1
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Kuznetsova OV. Current trends and challenges in the analysis of marine environmental contaminants by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:71-85. [PMID: 37979060 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-05029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of organic and inorganic pollutants are being detected in the marine environment, posing a severe threat to the ecosystem and human health, even in trace concentrations. Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is one of the critical methods for determining the origin and fate of environmental pollutants and characterising their transformation processes. It has been used for a relatively long time for ecological monitoring of some well-studied industrial hydrocarbons at contaminated sites. However, the method still faces many analytical challenges. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent technical advances concerning IRMS analysis of various contaminants and discusses typical pitfalls encountered in marine environment analysis. Particular attention is given to the study of sampling techniques and sample preparation for examination, often the keys to successful research given the complexity of marine matrices and the diverse and numerous nature of contaminants. Prospects for developing IRMS to monitor pollution sources and pollutant transformation in the marine environment are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Kuznetsova
- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Kosygin St. 19, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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2
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Ariyarathna T, Ballentine M, Vlahos P, Smith RW, Cooper C, Böhlke JK, Fallis S, Groshens TJ, Tobias C. Degradation of RDX (Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) in contrasting coastal marine habitats: Subtidal non-vegetated (sand), subtidal vegetated (silt/eel grass), and intertidal marsh. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 745:140800. [PMID: 32721618 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hundreds of explosive-contaminated marine sites exist globally, many of which contain the common munitions constituent hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). Quantitative information about RDX transformation in coastal ecosystems is essential for management of many of these sites. Isotopically labelled RDX containing 15N in all 3 nitro groups was used to track the fate of RDX in three coastal ecosystem types. Flow-through mesocosms representing subtidal vegetated (silt/eel grass), subtidal non-vegetated (sand) and intertidal marsh ecosystems were continuously loaded with isotopically labelled RDX for 16-17 days. Sediment, pore-water and overlying surface water were analyzed to determine the distribution of RDX, nitroso-triazine transformation products (NXs) and nitrogen containing complete mineralization products, including ammonium, nitrate+nitrite, nitrous oxide and nitrogen gas. The marsh, silt, and sand ecotypes transformed 94%, 90% and 76% of supplied RDX, respectively. Total dissolved NXs accounted for 2%-4% of the transformed 15N-RDX. The majority of RDX transformation in the water column was by mineralization to inorganic N (dissolved and evaded; 64%-78% of transformed 15N-RDX). RDX was mineralized primarily to N2O (62-74% of transformed 15N-RDX) and secondarily to N2 (1-2% of transformed 15N-RDX) which exchanged with the atmosphere. Transformation of RDX was favored in carbon-rich lower redox potential sediments of the silt and marsh mesocosms where anaerobic processes of iron and sulfate reduction were most prevalent. RDX was most persistent in the carbon-poor sand mesocosm. Partitioning of 15N derived from RDX onto sediment and suspended particulates was negligible in the overall mass balance of RDX transformation (2%-3% of transformed 15N-RDX). The fraction of 15N derived from RDX that was sorbed or assimilated in sediment was largest in the marsh mesocosm (most organic carbon), and smallest in the sand mesocosm (largest grain size and least organic carbon). Sediment redox conditions and available organic carbon stores affect the fate of RDX in different coastal marine habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thivanka Ariyarathna
- University of Connecticut, Department of Marine Sciences, 1084 Shennecossett Road, Groton, CT 06340, United States of America.
