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Fink L, Karl M, Matthias V, Weigelt A, Irjala M, Simonen P. Using the Multicomponent Aerosol FORmation Model (MAFOR) to Determine Improved VOC Emission Factors in Ship Plumes. TOXICS 2024; 12:432. [PMID: 38922112 PMCID: PMC11209450 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12060432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
International shipping's particulate matter primary emissions have a share in global anthropogenic emissions of between 3% and 4%. Ship emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can play an important role in the formation of fine particulate matter. Using an aerosol box model for the near-plume scale, this study investigated how the changing VOC emission factor (EF) for ship engines impacts the formation of secondary PM2.5 in ship exhaust plumes that were detected during a measurement campaign. The agreement between measured and modeled particle number size distribution was improved by adjusting VOC emissions, in particular of intermediate-, low-, and extremely low-volatility compounds. The scaling of the VOC emission factor showed that the initial emission factor, based on literature data, had to be multiplied by 3.6 for all VOCs. Information obtained from the box model was integrated into a regional-scale chemistry transport model (CTM) to study the influence of changed VOC ship emissions over the Mediterranean Sea. The regional-scale CTM run with adjusted ship emissions indicated a change in PM2.5 of up to 5% at the main shipping routes and harbor cities in summer. Nevertheless, overall changes due to a change in the VOC EF were rather small, indicating that the size of grid cells in CTMs leads to a fast dilution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Fink
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Department of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, 21052 Geesthacht, Germany; (L.F.); (V.M.)
| | - Matthias Karl
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Department of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, 21052 Geesthacht, Germany; (L.F.); (V.M.)
| | - Volker Matthias
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Department of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, 21052 Geesthacht, Germany; (L.F.); (V.M.)
| | - Andreas Weigelt
- Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie, 20359 Hamburg, Germany;
| | | | - Pauli Simonen
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33720 Tampere, Finland;
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2
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Saarikoski S, Järvinen A, Markkula L, Aurela M, Kuittinen N, Hoivala J, Barreira LMF, Aakko-Saksa P, Lepistö T, Marjanen P, Timonen H, Hakkarainen H, Jalava P, Rönkkö T. Towards zero pollution vehicles by advanced fuels and exhaust aftertreatment technologies. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 347:123665. [PMID: 38432344 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Vehicular emissions deteriorate air quality in urban areas notably. The aim of this study was to conduct an in-depth characterization of gaseous and particle emissions, and their potential to form secondary aerosol emissions, of the cars meeting the most recent emission Euro 6d standards, and to investigate the impact of fuel as well as engine and aftertreatment technologies on pollutants at warm and cold ambient temperatures. Studied vehicles were a diesel car with a diesel particulate filter (DPF), two gasoline cars (with and without a gasoline particulate filter (GPF)), and a car using compressed natural gas (CNG). The impact of fuel aromatic content was examined for the diesel car and the gasoline car without the GPF. The results showed that the utilization of exhaust particulate filter was important both in diesel and gasoline cars. The gasoline car without the GPF emitted relatively high concentrations of particles compared to the other technologies but the implementation of the GPF decreased particle emissions, and the potential to form secondary aerosols in atmospheric processes. The diesel car equipped with the DPF emitted low particle number concentrations except during the DPF regeneration events. Aromatic-free gasoline and diesel fuel efficiently reduced exhaust particles. Since the renewal of vehicle fleet is a relatively slow process, changing the fuel composition can be seen as a faster way to affect traffic emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anssi Järvinen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, 02044, VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Lassi Markkula
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33100, Finland
| | - Minna Aurela
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niina Kuittinen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, 02044, VTT, Espoo, Finland; Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33100, Finland
| | - Jussi Hoivala
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33100, Finland
| | - Luis M F Barreira
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Aakko-Saksa
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, 02044, VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Teemu Lepistö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33100, Finland
| | - Petteri Marjanen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33100, Finland
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henri Hakkarainen
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi Jalava
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33100, Finland.
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Rönkkö T, Pirjola L, Karjalainen P, Simonen P, Teinilä K, Bloss M, Salo L, Datta A, Lal B, Hooda RK, Saarikoski S, Timonen H. Exhaust particle number and composition for diesel and gasoline passenger cars under transient driving conditions: Real-world emissions down to 1.5 nm. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 338:122645. [PMID: 37777056 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent recommendations given by WHO include systematic measurements of ambient particle number concentration and black carbon (BC) concentrations. In India and several other highly polluted areas, the air quality problems are severe and the need for air quality related information is urgent. This study focuses on particle number emissions and BC emissions of passenger cars that are technologically relevant from an Indian perspective. Particle number and BC were investigated under real-world conditions for driving cycles typical for Indian urban environments. Two mobile laboratories and advanced aerosol and trace gas instrumentation were utilized. Our study shows that passenger cars without exhaust particle filtration can emit in real-world conditions large number of particles, and especially at deceleration a significant fraction of particle number can be even in 1.5-10 nm particle sizes. The mass concentration of exhaust plume particles was dominated by BC that was emitted especially at acceleration conditions. However, exhaust particles contained also organic compounds, indicating the roles of engine oil and fuel in exhaust particle formation. In general, our study was motivated by serious Indian air quality problems, by the recognized lack of emission information related to Indian traffic, and by the recent WHO air quality guidance; our results emphasize the importance of monitoring particle number concentrations and BC also in Indian urban areas and especially in traffic environments where people can be significantly exposed to fresh exhaust emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, Tampere, 33101, Finland.
