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Wu Z, Ji S, Li YY, Liu J. A review of iron use and recycling in municipal wastewater treatment plants and a novel applicable integrated process. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 379:129037. [PMID: 37037337 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemical methods are expected to play an increasingly important role in carbon-neutral municipal wastewater treatment plants. This paper briefly summarises the enhancement effects of using iron salts in wastewater and sludge treatment processes. The costs and environmental concerns associated with the widespread use of iron salts have also been highlighted. Fortunately, the iron recovery from iron-rich sludge provides an opportunity to solve these problems. Existing iron recovery methods, including direct acidification and thermal treatment, are summarised and show that acidification treatment of FeS digestate from the anaerobic digestion-sulfate reduction process can increase the iron and sulphur recycling efficiency. Therefore, a novel applicable integrated process based on iron use and recycling is proposed, and it reduces the iron salts dosage to 4.2 mg/L and sludge amount by 80%. Current experimental research and economic analysis of iron recycling show that this process has broad application prospects in resource recovery and sludge reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangsong Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Shenghao Ji
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yu-You Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aza, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Jianyong Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China.
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Zhao C, Liu L, Yang X, Liu C, Wang B, Mao X, Zhang J, Shi J, Yin W, Wang X, Wang S. Pyrolysis temperature and feedstock affected Cr(VI) removal capacity of sulfidated zerovalent iron: Importance of surface area and electrical conductivity. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:133927. [PMID: 35167834 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Herein, feedstock (pinewood, rice straw, and dairy manure) and pyrolysis temperature (300, 500, and 700 °C) were selected as the influencing factors of properties of biochar (BC) to identify the contribution of biochar's matrix on Cr(VI) removal by BC-supported sulfidated zero-valent iron (S-ZVI/BC). Results showed that higher temperature was more conducible to improve the electrochemical properties and specific surface areas of composites. Raman spectra of S-ZVI supported by pinewood-derived BC (S-ZVI/PBC) showed the ID/IG ratio increased from 0.639 to 0.975 for the composites prepared at 300-700 °C, indicating the increased structural defects and resulting in the greatest Cr(VI) removal (35.81 mg g-1) and reduction (30.21 mg g-1) amounts of S-ZVI/PBC700. Besides, S-ZVI/PBC exhibited greater electrochemical reactivity and surface area than S-ZVI harbored by BC from dairy manure and rice straw. Additionally, Pearson correlation analysis revealed that Cr(VI) removal was significantly positively correlated to surface area (R2 = 0.90) and negatively correlated to Tafel corrosive potential (R2 = 0.88). Both desorption experiment and XPS spectra of spent sorbents showed that reduction predominated the detoxifying mechanism of Cr(VI) followed by adsorption (due to corrosively-generated iron oxides and BC) and precipitation (Cr2S3). This suggested that biochar with greater specific surface area and electrical conductivity is more favorable to immobilize S-ZVI with respect to Cr(VI) removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhao Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127, China
| | - Li Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127, China
| | - Xianni Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127, China
| | - Caixia Liu
- School of Foreign Languages, Shandong Vocational and Technical University of International Studies, Rizhao, Shandong, 276826, China
| | - Bing Wang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China
| | - Xiaoyun Mao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127, China
| | - Jun Shi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127, China
| | - Weiqin Yin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127, China
| | - Xiaozhi Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127, China
| | - Shengsen Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127, China.
