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Goodwin MJ, Dickenson JC, Ripak A, Deetz AM, McCarthy JS, Meyer GJ, Troian-Gautier L. Factors that Impact Photochemical Cage Escape Yields. Chem Rev 2024; 124:7379-7464. [PMID: 38743869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of visible light to mediate chemical reactions in fluid solutions has applications that range from solar fuel production to medicine and organic synthesis. These reactions are typically initiated by electron transfer between a photoexcited dye molecule (a photosensitizer) and a redox-active quencher to yield radical pairs that are intimately associated within a solvent cage. Many of these radicals undergo rapid thermodynamically favored "geminate" recombination and do not diffuse out of the solvent cage that surrounds them. Those that do escape the cage are useful reagents that may undergo subsequent reactions important to the above-mentioned applications. The cage escape process and the factors that determine the yields remain poorly understood despite decades of research motivated by their practical and fundamental importance. Herein, state-of-the-art research on light-induced electron transfer and cage escape that has appeared since the seminal 1972 review by J. P. Lorand entitled "The Cage Effect" is reviewed. This review also provides some background for those new to the field and discusses the cage escape process of both homolytic bond photodissociation and bimolecular light induced electron transfer reactions. The review concludes with some key goals and directions for future research that promise to elevate this very vibrant field to even greater heights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Goodwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - John C Dickenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Alexia Ripak
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alexander M Deetz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jackson S McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Wel Research Institute, Avenue Pasteur 6, 1300 Wavre, Belgium
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2
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Stitch M, Boota RZ, Chalkley AS, Keene TD, Simpson JC, Scattergood PA, Elliott PIP, Quinn SJ. Photophysical Properties and DNA Binding of Two Intercalating Osmium Polypyridyl Complexes Showing Light-Switch Effects. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:14947-14961. [PMID: 36094851 PMCID: PMC9516684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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The synthesis and
photophysical characterization of two osmium(II)
polypyridyl complexes, [Os(TAP)2dppz]2+ (1) and [Os(TAP)2dppp2]2+ (2) containing dppz (dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine) and dppp2 (pyrido[2′,3′:5,6]pyrazino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline) intercalating ligands and TAP (1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene)
ancillary ligands, are reported. The complexes exhibit complex electrochemistry
with five distinct reductive redox couples, the first of which is
assigned to a TAP-based process. The complexes emit in the near-IR
(1 at 761 nm and 2 at 740 nm) with lifetimes
of >35 ns with a low quantum yield of luminescence in aqueous solution
(∼0.25%). The Δ and Λ enantiomers of 1 and 2 are found to bind to natural DNA and with AT
and GC oligodeoxynucleotides with high affinities. In the presence
of natural DNA, the visible absorption spectra are found to display
significant hypochromic shifts, which is strongly evident for the
ligand-centered π–π* dppp2 transition at 355 nm,
which undergoes 46% hypochromism. The emission of both complexes increases
upon DNA binding, which is observed to be sensitive to the Δ
or Λ enantiomer and the DNA composition. A striking result is
the sensitivity of Λ-2 to the presence of AT DNA,
where a 6-fold enhancement of luminescence is observed and reflects
the nature of the binding for the enantiomer and the protection from
solution. Thermal denaturation studies show that both complexes are
found to stabilize natural DNA. Finally, cellular studies show that
the complexes are internalized by cultured mammalian cells and localize
in the nucleus. Osmium(II)
polypyridyl complexes comprising extended dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine (1) and pyrido[2′,3′:5,6]pyrazino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline (2) intercalating ligands
are shown to be effective DNA binders accompanied by enhanced near-IR
emission. The emission response to B-DNA is found to be sensitive
to the enantiomer and the composition of DNA, with greater emission
observed for AT-rich sequences. Thermal denaturation studies show
that both complexes stabilize natural DNA. Cellular studies show that
the complexes are internalized by cultured mammalian cells and localize
in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Stitch
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin 4 D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Rayhaan Z Boota
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Alannah S Chalkley
