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Wang Z, Qiu H, Chen Y, Chen X, Fu C, Yu L. Microbial metabolism of diosgenin by a novel isolated Mycolicibacterium sp. HK-90: A promising biosynthetic platform to produce 19-carbon and 21-carbon steroids. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14415. [PMID: 38381074 PMCID: PMC10880577 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Green manufacture of steroid precursors from diosgenin by microbial replacing multistep chemical synthesis has been elusive. It is currently limited by the lack of strain and degradation mechanisms. Here, we demonstrated the feasibility of this process using a novel strain Mycolicibacterium sp. HK-90 with efficiency in diosgenin degradation. Diosgenin degradation by strain HK-90 involves the selective removal of 5,6-spiroketal structure, followed by the oxygenolytic cleavage of steroid nuclei. Bioinformatic analyses revealed the presence of two complete steroid catabolic gene clusters, SCG-1 and SCG-2, in the genome of strain HK-90. SCG-1 cluster was found to be involved in classic phytosterols or cholesterol catabolic pathway through the deletion of key kstD1 gene, which promoted the mutant m-∆kstD1 converting phytosterols to intermediate 9α-hydroxyandrostenedione (9-OHAD). Most impressively, global transcriptomics and characterization of key genes suggested SCG-2 as a potential gene cluster encoding diosgenin degradation. The gene inactivation of kstD2 in SCG-2 resulted in the conversion of diosgenin to 9-OHAD and 9,16-dihydroxy-pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione (9,16-(OH)2 -PG) in mutant m-ΔkstD2. Moreover, the engineered strain mHust-ΔkstD1,2,3 with a triple deletion of kstDs was constructed, which can stably accumulate 9-OHAD by metabolizing phytosterols, and accumulate 9-OHAD and 9,16-(OH)2 -PG from diosgenin. Diosgenin catabolism in strain mHust-ΔkstD1,2,3 was revealed as a progression through diosgenone, 9,16-(OH)2 -PG, and 9-OHAD to 9α-hydroxytestosterone (9-OHTS). So far, this work is the first report on genetically engineered strain metabolizing diosgenin to produce 21-carbon and 19-carbon steroids. This study presents a promising biosynthetic platform for the green production of steroid precursors, and provide insights into the complex biochemical mechanism of diosgenin catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikuan Wang
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Molecular BiophysicsMinistry of EducationWuhanChina
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Both Edible and Medicinal ResourcesWuhanChina
| | - Hailiang Qiu
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Molecular BiophysicsMinistry of EducationWuhanChina
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Both Edible and Medicinal ResourcesWuhanChina
| | - Yulong Chen
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Molecular BiophysicsMinistry of EducationWuhanChina
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Both Edible and Medicinal ResourcesWuhanChina
| | - Xuemin Chen
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Molecular BiophysicsMinistry of EducationWuhanChina
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Both Edible and Medicinal ResourcesWuhanChina
| | - Chunhua Fu
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Molecular BiophysicsMinistry of EducationWuhanChina
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Both Edible and Medicinal ResourcesWuhanChina
| | - Longjiang Yu
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Molecular BiophysicsMinistry of EducationWuhanChina
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Both Edible and Medicinal ResourcesWuhanChina
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Xu M, Zhang G, Qiu Y, Li Y, Liu C, Yang X. Biotransformation of cyproterone acetate, drospirenone, and megestrol acetate in agricultural soils: Kinetics, microbial community dynamics, transformation products, and mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166847. [PMID: 37690749 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of biologically active synthetic progestins in agricultural soils is of growing concern due to their potential to disrupt the endocrine function of aquatic fish in nearby surface waters. This study investigated the biotransformation outcomes of cyproterone acetate (CPA), drospirenone (DRO), and megestrol acetate (MGA) in four agricultural soils. The biotransformation data were fitted to a first-order decay model (R2 = 0.93-0.99), with half-lives and first-order decay coefficients ranging from 76.2-217 h and 9.10 × 10-3-3.20 × 10-3 (h-1), respectively. Abundant biotransformation products (TPs) were generated during incubation, with the number and yields varying across the four soils. 