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Wójcik A, Bieniasz A, Wydro P, Broniatowski M. The effect of chlorination degree and substitution pattern on the interactions of polychlorinated biphenyls with model bacterial membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:1057-1068. [PMID: 30890470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) are persistent organic pollutants that due to their chemical resistivity and inflammability found multiple applications. In spite of the global ban for PCB production, due to their long half-lives periods, PCB accumulate in the soils, so effective bioremediation of the polluted lands is of crucial importance. Some of the 209 PCB congeners exhibit increased toxicity to soil bacteria and their presence impoverish the soil decomposer community and slows down the degradation of environmental pollutants in the soils. The exact mechanism of PCB antimicrobial activity is unknown, but it is strictly related with the membrane activity of PCB. Therefore, to shed light on these interactions we applied Langmuir monolayers formed by selected phospholipids as model bacterial membranes. In our studies we tested 5 PCB congeners differing in the degree of chlorination and the distribution of the chlorine substituents around the biphenyl frame. Special attention was paid to tetra-substituted PCB because of their increased presence in the environment and disubstituted PCB being their degradation products. To characterize the model membranes as Langmuir monolayers, we used surface pressure measurements, Brewster angle microscopy and Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction. It turned out that among the tetra-substituted PCB the ortho-substituted non-dioxin like compound was much more membrane destructive than the flat dioxin-like congener. On the contrary, among the di-substituted PCB the flat para-substituted 2,2'-dichlorobiphenyl turned out to exhibit high membrane activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Wójcik
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agata Bieniasz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Wydro
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Broniatowski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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Totland C, Nerdal W, Steinkopf S. Effects and Location of Coplanar and Noncoplanar PCB in a Lipid Bilayer: A Solid-State NMR Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:8290-8295. [PMID: 27379686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Coplanar and noncoplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are known to have different routes and degree of toxicity. Here, the effects of noncoplanar PCB 52 and coplanar PCB 77 present at 2 mol % in a model system consisting of POPC liposomes (50% hydrated) are investigated by solid-state (13)C and (31)P NMR at 298 K. Both PCBs intercalate horizontally in the outer part of the bilayer, near the segments of the acyl chain close to the glycerol group. Despite similar membrane locations, the coplanar PCB 77 shows little effect on the bilayer properties overall, except for the four nearest neighboring lipids, while the effect of PCB 52 is more dramatic. The first ∼2 layers of lipids around each PCB 52 in the bilayer form a high fluidity lamellar phase, whereas lipids beyond these layers form a lamellar phase with a slight increase in fluidity compared to a bilayer without PCB 52. Further, a third high mobility domain is observed. The explanation for this is the interference of several high fluidity lamellar phases caused by interactions of PCB 52 molecules in different leaflets of the model bilayer. This causes formation of high curvature toroidal region in the bilayer and might induce formation of channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Totland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Norway , Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Willy Nerdal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Norway , Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Signe Steinkopf
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Bergen University College , 5020 Bergen, Norway
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Folland WR, Newsted JL, Fitzgerald SD, Fuchsman PC, Bradley PW, Kern J, Kannan K, Zwiernik MJ. Enzyme induction and histopathology elucidate aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated versus non-aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated effects of Aroclor 1268 in American mink (Neovison vison). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:619-634. [PMID: 26267837 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations reported in preferred prey and blubber of bottlenose dolphins from the Turtle-Brunswick River estuary (Georgia, USA) suggest the potential for adverse effects. However, PCBs in Turtle-Brunswick River estuary dolphins are primarily derived from Aroclor 1268, and predicting toxic effects of Aroclor 1268 is uncertain because of the mixture's unique composition and associated physiochemical characteristics. These differences suggest that toxicity benchmarks for other PCB mixtures may not be relevant to dolphins exposed to Aroclor 1268. American mink (Neovison vison) were used as a surrogate model for cetaceans to characterize mechanisms of action associated with Aroclor 1268 exposure. Mink share similarities in phylogeny and life history with cetaceans and are characteristically sensitive to PCBs, making them an attractive surrogate species for marine mammals in ecotoxicity studies. Adult female mink and a subsequent F1 generation were exposed to Aroclor 1268 through diet, and effects on enzyme induction, histopathology, thyroid hormone regulation, hematology, organ weights, and body condition index were compared to a negative control and a 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126)-positive control. Aroclor 1268 dietary exposure concentrations ranged from 1.8 µg/g wet weight to 29 µg/g wet weight. Anemia, hypothyroidism, and hepatomegaly were observed in mink exposed to Aroclor 1268 beyond various dietary thresholds. Cytochrome P450 induction and squamous epithelial proliferation jaw lesions were low in Aroclor 1268 treatments relative to the positive control. Differences in enzyme induction and the development of squamous epithelial proliferation jaw lesions between Aroclor 1268 treatments and the positive control, coupled with effects observed in Aroclor 1268 treatments not observed in the positive control, indicate that mechanisms additional to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated pathway are associated with Aroclor 1268 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Folland
