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Vertova A, Miani A, Lesma G, Rondinini S, Minguzzi A, Falciola L, Ortenzi MA. Chlorine Dioxide Degradation Issues on Metal and Plastic Water Pipes Tested in Parallel in a Semi-Closed System. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16224582. [PMID: 31752399 PMCID: PMC6888174 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) has been widely used as a disinfectant in drinking water in the past but its effects on water pipes have not been investigated deeply, mainly due to the difficult experimental set-up required to simulate real-life water pipe conditions. In the present paper, four different kinds of water pipes, two based on plastics, namely random polypropylene (PPR) and polyethylene of raised temperature (PERT/aluminum multilayer), and two made of metals, i.e., copper and galvanized steel, were put in a semi-closed system where ClO2 was dosed continuously. The semi-closed system allowed for the simulation of real ClO2 concentrations in common water distribution systems and to simulate the presence of pipes made with different materials from the source of water to the tap. Results show that ClO2 has a deep effect on all the materials tested (plastics and metals) and that severe damage occurs due to its strong oxidizing power in terms of surface chemical modification of metals and progressive cracking of plastics. These phenomena could in turn become an issue for the health and safety of drinking water due to progressive leakage of degraded products in the water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Vertova
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19-20133 Milan, Italy; (A.V.); (G.L.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (L.F.)
| | - Alessandro Miani
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2-20133 Milan, Italy;
- Italian Society of Environmental Medicine (SIMA), Via Monte Leone 2-20149 Milan, Italy
| | - Giordano Lesma
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19-20133 Milan, Italy; (A.V.); (G.L.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (L.F.)
- CRC Materiali Polimerici (LaMPo), Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sandra Rondinini
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19-20133 Milan, Italy; (A.V.); (G.L.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (L.F.)
| | - Alessandro Minguzzi
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19-20133 Milan, Italy; (A.V.); (G.L.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (L.F.)
| | - Luigi Falciola
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19-20133 Milan, Italy; (A.V.); (G.L.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (L.F.)
- Italian Society of Environmental Medicine (SIMA), Via Monte Leone 2-20149 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Aldo Ortenzi
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19-20133 Milan, Italy; (A.V.); (G.L.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (L.F.)
- CRC Materiali Polimerici (LaMPo), Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19-20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0250314135
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Chebeir M, Liu H. Oxidation of Cr(III)-Fe(III) Mixed-Phase Hydroxides by Chlorine: Implications on the Control of Hexavalent Chromium in Drinking Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:7663-7670. [PMID: 29772182 PMCID: PMC6052407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of chromium (Cr) as an inorganic contaminant in drinking water is widely reported. One source of Cr is its accumulation in iron-containing corrosion scales of drinking water distribution systems as Cr(III)-Fe(III) hydroxide, that is, Fe xCr(1- x)(OH)3(s), where x represents the Fe(III) molar content and typically varies between 0.25 and 0.75. This study investigated the kinetics of inadvertent hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) formation via the oxidation of Fe xCr(1- x)(OH)3(s) by chlorine as a residual disinfectant in drinking water, and examined the impacts of Fe(III) content and drinking water chemical parameters including pH, bromide and bicarbonate on the rate of Cr(VI) formation. Data showed that an increase in Fe(III) molar content resulted in a significant decrease in the stoichiometric Cr(VI) yield and the rate of Cr(VI) formation, mainly due to chlorine decay induced by Fe(III) surface sites. An increase in bicarbonate enhanced the rate of Cr(VI) formation, likely due to the formation of Fe(III)-carbonato surface complexes that slowed down the scavenging reaction with chlorine. The presence of bromide significantly accelerated the oxidation of Fe xCr(1- x)(OH)3(s) by chlorine, resulting from the catalytic effect of bromide acting as an electron shuttle. A higher solution pH between 6 and 8.5 slowed down the oxidation of Cr(III) by chlorine. These findings suggested that the oxidative conversion of chromium-containing iron corrosion products in drinking water distribution systems can lead to the occurrence of Cr(VI) at the tap, and the abundance of iron, and a careful control of pH, bicarbonate and bromide levels can assist the control of Cr(VI) formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haizhou Liu
- Phone (951) 827-2076; fax (951) 827-5696; e-mail:
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Harper WF, Flemings W, Bailey K, Lee W, Felker D, Gallardo V, Magnuson M, Phillips R. Adsorption of Malathion onto Copper and Iron Surfaces Relevant to Water Infrastructure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 109:494-502. [PMID: 30369618 DOI: 10.5942/jawwa.2017.109.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the adsorption of malathion to copper and iron surfaces including microspheres and pipe specimens similar to those in drinking water infrastructure. The solid phase concentration of malathion on the virgin and used copper pipe specimens was generally between 0.2 - 1 mg/g. The adsorption capacity for copper and iron microspheres were greater than those of the pipe specimens because of their higher surface area-to-volume ratios. Copper materials adsorbed more malathion than comparable iron materials. XPS analysis of copper and iron surfaces revealed peaks at 164 eV (S 2p) and 135 eV (P 2p), which suggests that malathion chemically bonded to the surfaces of the specimens. Metal oxides likely formed stable bonds with phosphorus through pi conjugation. These findings are the first to show that malathion can chemically adhere to copper and iron pipe materials. This insight is critical for understanding the decontamination strategies needed for water networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willie F Harper