1,2-Dehydrogenation was the main transformation pathway of DRO in the four soils (yields of 32.3-214 %). Similarly, 1,2-dehydrogenation was the most relevant transformation pathway of MGA in the four soils (yields of 21.8-417 %). C3 reduction was the major transformation pathway of CPA in soils B, C, and D (yields of 114-245 %). Hydrogenation (yield of 133 %) and hydroxylation (yield of 21.0 %) were the second major transformation pathway of CPA in soil B and C, respectively. In particular, several TPs exhibited progestogenic and antimineralocorticoid activity, as well as genotoxicity. The high-throughput sequencing indicated that interactions between microorganisms and soil properties may affect biotransformation. Spearman correlation and bidirectional network correlation analysis further revealed that soil properties can directly interfere with the soil sorption capacity for the progestins, thus affecting biotransformation. In particular, soil properties can also limit or promote biotransformation and the formation of TPs (i.e., biotransformation pathways) by affecting the relative abundances of relevant microorganisms. The results of this study indicate that the ecotoxicity of synthetic progestins and related TPs can vary across soils and that the assessment of environmental risks associated with these compounds requires special consideration of both soil properties and microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manxin Xu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Ge Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yang Qiu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yongtao Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Land Use and Consolidation, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Churong Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Xingjian Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Land Use and Consolidation, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
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Li Y, Zhang C, Kong K, Yan X. Characterization and Biological Activities of Four Biotransformation Products of Diosgenin from Rhodococcus erythropolis. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073093. [PMID: 37049855 PMCID: PMC10096415 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Diosgenin (DSG), a steroidal sapogenin derived from the tuberous roots of yam, possesses multiple biological properties. DSG has been widely used as a starting material for the industrial production of steroid drugs. Despite its significant pharmacological activities, moderate potency and low solubility hinder the medicinal application of DSG. Biotransformation is an efficient method to produce valuable derivatives of natural products. In this work, we performed the biotransformation of DSG using five Rhodococcus strains. Compounds 1–4 were isolated and identified from Rhodococcus erythropolis. Compounds 1 and 2 showed potent cytotoxicity against the A549, MCF-7, and HepG2 cell lines. Compounds 3 and 4 are novel entities, and each possesses a terminal carboxyl group attached to the spiroacetal ring. Remarkably, 4 exhibited significant cell protective effects for kidney, liver, and vascular endothelial cells, suggesting the therapeutic potential of this compound in chronic renal diseases, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. We further optimized the fermentation conditions aiming to increase the titer of compound 4. Finally, the yield of compound 4 was improved by 2.9-fold and reached 32.4 mg/L in the optimized conditions. Our study lays the foundation for further developing compound 4 as a cell protective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Chengyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Kexin Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaohui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China
- Correspondence:
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Karthik V, Selvakumar P, Senthil Kumar P, Satheeskumar V, Godwin Vijaysunder M, Hariharan S, Antony K. Recent advances in electrochemical sensor developments for detecting emerging pollutant in water environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 304:135331. [PMID: 35709842 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the latest times, considerable studies have been performed closer to detecting emerging pollutant such as paracetamol in wastewater. Electrochemical sensor developments have recently started to determine in fewer concentrations effectively. The detection of paracetamol using standard protocols corresponding to electroanalytical techniques has a greater impact noticed in directing the detecting process toward biosensors. Non-enzymatic sensors are the peak of all electro analysis approaches. Functionalized materials, such as metal oxide nanoparticles, conducting polymers, and carbon-based materials for electrode surface functionalization have been used to create a fortification for distributing passive enzyme-free biosensors. Synergic effects are possible by enhancing loading capacity and mass transfer of reactants for attaining high analytical sensitivity using a variety of nanomaterials with large surface areas. The main focus of this study is to address the prevailing issues in the identification of paracetamol with the tasks in the non-enzymatic sensors field, followed by the useful methods of electro analysis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Karthik
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641013, India
| | - P Selvakumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, 1888, Ethiopia
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India; Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, India.
