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Zhu M, Wang Y, Zheng C, Luo Y, Li Y, Tan S, Sun Z, Ke Y, Peng C, Min X. Near-zero-waste processing of jarosite waste to achieve sustainability: A state-of-the-art review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 370:122396. [PMID: 39244925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Jarosite waste is a by-product generated from iron removal process in the jarosite process, which typically contains valuable metals including zinc, nickel, cobalt, silver, indium, and lead. Due to the large amount of jarosite and the less efficient and costly methods of recovering residual metals, it is mainly disposed by landfills. However, leachate generated from the landfills can release high concentrations of heavy metals, which contaminate nearby water resources and pose environmental and health risks. In this review, the environmental and resource properties of jarosite waste were briefly summarized. Then those pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical and biological methods were discussed. In this review, considering the polymetallic properties and the low content of valuable metal elements of the jarosite waste, it is indicated that these processes had their own benefits and drawbacks such as overall yield, economic and technical constraints, and the necessity for combined processes to recycle multiple metal ions from jarosite wastes. Finally, this paper provided a critical and systematic review of studies on the novel green recycling technology for metals and material preparation based on the jarosite waste. This review can lay a guidance for the near-zero-waste processing of jarosite waste, with a particular focus on the combination of chemical and biological processes and waste-to-materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfei Zhu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Yunyan Wang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy for Non-ferrous Metals, Changsha, 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Chujing Zheng
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, 92501, USA.
| | - Yongjian Luo
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Yun Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy for Non-ferrous Metals, Changsha, 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Shuaixia Tan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Zhumei Sun
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Yong Ke
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy for Non-ferrous Metals, Changsha, 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Cong Peng
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy for Non-ferrous Metals, Changsha, 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Xiaobo Min
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy for Non-ferrous Metals, Changsha, 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China.
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2
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Yang M, He D, Zheng S, Yang L. In situ biosynthesized polyphosphate nanoparticles/reduced graphene oxide composite electrode for highly sensitive detection of heavy metal ions. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 244:117966. [PMID: 38109960 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The development of an effective sensing platform is critical for the electrochemical detection of heavy metal ions (HMIs) in water. In this study, we fabricated a newly designed sensor through the in situ assembly of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and polyphosphate nanoparticles (polyP NPs) on a carbon cloth electrode via microorganism-mediated green biochemical processes. The characterization results revealed that the rGO produced via microbial reduction had a three-dimensional porous structure, serving as an exceptional scaffold for hosting polyP NPs, and the polyP NPs were evenly distributed on the rGO network. In terms of detecting HMIs, the numerous functional groups of polyP NPs play a major role in the coordination with the cations. This electrochemical sensor, based on polyP NPs/rGO, enabled the individual and simultaneous determination of lead ion (Pb2+) and copper ion (Cu2+) with detection limits of 1.6 nM and 0.9 nM, respectively. Additionally, the electrode exhibited outstanding selectivity for the target analytes in the presence of multiple interfering metal ions. The fabricated sensor was successfully used to determine Pb2+/Cu2+ in water samples with satisfactory recovery rates ranging from 92.16% to 104.89%. This study establishes a facile, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly microbial approach for the synthesis of electrode materials and the detection of environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Di He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Shourong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Liuyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, China.
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Kumar Singh V, Manna S, Kumar Biswas J, Pugazhendhi A. Recovery of residual metals from jarosite waste using chemical and biochemical processes to achieve sustainability: A state-of-the-art review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 343:118221. [PMID: 37245308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Jarosite is a residue that is generated as a by-product during zinc extraction, and it consists of various types of heavy metal (loid)s such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, iron, lead, mercury and silver. Due to the huge jarosite turn-over rate, and less efficient and expensive residual metal extraction processes, the zinc-producing industries dispose this waste in landfills. However, the leachate generated from such landfills contains a high concentration of heavy metal (loid)s that could contaminate the nearby water resources and cause environmental concern and human health risk. Various thermo-chemical and biological processes have been developed for the recovery of heavy metals from such waste. In this review, we have discussed all those pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and biological. Those studies were critically reviewed and compared on the basis of their techno-economic differences. The review indicated that these processes have their own benefits and drawbacks such as overall yield, economic and technical constraints, and the need for more than one process to mobilize multiple metal ions from jarosite. Also, in this review, the residual metal extraction processes from jarosite waste have been linked with the relevant UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which can be useful for a better approach to sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Kumar Singh
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007, India
| | - Suvendu Manna
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007, India.
| | - Jayanta Kumar Biswas
- Department of Ecological Studies & International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centre of Bioengineering, NatProLab, Plant Innovation Lab, School of Engineering and Sciences, Queretaro 76130, Mexico.