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He J, Miller CJ, Collins R, Wang D, Waite TD. Production of a Surface-Localized Oxidant during Oxygenation of Mackinawite (FeS). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1167-1176. [PMID: 31858783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The oxygenation of mackinawite (FeS) frequently occurs at anoxic-oxic interfaces in both natural and engineered systems such as intertidal sediment, in activated sludge in water treatment processes, and during sulfidized zero-valent iron particle corrosion. During reoxygenation events, FeS may drive a Fenton-like process leading to the production of strong oxidants though the details of this process are poorly understood. In this study, benzoic acid (BA) has been used to probe both the magnitude and identity of these strong oxidants under circumneutral pH conditions. The major product of BA oxidation during FeS oxygenation was found to be 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHBA) rather than monohydroxybenzoic acids identified to be the major products in a range of hydroxyl radical (HO·)-dominated systems. Based upon relative reactivity with other competitive probes and nature of the hydroxybenzoate product distribution, it is hypothesized that the strong oxidant must be a surface-localized entity such as high-valent iron or surface-associated hydroxyl or sulfur-based radicals with reactivity differing from those formed in free solution. The importance of both the reactivity of the oxidant and adsorption of the substrate to the surface is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie He
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- UNSW Water Research Centre School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , UNSW , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
| | - Christopher J Miller
- UNSW Water Research Centre School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , UNSW , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
| | - Richard Collins
- UNSW Water Research Centre School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , UNSW , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - T David Waite
- UNSW Water Research Centre School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , UNSW , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , P. R. China
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Yang H, Liu J, Hu P, Zou L, Li YY. Carbon source and phosphorus recovery from iron-enhanced primary sludge via anaerobic fermentation and sulfate reduction: Performance and future application. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 294:122174. [PMID: 31563737 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic fermentation and sulfate reduction (AF-SR) was firstly used for recovery of carbon sources and phosphorus from Fe-enhanced primary sludge (Fe-sludge). With FeCl3 dosage of 30 mg Fe/L, 63.0% of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 97.3% of the phosphorus were concentrated from sewage into Fe-sludge. Batch anaerobic fermentation tests of Fe-sludge with and without sulfate addition (AF-SR and control) were performed. The results showed that volatile fatty acid concentrations of the control and AF-SR were 211.0 and 270.2 mg COD/g volatile suspended solids, respectively. Furthermore, 33.2% (control) and 56.2% (AF-SR) of the total phosphorus in Fe-sludge was released. The recovery performances of carbon source and phosphorus were calculated based on struvite precipitation. The available carbon source of the AF-SR system was 44.5% higher than that of the control. A novel integrated wastewater and sludge treatment process based on chemically enhanced primary sedimentation and AF-SR is proposed for future application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jianyong Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Peishan Hu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Lianpei Zou
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yu-You Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aza, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
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Hu P, Liu J, Wu L, Zou L, Li YY, Xu ZP. Simultaneous release of polyphosphate and iron-phosphate from waste activated sludge by anaerobic fermentation combined with sulfate reduction. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 271:182-189. [PMID: 30268013 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Iron is widely used in sewage treatment systems and enriched into waste activated sludge (WAS), which is difficult and challenging to phosphorus (P) release and recovery. This study investigated simultaneous release performance of polyphosphate and iron-phosphate from iron-rich sludge via anaerobic fermentation combined with sulfate reduction (AF-SR) system. Batch tests were performed, with results showing that AF-SR system conducted a positive effect due to the relatively low solubility of ferrous sulfide in comparison with ferric phosphate precipitates. Simulation study was performed to investigate the total P release potential from actual waste activated sludge, finding that about 70% of the total P could release with the optimized pH of 7.0-8.0 and the theoretical S2-/Fe2+ molar ratio of 1.0. A potential new blueprint of a wastewater treatment plant based on AF-SR system, towards P, N recovery and Fe, S, C recycle, was finally proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peishan Hu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jianyong Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Liang Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Lianpei Zou