| | - Liisa Pirjola
- Department of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Metropolia University of Applied Sciences, Vantaa, Finland; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Panu Karjalainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, Tampere, 33101, Finland
| | - Pauli Simonen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, Tampere, 33101, Finland
| | - Kimmo Teinilä
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matthew Bloss
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Salo
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, Tampere, 33101, Finland
| | - Arindam Datta
- The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), New Delhi, India
| | - Banwari Lal
- The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh K Hooda
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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Maboa R, Yessoufou K, Tesfamichael S, Shiferaw YA. Sizes of atmospheric particulate matters determine the outcomes of their interactions with rainfall processes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17467. [PMID: 36261467 PMCID: PMC9581900 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22558-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental sustainability remains at risk, given the coupled trends of economic development with air pollution. The risk is even greater in the water-stressed world, given the potential suppression effects of air pollutants on rain formation. Here, since these suppression effects remain debated, we tested the hypothesis that air pollutants suppress rainfall in the water-stressed South Africa. This was done by fitting generalized linear models to a 21-year historical dataset of rainfall and air pollutants. We found that some gaseous pollutants and PM10 show a significant negative correlation with rainfall, perhaps due to the temperature inversion they cause, which might prevent the upward rise of humid air and convective clouds to grow high enough to produce rain. Surprisingly, as opposed to PM10, we found a rather positive significant effect of PM2.5. Altogether, our study supports the hypothesis of rain prevention by pollutants but provides some nuances that are dependent on the size of air particle matters. To achieve environmental sustainability while growing the economy, we can only rely on emission purification technologies to strike this trade-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Relotilwe Maboa
- grid.412988.e0000 0001 0109 131XDepartment of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kowiyou Yessoufou
- grid.412988.e0000 0001 0109 131XDepartment of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Solomon Tesfamichael
- grid.412988.e0000 0001 0109 131XDepartment of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yegnanew A. Shiferaw
- grid.412988.e0000 0001 0109 131XDepartment of Statistics, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Young LH, Lai CW, Lu JH, Yang HH, Wang LC, Chen YH. Elevated emissions of volatile and nonvolatile nanoparticles from heavy-duty diesel engine running on diesel-gas co-fuels. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 821:153459. [PMID: 35093351 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study experimentally examines the effects of four diesel-gas co-fuels, two engine loads and an aftertreatment on regulated and unregulated emissions from a 6-cylinder natural-aspirated direct-injection heavy-duty diesel engine (HDDE) with an engine dynamometer. Fuel energy of ultra-low-sulfur diesel was substituted with 10% and 20% of gas fuels, including pure H2, CH4, and two CH4-CO2 blends. The particle number size distributions of volatile and nonvolatile nanoparticles were measured under ambient temperature and after 300 °C heating, respectively. The results show that the gas fuels caused increases of hydrocarbon emission, slight changes of NOx emission, and decreases of opacity. All four gas fuels resulted in elevated emissions of both volatile and nonvolatile nanoparticles at 25% and 75% load, in the range of 29% to 390%. The increased emissions of volatile nanoparticles were variable and without obvious trends. Special attentions should be given to the addition of H2 under high load, during which significant increases of volatile nanoparticles could be formed not only post-combustion (up to 1376%), but also post-diesel oxidation catalyst plus diesel particulate filter (DOC + DPF). The nonvolatile nanoparticles, on the other hand, could be effectively removed by the retrofitted DOC + DPF, with efficiency >98.2%. A noteworthy fraction of solid particles of sizes <23 nm were found in the exhaust, not being accounted for by current regulatory emission standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hao Young
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, 100, Sec. 1, Jingmao Rd., Beitun Dist., Taichung City 406040, Taiwan.
| | - Chau-Wei Lai
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, 100, Sec. 1, Jingmao Rd., Beitun Dist., Taichung City 406040, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Huai Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145, Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Hsien Yang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, 168, Jifeng E. Road, Taichung 413310, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Chi Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, 200 Chung Pei Road, Chung Li District, Taoyuan City 32023, Taiwan; Center for Environmental Risk Management, Chung Yuan Christian University, 200 Chung Pei Road, Chung Li District, Taoyuan City 32023, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Han Chen
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, 100, Sec. 1, Jingmao Rd., Beitun Dist., Taichung City 406040, Taiwan
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6
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Revisiting Total Particle Number Measurements for Vehicle Exhaust Regulations. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Road transport significantly contributes to air pollution in cities. Emission regulations have led to significantly reduced emissions in modern vehicles. Particle emissions are controlled by a particulate matter (PM) mass and a solid particle number (SPN) limit. There are concerns that the SPN limit does not effectively control all relevant particulate species and there are instances of semi-volatile particle emissions that are order of magnitudes higher than the SPN emission levels. This overview discusses whether a new metric (total particles, i.e., solids and volatiles) should be introduced for the effective regulation of vehicle emissions. Initially, it summarizes recent findings on the contribution of road transport to particle number concentration levels in cities. Then, both solid and total particle emission levels from modern vehicles are presented and the adverse health effects of solid and volatile particles are briefly discussed. Finally, the open issues regarding an appropriate methodology (sampling and instrumentation) in order to achieve representative and reproducible results are summarized. The main finding of this overview is that, even though total particle sampling and quantification is feasible, details for its realization in a regulatory context are lacking. It is important to define the methodology details (sampling and dilution, measurement instrumentation, relevant sizes, etc.) and conduct inter-laboratory exercises to determine the reproducibility of a proposed method. It is also necessary to monitor the vehicle emissions according to the new method to understand current and possible future levels. With better understanding of the instances of formation of nucleation mode particles it will be possible to identify its culprits (e.g., fuel, lubricant, combustion, or aftertreatment operation). Then the appropriate solutions can be enforced and the right decisions can be taken on the need for new regulatory initiatives, for example the addition of total particles in the tailpipe, decrease of specific organic precursors, better control of inorganic precursors (e.g., NH3, SOx), or revision of fuel and lubricant specifications.