| | - V Satheeskumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641013, India
| | - M Godwin Vijaysunder
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641013, India
| | - S Hariharan
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641013, India
| | - K Antony
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641013, India
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Microbial transformation of diosgenin to diosgenone by Wickerhamomyces anomalus JQ-1 obtained from Naxi traditional Jiu Qu. Bioorg Chem 2020; 95:103508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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6
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Xing CP, Wu J, Xia JM, Fan SQ, Yang XW. Steroids and anthraquinones from the deep-sea-derived fungus Aspergillus nidulans MCCC 3A00050. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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7
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Wang Y, Xiang L, Huang Y, Yi X, He X. Microbial transformation of laxogenin by the fungus Syncephalastrum racemosum. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Szaleniec M, Wojtkiewicz AM, Bernhardt R, Borowski T, Donova M. Bacterial steroid hydroxylases: enzyme classes, their functions and comparison of their catalytic mechanisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:8153-8171. [PMID: 30032434 PMCID: PMC6153880 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9239-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The steroid superfamily includes a wide range of compounds that are essential for living organisms of the animal and plant kingdoms. Structural modifications of steroids highly affect their biological activity. In this review, we focus on hydroxylation of steroids by bacterial hydroxylases, which take part in steroid catabolic pathways and play an important role in steroid degradation. We compare three distinct classes of metalloenzymes responsible for aerobic or anaerobic hydroxylation of steroids, namely: cytochrome P450, Rieske-type monooxygenase 3-ketosteroid 9α-hydroxylase, and molybdenum-containing steroid C25 dehydrogenases. We analyze the available literature data on reactivity, regioselectivity, and potential application of these enzymes in organic synthesis of hydroxysteroids. Moreover, we describe mechanistic hypotheses proposed for all three classes of enzymes along with experimental and theoretical evidences, which have provided grounds for their formulation. In case of the 3-ketosteroid 9α-hydroxylase, such a mechanistic hypothesis is formulated for the first time in the literature based on studies conducted for other Rieske monooxygenases. Finally, we provide comparative analysis of similarities and differences in the reaction mechanisms utilized by bacterial steroid hydroxylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Szaleniec
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka M Wojtkiewicz
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus B2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tomasz Borowski
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marina Donova
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Oblast, 142290, Russia
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Fernández-Cabezón L, Galán B, García JL. New Insights on Steroid Biotechnology. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:958. [PMID: 29867863 PMCID: PMC5962712 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays steroid manufacturing occupies a prominent place in the pharmaceutical industry with an annual global market over $10 billion. The synthesis of steroidal active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) such as sex hormones (estrogens, androgens, and progestogens) and corticosteroids is currently performed by a combination of microbiological and chemical processes. Several mycobacterial strains capable of naturally metabolizing sterols (e.g., cholesterol, phytosterols) are used as biocatalysts to transform phytosterols into steroidal intermediates (synthons), which are subsequently used as key precursors to produce steroidal APIs in chemical processes. These synthons can also be modified by other microbial strains capable of introducing regio- and/or stereospecific modifications (functionalization) into steroidal molecules. Most of the industrial microbial strains currently available have been improved through traditional technologies based on physicochemical mutagenesis and selection processes. Surprisingly, Synthetic Biology and Systems Biology approaches have hardly been applied for this purpose. This review attempts to highlight the most relevant research on Steroid Biotechnology carried out in last decades, focusing specially on those works based on recombinant DNA technologies, as well as outlining trends and future perspectives. In addition, the need to construct new microbial cell factories (MCF) to design more robust and bio-sustainable bioprocesses with the ultimate aim of producing steroids à la carte is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Fernández-Cabezón
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Beatriz Galán
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - José L García