| | - Mark Ballentine
- University of Connecticut, Department of Marine Sciences, 1084 Shennecossett Road, Groton, CT 06340, United States of America
| | - Penny Vlahos
- University of Connecticut, Department of Marine Sciences, 1084 Shennecossett Road, Groton, CT 06340, United States of America
| | - Richard W Smith
- University of Connecticut, Department of Marine Sciences, 1084 Shennecossett Road, Groton, CT 06340, United States of America
| | - Christopher Cooper
- University of Connecticut, Department of Marine Sciences, 1084 Shennecossett Road, Groton, CT 06340, United States of America
| | - J K Böhlke
- U.S. Geological Survey, 431 National Center, Reston, VA 20192, United States of America
| | - Stephen Fallis
- Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, Chemistry Division, China Lake, CA 93555, United States of America
| | - Thomas J Groshens
- Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, Chemistry Division, China Lake, CA 93555, United States of America
| | - Craig Tobias
- University of Connecticut, Department of Marine Sciences, 1084 Shennecossett Road, Groton, CT 06340, United States of America
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3
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Holubowitch NE, Crabtree C, Budimir Z. Electroanalysis and Spectroelectrochemistry of Nonaromatic Explosives in Acetonitrile Containing Dissolved Oxygen. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11617-11626. [PMID: 32786478 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In search of a rapid, low-cost, and solution-phase detection technique for explosives, the (spectro-)electrochemistry of compounds from two major nonaromatic classes, namely nitramines (RDX and HMX) and nitrate esters (pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) and the plastic explosive composite Semtex 1A) in acetonitrile (AN) is reported. In electrochemical screening, 5 μg of explosive material was detectable in 10 s by multicomponent cyclic voltammetric (CV) analysis on unmodified glassy carbon under ubiquitous environmental influences (i.e., trace water and dissolved oxygen). The explosives were identified with high recoveries under a battery of proof-of-concept testing scenarios in various matrices. In AN containing naturally dissolved oxygen (approx. 2 mM), the superoxide radical is co-electrogenerated during analyte reduction. Free superoxide yields prominent signals that the explosives attenuate quantitatively. To gain further insight into the electrochemical transformation mechanism, spectroelectrochemistry was employed to monitor changes in ultraviolet (UV) absorbance during CV and identify transient intermediates and product species, which could be targeted by future chemical sensors. Overlapping UV spectra of multiple species are deconvoluted using a new strategy, spectral regional baselining, for time- and potential-resolved spectroelectrochemical (SEC) analysis. This study shows that dissolved oxygen, hitherto an interferent purposefully removed from the solution, can be exploited advantageously in electrochemical sensing. The work expands our understanding of high-explosive solution-phase chemistry and offers a novel route to signal transduction for the sensing of energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas E Holubowitch
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, Texas 78412, United States
| | - Cameo Crabtree
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, Texas 78412, United States
| | - Zachary Budimir
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, Texas 78412, United States
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4
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Montgomery MT, Boyd TJ, Hall NS, Paerl HW, Osburn CL. Ecosystem Capacity for Microbial Biodegradation of Munitions Compounds and Phenanthrene in Three Coastal Waterways in North Carolina, United States. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:7326-7341. [PMID: 32280874 PMCID: PMC7144167 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Munitions compounds (i.e., 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), octahy-dro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocin (HMX), and hexadydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazin (RDX), also called energetics) were originally believed to be recalcitrant to microbial biodegradation based on historical groundwater chemical attenuation data and laboratory culture work. More recently, it has been established that natural bacterial assemblages in coastal waters and sediment can rapidly metabolize these organic nitrogen sources and even incorporate their carbon and nitrogen into bacterial biomass. Here, we report on the capacity of natural microbial assemblages in three coastal North Carolina (United States) estuaries to metabolize energetics and phenanthrene (PHE), a proxy for terrestrial aromatic compounds. Microbial assemblages generally had the highest ecosystem capacity (mass of the compound mineralized per average estuarine residence time) for HMX (21-5463 kg) > RDX (1.4-5821 kg) ≫ PHE (0.29-660 kg) > TNT (0.25-451 kg). Increasing antecedent precipitation tended to decrease the ecosystem capacity to mineralize TNT in the Newport River Estuary, and PHE and TNT mineralization were often highest with increasing salinity. There was some evidence from the New River Estuary that increased N-demand (due to a phytoplankton bloom) is associated with increased energetic mineralization rates. Using this type of analysis to determine the ecosystem capacity to metabolize energetics can explain why these compounds are rarely detected in seawater and marine sediment, despite the known presence of unexploded ordnance or recent use in military training exercises. Overall, measuring the ecosystem capacity may help predict the effects of climate change (warming and altered precipitation patterns) and other perturbations on exotic compound fate and transport within ecosystems and provide critical information for managers and decision-makers to develop management strategies based on these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Montgomery