- Cell Screening Laboratory, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4 D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Tony D Keene
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin 4 D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Jeremy C Simpson
- Cell Screening Laboratory, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4 D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Paul A Scattergood
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Paul I P Elliott
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Susan J Quinn
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin 4 D04 V1W8, Ireland
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3
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Castro Júnior JGM, Rocha WR. Theoretical investigation of [Ru(bpy) 2(HAT)] 2+ (HAT = 1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene; bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine): Photophysics and reactions in excited state. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 270:120817. [PMID: 35030417 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this article, Density Functional Theory based calculations, including dispersion corrections, PBE0(D3BJ)/Def2-TZVP(-f), were performed to elucidate the photophysics of the [Ru(bpy)2(HAT)]2+ complex in water. In addition, the thermodynamics of the charge and electron transfer excited state reactions of this complex with oxygen, nitric oxide and Guanosine-5'-monophosphate nucleotide (GMP) were investigated. The first singlet excite state, S1, strongly couples with the second and third triplet excited states (T2 and T3) giving rise to a high intersystem crossing rate of 6.26 × 1011 s-1 which is ∼106 greater than the fluorescence rate decay. The thermodynamics of the excited reactions revealed that all electron transfer reactions investigated are highly favorable, due mainly to the high stability of the triply charged radical cation 2PS•3+ species formed after the electron has been transferred. Excited state electron transfer from the GMP nucleotide to the complex is also highly favorable (ΔGsol = -92.6 kcal/mol), showing that this complex can be involved in the photooxidation of DNA, in line with experimental findings. Therefore, the calculations allow to conclude that the [Ru(bpy)2(HAT)]2+ complex can act in Photodynamic therapy through both mechanisms type I and II, through electron transfer from and to the complex and triplet-triplet energy transfer, generating ROS, RNOS and through DNA photooxidation. In addition, the work also opens a perspective of using this complex for the in-situ generation of the singlet nitroxyl (1NO-) species, which can have important applications for the generation of HNO and may have, therefore, important impact for physiological studies involving HNO.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Geraldo M Castro Júnior
- Laboratório de Estudos Computacionais em Sistemas Moleculares, eCsMo(lab), Departamento de Química, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Willian R Rocha
- Laboratório de Estudos Computacionais em Sistemas Moleculares, eCsMo(lab), Departamento de Química, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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4
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Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes and Their Use as Probes and Photoreactive Agents for G-quadruplexes Labelling. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27051541. [PMID: 35268640 PMCID: PMC8912042 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their optical and electrochemical properties, ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes have been used in a wide array of applications. Since the discovery of the light-switch ON effect of [Ru(bpy)2dppz]2+ when interacting with DNA, the design of new Ru(II) complexes as light-up probes for specific regions of DNA has been intensively explored. Amongst them, G-quadruplexes (G4s) are of particular interest. These structures formed by guanine-rich parts of DNA and RNA may be associated with a wide range of biological events. However, locating them and understanding their implications in biological pathways has proven challenging. Elegant approaches to tackle this challenge relies on the use of photoprobes capable of marking, reversibly or irreversibly, these G4s. Indeed, Ru(II) complexes containing ancillary π-deficient TAP ligands can create a covalently linked adduct with G4s after a photoinduced electron transfer from a guanine residue to the excited complex. Through careful design of the ligands, high selectivity of interaction with G4 structures can be achieved. This allows the creation of specific Ru(II) light-up probes and photoreactive agents for G4 labelling, which is at the core of this review composed of an introduction dedicated to a brief description of G-quadruplex structures and two main sections. The first one will provide a general picture of ligands and metal complexes interacting with G4s. The second one will focus on an exhaustive and comprehensive overview of the interactions and (photo)reactions of Ru(II) complexes with G4s.