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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Larsson DGJ. Pollution from drug manufacturing: review and perspectives. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:rstb.2013.0571. [PMID: 25405961 PMCID: PMC4213584 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As long ago as the sixteenth century, Paracelsus recognized that ‘the dose makes the poison’. Indeed, environmental concentrations of pharmaceuticals excreted by humans are limited, most importantly because a defined dose is given to just a fraction of the population. By contrast, recent studies have identified direct emission from drug manufacturing as a source of much higher environmental discharges that, in some cases, greatly exceed toxic threshold concentrations. Because production is concentrated in specific locations, the risks are not linked to usage patterns. Furthermore, as the drugs are not consumed, metabolism in the human body does not reduce concentrations. The environmental risks associated with manufacturing therefore comprise a different, wider set of pharmaceuticals compared with those associated with risks from excretion. Although pollution from manufacturing is less widespread, discharges that promote the development of drug-resistant microorganisms can still have global consequences. Risk management also differs between production and excretion in terms of accountability, incentive creation, legal opportunities, substitution possibilities and costs. Herein, I review studies about industrial emissions of pharmaceuticals and the effects associated with exposure to such effluents. I contrast environmental pollution due to manufacturing with that due to excretion in terms of their risks and management and highlight some recent initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Joakim Larsson
- Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, The University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Bai Y, Zhang L, Jin W, Wei M, Zhou P, Zheng G, Niu L, Nie L, Zhang Y, Wang H, Yu L. In situ high-valued utilization and transformation of sugars from Dioscorea zingiberensis C.H. Wright for clean production of diosgenin. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 196:642-647. [PMID: 26299979 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The industrial production of diosgenin in China generates a large amount of high-sugar wastes with low bioavailability, which causes serious pollution to the environment. In this study, a new clean and efficient process for the production of diosgenin was developed using sugars through in situ high-valued transformation. The sugar mixture from Dioscorea zingiberensis C.H. Wright contained abundant beneficial components. Nine typical microorganisms that produced intracellular products were evaluated. Saccharopolyspora spinosa was selected for recursive protoplast fusion to increase the spinosad yield by 46.3% compared with that of the wildtype. Diosgenin and spinosad co-production was conducted in a 100L bioreactor, with pH controlled by adding glucose. The biological oxygen demand of the effluent water decreased from 15,000mg/L to 450mg/L; hence, the proposed process is environment friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Bai
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Liwei Zhang
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wenwen Jin
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Mi Wei
- Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables of Hubei Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
| | - Pengpeng Zhou
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Guihua Zheng
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lili Niu
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lin Nie
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Longjiang Yu
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan 430075, China.
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12
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Zhang Y, Han MZ, Zhu SL, Li M, Dong X, Luo XC, Kong Z, Lu YX, Wang SY, Tong WY. Studies on the function and catalytic mechanism of O-methyltransferases SviOMT02, SviOMT03 and SviOMT06 from Streptomyces virginiae IBL14. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015; 73-74:72-9. [PMID: 26002507 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To identify the fuctions of the nine putative O-methyltransferase genes in Streptomyces virginiae IBL14, the evolutionary and functional relationship of these genes in its 8.0 Mb linear chromosome was set up via sequence comparison with those of other Streptomyces species. Further, the functions and catalytic mechanism of the three genes sviOMT02, sviOMT03 and sviOMT06 from this strain were studied through experimental and computational approaches. As a result, the nine putative O-methyltransferases belong to methyltransf_2 superfamily, amdomet-MTases superfamily, and leucine carboxyl methyltransferase superfamily, and are phylogenetically close to those of Streptomyces sp. C. The products of genes sviOMT03 and sviOMT06 could catalyze O-methylation of caffeic acid to form ferulic acid. Computational analysis indicated that the O-methylation mechanism of SviOMT03 and SviOMT06 proceeds from a direct transfer of the SAM-methyl group to caffeic acid with inversion of symmetry aided by a divalent metal ion in a SN2-like mechanism. Particularly, the conservative polar amino acid residues in SviOMT03 and SviOMT06, including Lys143 that reacts with caffeic acid, Ser74, Asp140 and Tyr149 that react with S-adenosyl methionine, and His142 (SviOMT03) or His171 (SviOMT06) that transfers the 3-hydroxyl proton of substrate caffeic acid, probably be essential in their O-methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Integrated Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Mao-Zhen Han
- Integrated Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Shu-Liang Zhu
- Integrated Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Man Li
- Integrated Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Xiang Dong
- Integrated Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Xue-Cai Luo
- Integrated Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zhe Kong
- Integrated Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yun-Xia Lu
- Integrated Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Shu-Yan Wang
- Integrated Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Wang-Yu Tong
- Integrated Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China.