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Shen X, Hao J, Kong L, Shi Y, Cao X, Shi J, Yao Z, Li X, Wu B, Xu Y, He K. Variation characteristics of fine particulate matter and its components in diesel vehicle emission plumes. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 107:138-149. [PMID: 34412776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A rapid reaction occurs near the exhaust nozzle when vehicle emissions contact the air. Twenty diesel vehicles were studied using a new multipoint sampling system that is suitable for studying the exhaust plume near the exhaust nozzle. The variation characteristics of fine particle matter (PM2.5) and its components in diesel vehicle exhaust plumes were analyzed. The PM2.5 emissions gradually increased with increasing distance from the nozzle in the plume. Elemental carbon emissions remained basically unchanged, organic carbon and total carbon (TC) increased with increasing distance. The concentrations of SO42-, NO3- and NH4+ (SNA) directly emitted by the vehicles were very low but increased rapidly in the exhaust plume. The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) reduced 42.7% TC, 40% NO3- emissions, but increased 104% SO42- and 36% NH4+ emissions, respectively. In summary, the SCR reduced 29% primary PM2.5 emissions for the tested diesel vehicles. The NH4NO3 particle formation maybe more important in the plume, and there maybe other forms of formation of NH4+ (eg. NH4Cl). The generation of secondary organic carbon (SOC) plays a leading role in the generation of secondary PM2.5. The SCR enhanced the formation of SOC and SNA in the plume, but comprehensive analysis shows that the SCR more enhanced the SNA formation in the plume, which is mainly new particles formation process. The inconsistency between secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and primary organic aerosol definitions is one of the important reasons for the difference between SOA simulation and observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbao Shen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jiateng Hao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Lei Kong
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yue Shi
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xinyue Cao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jiacheng Shi
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhiliang Yao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Xin Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Bobo Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yiming Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
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Sbai SE, Li C, Boreave A, Charbonnel N, Perrier S, Vernoux P, Bentayeb F, George C, Gil S. Atmospheric photochemistry and secondary aerosol formation of urban air in Lyon, France. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 99:311-323. [PMID: 33183710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical aging of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere is an important source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). To evaluate the formation potential of SOA at an urban site in Lyon (France), an outdoor experiment using a Potential Aerosol Mass (PAM) oxidation flow reactor (OFR) was conducted throughout entire days during January-February 2017. Diurnal variation of SOA formations and their correlation with OH radical exposure (OHexp), ambient pollutants (VOCs and particulate matters, PM), Relative Humidity (RH), and temperature were explored in this study. Ambient urban air was exposed to high concentration of OH radicals with OHexp in range of (0.2-1.2)×1012 molecule/(cm3•sec), corresponding to several days to weeks of equivalent atmospheric photochemical aging. The results informed that urban air at Lyon has high potency to contribute to SOA, and these SOA productions were favored from OH radical photochemical oxidation rather than via ozonolysis. Maximum SOA formation (36 µg/m3) was obtained at OHexp of about 7.4 × 1011molecule/(cm3•sec), equivalent to approximately 5 days of atmospheric oxidation. The correlation between SOA formation and ambient environment conditions (RH & temperature, VOCs and PM) was observed. It was the first time to estimate SOA formation potential from ambient air over a long period in urban environment of Lyon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Eddine Sbai
- Department of physics, Laboratoires de physique des hauts Energies Modélisation et Simulation, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Chunlin Li
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON,2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69100 Lyon, France; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Antoinette Boreave
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON,2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69100 Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Charbonnel
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON,2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69100 Lyon, France
| | - Sebastien Perrier
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON,2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69100 Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Vernoux
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON,2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69100 Lyon, France
| | - Farida Bentayeb
- Department of physics, Laboratoires de physique des hauts Energies Modélisation et Simulation, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Christian George
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON,2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69100 Lyon, France
| | - Sonia Gil
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON,2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69100 Lyon, France.