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5
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Lechner VM, Nappi M, Deneny PJ, Folliet S, Chu JCK, Gaunt MJ. Visible-Light-Mediated Modification and Manipulation of Biomacromolecules. Chem Rev 2021; 122:1752-1829. [PMID: 34546740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemically modified biomacromolecules-i.e., proteins, nucleic acids, glycans, and lipids-have become crucial tools in chemical biology. They are extensively used not only to elucidate cellular processes but also in industrial applications, particularly in the context of biopharmaceuticals. In order to enable maximum scope for optimization, it is pivotal to have a diverse array of biomacromolecule modification methods at one's disposal. Chemistry has driven many significant advances in this area, and especially recently, numerous novel visible-light-induced photochemical approaches have emerged. In these reactions, light serves as an external source of energy, enabling access to highly reactive intermediates under exceedingly mild conditions and with exquisite spatiotemporal control. While UV-induced transformations on biomacromolecules date back decades, visible light has the unmistakable advantage of being considerably more biocompatible, and a spectrum of visible-light-driven methods is now available, chiefly for proteins and nucleic acids. This review will discuss modifications of native functional groups (FGs), including functionalization, labeling, and cross-linking techniques as well as the utility of oxidative degradation mediated by photochemically generated reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, transformations at non-native, bioorthogonal FGs on biomacromolecules will be addressed, including photoclick chemistry and DNA-encoded library synthesis as well as methods that allow manipulation of the activity of a biomacromolecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian M Lechner
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Nappi
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick J Deneny
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Folliet
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - John C K Chu
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Gaunt
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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6
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Estalayo-Adrián S, Blasco S, Bright SA, McManus GJ, Orellana G, Williams DC, Kelly JM, Gunnlaugsson T. Effect of Alkyl Chain Length on the Photophysical, Photochemical, and Photobiological Properties of Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes for Their Application as DNA-Targeting, Cellular-Imaging, and Light-Activated Therapeutic Agents. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:6664-6681. [PMID: 35006970 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A family of six Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes (1-6) which contain phenanthroline-based ligands functionalized with alkyl chains of different lengths (one methyl group, 10 and 21 carbon alkyl chains) and either 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) or 1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene (TAP) as ancillary ligands have been synthesized and characterized. The influence of the alkyl chain length on their photophysical and photochemical properties as well as in their photobiological applications has been elucidated by monitoring the changes in their MLCT-centered absorption and emission bands. The presence of one methyl group or 10 carbon alkyl chains does not seem to significantly affect the photophysical and photochemical properties of the resulting Ru(II) complexes when compared to the well-known [Ru(phen)3]2+ and [Ru(TAP)2phen]2+. However, an effect on their emission properties and in their ability to photosensitize singlet oxygen is observed for the Ru(II) complexes containing 21 carbon alkyl chains. The binding of these complexes to salmon testes DNA (stDNA) was investigated by observing the changes in the photophysical properties. Complexes 1, 2, 4, and 5 all showed changes in their MLCT bands that could be analyzed using conventional fitting methods, such as the Bard equation. In contrast, complexes 3 and 6, possessing long aliphatic chains, gave rise to nonclassic behavior. In addition to these analyses, both thermal denaturation and circular dichroism studies of 1-6 were carried out in the presence of stDNA which confirmed that these complexes bind to DNA. Confocal microscopy and viability studies in HeLa cervical cancer cells reveal an alkyl chain-length dependence on the cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of the resulting Ru(II) complexes due to an enhancement of their lipophilicity with increasing alkyl chain length. Thus, complexes containing 10 and 21 carbon alkyl chains are rapidly taken up into HeLa cells and, in particular, those with 21 carbon alkyl chains show a significant phototoxicity against the same cell line. Therefore, this study provides further insight into the possible modulation of the photophysical, photochemical, and photobiological properties of Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes by varying the length of the alkyl chains attached to the polypyridyl ligands coordinated to the Ru(II) center and the nature of the auxiliary groups, which we show has a significant effect on photophysical and biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Estalayo-Adrián
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER) Centre, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Salvador Blasco