- Chemistry
Division, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue Southwest, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Thomas J. Boyd
- Chemistry
Division, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue Southwest, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Nathan S. Hall
- Institute
of Marine Sciences, University of North
Carolina, Morehead City, North Carolina 28557, United States
| | - Hans W. Paerl
- Institute
of Marine Sciences, University of North
Carolina, Morehead City, North Carolina 28557, United States
| | - Christopher L. Osburn
- Department
of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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5
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Ariyarathna T, Ballentine M, Vlahos P, Smith RW, Cooper C, Böhlke JK, Fallis S, Groshens TJ, Tobias C. Tracing the cycling and fate of the munition, Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine in a simulated sandy coastal marine habitat with a stable isotopic tracer, 15N-[RDX]. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:369-378. [PMID: 30086489 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Coastal marine habitats become contaminated with the munitions constituent, Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-trazine (RDX), via military training, weapon testing and leakage of unexploded ordnance. This study used 15N labeled RDX in simulated aquarium-scale coastal marine habitat containing seawater, sediment, and biota to track removal pathways from surface water including sorption onto particulates, degradation to nitroso-triazines and mineralization to dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN). The two aquaria received continuous RDX inputs to maintain a steady state concentration (0.4 mg L-1) over 21 days. Time series RDX and nitroso-triazine concentrations in dissolved (surface and porewater) and sorbed phases (sediment and suspended particulates) were analyzed. Distributions of DIN species (ammonium, nitrate + nitrite and dissolved N2) in sediments and overlying water were also measured along with geochemical variables in the aquaria. Partitioning of RDX and RDX-derived breakdown products onto surface sediment represented 13% of the total added 15N as RDX (15N-[RDX]) equivalents after 21 days. Measured nitroso-triazines in the aquaria accounted for 6-13% of total added 15N-[RDX]. 15N-labeled DIN was found both in the oxic surface water and hypoxic porewaters, showing that RDX mineralization accounted for 34% of the 15N-[RDX] added to the aquaria over 21 days. Labeled ammonium (15NH4+, found in sediment and overlying water) and nitrate + nitrite (15NOX, found in overlying water only) together represented 10% of the total added 15N-[RDX]. The production of 15N labeled N2 (15N2), accounted for the largest individual sink during the transformation of the total added 15N-[RDX] (25%). Hypoxic sediment was the most favorable zone for production of N2, most of which diffused through porous sediments into the water column and escaped to the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thivanka Ariyarathna
- University of Connecticut, Department of Marine Sciences, 1084 Shennecossett Road, Groton, CT 06340, United States of America.
| | - Mark Ballentine
- University of Connecticut, Department of Marine Sciences, 1084 Shennecossett Road, Groton, CT 06340, United States of America
| | - Penny Vlahos
- University of Connecticut, Department of Marine Sciences, 1084 Shennecossett Road, Groton, CT 06340, United States of America
| | - Richard W Smith
- University of Connecticut, Department of Marine Sciences, 1084 Shennecossett Road, Groton, CT 06340, United States of America
| | - Christopher Cooper
- University of Connecticut, Department of Marine Sciences, 1084 Shennecossett Road, Groton, CT 06340, United States of America
| | - J K Böhlke
- U.S. Geological Survey, 431 National Center, Reston, VA 20192, United States of America
| | - Stephen Fallis
- Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, Chemistry Division, China Lake, CA 93555, United States of America
| | - Thomas J Groshens
- Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, Chemistry Division, China Lake, CA 93555, United States of America
| | - Craig Tobias
- University of Connecticut, Department of Marine Sciences, 1084 Shennecossett Road, Groton, CT 06340, United States of America
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6
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Warren JK, Vlahos P, Smith R, Tobias C. Investigation of a new passive sampler for the detection of munitions compounds in marine and freshwater systems. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1990-1997. [PMID: 29603346 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the last century, unexploded ordnances have been disposed of in marine shelf systems because of a lack of cost-effective alternatives. Underwater unexploded ordnances have the potential to leak 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), commonly used chemical munitions, and contaminate local waters, biota, and sediments. The rate at which this contamination occurs in the environment is relatively unknown, and the cost- and time-prohibitive nature of sampling across sites makes mapping difficult. In the present study we assessed the efficacy of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) for sampling relatively soluble munitions compounds over a range of environmental conditions (i.e., changes in temperature and salinity) and optimized the composition of the passive sampling polymer. The EVA sampler was able to successfully detect ambient concentrations of lingering munitions compounds from field sites containing unexploded ordnances. The sampler affinity for the munitions in terms of an EVA-water partition coefficient was greater than the standard octanol water values for each target compound. Partitioning of compounds onto EVA over the natural ranges of salinity did not change significantly, although uptake varied consistently and predictably with temperature. Increasing the vinyl acetate to ethylene ratio of the polymer corresponded to an increase in uptake capacity, consistent with enhanced dipole-dipole interactions between the munitions and the polymer. This sampler provides a cost-effective means to map and track leakage of unexploded ordnances both spatially and temporally. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1990-1997. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K Warren