- Air Force Institute of Technology, Department of Systems Engineering and Management, 2950 Hobson Way, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, US, 45433
| | - William Flemings
- Air Force Institute of Technology, Department of Systems Engineering and Management, 2950 Hobson Way, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, US, 45433
| | - Kandace Bailey
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Air Force Institute of Technology, Department of Systems Engineering and Management, 2950 Hobson Way, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, US, 45433
| | - Walter Lee
- Air Force Institute of Technology, Department of Systems Engineering and Management, 2950 Hobson Way, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, US, 45433
| | - Daniel Felker
- Air Force Institute of Technology, Department of Systems Engineering and Management, 2950 Hobson Way, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, US, 45433
| | - Vicente Gallardo
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center, Water Infrastructure Protection Division, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Mailstop NG-16, Cincinnati, OH, US 45268
| | - Matthew Magnuson
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center, Water Infrastructure Protection Division, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Mailstop NG-16, Cincinnati, OH, US 45268
| | - Rebecca Phillips
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, US Environmental Protection Agency Headquarters, ML-8801 RR, Room 51185, Ronald Reagan Building, 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington DC 20004
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Zhao X, Salhi E, Liu H, Ma J, von Gunten U. Kinetic and Mechanistic Aspects of the Reactions of Iodide and Hypoiodous Acid with Permanganate: Oxidation and Disproportionation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:4358-4365. [PMID: 27003721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation kinetics of iodide and HOI/OI(-) by permanganate were studied in the pH range of 5.0-10.0. Iodide oxidation and iodate formation were faster at lower pH. The apparent second-order rate constants (k(obs)) for iodide oxidation by permanganate decrease with increasing pH from 29 M(-1) s(-1) at pH 5.0 and 6.9 M(-1) s(-1) at pH 7.0 to 2.7 M(-1) s(-1) at pH 10.0. k(obs) for HOI abatement are 56 M(-1) s(-1) at pH 5.0, 2.5 M(-1) s(-1) at pH 7.0, and 173 M(-1) s(-1) at pH 10.0. Iodate yields over HOI abatement decrease from 98% at pH 6.0 to 33% for pH ≥ 9.5, demonstrating that HOI disproportionation dominates HOI transformation by permanganate at pH ≥ 8.0. MnO2 formed as a product from permanganate reduction, oxidizes HOI to iodate for pH < 8.0, and promotes HOI disproportionation for pH ≥ 8.0. The rate of HOI oxidation or disproportionation induced by MnO2 is much lower than for permanganate. During treatment of iodide-containing waters, the potential for iodinated disinfection byproducts (I-DBPs) formation is highest at pH 7.0-8.0 due to the long lifetime of HOI. For pH < 6.0, HOI/I2 is quickly oxidized by permanganate to iodate, whereas for pH ≥ 8.0, HOI/OI(-) undergoes a fast permanganate-mediated disproportionation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Salhi
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Huiling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Liu C, Croué JP. Formation of Bromate and Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts during Chlorination of Bromide-Containing Waters in the Presence of Dissolved Organic Matter and CuO. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:135-44. [PMID: 26630351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that significant bromate (BrO3(-)) can be formed via the CuO-catalyzed disproportionation of hypobromous acid (HOBr) pathway. In this study, the influence of CuO on the formation of BrO3(-) and halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) (e.g., trihalomethanes, THMs and haloacetic acids, HAAs) during chlorination of six dissolved organic matter (DOM) isolates was investigated. Only in the presence of slow reacting DOM (from treated Colorado River water, i.e., CRW-BF-HPO), significant BrO3(-) formation is observed, which competes with bromination of DOM (i.e., THM and HAA formation). Reactions between HOBr and 12 model compounds in the presence of CuO indicates that CuO-catalyzed HOBr disproportionation is completely inhibited by fast reacting phenols, while it predominates in the presence of practically unreactive compounds (acetone, butanol, propionic, and butyric acids). In the presence of slow reacting di- and tricarboxylic acids (oxalic, malonic, succinic, and citric acids), BrO3(-) formation varies, depending on its competition with bromoform and dibromoacetic acid formation (i.e., bromination pathway). The latter pathway can be enhanced by CuO due to the activation of HOBr. Therefore, increasing CuO dose (0-0.2 g L(-1)) in a reaction system containing chlorine, bromide, and CRW-BF-HPO enhances the formation of BrO3(-), total THMs and HAAs. Factors including pH and initial reactant concentrations influence the DBP formation. These novel findings have implications for elevated DBP formation during transportation of chlorinated waters in copper-containing distribution systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean-Philippe Croué
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Curtin Water Quality Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University , Perth, WA-6845, Australia
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