW PAHs in the environment, this material could help the urgency of developing new bioremediation methods. The elucidation of the metabolic pathways of persistent pollutant degrading microorganisms should lead to a better knowledge of the enzymes involved, which could contribute to a very ecological route to the control of environmental contamination in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Méndez García
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D. F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Martha Patricia García de Llasera
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D. F. 04510, Mexico.
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4
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Luo L, Xiao Z, Zhou X, Yang L, Luo S, Zhao C, Luan T. Quantum chemical calculation to elucidate the biodegradation pathway of methylphenanthrene by green microalgae. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 173:115598. [PMID: 32062219 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (APAHs) are the main components of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in petroleum-contaminated waters. In our study, three kinds of green microalgae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus) were shown to degrade six kinds of methylphenanthrenes (1-methylphenanthren, 2-methylphenanthrenem, 3-nmmethylphenanthrene, 4-methylphenanthren, 9-methylphenanthrene and 3,6-dimethylphenanthrene) with different degrading abilities. Among the six methylphenanthrenes, 99.8% of 1-methylphenanthrene (1-MP) was removed and 75.6% of 3,6-dimethylphenanthrene (3,6-DMP) was removed by P. subcapitata after 7 days of incubation. The metabolites of 1-MP and 3,6-DMP were identified by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Six metabolites of 1-MP and one metabolite of 3,6-DMP were found, they were all monohydroxylated methylphenanthrenes. The -OH group was added to either methyl-group or benzene ring through the monooxygenase system, and the methyl-group attack was the main pathway. This research increases our knowledge of the degrading ability of APAHs by green microalgae and offers information for the bioremediation of APAHs. Quantum chemical calculation was conducted to elucidate the biodegradation metabolites of methylphenanthrene by green microalgae, which is a helpful tool in the bioremediation of environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Luo
- Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhengyu Xiao
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Lihua Yang
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Shusheng Luo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, South University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Cunyuan Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Tiangang Luan
- Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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5
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Sola MCR, Santos AG, Martinez ST, Nascimento MM, da Rocha GO, de Andrade JB. Occurrence of 3-nitrobenzanthrone and other powerful mutagenic polycyclic aromatic compounds in living organisms: polychaetes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3465. [PMID: 32103055 PMCID: PMC7044212 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we report the occurrence of powerful mutagenic 3-nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA), in addition to 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 6 oxygenated PAHs and 27 nitrated PAHs in polychaete worms. Benzanthrone (BA), another important mutagenic polycyclic aromatic compound (PAC) also was detected in the samples. Polychaete annelids have great ecological relevance, being widely distributed in different environmental conditions, from intertidal zones up to seven thousand feet deep areas. They are abundantly found in both contaminated and uncontaminated areas and, therefore, used as indicators of the pollution status of a given area. As we know, so far, most of these PACs has not been previously reported in living organisms before. The 3-NBA concentrations determined in this study were within 0.11-5.18 µg g-1. Other relevant PACs such as PAHs, quinones and nitro-PAHs were found in maximum concentrations at 0.013 µg g-1 (coronene) to 11.1 µg g-1 (benzo[k]fluoranthene), 0.823 µg g-1 (9,10-phenenthrenequinone) to 12.1 µg g-1 (1,4-benzoquinone) and 0.434 (1-nitronaphthalene) µg g-1 to 19.2 µg g-1 (6-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene), respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA), ternary correlations and diagnostic ratios were employed in order to propose probable sources for PACs. Although statistical analysis preliminarily has indicated both pyrogenic and petrogenic contributions, petrogenic sources were predominant reflecting the impacts of petroleum exploration and intensive traffic of boats in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Claudia R Sola
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Centro Interdisciplinar em Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Aldenor G Santos
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Centro Interdisciplinar em Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus de Ondina, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Sabrina T Martinez
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Centro Interdisciplinar em Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Madson M Nascimento
- Centro Interdisciplinar em Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus de Ondina, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Gisele O da Rocha
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Centro Interdisciplinar em Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus de Ondina, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Jailson B de Andrade