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Penny Vlahos
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Craig Tobias
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, USA
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7
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Li CF, Mei Z, Zhao FQ, Xu SY, Ju XH. Molecular dynamic simulation for thermal decomposition of RDX with nano-AlH3 particles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:14192-14199. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01621f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Reactive molecular dynamic simulation of a high explosive, RDX, mixed with AlH3 nanoparticles was performed by a newly parameterized ReaxFF force field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of MOE
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Zheng Mei
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of MOE
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Feng-Qi Zhao
- Laboratory of Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi’an 710065
- P. R. China
| | - Si-Yu Xu
- Laboratory of Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi’an 710065
- P. R. China
| | - Xue-Hai Ju
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of MOE
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
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8
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Ariyarathna T, Vlahos P, Smith RW, Fallis S, Groshens T, Tobias C. Biodegradation and mineralization of isotopically labeled TNT and RDX in anaerobic marine sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:1170-1180. [PMID: 27791286 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The lack of knowledge on the fate of explosive compounds 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), particularly in marine ecosystems, constrains the application of bioremediation techniques in explosive-contaminated coastal sites. The authors present a comparative study on anaerobic biodegradation and mineralization of 15 N-nitro group isotopically labeled TNT and RDX in organic carbon-rich, fine-grained marine sediment with native microbial assemblages. Separate sediment slurry experiments were carried out for TNT and RDX at 23°C for 16 d. Dissolved and sediment-sorbed fractions of parent and transformation products, isotopic compositions of sediment, and mineralization products of the dissolved inorganic N pool (15 NH4+ ,15 NO3- ,15 NO2- , and 15 N2 ) were measured. The rate of TNT removal from the aqueous phase was faster (0.75 h-1 ) than that of RDX (0.37 h-1 ), and 15 N accumulation in sediment was higher in the TNT (13%) than the RDX (2%) microcosms. Mono-amino-dinitrotoluenes were identified as intermediate biodegradation products of TNT. Two percent of the total spiked TNT-N is mineralized to dissolved inorganic N through 2 different pathways: denitration as well as deamination and formation of NH4+ , facilitated by iron and sulfate reducing bacteria in the sediments. The majority of the spiked TNT-N (85%) is in unidentified pools by day 16. Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (10%) biodegrades to nitroso derivatives, whereas 13% of RDX-N in nitro groups is mineralized to dissolved inorganic N anaerobically by the end of the experiment. The primary identified mineralization end product of RDX (40%) is NH4+ , generated through either deamination or mono-denitration, followed by ring breakdown. A reasonable production of N2 gas (13%) was seen in the RDX system but not in the TNT system. Sixty-eight percent of the total spiked RDX-N is in an unidentified pool by day 16 and may include unquantified mineralization products dissolved in water. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1170-1180. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thivanka Ariyarathna
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Penny Vlahos
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Stephen Fallis
- Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, Chemistry Division, China Lake, California, USA
| | - Thomas Groshens
- Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, Chemistry Division, China Lake, California, USA
| | - Craig Tobias
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, USA
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9
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Ciou C, Liang C. 1,3-Dinitrobenzene reductive degradation by alkaline ascorbic acid - Reaction mechanisms, degradation pathways and reagent optimization. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 166:482-488. [PMID: 27705834 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nitro-aromatic compounds (NACs) such as 1,3-dinitrobenzene (1,3-DNB) contain the nitrogroup (-NO2), in which the N with a +III oxidation state accepts electrons. Water soluble ascorbic acid (AsA) at elevated pH produces electron transfer and governs the electron-donating pathway. The influence of the NaOH/AsA molar ratio on the degradation of 1,3-DNB was investigated. Using 0.21-2 M NaOH and 20-100 mM AsA, nearly complete 1,3-DNB removals (90-100%) were achieved within 0.5 h. On the basis of intermediates identified using GC/MS, the reduction pathways of 1,3-DNB can be categorized into step-by-step electron transfer, and condensation routes. A higher NaOH/AsA molar ratio would result in relatively higher AsA decomposition, promote the condensation route into the formation of azo- and azoxy-compounds, and ultimately reduce 1,3-DNB to 1,3-phenylenediamine. Contaminated soil flushing using 500 mM NaOH/100 mM AsA revealed that 1,3-DNB was completely degraded within 2 h. Based on these test results, the alkaline AsA treatment method is a potential remediation process for NACs contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiya Ciou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University 250, Kuo-kuang Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chenju Liang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University 250, Kuo-kuang Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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10