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - John L Newsted
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Scott D Fitzgerald
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Environmental Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Patrick W Bradley
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - John Kern
- KERN Statistical Services, St. Cloud, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Matthew J Zwiernik
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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PCB-153 shows different dynamics of mobilisation from differentiated rat adipocytes during lipolysis in comparison with PCB-28 and PCB-118. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106495. [PMID: 25211159 PMCID: PMC4161324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants. Due to their lipophilic character, they are preferentially stored within the adipose tissue. During the mobilisation of lipids, PCBs might be released from adipocytes into the bloodstream. However, the mechanisms associated with the release of PCBs have been poorly studied. Several in vivo studies followed their dynamics of release but the complexity of the in vivo situation, which is characterised by a large range of pollutants, does not allow understanding precisely the behaviour of individual congeners. The present in vitro experiment studied the impact of (i) the number and position of chlorine atoms of PCBs on their release from adipocytes and (ii) the presence of other PCB congeners on the mobilisation rate of such molecules. Methodology/Principal Findings Differentiated rat adipocytes were used to compare the behaviour of PCB-28, -118 and -153. Cells were contaminated with the three congeners, alone or in cocktail, and a lipolysis was then induced with isoproterenol during 12 hours. Our data indicate that the three congeners were efficiently released from adipocytes and accumulated in the medium during the lipolysis. Interestingly, for a same level of cell lipids, PCB-153, a hexa-CB with two chlorine atoms in ortho-position, was mobilised slower than PCB-28, a tri-CB, and PCB-118, a penta-CB, which are both characterised by one chlorine atom in ortho-position. It suggests an impact of the chemical properties of pollutants on their mobilisation during periods of negative energy balance. Moreover, the mobilisation of PCB congeners, taken individually, did not seem to be influenced by the presence of other congeners within adipocytes. Conclusion/Significance These results not only highlight the obvious mobilisation of PCBs from adipocytes during lipolysis, in parallel to lipids, but also demonstrate that the structure of congeners defines their rate of release from adipocytes.
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Gonzalez A, Odjélé A, Weber JM. PCB-153 and temperature cause restructuring of goldfish membranes: homeoviscous response to a chemical fluidiser. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 144-145:11-18. [PMID: 24121159 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ortho-substituted PCBs intercalate between membrane phospholipids similarly to cholesterol and increase fluidity. Ectothermic animals have a well-developed homeoviscous response to counter the fluidising effect of temperature and avoid the disruption of membrane proteins. However, it remains unknown whether chemical fluidisation can also activate a homeoviscous response or interfere with normal acclimation to temperature. The fatty acid composition and cholesterol content of membranes from gill, white muscle, liver, and brain was measured in goldfish exposed to 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design (acclimated to 5 or 20°C, and exposed or not to PCB-153). The expression of Δ6 and Δ9 desaturases was also measured in gill and liver because these enzymes modulate changes in membrane unsaturation. We hypothesised that thermal and chemical stress would cause similar adjustments in phospholipid unsaturation, membrane cholesterol, and desaturase expression. Results show that PCB-153 triggers a homeoviscous response by changing cholesterol content in liver (+51%) and brain (+216%), as well as the double bond index in gills (-17%). In response to higher temperature, the membranes of gill, muscle, and brain substitute polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonate [20:4] and eicosadienoate [20:2] with saturated fatty acids such as palmitate [16:0] and stearate [18:0]. Each tissue has a distinct pattern of changes, suggesting that different local factors contribute to the stress response. It is also possible that the thermal tolerance of individual species influences the homeoviscous response because the changes observed in goldfish liver are not consistent with what has been reported for trout liver. No evidence supporting the activation of desaturase expression could be found. Overall, and contrary to expectation, modulating membrane cholesterol is the main mechanism used to cope with PCB-153, whereas changes in unsaturation dominate temperature acclimation. If also present in other species, these protective responses may prove particularly important for polar fish that face the combined effects of thermal stress from climate change and chemical stress from organochlorine deposition. This study is the first to show that in vivo exposure to a membrane fluidiser can cause a homeoviscous response in an ectothermic animal. We conclude that the homeostatic mechanisms that preserve normal membrane function vary: (1) with the nature of the stress that perturbs fluidity, (2) with local conditions within each tissue, and (3) possibly with the thermal tolerance of individual species. These complicating factors will have to be considered in future studies of homeoviscous adjustments.