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Miao J, Hao J, Che R, Wang F, Li J, Liu L, Li X, Wang H. A double-edged sword: Reductive soil disinfestation changes the fates of trace metal elements in soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162307. [PMID: 36804989 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although the effects of reductive soil disinfestation (RSD) in soil sterilization have been proven in several countries, the potential risks of trace metal elements (TMEs) caused by RSD require further assessment. Here, freshly Cd-spiked soil and historically contaminated greenhouse soil were exposed to RSD and the fates of TMEs, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, were investigated. All RSD treatments lasted for 21 days and subsamples were collected at different time intervals. Samples were open-air incubated for another 7 days until day 28 to simulate the situation after drainage. The bioavailability and geochemical fractionation of TMEs were investigated based on single and sequential extraction procedures and the environmental risks were assessed. The results showed that RSD increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, and the content of functional groups, including Fe, Mn, and S compounds respirations increased after RSD, highlighting the possible reductive dissolution of FeMn oxides and precipitation of TMEs. The dissolution decreased the reducible fractions of TMEs and increased the acid-soluble fractions of Co, Ni, Pb, and Zn, in the European Community Bureau of Reference results, reflecting the activation of TMEs in soils. However, the precipitation of sulfate resulted in the stabilization of Cd and Cu in two types of soils, increased their residual fractions, and decreased their acid-soluble fractions and bioavailabilities. After drainage, because the influence caused by precipitation rapidly disappeared and the impact of FeMn oxides dissolution remained, the acid-solubility of TMEs was greater than their initial status in the two soils. Furthermore, as a highly toxic metal, the activation of Cd at 28 days caused the rapid increase of ecological risks, which is particularly concerning. The results suggest that RSD temporarily increases the potential risks of TMEs and that certain measures must be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahe Miao
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jiarong Hao
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Ruijie Che
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Fenghe Wang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Jining Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Xinyu Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Luo X, Wu C, Lin Y, Li W, Deng M, Tan J, Xue S. Soil heavy metal pollution from Pb/Zn smelting regions in China and the remediation potential of biomineralization. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 125:662-677. [PMID: 36375948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Smelting activities pose serious environmental problems due to the local and regional heavy metal pollution in soils they cause. It is therefore important to understand the pollution situation and its source in the contaminated soils. In this paper, data on heavy metal pollution in soils resulting from Pb/Zn smelting (published in the last 10 years) in China was summarized. The heavy metal pollution was analyzed from a macroscopic point of view. The results indicated that Pb, Zn, As and Cd were common contaminants that were present in soils with extremely high concentrations. Because of the extreme carcinogenicity, genotoxicity and neurotoxicity that heavy metals pose, remediation of the soils contaminated by smelting is urgently required. The primary anthropogenic activities contributing to soil pollution in smelting areas and the progressive development of accurate source identification were performed. Due to the advantages of biominerals, the potential of biomineralization for heavy metal contaminated soils was introduced. Furthermore, the prospects of geochemical fraction analysis, combined source identification methods as well as several optimization methods for biomineralization are presented, to provide a reference for pollution investigation and remediation in smelting contaminated soils in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Luo
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Chuan Wu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Yongcheng Lin
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Waichin Li
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Min Deng
- School of Geosciences and Info-physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jingqiang Tan
- School of Geosciences and Info-physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Shengguo Xue
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