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Lotufo GR, Belden JB, Fisher JC, Chen SF, Mowery RA, Chambliss CK, Rosen G. Accumulation and depuration of trinitrotoluene and related extractable and nonextractable (bound) residues in marine fish and mussels. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 210:129-136. [PMID: 26708767 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To determine if trinitrotoluene (TNT) forms nonextractable residues in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and fish (Cyprinodon variegatus) and to measure the relative degree of accumulation as compared to extractable TNT and its major metabolites, organisms were exposed to water fortified with (14)C-TNT. After 24 h, nonextractable residues made up 75% (mussel) and 83% (fish) while TNT accounted for 2% of total radioactivity. Depuration half-lives for extractable TNT, aminodinitrotoluenes (ADNTs) and diaminonitrotoluenes (DANTs) were fast initially (<0.5 h), but slower for nonextractable residues. Nonextractable residues from organisms were identified as ADNTs and DANTs using 0.1 M HCL for solubilization followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Recovered metabolites only accounted for a small fraction of the bound residue quantified using a radiotracer likely because of low extraction or hydrolysis efficiency or alternative pathways of incorporation of radiolabel into tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme R Lotufo
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA.
| | - Jason B Belden
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater OK 74078, USA
| | - Jonathon C Fisher
- Department of Natural Sciences, Northwestern State University, Tahlequah, OK 74464, USA
| | - Shou-Feng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | | | | | - Gunther Rosen
- Space and Naval Warfare (SPAWAR) Systems Center Pacific, 53475 Strothe Rd., San Diego, CA 92152, USA
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11
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Smith RW, Vlahos P, Böhlke JK, Ariyarathna T, Ballentine M, Cooper C, Fallis S, Groshens TJ, Tobias C. Tracing the Cycling and Fate of the Explosive 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene in Coastal Marine Systems with a Stable Isotopic Tracer, (15)N-[TNT]. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:12223-12231. [PMID: 26375037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) has been used as a military explosive for over a hundred years. Contamination concerns have arisen as a result of manufacturing and use on a large scale; however, despite decades of work addressing TNT contamination in the environment, its fate in marine ecosystems is not fully resolved. Here we examine the cycling and fate of TNT in the coastal marine systems by spiking a marine mesocosm containing seawater, sediments, and macrobiota with isotopically labeled TNT ((15)N-[TNT]), simultaneously monitoring removal, transformation, mineralization, sorption, and biological uptake over a period of 16 days. TNT degradation was rapid, and we observed accumulation of reduced transformation products dissolved in the water column and in pore waters, sorbed to sediments and suspended particulate matter (SPM), and in the tissues of macrobiota. Bulk δ(15)N analysis of sediments, SPM, and tissues revealed large quantities of (15)N beyond that accounted for in identifiable derivatives. TNT-derived N was also found in the dissolved inorganic N (DIN) pool. Using multivariate statistical analysis and a (15)N mass balance approach, we identify the major transformation pathways of TNT, including the deamination of reduced TNT derivatives, potentially promoted by sorption to SPM and oxic surface sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Smith
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut , 1080 Shennocossett Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
- Global Aquatic Research LLC, 6276 Ridge Road, Sodus, New York 14551, United States
| | - Penny Vlahos
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut , 1080 Shennocossett Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - J K Böhlke
- U.S. Geological Survey, 431 National Center, Reston, Virginia 20192, United States
| | - Thivanka Ariyarathna
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut , 1080 Shennocossett Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Mark Ballentine
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut , 1080 Shennocossett Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Christopher Cooper
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut , 1080 Shennocossett Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Stephen Fallis
- Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, Chemistry Division, China Lake, California 93555, United States
| | - Thomas J Groshens
- Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, Chemistry Division, China Lake, California 93555, United States
| | - Craig Tobias
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut , 1080 Shennocossett Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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