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yu-You Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aza, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Zhi Ping Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China; ARC Centre of Excellence for Functional Nanomaterials, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Su Y, Adeleye AS, Keller AA, Huang Y, Dai C, Zhou X, Zhang Y. Magnetic sulfide-modified nanoscale zerovalent iron (S-nZVI) for dissolved metal ion removal. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 74:47-57. [PMID: 25706223 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sulfide-modified nanoscale zerovalent iron (S-nZVI) is attracting a lot of attention due to its ease of production and high reactivity with organic pollutants. However, its structure is still poorly understood and its potential application in heavy metal remediation has not been explored. Herein, the structure of S-nZVI and its cadmium (Cd) removal performance under different aqueous conditions were carefully investigated. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis suggested that sulfur was incorporated into the zerovalent iron core. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with EDS analysis demonstrated that sulfur was also homogeneously distributed within the nanoparticles. When the concentration of Na2S2O4 was increased during synthesis, a flake-like structure (FeSx) increased significantly. S-nZVI had an optimal Cd removal capacity of 85 mg/g, which was >100% higher than for pristine nZVI. Even at pH 5, over 95% removal efficiency was observed, indicating sulfide compounds played a crucial role in metal ion removal and particle chemical stability. Oxygen impaired the structure of S-nZVI but enhanced Cd removal capacity to about 120 mg/g. Particle aging had no negative effect on removal capacity of S-nZVI, and Cd-containing mixtures remained stable in a two months experiment. S-nZVI can efficiently sequester dissolved metal ions from different contaminated water matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Su
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, 3420, Bren Hall, CA 93106, USA; University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Adeyemi S Adeleye
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, 3420, Bren Hall, CA 93106, USA; University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Arturo A Keller
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, 3420, Bren Hall, CA 93106, USA; University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| | - Yuxiong Huang
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, 3420, Bren Hall, CA 93106, USA
| | - Chaomeng Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xuefei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yalei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment for Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Liu Y, Zhang Y, Ni BJ. Evaluating enhanced sulfate reduction and optimized volatile fatty acids (VFA) composition in anaerobic reactor by Fe (III) addition. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:2123-2131. [PMID: 25606811 DOI: 10.1021/es504200j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic reactors with ferric iron addition have been experimentally demonstrated to be able to simultaneously improve sulfate reduction and organic matter degradation during sulfate-containing wastewater treatment. In this work, a mathematical model is developed to evaluate the impact of ferric iron addition on sulfate reduction and organic carbon removal as well as the volatile fatty acids (VFA) composition in anaerobic reactor. The model is successfully calibrated and validated using independent long-term experimental data sets from the anaerobic reactor with Fe (III) addition under different operational conditions. The model satisfactorily describes the sulfate reduction, organic carbon removal and VFA production. Results show Fe (III) addition induces the microbial reduction of Fe (III) by iron reducing bacteria (IRB), which significantly enhances sulfate reduction by sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) and subsequently changes the VFA composition to acetate-dominating effluent. Simultaneously, the produced Fe (II) from IRB can alleviate the inhibition of undissociated H2S on microorganisms through iron sulfide precipitation, resulting in further improvement of the performance. In addition, the enhancement on reactor performance by Fe (III) is found to be more significantly favored at relatively low organic carbon/SO4(2-) ratio (e.g., 1.0) than at high organic carbon/SO4(2-) ratio (e.g., 4.5). The Fe (III)-based process of this work can be easily integrated with a commonly used strategy for phosphorus recovery, with the produced sulfide being recovered and then deposited into conventional chemical phosphorus removal sludge (FePO4) to achieve FeS precipitation for phosphorus recovery while the required Fe (III) being acquired from the waste ferric sludge of drinking water treatment process, to enable maximum resource recovery/reuse while achieving high-rate sulfate removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Liu
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Mejia Likosova E, Keller J, Poussade Y, Freguia S. A novel electrochemical process for the recovery and recycling of ferric chloride from precipitation sludge. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 51:96-103. [PMID: 24397913 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
During wastewater treatment and drinking water production, significant amounts of ferric sludge (comprising ferric oxy-hydroxides and FePO4) are generated that require disposal. This practice has a major impact on the overall treatment cost as a result of both chemical addition and the disposal of the generated chemical sludge. Iron sulfide (FeS) precipitation via sulfide addition to ferric phosphate (FePO4) sludge has been proven as an effective process for phosphate recovery. In turn, iron and sulfide could potentially be recovered from the FeS sludge, and recycled back to the process. In this work, a novel process was investigated at lab scale for the recovery of soluble iron and sulfide from FeS sludge. Soluble iron is regenerated electrochemically at a graphite anode, while sulfide is recovered at the cathode of the same electrochemical cell. Up to 60 ± 18% soluble Fe and 46 ± 11% sulfide were recovered on graphite granules for up-stream reuse. Peak current densities of 9.5 ± 4.2 A m(-2) and minimum power requirements of 2.4 ± 0.5 kWh kg Fe(-1) were reached with real full strength FeS suspensions. Multiple consecutive runs of the electrochemical process were performed, leading to the successful demonstration of an integrated process, comprising FeS formation/separation and ferric/sulfide electrochemical regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mejia Likosova
- The University of Queensland, Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - J Keller
- The University of Queensland, Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Y Poussade
- Veolia Water Australia, Level 15, 127 Creek Street, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - S Freguia
- The University of Queensland, Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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