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Rönkkö T, Timonen H. Overview of Sources and Characteristics of Nanoparticles in Urban Traffic-Influenced Areas. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 72:15-28. [PMID: 31561356 PMCID: PMC6839465 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric nanoparticles can be formed either via nucleation in atmosphere or be directly emitted to the atmosphere. In urban areas, several combustion sources (engines, biomass burning, power generation plants) are directly emitting nanoparticles to the atmosphere and, in addition, the gaseous emissions from the same sources can participate to atmospheric nanoparticle formation. This article focuses on the sources and formation of nanoparticles in traffic-influenced environments and reviews current knowledge on composition and characteristics of these nanoparticles. In general, elevated number concentrations of nanoparticles are very typically observed in traffic-influenced environments. Traffic related nanoparticles can originate from combustion process or from non-exhaust related sources such as brake wear. Particles originating from combustion process can be divided to three different sources; 1) primary nanoparticles formed in high temperature, 2) delayed primary particles formed as gaseous compounds nucleate during the cooling and dilution process and 3) secondary nanoparticles formed from gaseous precursors via the atmospheric photochemistry. The nanoparticles observed in roadside environment are a complex mixture of particles from several sources affected by atmospheric processing, local co-pollutants and meteorology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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Wihersaari H, Pirjola L, Karjalainen P, Saukko E, Kuuluvainen H, Kulmala K, Keskinen J, Rönkkö T. Particulate emissions of a modern diesel passenger car under laboratory and real-world transient driving conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114948. [PMID: 32554088 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exhaust emissions from diesel vehicles are significant sources of air pollution. In this study, particle number emissions and size distributions of a modern Euro 5b -compliant diesel passenger car exhaust were measured under the NEDC and US06 standard cycles as well as during different transient driving cycles. The measurements were conducted on a chassis dynamometer; in addition, the transient cycles were repeated on-road by a chase method. Since the diesel particulate filter (DPF) removed practically all particles from the engine exhaust, it was by-passed during most of the measurements in order to determine effects of lubricant on the engine-out exhaust aerosol. Driving conditions and lubricant properties strongly affected exhaust emissions, especially the number emissions and volatility properties of particles. During acceleration and steady speeds particle emissions consisted of non-volatile soot particles mainly larger than ∼50 nm independently of the lubricant used. Instead, during engine motoring particle number size distribution was bimodal with the modes peaking at 10-20 nm and 100 nm. Thermal treatment indicated that the larger mode consisted of non-volatile particles, whereas the nanoparticles had a non-volatile core with volatile material condensed on the surfaces; approximately, 59-64% of the emitted nanoparticles evaporated. Since during engine braking the engine was not fueled, the origin of these particles is lubricant oil. The particle number emission factors over the different cycles varied from 1.0 × 1014 to 1.3 × 1015 #/km, and engine motoring related particle emissions contributed 12-65% of the total particle emissions. The results from the laboratory and on-road transient tests agreed well. According to authors' knowledge, high particle formation during engine braking under real-world driving conditions has not been reported from diesel passenger cars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Wihersaari
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014, Finland
| | - Liisa Pirjola
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014, Finland; Department of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Metropolia University of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 4071, FI-01600, Vantaa, Finland
| | - Panu Karjalainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014, Finland.
| | - Erkka Saukko
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014, Finland
| | - Heino Kuuluvainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014, Finland
| | - Kari Kulmala
- Neste Oyj, Keilaranta 21, P.O. Box 95, FI-00095, Neste, Finland
| | - Jorma Keskinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014, Finland
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11
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Rivas I, Beddows DCS, Amato F, Green DC, Järvi L, Hueglin C, Reche C, Timonen H, Fuller GW, Niemi JV, Pérez N, Aurela M, Hopke PK, Alastuey A, Kulmala M, Harrison RM, Querol X, Kelly FJ. Source apportionment of particle number size distribution in urban background and traffic stations in four European cities. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 135:105345. [PMID: 31810011 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafine particles (UFP) are suspected of having significant impacts on health. However, there have only been a limited number of studies on sources of UFP compared to larger particles. In this work, we identified and quantified the sources and processes contributing to particle number size distributions (PNSD) using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) at six monitoring stations (four urban background and two street canyon) from four European cities: Barcelona, Helsinki, London, and Zurich. These cities are characterised by different meteorological conditions and emissions. The common sources across all stations were Photonucleation, traffic emissions (3 sources, from fresh to aged emissions: Traffic nucleation, Fresh traffic - mode diameter between 13 and 37 nm, and Urban - mode diameter between 44 and 81 nm, mainly traffic but influenced by other sources in some cities), and Secondary particles. The Photonucleation factor was only directly identified by PMF for Barcelona, while an additional split of the Nucleation factor (into Photonucleation and Traffic nucleation) by using NOx concentrations as a proxy for traffic emissions was performed for all other stations. The sum of all traffic sources resulted in a maximum relative contributions ranging from 71 to 94% (annual average) thereby being the main contributor at all stations. In London and Zurich, the relative contribution of the sources did not vary significantly between seasons. In contrast, the high levels of solar radiation in Barcelona led to an important contribution of Photonucleation particles (ranging from 14% during the winter period to 35% during summer). Biogenic emissions were a source identified only in Helsinki (both in the urban background and street canyon stations), that contributed importantly during summer (23% in urban background). Airport emissions contributed to Nucleation particles at urban background sites, as the highest concentrations of this source took place when the wind was blowing from the airport direction in all cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioar Rivas
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - David C S Beddows
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Fulvio Amato
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David C Green
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Leena Järvi
- Institute of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Christoph Hueglin
- Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gary W Fuller
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), Air Protection Unit, P.O. Box 100, FI-00066 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Noemí Pérez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Minna Aurela
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Department of Environmental Sciences/Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frank J Kelly
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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12