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sandra A Bright
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Gavin J McManus
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Guillermo Orellana
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D Clive Williams
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - John M Kelly
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER) Centre, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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7
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Estalayo-Adrián S, McManus GJ, Dalton HL, Savyasachi AJ, Kelly JM, Gunnlaugsson T. Functionalisation of gold nanoparticles with ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes for their application in cellular imaging. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:14158-14168. [PMID: 33021298 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02754e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two new dinuclear Ru(ii) polypyridyl complexes containing an alkyl disulphide functionalised bipyridine-based ligand and either 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) or 1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene (TAP) as ancillary ligands have been synthesised and characterised. Their attachment onto the surface of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs, average diameter of ca. 2.5 nm) resulted in the formation of two new water-soluble Ru(ii)-AuNP conjugates that combine the advantageous properties of both moieties. Both free complexes show the attractive photophysical properties of Ru(ii) polypyridyl complexes and a rapid cellular uptake in HeLa cervical cancer cells. However, their corresponding gold conjugates displayed lower quantum yields than those determined for the free complexes presumed to be due to an energy transfer quenching of the Ru(ii) luminescence by interaction with the gold surface. Despite their diminished luminescence, confocal fluorescence microscopy studies revealed that the Ru(ii)-AuNP conjugates are successfully internalised into HeLa cells and better tolerated than their free complex counterparts after 24 h incubation, which makes them potential luminescent nanomaterials for bioimaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Estalayo-Adrián
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. and Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER) Centre, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Gavin J McManus
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Hannah L Dalton
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Aramballi J Savyasachi
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - John M Kelly
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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8
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Keane PM, O'Sullivan K, Poynton FE, Poulsen BC, Sazanovich IV, Towrie M, Cardin CJ, Sun XZ, George MW, Gunnlaugsson T, Quinn SJ, Kelly JM. Understanding the factors controlling the photo-oxidation of natural DNA by enantiomerically pure intercalating ruthenium polypyridyl complexes through TA/TRIR studies with polydeoxynucleotides and mixed sequence oligodeoxynucleotides. Chem Sci 2020; 11:8600-8609. [PMID: 34123120 PMCID: PMC8163394 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02413a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium polypyridyl complexes which can sensitise the photo-oxidation of nucleic acids and other biological molecules show potential for photo-therapeutic applications. In this article a combination of transient visible absorption (TrA) and time-resolved infra-red (TRIR) spectroscopy are used to compare the photo-oxidation of guanine by the enantiomers of [Ru(TAP)2(dppz)]2+ in both polymeric {poly(dG-dC), poly(dA-dT) and natural DNA} and small mixed-sequence duplex-forming oligodeoxynucleotides. The products of electron transfer are readily monitored by the appearance of a characteristic TRIR band centred at ca. 1700 cm−1 for the guanine radical cation and a band centered at ca. 515 nm in the TrA for the reduced ruthenium complex. It is found that efficient electron transfer requires that the complex be intercalated at a G-C base-pair containing site. Significantly, changes in the nucleobase vibrations of the TRIR spectra induced by the bound excited state before electron transfer takes place are used to identify preferred intercalation sites in mixed-sequence oligodeoxynucleotides and natural DNA. Interestingly, with natural DNA, while it is found that quenching is inefficient in the picosecond range, a slower electron transfer process occurs, which is not found with the mixed-sequence duplex-forming oligodeoxynucleotides studied. Efficient electron transfer requires the complex to be intercalated at a G-C base-pair. Identification of preferred intercalation sites is achieved by TRIR monitoring of the nucleobase vibrations before electron transfer.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Páraic M Keane
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland .,School of Chemistry, University of Reading RG6 6AD UK
| | - Kyra O'Sullivan
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Fergus E Poynton
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland .,Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, The University of Dublin Pearse St. Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Bjørn C Poulsen
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland .,Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, The University of Dublin Pearse St. Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Igor V Sazanovich