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Eshelli M, Harvey L, Edrada-Ebel R, McNeil B. Metabolomics of the bio-degradation process of aflatoxin B1 by actinomycetes at an initial pH of 6.0. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:439-56. [PMID: 25658510 PMCID: PMC4344634 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7020439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of food and feed by Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a cause of serious economic and health problems. Different processes have been used to degrade AFB1. In this study, biological degradation of AFB1 was carried out using three Actinomycete species, Rhodococcus erythropolis ATCC 4277, Streptomyces lividans TK 24, and S. aureofaciens ATCC 10762, in liquid cultures. Biodegradation of AFB1 was optimised under a range of temperatures from 25 to 40 °C and pH values of 4.0 to 8.0. An initial concentration of 20 µg/mL of AFB1 was used in this study. The amount of AFB1 remaining was measured against time by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), coupled with UV and mass spectrometry (LC-MS). All species were able to degrade the AFB1, and no significant difference was found between them. AFB1 remained in the liquid culture for R. erythropolis, S. lividans and S. aureofaciens were 0.81 µg/mL, 2.41 µg/mL and 2.78 µg/mL respectively, at the end of the first 24 h. Degradation occurred at all incubation temperatures and the pH with the optimal conditions for R. erythropolis was achieved at 30 °C and pH 6, whereas for S. lividans and S. aureofaciens the optimum conditions for degradation were 30 °C and pH 5. Analysis of the degradative route indicated that each microorganism has a different way of degrading AFB1. The metabolites produced by R. erythropolis were significantly different from the other two microorganisms. Products of degradation were identified through metabolomic studies by utilizing high-resolution mass spectral data. Mass spectrometric analysis indicated that the degradation of AFB1 was associated with the appearance of a range of lower molecular weight compounds. The pathway of degradation or chemical alteration of AFB1 was followed by means of high resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometry (HR-FTMS) analysis as well as through the MS2 fragmentation to unravel the degradative pathway for AFB1. AFB1 bio-degradation was coupled with the accumulation of intermediates of fatty acid metabolism and glycolysis. A plausible mechanism of degradation of AFB1 by Rhodococcus was hypothesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Eshelli
- Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya.
| | - Linda Harvey
- Fermentation Laboratory, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
| | - RuAngelie Edrada-Ebel
- Fermentation Laboratory, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
| | - Brian McNeil
- Fermentation Laboratory, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
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Moody SC, Loveridge EJ. CYP105-diverse structures, functions and roles in an intriguing family of enzymes in Streptomyces. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:1549-63. [PMID: 25294646 PMCID: PMC4265290 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cytochromes P450 (CYP or P450) are a large superfamily of haem-containing enzymes found in all domains of life. They catalyse a variety of complex reactions, predominantly mixed-function oxidations, often displaying highly regio- and/or stereospecific chemistry. In streptomycetes, they are predominantly associated with secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways or with xenobiotic catabolism. Homologues of one family, CYP105, have been found in all Streptomyces species thus far sequenced. This review looks at the diverse biological functions of CYP105s and the biosynthetic/catabolic pathways they are associated with. Examples are presented showing a range of biotransformative abilities and different contexts. As biocatalysts capable of some remarkable chemistry, CYP105s have great biotechnological potential and merit detailed study. Recent developments in biotechnological applications which utilize CYP105s are described, alongside a brief overview of the benefits and drawbacks of using P450s in commercial applications. The role of CYP105s in vivo is in many cases undefined and provides a rich source for further investigation into the functions these enzymes fulfil and the metabolic pathways they participate in, in the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzy C Moody
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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Li ZZ, Li XF, Yang W, Dong X, Yu J, Zhu SL, Li M, Xie L, Tong WY. Identification and functional analysis of cytochrome P450 complement in Streptomyces virginiae IBL14. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:130. [PMID: 23442312 PMCID: PMC3599690 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As well known, both natural and synthetic steroidal compounds are powerful endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) which can cause reproductive toxicity and affect cellular development in mammals and thus are generally regarded as serious contributors to water pollution. Streptomyces virginiae IBL14 is an effective degradative strain for many steroidal compounds and can also catalyze the C25 hydroxylation of diosgenin, the first-ever biotransformation found on the F-ring of diosgenin. RESULTS To completely elucidate the hydroxylation function of cytochrome P450 genes (CYPs) found during biotransformation of steroids by S. virginiae IBL14, the whole genome sequencing of this strain was carried out via 454 Sequencing Systems. The analytical results of BLASTP showed that the strain IBL14 contains 33 CYPs, 7 ferredoxins and 3 ferredoxin reductases in its 