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Deng W, Fang Z, Wang Z, Zhu M, Zhang Y, Tang M, Song W, Lowther S, Huang Z, Jones K, Peng P, Wang X. Primary emissions and secondary organic aerosol formation from in-use diesel vehicle exhaust: Comparison between idling and cruise mode. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 699:134357. [PMID: 31683211 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Diesel vehicle exhaust is an important source of carbonaceous aerosols, especially in developing countries, like China. Driving condition impacts diesel vehicle emissions, yet its influence needs further understanding especially on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. In this study tailpipe exhaust from an in-use light duty diesel vehicle at idling and driving speeds of 20 and 40 km h-1 was introduced respectively into a 30 m-3 indoor smog chamber to investigate primary emissions and SOA formation during photo-oxidation. The emission factors of SO2 at 20 and 40 km h-1 were higher than those at idling, whereas the emission factors of aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) decreased when driving speeds increased. The emission factors of black carbon (BC) and primary organic aerosol (POA) at idling were comparable to those at 20 and 40 km h-1. The SOA production factors were 0.41 ± 0.09 g kg-fuel-1 at idling, approximately 2.5 times as high as those at 20 km h-1 (0.16 ± 0.09 g kg-fuel-1) or 40 km h-1 (0.17 ± 0.09 g kg-fuel-1). Total carbonaceous aerosols, including BC, POA and SOA, from diesel vehicles at 20 and 40 km h-1 were 60-75% of those at idling, due largely to a reduction in SOA production. Measured AHs and PAHs altogether were estimated to explain <10% of SOA production, and eight major OVOCs could contribute 8.4-23% of SOA production. A preliminary comparison was further made for the same diesel vehicle at idling using diesel oils upgraded from China 3 to China 5 standard. The emission factors of total particle numbers decreased by 38% owing to less nuclei mode particles, which was probably caused by the reducing fuel sulfur content; the emission factors of BC were almost unchanged, the POA emission factors and SOA production factors however decreased by 72% and 37%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zheng Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Mingjin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Scott Lowther
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Zhonghui Huang
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Kevin Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Ping'an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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13
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Karjalainen P, Rönkkö T, Simonen P, Ntziachristos L, Juuti P, Timonen H, Teinilä K, Saarikoski S, Saveljeff H, Lauren M, Happonen M, Matilainen P, Maunula T, Nuottimäki J, Keskinen J. Strategies To Diminish the Emissions of Particles and Secondary Aerosol Formation from Diesel Engines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:10408-10416. [PMID: 31408602 PMCID: PMC6748663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Particle emissions and secondary aerosol formation from internal combustion engines deteriorate air quality and significantly affect human wellbeing and health. Both the direct particle emissions and the emissions of compounds contributing to secondary aerosol formation depend on choices made in selecting fuels, engine technologies, and exhaust aftertreatment (EAT). Here we study how catalytic EATs, particle filtration, and fuel choices affect these emissions concerning heavy-duty diesel engine. We observed that the most advanced EAT decreased the emissions of fresh exhaust particle mass as much as 98% (from 44.7 to 0.73 mg/kWh) and the formation of aged exhaust particle mass ∼100% (from 106.2 to ∼0 mg/kWh). The composition of emitted particles depended significantly on the EAT and oxidative aging. While black carbon typically dominated the composition of fresh exhaust particles, aged particles contained more sulfates and organics. The fuel choices had minor effects on the secondary aerosol formation, implicating that, in diesel engines, either the lubricant is a significant source of secondary aerosol precursors or the precursors are formed in the combustion process. Results indicate that the utilization of EAT in diesel engines would produce benefits with respect to exhaust burden on air quality, and thus their utilization should be promoted especially in geographical areas suffering from poor air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panu Karjalainen
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
- Atmospheric
Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological
Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Pauli Simonen
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Paxton Juuti
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric
Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological
Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kimmo Teinilä
- Atmospheric
Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological
Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric
Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological
Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henna Saveljeff
- Turku
University of Applied Sciences, FI-20700 Turku, Finland
| | - Mika Lauren
- Turku
University of Applied Sciences, FI-20700 Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | - Jorma Keskinen
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
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14
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Järvinen A, Timonen H, Karjalainen P, Bloss M, Simonen P, Saarikoski S, Kuuluvainen H, Kalliokoski J, Dal Maso M, Niemi JV, Keskinen J, Rönkkö T. Particle emissions of Euro VI, EEV and retrofitted EEV city buses in real traffic. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 250:708-716. [PMID: 31035153 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Exhaust emissions from traffic significantly affect urban air quality. In this study, in-traffic emissions of diesel-fueled city buses meeting enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle (EEV) and Euro VI emission limits and the effects of retrofitting of EEV buses were studied on-road by chasing the buses with a mobile laboratory in the Helsinki region, Finland. The average emission factors of particle number (PN), particle mass (PM1) and black carbon mass (BC) were 0.86·1015 1/kgfuel, 0.20 g/kgfuel and 0.10 g/kgfuel, respectively, for EEV buses. For Euro VI buses, the emissions were below 0.5·1015 1/kgfuel (PN), 0.07 g/kgfuel (PM1) and 0.02 g/kgfuel (BC), and the exhaust plume concentrations of these pollutants were close to the background concentrations. The emission factors of PM1 and BC of retrofitted EEV buses were at the level of Euro VI buses, but their particle number emissions varied significantly. On average, the EEV buses were observed to emit the largest amounts of nanocluster aerosol (NCA) (i.e., the particles with size between 1.3 and 3 nm). High NCA emissions were linked with high PN emissions. In general, results demonstrate that advanced exhaust aftertreatment systems reduce emissions of larger soot particles but not small nucleation mode particles in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anssi Järvinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, FI33720, Finland
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, FI00101, Finland
| | - Panu Karjalainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, FI33720, Finland
| | - Matthew Bloss
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, FI00101, Finland
| | - Pauli Simonen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, FI33720, Finland
| | - Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, FI00101, Finland
| | - Heino Kuuluvainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, FI33720, Finland
| | - Joni Kalliokoski
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, FI33720, Finland
| | - Miikka Dal Maso
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, FI33720, Finland
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), Helsinki, FI00066, HSY, Finland
| | - Jorma Keskinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, FI33720, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, FI33720, Finland.