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Hao X, Tang J, Yi X, Gao K, Yao Q, Feng C, Huang W, Dang Z. Extracellular polymeric substance induces biogenesis of vivianite under inorganic phosphate-free conditions. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 120:115-124. [PMID: 35623765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Vivianite is often found in reducing environments rich in iron and phosphorus from organic debris degradation or phosphorus mineral dissolution. The formation of vivianite is essential to the geochemical cycling of phosphorus and iron elements in natural environments. In this study, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were selected as the source of phosphorus. Microcosm experiments were conducted to test the evolution of mineralogy during the reduction of polyferric sulfate flocs (PFS) by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 (S. oneidensis MR-1) at EPS concentrations of 0, 0.03, and 0.3 g/L. Vivianite was found to be the secondary mineral in EPS treatment when there was no phosphate in the media. The EPS DNA served as the phosphorus source and DNA-supplied phosphate could induce the formation of vivianite. EPS impedes PFS aggregation, contains redox proteins and stores electron shuttle, and thus greatly promotes the formation of minerals and enhances the reduction of Fe(III). At EPS concentration of 0, 0.03, and 0.3 g/L, the produced HCl-extractable Fe(II) was 107.9, 111.0, and 115.2 mg/L, respectively. However, when the microcosms remained unstirred, vivianite can be formed without the addition of EPS. In unstirred systems, the EPS secreted by S. oneidensis MR-1 could agglomerate at some areas, resulting in the formation of vivianite in the proximity of microbial cells. It was found that vivianite can be generated biogenetically by S. oneidensis MR-1 strain and EPS may play a key role in iron reduction and concentrating phosphorus in the oligotrophic ecosystems where quiescent conditions prevail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Hao
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jie Tang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoyun Yi
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Kun Gao
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qian Yao
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chunhua Feng
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weilin Huang
- Department of Environmental Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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7
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Indigenous microbial populations of abandoned mining sites and their role in natural attenuation. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:251. [PMID: 35411412 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02861-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Environmental contamination by toxic effluents discharged by anthropogenic activities including the mining industries has increased extensively in the recent past. Microbial communities and their biofilms inhabiting these extreme habitats have developed different adaptive strategies in metabolizing and transforming the persistent pollutants. They also play a crucial role in natural attenuation of these abandoned mining sites and act as a major driver of many biogeochemical processes, which helps in ecological rehabilitation and is a viable approach for restoration of wide stretches of land. In this review, the types of mine wastes including the overburden and mine drainage and the types of microbial communities thriving in such environments were probed in detail. The types of biofilms formed along with their possible role in metal bioremediation were also reviewed. This review also provides an overview of the shift in microbial communities in natural reclamation process and also provides an insight into the restoration of the enzyme activities of the soils which may help in further revegetation of abundant mining areas in a sustainable manner. Moreover, the role of indigenous microbiota in bioremediation of heavy metals and their plant growth-promoting activity weres discussed to assess their role in phytoremedial processes.
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Insights into the Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles by the Genus Shewanella. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0139021. [PMID: 34495739 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01390-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The exploitation of microorganisms for the fabrication of nanoparticles (NPs) has garnered considerable research interest globally. The microbiological transformation of metals and metal salts into respective NPs can be achieved under environmentally benign conditions, offering a more sustainable alternative to chemical synthesis methods. Species of the metal-reducing bacterial genus Shewanella are able to couple the oxidation of various electron donors, including lactate, pyruvate, and hydrogen, to the reduction of a wide range of metal species, resulting in biomineralization of a multitude of metal NPs. Single-metal-based NPs as well as composite materials with properties equivalent or even superior to physically and chemically produced NPs have been synthesized by a number of Shewanella species. A mechanistic understanding of electron transfer-mediated bioreduction of metals into respective NPs by Shewanella is crucial in maximizing NP yields and directing the synthesis to produce fine-tuned NPs with tailored properties. In addition, thorough investigations into the influence of process parameters controlling the biosynthesis is another focal point for optimizing the process of NP generation. Synthesis of metal-based NPs using Shewanella species offers a low-cost, eco-friendly alternative to current physiochemical methods. This article aims to shed light on the contribution of Shewanella as a model organism in the biosynthesis of a variety of NPs and critically reviews the current state of knowledge on factors controlling their synthesis, characterization, potential applications in different sectors, and future prospects.