8.0 Mb linear chromosome. CYPs from S. virginiae IBL14 are phylogenetically closed to those of Streptomyces sp. Mg1 and Streptomyces sp. C. One new subfamily was found as per the fact that the CYP Svu001 in S. virginiae IBL14 shares 66% identity only to that (ZP_05001937, protein identifer) from Streptomyces sp. Mg1. Further analysis showed that among all of the 33 CYPs in S. virginiae IBL14, three CYPs are clustered with ferredoxins, one with ferredoxin and ferredoxin reductase and three CYPs with ATP/GTP binding proteins, four CYPs arranged with transcriptional regulatory genes and one CYP located on the upstream of an ATP-binding protein and transcriptional regulators as well as four CYPs associated with other functional genes involved in secondary metabolism and degradation. CONCLUSIONS These characteristics found in CYPs from S. virginiae IBL14 show that the EXXR motif in the K-helix is not absolutely conserved in CYP157 family and I-helix not absolutely essential for the CYP structure, too. Experimental results showed that both CYP Svh01 and CYP Svu022 are two hydroxylases, capable of bioconverting diosgenone into isonuatigenone and β-estradiol into estriol, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Zhen Li
- Integrated Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Health Science, School of Life Science, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China
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Donova MV, Egorova OV. Microbial steroid transformations: current state and prospects. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 94:1423-47. [PMID: 22562163 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Studies of steroid modifications catalyzed by microbial whole cells represent a well-established research area in white biotechnology. Still, advances over the last decade in genetic and metabolic engineering, whole-cell biocatalysis in non-conventional media, and process monitoring raised research in this field to a new level. This review summarizes the data on microbial steroid conversion obtained since 2003. The key reactions of structural steroid functionalization by microorganisms are highlighted including sterol side-chain degradation, hydroxylation at various positions of the steroid core, and redox reactions. We also describe methods for enhancement of bioprocess productivity, selectivity of target reactions, and application of microbial transformations for production of valuable pharmaceutical ingredients and precursors. Challenges and prospects of whole-cell biocatalysis applications in steroid industry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Donova
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.
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Wu GW, Gao JM, Shi XW, Zhang Q, Wei SP, Ding K. Microbial transformations of diosgenin by the white-rot basidiomycete Coriolus versicolor. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:2095-2101. [PMID: 21985022 DOI: 10.1021/np2003484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Microbial transformation of diosgenin (3β-hydroxy-5-spirostene) using white-rot fungus Coriolus versicolor afforded four previously unreported polyhydroxylated steroids, 25(R)-spirost-5-en-3β,7α,15α,21-tetraol (5), 25(R)-spirost-5-en-3β,7β,12β,21-tetrol (6), (25R)-spirost-5-en-3β,7α,12β,21-tetraol (7), and (25R)-spirost-5-en-3β,7β,11α,21-tetraol (8), along with three known congeners, 25(R)-spirost-5-en-3β,7β-diol (2), 25(R)-spirost-5-en-3β,7β,21-triol (3), and 25(R)-spirost-5-en-3β,7β,12β-triol (4). These structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR as well as HR-ESIMS analysis. In addition, we provide evidence for two new microbial hydroxylations of diosgenin: C-21 primary carbon hydroxylation and C-15 hydroxylation. The 3β-hydroxyl group and double bond in the B-ring of diosgenin were found to be important structural determinants for their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Wei Wu
- Shaanxi Engineering Center of Bioresource Chemistry & Sustainable Utilization, College of Science, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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Dong T, Wu GW, Wang XN, Gao JM, Chen JG, Lee SS. Microbiological transformation of diosgenin by resting cells of filamentous fungus, Cunninghamella echinulata CGMCC 3.2716. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Li B, Wang W, Wang FQ, Wei DZ. Cholesterol oxidase ChoL is a critical enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of diosgenin to 4-ene-3-keto steroids in Streptomyces virginiae IBL-14. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:1831-8. [PMID: 19711070 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Diosgenin transformation was studied in Streptomyces virginiae IBL-14, a soil-dwelling bacterium with diosgenin-degrading capacity. All of the derivatives isolated were identified as 4-ene-3-keto steroids. We cloned ChoL, a fragment of a cholesterol oxidase from S. virginiae IBL-14, and used gene-disruption techniques to determine its function in the oxidation of diosgenin to 4-ene-3-keto steroids. Subsequently, the entire open reading frame of ChoL was cloned by chromosome walking, and the His(6)-tagged recombinant protein was overproduced, purified, and characterized. ChoL consisted of 1,629 nucleotides that encoded a protein of 542 amino acids, including a 34-residue putative signal peptide at the N-terminal. ChoL showed 85% amino acid similarity to ChoA from Streptomyces sp. SA-COO. This enzyme can also oxidize other steroids such as cholesterol, sitosterol, and dehydroepiandrosterone, which showed higher affinity (K(m) = 0.195 mM) to diosgenin. The catalytic properties of this enzyme indicate that it may be useful in diosgenin transformation, degradation, and assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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