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15
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Xing J, Shao L, Zhang W, Peng J, Wang W, Hou C, Shuai S, Hu M, Zhang D. Morphology and composition of particles emitted from a port fuel injection gasoline vehicle under real-world driving test cycles. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 76:339-348. [PMID: 30528025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Traffic vehicles, many of which are powered by port fuel injection (PFI) engines, are major sources of particulate matter in the urban atmosphere. We studied particles from the emission of a commercial PFI-engine vehicle when it was running under the states of cold start, hot start, hot stabilized running, idle and acceleration, using a transmission electron microscope and an energy-dispersive X-ray detector. Results showed that the particles were mainly composed of organic, soot, and Ca-rich particles, with a small amount of S-rich and metal-containing particles, and displayed a unimodal size distribution with the peak at 600 nm. The emissions were highest under the cold start running state, followed by the hot start, hot stabilized, acceleration, and idle running states. Organic particles under the hot start and hot stabilized running states were higher than those of other running states. Soot particles were highest under the cold start running state. Under the idle running state, the relative number fraction of Ca-rich particles was high although their absolute number was low. These results indicate that PFI-engine vehicles emit substantial primary particles, which favor the formation of secondary aerosols via providing reaction sites and reaction catalysts, as well as supplying soot, organic, mineral and metal particles in the size range of the accumulation mode. In addition, the contents of Ca, P, and Zn in organic particles may serve as fingerprints for source apportionment of particles from PFI-engine vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoping Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, School of Geoscience and Survey Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Longyi Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, School of Geoscience and Survey Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Wenbin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Department of Automotive Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianfei Peng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, School of Geoscience and Survey Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Cong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, School of Geoscience and Survey Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shijin Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Department of Automotive Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Daizhou Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-8502, Japan.
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16
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Chemical aging of Cu-SSZ-13 SCR catalysts for heavy-duty vehicles – Influence of sulfur dioxide. Catal Today 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2018.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Deng W, Hu Q, Liu T, Wang X, Zhang Y, Song W, Sun Y, Bi X, Yu J, Yang W, Huang X, Zhang Z, Huang Z, He Q, Mellouki A, George C. Primary particulate emissions and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from idling diesel vehicle exhaust in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 593-594:462-469. [PMID: 28355592 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In China diesel vehicles dominate the primary emission of particulate matters from on-road vehicles, and they might also contribute substantially to the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). In this study tailpipe exhaust of three typical in-use diesel vehicles under warm idling conditions was introduced directly into an indoor smog chamber with a 30m3 Teflon reactor to characterize primary emissions and SOA formation during photo-oxidation. The emission factors of primary organic aerosol (POA) and black carbon (BC) for the three types of Chinese diesel vehicles ranged 0.18-0.91 and 0.15-0.51gkg-fuel-1, respectively; and the SOA production factors ranged 0.50-1.8gkg-fuel-1 and SOA/POA ratios ranged 0.7-3.7 with an average of 2.2. The fuel-based POA emission factors and SOA production factors from this study for idling diesel vehicle exhaust were 1-3 orders of magnitude higher than those reported in previous studies for idling gasoline vehicle exhaust. The emission factors for total particle numbers were 0.65-4.0×1015particleskg-fuel-1, and particles with diameters less than 50nm dominated in total particle numbers. Traditional C2-C12 precursor non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) could only explain less than 3% of the SOA formed during aging and contribution from other precursors including intermediate volatile organic compounds (IVOC) needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qihou Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Tengyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Yanli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yele Sun
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xinhui Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jianzhen Yu
- Division of Environment, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhonghui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Quanfu He
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Abdelwahid Mellouki
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), CNRS, 45071 Orléans Cedex 02, France
| | - Christian George
- Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l'Environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), CNRS, UMR5256, Villeurbanne F-69626, France
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18
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Rönkkö T, Kuuluvainen H, Karjalainen P, Keskinen J, Hillamo R, Niemi JV, Pirjola L, Timonen HJ, Saarikoski S, Saukko E, Järvinen A, Silvennoinen H, Rostedt A, Olin M, Yli-Ojanperä J, Nousiainen P, Kousa A, Dal Maso M. Traffic is a major source of atmospheric nanocluster aerosol. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:7549-7554. [PMID: 28674021 PMCID: PMC5530662 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700830114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In densely populated areas, traffic is a significant source of atmospheric aerosol particles. Owing to their small size and complicated chemical and physical characteristics, atmospheric particles resulting from traffic emissions pose a significant risk to human health and also contribute to anthropogenic forcing of climate. Previous research has established that vehicles directly emit primary aerosol particles and also contribute to secondary aerosol particle formation by emitting aerosol precursors. Here, we extend the urban atmospheric aerosol characterization to cover nanocluster aerosol (NCA) particles and show that a major fraction of particles emitted by road transportation are in a previously unmeasured size range of 1.3-3.0 nm. For instance, in a semiurban roadside environment, the NCA represented 20-54% of the total particle concentration in ambient air. The observed NCA concentrations varied significantly depending on the traffic rate and wind direction. The emission factors of NCA for traffic were 2.4·1015 (kgfuel)-1 in a roadside environment, 2.6·1015 (kgfuel)-1 in a street canyon, and 2.9·1015 (kgfuel)-1 in an on-road study throughout Europe. Interestingly, these emissions were not associated with all vehicles. In engine laboratory experiments, the emission factor of exhaust NCA varied from a relatively low value of 1.6·1012 (kgfuel)-1 to a high value of 4.3·1015 (kgfuel)-1 These NCA emissions directly affect particle concentrations and human exposure to nanosized aerosol in urban areas, and potentially may act as nanosized condensation nuclei for the condensation of atmospheric low-volatile organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tampere University of Technology, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland;
| | - Heino Kuuluvainen
- Aerosol Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tampere University of Technology, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Panu Karjalainen