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Bolan S, Seshadri B, Grainge I, Talley NJ, Naidu R. Gut microbes modulate bioaccessibility of lead in soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 270:128657. [PMID: 33127103 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic uptake of lead (Pb) is controlled by its bioaccessibility. Most studies have examined bioaccessibility of Pb in the absence of gut microbes, which play an important role in the metabolic uptake of nutrients and metal(loid)s in intestine. In this study, we examined the effect of three gut microbes, from various locations in the gut, on the bioaccessibility of soil ingested Pb. The gut microbes include Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Escherichia coli. Lead toxicity to these three microbes was also examined at various pH values. Bioaccessibility of Pb was measured using gastric and intestinal extractions. Both Pb spiked and Pb-contaminated shooting range field soils were used to measure Pb bioaccessibility in the presence and absence of gut microbes. The results indicated that Pb toxicity to gut microbes, as measured by LD50 value, decreased with increasing pH, and was higher for Lactobacillus species. Gut microbes decreased the bioaccessible Pb; the effect was more pronounced at low pH, mimicking gastric conditions than in conditions closer to the intestine. Lead adsorption by these microbes increased at the higher pH tested, and E. coli adsorbed higher amounts of Pb than did the Lactobacillus species. The effect of gut microbes on reducing Pb bioaccessibility may be attributed to microbially-induced immobilization of Pb through adsorption, precipitation, and complexation reactions. The study demonstrates that bioaccessibility and subsequently bioavailability of metal(loid)s can be modulated by gut microbes, and it is important to undertake bioaccessibility measurements in the presence of gut microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Bolan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Balaji Seshadri
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian Grainge
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Talley
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
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Abstract
Metal nanoparticles (NPs), with sizes ranging from 1–100 nm, are of great scientific interest because their functions and features differ greatly from those of bulk metal. Chemical or physical methods are used to synthesize commercial quantities of NPs, and green, energy-efficient approaches generating byproducts of low toxicity are desirable to minimize the environmental impact of the industrial methods. Some microorganisms synthesize metal NPs for detoxification and metabolic reasons at room temperature and pressure in aqueous solution. Metal NPs have been prepared via green methods by incubating microorganisms or cell-free extracts of microorganisms with dissolved metal ions for hours or days. Metal NPs are analyzed using various techniques, such as ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, electron diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Numerous publications have focused on microorganisms that synthesize various metal NPs. For example, Ag, Au, CdS, CdSe, Cu, CuO, Gd2O3, Fe3O4, PbS, Pd, Sb2O3, TiO2, and ZrO2 NPs have been reported. Herein, we review the synthesis of metal NPs by microorganisms. Although the molecular mechanisms of their synthesis have been investigated to some extent, experimental evidence for the mechanisms is limited. Understanding the mechanisms is crucial for industrial-scale development of microorganism-synthesized metal NPs.
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11
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Bazzi W, Abou Fayad AG, Nasser A, Haraoui LP, Dewachi O, Abou-Sitta G, Nguyen VK, Abara A, Karah N, Landecker H, Knapp C, McEvoy MM, Zaman MH, Higgins PG, Matar GM. Heavy Metal Toxicity in Armed Conflicts Potentiates AMR in A. baumannii by Selecting for Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Co-resistance Mechanisms. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:68. [PMID: 32117111 PMCID: PMC7008767 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii has become increasingly resistant to leading antimicrobial agents since the 1970s. Increased resistance appears linked to armed conflicts, notably since widespread media stories amplified clinical reports in the wake of the American invasion of Iraq in 2003. Antimicrobial resistance is usually assumed to arise through selection pressure exerted by antimicrobial treatment, particularly where treatment is inadequate, as in the case of low dosing, substandard antimicrobial agents, or shortened treatment course. Recently attention has focused on an emerging pathogen, multi-drug resistant A. baumannii (MDRAb). MDRAb gained media attention after being identified in American soldiers returning from Iraq and treated in US military facilities, where it was termed "Iraqibacter." However, MDRAb is strongly associated in the literature with war injuries that are heavily contaminated by both environmental debris and shrapnel from weapons. Both may harbor substantial amounts of toxic heavy metals. Interestingly, heavy metals are known to also select for antimicrobial resistance. In this review we highlight the potential causes of antimicrobial resistance by heavy metals, with a focus on its emergence in A. baumanni in war zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Bazzi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- World Health Organisation (WHO) Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Bacterial Pathogens, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Antoine G. Abou Fayad
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- World Health Organisation (WHO) Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Bacterial Pathogens, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Aya Nasser
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- World Health Organisation (WHO) Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Bacterial Pathogens, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Louis-Patrick Haraoui
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Omar Dewachi
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | | | - Vinh-Kim Nguyen
- The Graduate Institute of International and Developmental Studies, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aula Abara
- Department of Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nabil Karah
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Hannah Landecker
- Department of Sociology and Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Charles Knapp
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Megan M. McEvoy
- Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Muhammad H. Zaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Paul G. Higgins
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ghassan M. Matar
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- World Health Organisation (WHO) Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Bacterial Pathogens, Beirut, Lebanon
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12
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Nong Q, Yuan K, Li Z, Chen P, Huang Y, Hu L, Jiang J, Luan T, Chen B. Bacterial resistance to lead: Chemical basis and environmental relevance. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 85:46-55. [PMID: 31471030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Natural bacterial isolates from heavily contaminated sites may evolve diverse tolerance strategies, including biosorption, efflux mechanism, and intracellular precipitation under the continually increased stress of toxic lead (Pb) from anthropogenic activities. These strategies utilize a large variety of functional groups in biological macromolecules (e.g., exopolysaccharides (EPSs) and metalloproteins) and inorganic ligands, including carboxyl, phosphate and amide groups, for capturing Pb. The amount and type of binding sites carried by biologically originated materials essentially determines their performance and potential for Pb removal and remediation. Many factors, e.g., metal ion radius, electronegativity, the shape of the cell surface sheath, temperature and pH, are thought to exert significant influences on the abovementioned interactions with Pb. Conclusively, understanding the chemical basis of Pb-binding in these bacteria can allow for the development of effective microbial Pb remediation technologies and further elucidation of Pb cycling in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiying Nong
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ke Yuan
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Zhuang Li
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Ping Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yongshun Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital for Occupational Diseases Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Ligang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tiangang Luan
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China; School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Baowei Chen
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China.
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13
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Yang YK, Chen S, Yang DS, Zhang W, Wang HJ, Zeng RJ. Anaerobic reductive bio-dissolution of jarosites by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans using hydrogen as electron donor. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 686:869-877. [PMID: 31200307 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Jarosites are secondary iron-hydroxyl-sulfate minerals and widely occur in bioleaching, acid mine drainage, and acid sulfate soil environments. Anaerobic reductive dissolution of jarosites is yet to be methodically examined. In this study, we explored the bio-dissolution of jarosites by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (At. ferrooxidans) by using hydrogen in batch experiments. After bio-dissolution by At. ferrooxidans for 22 d, ferrous ion concentrations reached 10.07 mM (biologically produced jarosites), 7.68 mM (potassium jarosite), and 1.45 mM (lead jarosite). Strengthening the dissolved jarosites by decreasing the initial pH (pH < 2.0) or by adding citric acid (1, 5, and 10 mM) was inefficient for bio-dissolution owing to restricted cellular activity. The pathways of bio-dissolution should include direct contact bio-dissolution and indirect bio-dissolution and relate to the solubility of jarosites in a bio-dissolution system. The results demonstrate that anaerobic reductive bio-dissolution of jarosites by At. ferrooxidans using hydrogen shows potential. This study also provides opportunities to contribute to the development of the bioleaching field via the aerobic/anaerobic cycle using a single strain to control and reuse jarosites in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Kun Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Shu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hua-Jie Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Raymond Jianxiong Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory for Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Centre of Wastewater Resource Recovery, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
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14
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Anaerobic Bioreduction of Jarosites and Biofilm Formation by a Natural Microbial Consortium. MINERALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/min9020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Jarosite occurs naturally in acid sulphate soils and is a common feature of streams impacted by acid mine drainage (AMD). Biological reduction of iron-sulphate minerals, such as jarosite, has the potential to contribute to the natural attenuation of acid mine drainage sites. The reduction of different jarosites (including minerals containing precious and toxic metals) by a natural bacterial/microbial consortium was examined in this study. Jarosites was used as a sole terminal electron acceptor via the reductive dissolution of Fe(III) minerals. The production of Fe(II) and the presence of sulphate-reducing bacteria in the consortium lead to the precipitation of metal sulphides immobilizing toxic heavy metals. Microbial attachment and biofilm formation of minerals have a great impact on the production and transformation of minerals and can influence the mobility of metals. After the adaptation to different jarosites, a unique specie was found: Desulfosporosinus orientis. Desulfosporosinus species are sulphate-reducing bacteria and can be found in sulphate-rich heavy metal-polluted environments, such as acid mine/rock drainage sites, being responsible for the sulphides formation. D. orientis is an obligate anaerobic microorganism and is able to reduce Fe(III) D. orientis is an obligate anaerobic microorganism and is able to reduce Fe(III). Confocal laser scanning microscopy and fluorescent lectin-binding analyses (FLBA) were used to study the arrangement and composition of the exopolysaccharides/glycoconjugates in biofilms indicating the presence of mannose, glucose, and N-acetylglucosamine residues. This study provides insights to understand the processes leading to the mobility or retention of metals in mine waste and industrial landfill environments.