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Prudovsky I, Kumar TKS, Sterling S, Neivandt D. Protein-phospholipid interactions in nonclassical protein secretion: problem and methods of study. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:3734-72. [PMID: 23396106 PMCID: PMC3588068 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14023734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular proteins devoid of signal peptides use nonclassical secretion mechanisms for their export. These mechanisms are independent of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. Some nonclassically released proteins, particularly fibroblast growth factors (FGF) 1 and 2, are exported as a result of their direct translocation through the cell membrane. This process requires specific interactions of released proteins with membrane phospholipids. In this review written by a cell biologist, a structural biologist and two membrane engineers, we discuss the following subjects: (i) Phenomenon of nonclassical protein release and its biological significance; (ii) Composition of the FGF1 multiprotein release complex (MRC); (iii) The relationship between FGF1 export and acidic phospholipid externalization; (iv) Interactions of FGF1 MRC components with acidic phospholipids; (v) Methods to study the transmembrane translocation of proteins; (vi) Membrane models to study nonclassical protein release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Prudovsky
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | | | - Sarah Sterling
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA; E-Mails: (S.S.); (D.N.)
| | - David Neivandt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA; E-Mails: (S.S.); (D.N.)
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Bratberg M, Olsvik PA, Edvardsen RB, Brekken HK, Vadla R, Meier S. Effects of oil pollution and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on glycerophospholipids in liver and brain of male Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:2157-2171. [PMID: 23266412 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fish in the North Sea are exposed to relatively high levels of halogenated compounds in addition to the pollutants released by oil production activities. In this study male Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were orally exposed to environmental realistic levels (low and high) of weathered crude oil and/or a mixture of POPs for 4weeks. Lipid composition in brain and in liver extracts were analysed in order to assess the effects of the various pollutants on membrane lipid composition and fatty acid profiles. Transcriptional effects in the liver were studied by microarray and quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Chemical analyses confirmed uptake of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorinated pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in the liver and excretion of metabolites of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the bile. Treatment with POPs and/or crude oil did not induce significant changes in lipid composition in cod liver. Only a few minor changes were observed in the fatty acid profile of the brain and the lipid classes in the liver. The hypothesis that pollution from oil or POPs at environmental realistic levels alters the lipid composition in marine fish was therefore not confirmed in this study. However, the transcriptional data suggest that the fish were affected by the treatment at the mRNA level. This study suggests that a combination of oil and POPs induce the CYP1a detoxification system and gives an increase in the metabolism and clearing rate of PAHs and POPs, but with no effects on membrane lipids in male Atlantic cod.
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Lam JD, Culbertson MJ, Skinner NP, Barton ZJ, Burden DL. Information Content in Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy: Binary Mixtures and Detection Volume Distortion. Anal Chem 2011; 83:5268-74. [DOI: 10.1021/ac200641y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Lam
- Chemistry Department, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois 60187, United States
| | | | - Nathan P. Skinner
- Chemistry Department, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois 60187, United States
| | - Zachary J. Barton
- Chemistry Department, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois 60187, United States
| | - Daniel L. Burden
- Chemistry Department, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois 60187, United States
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Jonker MTO, van der Heijden SA. Comment on "PCB association with model phospholipid bilayers". ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:5155-5157. [PMID: 19673322 DOI: 10.1021/es803280h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-Hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153) induces degradation of adherens junction proteins and inhibits β-catenin-dependent transcription in liver epithelial cells. Toxicology 2009; 260:104-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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