- Aerosol Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tampere University of Technology, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Jorma Keskinen
- Aerosol Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tampere University of Technology, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Risto Hillamo
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority, FI-00520 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liisa Pirjola
- Department of Technology, Metropolia University of Applied Sciences, FI-00180 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hilkka J Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erkka Saukko
- Aerosol Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tampere University of Technology, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Anssi Järvinen
- Aerosol Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tampere University of Technology, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Henna Silvennoinen
- Aerosol Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tampere University of Technology, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Antti Rostedt
- Aerosol Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tampere University of Technology, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Miska Olin
- Aerosol Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tampere University of Technology, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Jaakko Yli-Ojanperä
- Aerosol Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tampere University of Technology, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Pekka Nousiainen
- Faculty of Technology, Environment, and Business, Turku University of Applied Sciences, FI-20700 Turku, Finland
| | - Anu Kousa
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority, FI-00520 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miikka Dal Maso
- Aerosol Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tampere University of Technology, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
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19
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Tan P, Li Y, Shen H. Effect of lubricant sulfur on the morphology and elemental composition of diesel exhaust particles. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 55:354-362. [PMID: 28477831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the effects of lubricant sulfur contents on the morphology, nanostructure, size distribution and elemental composition of diesel exhaust particle on a light-duty diesel engine. Three kinds of lubricant (LS-oil, MS-oil and HS-oil, all of which have different sulfur contents: 0.182%, 0.583% and 1.06%, respectively) were used in this study. The morphologies and nanostructures of exhaust particles were analyzed using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Size distributions of primary particles were determined through advanced image-processing software. Elemental compositions of exhaust particles were obtained through X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Results show that as lubricant sulfur contents increase, the macroscopic structure of diesel exhaust particles turn from chain-like to a more complex agglomerate. The inner cores of the core-shell structure belonging to these primary particles change little; the shell thickness decreases, and the spacing of carbon layer gradually descends, and amorphous materials that attached onto outer carbon layer of primary particles increase. Size distributions of primary particles present a unimodal and normal distribution, and higher sulfur contents lead to larger size primary particles. The sulfur content in lubricants directly affects the chemical composition in the particles. The content of C (carbon) decreases as sulfur increases in the lubricants, while the contents of O (oxygen), S (sulfur) and trace elements (including S, Si (silicon), Fe (ferrum), P (phosphorus), Ca (calcium), Zn (zinc), Mg (magnesium), Cl (chlorine) and Ni (nickel)) all increase in particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piqiang Tan
- School of Automobile, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China.
| | - Yuan Li
- School of Automobile, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Hanyan Shen
- School of Automobile, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
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20
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Liu Z, Wang Y, Hu B, Ji D, Zhang J, Wu F, Wan X, Wang Y. Source appointment of fine particle number and volume concentration during severe haze pollution in Beijing in January 2013. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:6845-6860. [PMID: 26667647 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5868-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Extreme haze episodes repeatedly shrouded Beijing during the winter of 2012-2013, causing major environmental and health problems. To better understand these extreme events, particle number size distribution (PNSD) and particle chemical composition (PCC) data collected in an intensive winter campaign in an urban site of Beijing were used to investigate the sources of ambient fine particles. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis resolved a total of eight factors: two traffic factors, combustion factors, secondary aerosol, two accumulation mode aerosol factors, road dust, and long-range transported (LRT) dust. Traffic emissions (54%) and combustion aerosol (27%) were found to be the most important sources for particle number concentration, whereas combustion aerosol (33%) and accumulation mode aerosol (37%) dominated particle volume concentrations. Chemical compositions and sources of fine particles changed dynamically in the haze episodes. An enhanced role of secondary inorganic species was observed in the formation of haze pollution. Regional transport played an important role for high particles, contribution of which was on average up to 24-49% during the haze episodes. Secondary aerosols from urban background presented the largest contributions (45%) for the rapid increase of fine particles in the severest haze episode. In addition, the invasion of LRT dust aerosols further elevated the fine particles during the extreme haze episode. Our results showed a clear impact of regional transport on the local air pollution, suggesting the importance of regional-scale emission control measures in the local air quality management of Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Junke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fangkun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- College of Atmospheric Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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21
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Pirjola L, Dittrich A, Niemi JV, Saarikoski S, Timonen H, Kuuluvainen H, Järvinen A, Kousa A, Rönkkö T, Hillamo R. Physical and Chemical Characterization of Real-World Particle Number and Mass Emissions from City Buses in Finland. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:294-304. [PMID: 26682775 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Exhaust emissions of 23 individual city buses at Euro III, Euro IV and EEV (Enhanced Environmentally Friendly Vehicle) emission levels were measured by the chasing method under real-world conditions at a depot area and on the normal route of bus line 24 in Helsinki. The buses represented different technologies from the viewpoint of engines, exhaust after-treatment systems (ATS) and fuels. Some of the EEV buses were fueled by diesel, diesel-electric, ethanol (RED95) and compressed natural gas (CNG). At the depot area the emission factors were in the range of 0.3-21 × 10(14) # (kg fuel)(-1), 6-40 g (kg fuel)(-1), 0.004-0.88 g (kg fuel)(-1), 0.004-0.56 g (kg fuel)(-1), 0.01-1.2 g (kg fuel)(-1), for particle number (EFN), nitrogen oxides (EFNOx), black carbon (EFBC), organics (EFOrg), and particle mass (EFPM1), respectively. The highest particulate emissions were observed from the Euro III and Euro IV buses and the lowest from the ethanol and CNG-fueled buses, which emitted BC only during acceleration. The organics emitted from the CNG-fueled buses were clearly less oxidized compared to the other bus types. The bus line experiments showed that lowest emissions were obtained from the ethanol-fueled buses whereas large variation existed between individual buses of the same type indicating that the operating conditions by drivers had large effect on the emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa Pirjola