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Centro Interdisciplinar em Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Centro Universitário SENAI-CIMATEC, 41650-110, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
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6
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Schemeth D, Nielsen NJ, Andersson JT, Christensen JH. A tiered analytical approach for target, non-target and suspect screening analysis of polar transformation products of polycyclic aromatic compounds. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 235:175-184. [PMID: 31255758 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) possess toxicity towards humans, and their presence in the environment is unwanted. Polar transformation products (TPs) are more mobile, and can be considered emerging contaminants, as they represent a more bioavailable carrier of the same toxic properties. Acidic TPs has been proposed as an important class of polar TPs. This study presents a tiered analytical approach to investigate acidic and polar PAC TPs in environmental conditions. The tiered approach exploits target analysis for quantification of acids; suspect screening for tentative identification based on retention time and spectral matching using databases; and finally non-target analysis based on chromatography and data independent broadband MS to highlight potentially unknown analyte peaks. The approach includes a mixed-mode anion exchange solid phase extraction (MAX-SPE) to fractionate neutral and acidic compounds, and is applied to three cases: I) Photo-oxidation of six PACs generated suspected hydroxylated-, carbonylated- and carboxylated PACs but also proposed the presence of mono- and dicarboxylic acids, which have not been reported elsewhere. For a subset of four acids, conversion rates were determined. II) Recovery of spiked acids from diesel spilled harbor water was 80% by LC-MS, and diesel spill weathering was evaluated from the neutral fraction by GC-MS. III) By non-target analysis sulfonated PACs, presumable derived from photo-oxidation, were detected in run-off basins of an arctic landfarm, alongside hypothesized naturally occuring fatty acids. The tiered approach is a sensitive and versatile tool to extract information on PACs and their polar TPs from polluted environmental sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Schemeth
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Nikoline J Nielsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jan T Andersson
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jan H Christensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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7
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Bilodeau JC, Gutierrez Villagomez JM, Kimpe LE, Thomas PJ, Pauli BD, Trudeau VL, Blais JM. Toxicokinetics and bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic compounds in wood frog tadpoles (Lithobates sylvaticus) exposed to Athabasca oil sands sediment. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 207:217-225. [PMID: 30471987 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We performed accumulation-elimination experiments of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in wood frog tadpoles (Lithobates sylvaticus) using river sediment from Canada's Athabasca oil sands region. The PACs in wood frog tadpoles were ∼2x higher on average when the animals were in direct contact with PAC-contaminated sediment than when they were separated from the sediment with a screen and exposed only to aqueous PACs. These results suggest that sediment exposure/ingestion contributes as much to PAC accumulation in tadpoles as exposure via aqueous pathways. Alkyl-substituted PAC concentrations in exposed tadpoles exceeded those of the unsubstituted (parent) PACs by about 10 × . Bioaccumulation factors ranged between 0.01 and 4.93, with parent PACs having higher bioaccumulation factors than alkylated PACs. Wood frog tadpoles efficiently eliminated and metabolized most parent and alkyl-substituted PACs, though some compounds (e.g., C4-naphthalenes) had higher bioaccumulation potential and may serve as effective markers of exposure. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of the toxicokinetics and bioaccumulation of PACs (52 analytes) in amphibian larvae, and highlight the importance of sediment exposure when considering the bioaccumulation and potential biological impact of PACs in benthic and epibenthic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Bilodeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Street, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - J M Gutierrez Villagomez
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Street, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - L E Kimpe
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Street, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - P J Thomas
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Center, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - B D Pauli
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Center, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - V L Trudeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Street, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - J M Blais
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Street, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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8