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15
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Crystallization of Jarosite with Variable Al3+ Content: The Transition to Alunite. MINERALS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/min7060090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Microbial strategy for potential lead remediation: a review study. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:35. [PMID: 28120310 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2211-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The extensive exploitation and usage of lead compounds result in severe lead(II) pollution in water and soil environments, even in agricultural land, threatening the health of animals and humans via food chains. The recovery and remediation of lead(II) from water and soil environments have been intensively concerned in recent years. Compared with the traditional physic-chemistry treatment, microbial remediation strategy is a promising alternative to remediate lead(II)-contaminated environments due to its cost-effective and environmentally-friendly properties. Various microorganisms are capable of removing or immobilizing lead(II) from water and soil environments through bioaccumulation, precipitation or accelerated transformation of lead(II) into a very stable mineral, resulting in significant effects on lead(II) mobility and bioavailability. In the present review, we investigated a wide diversity of lead(II) bioremediation induced by different microbes and its multi-mechanisms. Moreover, we also discussed the progress and limitations, summarized the common rules of lead(II)-microbe interaction, and evaluated the environmental significance of microbes in lead biogeochemistry process. In addition, we further deliberated the feasibility and potential application of microbes in developing cost-effective, eco-friendly bioremediation or long-term management strategy for lead(II) contaminated repositories.
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17
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Li C, Yi X, Dang Z, Yu H, Zeng T, Wei C, Feng C. Fate of Fe and Cd upon microbial reduction of Cd-loaded polyferric flocs by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:2065-2072. [PMID: 26583288 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polyferric sulphate has been widely used for emergent control on incidental release of heavy metals such as Cd to surface water, causing precipitation of Cd-loaded polyferric flocs to the sediment. To date, little is known about whether the dissolution of the flocs in the presence of dissimilatory iron reducing bacteria (DIRB) can occur and how the dissolution influences the fate of Fe and Cd in the sediment. Here, we demonstrated that Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, as representative DIRB, has the ability to reduce the flocs, resulting in the release of Fe(2+) and Cd(2+) to the solution. Batch experiment results showed that the concentrations of Fe(2+) and Cd(2+)reached the maximum values at 48 h and then decreased over the remaining incubation time. The characterizations on the solid phase by the scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectrometer, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy technologies revealed the formation of iron minerals such as goethite and magnetite as a consequence of microbial Fe(III) reduction. The newly formed iron minerals played a significant role in re-immobilizing Cd by sorption. These results imply that microbial reduction of polyferric flocs is an important contributor to the transport and transformation of metals in the sediment-water interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Li
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiaoyun Yi
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Zhi Dang
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Hui Yu
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Tao Zeng
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chaohai Wei
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chunhua Feng
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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18
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Investigating the Effects of Se Solid Phase Substitution in Jarosite Minerals Influenced by Bacterial Reductive Dissolution. MINERALS 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/min4010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Jarosławiecka A, Piotrowska-Seget Z. Lead resistance in micro-organisms. Microbiology (Reading) 2014; 160:12-25. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.070284-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is an element present in the environment that negatively affects all living organisms. To diminish its high toxicity, micro-organisms have developed several mechanisms that allow them to survive exposure to Pb(II). The main mechanisms of lead resistance involve adsorption by extracellular polysaccharides, cell exclusion, sequestration as insoluble phosphates, and ion efflux to the cell exterior. This review describes the various lead resistance mechanisms, and the regulation of their expression by lead binding regulatory proteins. Special attention is given to the Pbr system from Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34, which involves a unique mechanism combining efflux and lead precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jarosławiecka