- Department of Technology, Metropolia University of Applied Sciences , P.O. Box 4021, 00180 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aleš Dittrich
- KVM - Katedra vozidel a motorů, Fakulta strojní Technická univerzita v Liberci , 461 17 Liberec 1, Czech Republic
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority HSY, P.O. Box 100, 00066 HSY Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 65, FI-00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heino Kuuluvainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology , P.O. Box 692, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Anssi Järvinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology , P.O. Box 692, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Anu Kousa
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority HSY, P.O. Box 100, 00066 HSY Helsinki, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology , P.O. Box 692, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Risto Hillamo
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
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22
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Nikolova I, MacKenzie AR, Cai X, Alam MS, Harrison RM. Modelling component evaporation and composition change of traffic-induced ultrafine particles during travel from street canyon to urban background. Faraday Discuss 2016; 189:529-46. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00164a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We developed a model (CiTTy-Street-UFP) of traffic-related particle behaviour in a street canyon and in the nearby downwind urban background that accounts for aerosol dynamics and the variable vapour pressure of component organics. The model simulates the evolution and fate of traffic generated multicomponent ultrafine particles (UFP) composed of a non-volatile core and 17 Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOC, modelled asn-alkane proxies). A two-stage modelling approach is adopted: (1) a steady state simulation inside the street canyon is achieved, in which there exists a balance between traffic emissions, condensation/evaporation, deposition, coagulation and exchange with the air above roof-level; and (2) a continuing simulation of the above-roof air parcel advected to the nearby urban park during which evaporation is dominant. We evaluate the component evaporation and associated composition changes of multicomponent organic particles in realistic atmospheric conditions and compare our results with observations from London (UK) in a street canyon and an urban park. With plausible input conditions and parameter settings, the model can reproduce, with reasonable fidelity, size distributions in central London in 2007. The modelled nucleation-mode peak diameter, which is 23 nm in the steady-state street canyon, decreases to 9 nm in a travel time of just 120 s. All modelled SVOC in the sub-10 nm particle size range have evaporated leaving behind only non-volatile material, whereas modelled particle composition in the Aitken mode contains SVOC between C26H54and C32H66. No data on particle composition are available in the study used for validation, or elsewhere. Measurements addressing in detail the size resolved composition of the traffic emitted UFP in the atmosphere are a high priority for future research. Such data would improve the representation of these particles in dispersion models and provide the data essential for model validation. Enhanced knowledge of the chemical composition of nucleation-mode particles from diesel engine exhaust is needed to predict both their atmospheric behaviour and their implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Nikolova
- University of Birmingham
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences
- Birmingham
- UK
| | - A. Rob MacKenzie
- University of Birmingham
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences
- Birmingham
- UK
| | - Xiaoming Cai
- University of Birmingham
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences
- Birmingham
- UK
| | - Mohammed S. Alam
- University of Birmingham
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences
- Birmingham
- UK
| | - Roy M. Harrison
- University of Birmingham
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences
- Birmingham
- UK
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23
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Internal Combustion Engines as the Main Source of Ultrafine Particles in Residential Neighborhoods: Field Measurements in the Czech Republic. ATMOSPHERE 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos6111714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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24
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Karjalainen P, Rönkkö T, Pirjola L, Heikkilä J, Happonen M, Arnold F, Rothe D, Bielaczyc P, Keskinen J. Sulfur driven nucleation mode formation in diesel exhaust under transient driving conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:2336-2343. [PMID: 24471707 DOI: 10.1021/es405009g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur driven diesel exhaust nucleation particle formation processes were studied in an aerosol laboratory, on engine dynamometers, and on the road. All test engines were equipped with a combination of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and a partial diesel particulate filter (pDPF). At steady operating conditions, the formation of semivolatile nucleation particles directly depended on SO2 conversion in the catalyst. The nucleation particle emission was most significant after a rapid increase in engine load and exhaust gas temperature. Results indicate that the nucleation particle formation at transient driving conditions does not require compounds such as hydrocarbons or sulfated hydrocarbons, however, it cannot be explained only by the nucleation of sulfuric acid. A real-world exhaust study with a heavy duty diesel truck showed that the nucleation particle formation occurs even with ultralow sulfur diesel fuel, even at downhill driving conditions, and that nucleation particles can contribute 60% of total particle number emissions. In general, due to sulfur storage and release within the exhaust aftertreatment systems and transients in driving, emissions of nucleation particles can even be the dominant part of modern diesel vehicle exhaust particulate number emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panu Karjalainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology , Tampere 33720, Finland
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25
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Rönkkö T, Pirjola L, Ntziachristos L, Heikkilä J, Karjalainen P, Hillamo R, Keskinen J. Vehicle engines produce exhaust nanoparticles even when not fueled. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:2043-2050. [PMID: 24397401 DOI: 10.1021/es405687m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Vehicle engines produce submicrometer exhaust particles affecting air quality, especially in urban environments. In on-road exhaust studies with a heavy duty diesel vehicle and in laboratory studies with two gasoline-fueled passenger cars, we found that as much as 20-30% of the number of exhaust particles larger than 3 nm may be formed during engine braking conditions-that is, during decelerations and downhill driving while the engine is not fueled. Particles appeared at size ranges extending even below 7 nm and at high number concentrations. Their small size and nonvolatility, coupled with the observation that these particles contain lube-oil-derived metals zinc, phosphorus, and calcium, are suggestive of health risks at least similar to those of exhaust particles observed before. The particles' characteristics indicate that their emissions can be reduced using exhaust after-treatment devices, although these devices have not been mandated for all relevant vehicle types. Altogether, our findings enhance the understanding of the formation vehicle emissions and allow for improved protection of human health in proximity to traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology , P.O. Box 599, Tampere FIN-33720, Finland
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