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Tong Y, Li J, Cheng Q, Gao C, Yang Y, Tian S. Enhanced removal of sediment-associated total petroleum hydrocarbons under bioturbation by polychaete perinereis aibuhitensis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2019; 54:391-397. [PMID: 30686094 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2018.1558894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bioturbation processes could influence the physical, chemical and biological properties of aquatic sediments and improve the mineralization of organic matter in sediment. The influence of bioturbation by polychaete Perinereis aibuhitensis on the removal of sediment-associated total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) was evaluated through laboratory experiment with P. aibuhitensis cultured in crude oil contaminated coastal sediment. After 60 days, the TPH concentrations in the sediments were significantly decreased compared to the initial concentrations, in which the TPH concentrations in bioturbation experiments (with worms) were significantly lower than those in control experiments (without worms) for both low (1.48 ± 0.19g/kg dry wt) and high (2.67 ± 0.33 g/kg dry wt) TPH-contaminated groups, indicating bioturbation enhanced the removal of TPH in sediment. The TPH removal rates in high TPH group were significantly lower than those in low TPH group, suggested that petroleum pollution inhibited the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in sediment. However, the stimulation efficiency was higher in high TPH group than that in low TPH group, which may be the result of enhanced hydrocarbon's bioavailability by digestive fluid during gut transit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Tong
- a College of Marine and Environmental Sciences , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin , China
| | - Jingyi Li
- a College of Marine and Environmental Sciences , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin , China
| | - Qianhui Cheng
- a College of Marine and Environmental Sciences , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin , China
| | - Caihong Gao
- a College of Marine and Environmental Sciences , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin , China
| | - Yaqi Yang
- a College of Marine and Environmental Sciences , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin , China
| | - Shengyan Tian
- a College of Marine and Environmental Sciences , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin , China
- b Tianjin Marine Environmental Protection and Restoration Technology Engineering Center , Tianjin , China
- c Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry , Tianjin , China
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9
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Peng FJ, Ying GG, Pan CG, Selck H, Salvito D, Van den Brink PJ. Bioaccumulation and Biotransformation of Triclosan and Galaxolide in the Freshwater Oligochaete Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri in a Water/Sediment Microcosm. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:8390-8398. [PMID: 30010330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Personal care products are widely used in our daily life in considerable quantities and discharged via the down-the-drain route to aquatic environments, resulting in potential risks to aquatic organisms. We investigated bioaccumulation and biotransformation of two widely used personal care products, triclosan (TCS) and galaxolide (HHCB) spiked to sediment, in the oligochaete worm Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri in water/sediment microcosms. After 7 days of sediment exposure to 3.1 μg of TCS or HHCB/g of dry weight sediment, the accumulation of TCS and HHCB in L. hoffmeisteri reached equilibrium, at which point the biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) were 2.07 and 2.50 for TCS and HHCB, respectively. The presence of L. hoffmeisteri significantly accelerated the dissipation of the levels of TCS and HHCB in the microcosms, with approximately 9.03 and 2.90% of TCS and HHCB, respectively, eliminated from the water/sediment systems after exposure for 14 days in the presence of worms. Two biotransformation products, methyl triclosan and triclosan O-sulfate, were identified for TCS in worm tissue, whereas only methyl triclosan was identified in the sediment. Unlike TCS, no evidence of biotransformation products was found for HHCB in either worm tissue or sediment. These experiments demonstrate that L. hoffmeisteri biotransformed TCS through methylation and sulfation, whereas HHCB biotransformation was undetectable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jiao Peng
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group , Wageningen University , P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Chang-Gui Pan
- School of Marine Sciences , Guangxi University , Nanning 530004 , China
| | - Henriette Selck
- Department of Science and Environment , Roskilde University , Universitetsvej 1 , 4000 Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Daniel Salvito
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials , 50 Tice Boulevard , Woodcliff Lake , New Jersey 07677 , United States
| | - Paul J Van den Brink
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group , Wageningen University , P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen , The Netherlands
- Wageningen Environmental Research , P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen , The Netherlands
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10