- Department of Microbiology, University of Silesia, Jagiellońska Street 28, Katowice 40-032, Poland
| | - Zofia Piotrowska-Seget
- Department of Microbiology, University of Silesia, Jagiellońska Street 28, Katowice 40-032, Poland
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20
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Smeaton CM, Walshe GE, Smith AML, Hudson-Edwards KA, Dubbin WE, Wright K, Beale AM, Fryer BJ, Weisener CG. Simultaneous release of Fe and As during the reductive dissolution of Pb-As jarosite by Shewanella putrefaciens CN32. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:12823-12831. [PMID: 23126670 DOI: 10.1021/es3021809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Jarosites are produced during metallurgical processing, on oxidized sulfide deposits, and in acid mine drainage environments. Despite the environmental relevance of jarosites, few studies have examined their biogeochemical stability. This study demonstrates the simultaneous reduction of structural Fe(III) and aqueous As(V) during the dissolution of synthetic Pb-As jarosite (PbFe(3)(SO(4),AsO(4))(2)(OH)(6)) by Shewanella putrefaciens using batch experiments under anaerobic circumneutral conditions. Fe(III) reduction occurred immediately in inoculated samples while As(V) reduction was observed after 72 h. XANES spectra showed As(III) (14.7%) in the solid phase at 168 h coincident with decreased aqueous As(V). At 336 h, XANES spectra and aqueous speciation analysis demonstrated 20.2% and 3.0% of total As was present as As(III) in the solid and aqueous phase, respectively. In contrast, 12.4% of total Fe was present as aqueous Fe(II) and was below the detection limits of XANES in the solid phase. TEM-EDS analysis at 336 h showed secondary precipitates enriched in Fe and O with minor amounts of As and Pb. Based on experimental data and thermodynamic modeling, we suggest that structural Fe(III) reduction was thermodynamically driven while aqueous As(V) reduction was triggered by detoxification induced to offset the high As(V) (328 μM) concentrations released during dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Smeaton
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada.
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21
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Smeaton CM, Walshe GE, Fryer BJ, Weisener CG. Reductive dissolution of Tl(I)-jarosite by Shewanella putrefaciens: providing new insights into Tl biogeochemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:11086-11094. [PMID: 22992155 DOI: 10.1021/es302292d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Thallium (Tl) is emerging as a metal of concern in countries such as China due to its release during the natural weathering of Tl-bearing ore deposits and mining activities. Despite the high toxicity of Tl, few studies have examined the reductive dissolution of Tl mineral phases by microbial populations. In this study we examined the dissolution of synthetic Tl(I)-jarosite, (H(3)O)(0.29)Tl(0.71)Fe(2.74)(SO(4))(2)(OH)(5.22)(H(2)O)(0.78), by Shewanella putrefaciens CN32 using batch experiments under anaerobic circumneutral conditions. Fe(II) concentrations were measured over time and showed Fe(II) production (4.6 mM) in inoculated samples by 893 h not seen in mineral and dead cell controls. Release of aqueous Tl was enhanced in inoculated samples whereby maximum concentrations in inoculated and cell-free samples reached 3.2 and 2.1 mM, respectively, by termination of the experiment. Complementary batch Tl/S. putrefaciens sorption experiments were conducted under experimentally relevant pH (5 and 6.3) at a Tl concentration of 35 μM and did not show significant Tl accumulation by either live or dead cells. Therefore, in contrast to many metals such as Pb and Cd, S. putrefaciens does not represent a sink for Tl in the environment and Tl is readily released from Tl-jarosite during both abiotic and biotic dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Smeaton
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, N9B 3P4.
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22
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Smeaton CM, Weisener CG, Fryer BJ. Comment on "predominance of aqueous Tl(I) species in the river system downstream from the abandoned Carnoules mine (Southern France)". ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:2473-2476. [PMID: 22243428 DOI: 10.1021/es203760h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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