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Dogra Y, Scarlett AG, Rowe D, Galloway TS, Rowland SJ. Predicted and measured acute toxicity and developmental abnormalities in zebrafish embryos produced by exposure to individual aromatic acids. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 205:98-107. [PMID: 29689530 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Petroleum acids, often called 'Naphthenic Acids' (NA), enter the environment in complex mixtures from numerous sources. These include from Produced and Process-Affected waters discharged from some oil industry activities, and from the environmental weathering of spilled crude oil hydrocarbons. Here, we test the hypothesis that individual NA within the complex mixtures can induce developmental abnormalities in fish, by screening a range of individual acids, with known chemical structures. Sixteen aromatic NA were tested using a Thamnocephalus platyrus (beavertail fairyshrimp) assay, to establish acute toxicity. Toxicities ranged from 568 to 8 μM, with the methylbiphenyl acid, 4-(p-tolyl)benzoic acid, most toxic. Next, five of the most toxic monoacids and for comparison, a diacid, were assayed using Danio rerio (zebrafish) embryos to test for lethality and developmental abnormalities. The toxicities were also predicted using Admet predictor™ software. Exposure to the five monoacids produced deformities in zebrafish embryos in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, exposure to 4-(p-tolyl)benzoic acid produced abnormalities in >90% of the embryos at concentrations of <1 μM; exposure to dehydroabietic acid caused pericardial edema and stunted growth in 100% of the embryos at 6 μM and exposure to pyrene-1-carboxylic acid caused 80% of embryos to be affected at 3 μM. The findings of this preliminary study therefore suggest that some aromatic acids are targets for more detailed mechanistic studies of mode of action. The results should help to focus on those NA which may be important for monitoring in oil industry wastewaters and polluted environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuktee Dogra
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD UK
| | - Alan G Scarlett
- Petroleum and Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Darren Rowe
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD UK
| | - Tamara S Galloway
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD UK
| | - Steven J Rowland
- Petroleum and Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
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11
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Magara G, Elia AC, Syberg K, Khan FR. Single contaminant and combined exposures of polyethylene microplastics and fluoranthene: accumulation and oxidative stress response in the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:761-773. [PMID: 29969377 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1488639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The microplastic "vector effect" has received increasing attention. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of polyethylene microplastic beads (PE MP) on accumulation and associated oxidative stress responses attributed to fluoranthene (Flu) in blue mussels, Mytilus edulis. Blue mussels were exposed for 96 h to four treatment groups: Flu-only, MP-only, Flu and MP coexposure, and Flu-incubated MP. Treatments were conducted at a low and high concentration (50 μg/L and 100 Flu μg/L and 100, and 1000 MP/mL). Results demonstrated that in both the gill and digestive gland, coexposure did not markedly affect Flu uptake, but this treatment significantly decreased tissue Flu concentrations. Antioxidant responses including activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidases (GPx), and levels of total glutathione (GSH) in both gills and digestive glands were significantly altered suggesting a perturbation of redox state induced by the exposure conditions. Although individual biomarkers varied, the biomarker profile enabled certain generalizations to be made. Antioxidant responses occurred more likely in gill tissue than in digestive gland. Individual contaminant exposures to Flu or MP led to varying responses, but coexposures and incubated exposures did not result in additive or synergistic effects. Exposure concentrations (i.e., low or high treatments) were not a consistent a predictor of response; and the internal Flu dose did not consistently predict outcome of various biomarkers. Importantly, MP-only exposure appeared to be capable of eliciting direct effects on the oxidative stress system as demonstrated by the activities of CAT and GPx. These findings warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Magara
- a Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology , University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Antonia Concetta Elia
- a Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology , University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Kristian Syberg
- b Department of Science and Environment , Roskilde University , Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Farhan R Khan
- b Department of Science and Environment , Roskilde University , Roskilde , Denmark
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Sørensen L, Sørhus E, Nordtug T, Incardona JP, Linbo TL, Giovanetti L, Karlsen Ø, Meier S. Oil droplet fouling and differential toxicokinetics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in embryos of Atlantic haddock and cod. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180048. [PMID: 28678887 PMCID: PMC5497984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of crude oil pollution on early life stages (ELS) of fish, including larvae and embryos, has received considerable attention in recent years. Of the organic components present in crude oil, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered the main class of compounds responsible for toxic effects in marine organisms. Although evidence suggests that they are more toxic, alkylated PAHs remain much less studied than their unsubstituted congeners. Recently, it was established that embryos of Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) are particularly sensitive to dispersed crude oil, and it was hypothesized that this was caused by direct interaction with crude oil droplets, which adhered to the chorion of exposed embryos. Such a phenomenon would increase the potential for uptake of less water-soluble compounds, including alkylated PAHs. In the current study, we compared the uptake of parent and alkylated PAHs in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock embryos exposed to dispersed crude oil at a range of environmentally relevant concentrations (10–600 μg oil/liter seawater). Although the species are biologically very similar, the cod chorion does not become fouled with oil droplets, even when the two species are exposed to dispersions of crude oil droplets under similar conditions. A close correlation between the degree of fouling and toxicological response (heart defects, craniofacial malformation) was observed. Oil droplet fouling in haddock led to both quantitative and qualitative differences in PAH uptake. Finally, kinetic data on a large suite of PAHs showed differential elimination, suggesting differential metabolism of unsubstituted versus alkylated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbet Sørensen
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Elin Sørhus
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Trond Nordtug
- Environmental Technology, SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway
| | - John P. Incardona
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Tiffany L. Linbo
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Laura Giovanetti
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Ito M, Ito K, Ohta K, Hano T, Onduka T, Mochida K, Fujii K. Evaluation of bioremediation potential of three benthic annelids in organically polluted marine sediment. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 163:392-399. [PMID: 27565306 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the possible remedial effects of three marine benthic annelids on organically polluted sediments from the waters of Hatsukaichi Marina, Hiroshima, Japan. Two polychaetes, Perinereis nuntia and Capitella cf. teleta, and an oligochaete, Thalassodrilides sp., were incubated in sediments for 50 days. Their effects on physicochemical properties such as organic matter (loss on ignition), redox potential (Eh), acid volatile sulfides (AVS), and degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were assessed. The polychaetes P. nuntia and C. cf. teleta significantly increased Eh level and decreased AVS level compared with the oligochaete Thalassodrilides sp. and control (without benthic organisms). Total PAH concentration significantly decreased from the initial level with all three groups; Thalassodrilides sp. had a marked ability to reduce PAHs in sediment. These results indicate that benthic organisms have species-specific remediation properties and ecological functions in organically polluted sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mana Ito
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Maruishi 2-17-5, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima, 739-0452, Japan.
| | - Katsutoshi Ito
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Maruishi 2-17-5, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima, 739-0452, Japan.
| | - Kohei Ohta
- South Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime University, 1289-1, Funakoshi, Ainan, Ehime, 798-4292, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Hano
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Maruishi 2-17-5, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima, 739-0452, Japan.
| | - Toshimitsu Onduka
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Maruishi 2-17-5, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima, 739-0452, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Mochida
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Maruishi 2-17-5, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima, 739-0452, Japan.
| | - Kazunori Fujii
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Maruishi 2-17-5, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima, 739-0452, Japan.
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14
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Ito M, Ito K, Ohta K, Hano T, Onduka T, Mochida K. Transcription of a novel P450 gene varies with some factors (pollutant exposure, temperature, time, and body region) in a marine oligochaete (Thalassodrilides sp.). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 109:344-349. [PMID: 27251443 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes play important roles in the metabolism of exogenous compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). A novel, full-length CYP gene (CYP4V30) was identified in the oligochaete Thalassodrilides sp. CYP4V30 mRNA expression was studied in worms exposed to PAH-polluted (Σ16PAHs; 37441ng/g dry weight) or unpolluted (Σ16PAHs; 19ng/g dry weight) sediment. CYP4V30 expression was much higher in worms exposed to contaminated sediments than in those exposed to unpolluted sediments at some temperatures (20 and 25°C) and exposure durations (11-fold increase at 20°C, 10-day exposure), but not at 15°C or other exposure durations (P<0.05). CYP4V30 mRNA expression was higher in the middle of the body than in the posterior (P<0.05). The variation in transcriptional response with exposure time, temperature, and body region indicates that these factors should be considered when monitoring marine sediment pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mana Ito
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research Agency, Maruishi 2-17-5, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan.
| | - Katsutoshi Ito
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research Agency, Maruishi 2-17-5, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan.
| | - Kohei Ohta
- South Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime University, 1289-1, Funakoshi, Ainan, Ehime 798-4292, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Hano
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research Agency, Maruishi 2-17-5, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan.
| | - Toshimitsu Onduka
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research Agency, Maruishi 2-17-5, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Mochida
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research Agency, Maruishi 2-17-5, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan.
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Malmquist LMV, Selck H, Jørgensen KB, Christensen JH. Polycyclic Aromatic Acids Are Primary Metabolites of Alkyl-PAHs-A Case Study with Nereis diversicolor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:5713-5721. [PMID: 25827176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Although concentrations of alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (alkyl-PAHs) in oil-contaminated sediments are higher than those of unsubstituted PAHs, only little attention has been given to metabolism and ecotoxicity of alkyl-PAHs. In this study we demonstrated that metabolism of alkyl-PAHs primarily forms polycyclic aromatic acids (PAAs). We generalize this to other alkyl-PAHs, based on literature and the present study of the metabolism of 1-methylphenanthrene, 3,6-dimethylphenanthrene, and 1-, 2-, 3-, and 6-methylchrysene related to their unsubstituted parent PAHs. Also, we observed that body burdens and production of PAAs was related to the position of the methyl group, showing the same isomer specific preferences as for microbial degradation of alkyl-PAHs. We detected a high production of PAAs, and larger metabolism of alkyl-PAHs than their unsubstituted parent PAHs. We therefore propose that carboxylic acid metabolites of alkyl-PAHs have the potential of constituting a new class of contaminants in marine waters that needs attention in relation to ecological risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus M V Malmquist
- †Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- ‡Department of Environmental, Social and Spatial Change, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, P.O. Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Henriette Selck
- ‡Department of Environmental, Social and Spatial Change, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, P.O. Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kåre B Jørgensen
- §Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Jan H Christensen
- †Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Fernández-Varela R, Tomasi G, Christensen J. An untargeted gas chromatography mass spectrometry metabolomics platform for marine polychaetes. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1384:133-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Boll ES, Johnsen AR, Christensen JH. Polar metabolites of polycyclic aromatic compounds from fungi are potential soil and groundwater contaminants. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 119:250-257. [PMID: 25025602 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the sorption to soil of water-soluble metabolites from polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). The soil fungus Cunninghamella elegans was used to produce PAC metabolites from two un-substituted PACs (phenanthrene, pyrene), three alkyl-substituted PACs (2-methylnaphthalene, 1-methylphenanthrene, 1-methylpyrene), and one sulfur-containing heterocyclic PAC (dibenzothiophene). Fifty-eight metabolites were tentatively identified; metabolites from the un-substituted PACs were hydroxylated and sulfate conjugated, whereas metabolites from alkyl-substituted PACs were sulfate conjugated and either hydroxylated or oxidized to carboxylic acids at the methyl group. The metabolism of the sulfur-containing heterocyclic PAC resulted in sulfate conjugates. The sorption of the PAC metabolites to three soils was determined using a batch equilibrium method, and partition coefficients (Kd's) were calculated for fourteen representative metabolites. Sulfate conjugated metabolites displayed Kd's below 70 whereas the metabolites with both a sulfate and a carboxylic acid group had Kd's below 2.8. The low Kd's of water-soluble PAC metabolites indicate high mobility in soil and a potential for leaching to surface- and groundwaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther S Boll
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Science, Plant and Environmental Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Anders R Johnsen
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Department of Geochemistry, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Jan H Christensen
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Science, Plant and Environmental Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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