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories OX11 0QX UK
| | - Michael Towrie
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories OX11 0QX UK
| | | | - Xue-Zhong Sun
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Michael W George
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham NG7 2RD UK.,Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China 199 Taikang East Road Ningbo 315100 China
| | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland .,Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, The University of Dublin Pearse St. Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Susan J Quinn
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - John M Kelly
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
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9
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10
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Weynand J, Moreno-Betancourt A, Loiseau F, Berthet N, Defrancq E, Elias B. Redox-Active Bis-Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complex as a DNA Photo-Cleaving Agent. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:2426-2433. [PMID: 31977196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of new photoactive metal complexes that can trigger oxidative damages to the genetic material is of great interest. In the present paper, we describe the detailed study of a highly photo-oxidant iridium(III) complex that triggers photoinduced electron transfer (PET) with purine DNA bases. The PET has been studied by luminescence and laser flash photolysis experiments. From plasmid DNA agarose gel electrophoresis experiments, we demonstrated the high ability of the iridium complex to induce strand breaks upon light irradiation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-specific scavengers and stabilizers were employed to identify that the photocleavage process, the results of which infer singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide as the predominant species. To the best of our knowledge, the present work represents one of the few study for highly photo-oxidant bis-cyclometalated iridium(III) complex toward DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Weynand
- Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis Division (MOST) , Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain) , Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02 , B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve , Belgium.,Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 5250 , Université Grenoble Alpes , CS 40700, 38058 Grenoble , France
| | - Angélica Moreno-Betancourt
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 5250 , Université Grenoble Alpes , CS 40700, 38058 Grenoble , France
| | - Frédérique Loiseau
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 5250 , Université Grenoble Alpes , CS 40700, 38058 Grenoble , France
| | - Nathalie Berthet
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 5250 , Université Grenoble Alpes , CS 40700, 38058 Grenoble , France
| | - Eric Defrancq
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 5250 , Université Grenoble Alpes , CS 40700, 38058 Grenoble , France
| | - Benjamin Elias
- Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis Division (MOST) , Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain) , Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02 , B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve , Belgium
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11
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Archer SA, Raza A, Dröge F, Robertson C, Auty AJ, Chekulaev D, Weinstein JA, Keane T, Meijer AJHM, Haycock JW, MacNeil S, Thomas JA. A dinuclear ruthenium(ii) phototherapeutic that targets duplex and quadruplex DNA. Chem Sci 2019; 10:3502-3513. [PMID: 30996941 PMCID: PMC6430095 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc05084h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the aim of developing a sensitizer for photodynamic therapy, a previously reported luminescent dinuclear complex that functions as a DNA probe in live cells was modified to produce a new iso-structural derivative containing RuII(TAP)2 fragments (TAP = 1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene). The structure of the new complex has been confirmed by a variety of techniques including single crystal X-ray analysis. Unlike its parent, the new complex displays Ru → L-based 3MLCT emission in both MeCN and water. Results from electrochemical studies and emission quenching experiments involving guanosine monophosphate are consistent with an excited state located on a TAP moiety. This hypothesis is further supported by detailed DFT calculations, which take into account solvent effects on excited state dynamics. Cell-free steady-state and time-resolved optical studies on the interaction of the new complex with duplex and quadruplex DNA show that the complex binds with high affinity to both structures and indicate that its photoexcited state is also quenched by DNA, a process that is accompanied by the generation of the guanine radical cation sites as photo-oxidization products. Like the parent complex, this new compound is taken up by live cells where it primarily localizes within the nucleus and displays low cytotoxicity in the absence of light. However, in complete contrast to [{RuII(phen)2}2(tpphz)]4+, the new complex is therapeutically activated by light to become highly phototoxic toward malignant human melanoma cell lines showing that it is a promising lead for the treatment of this recalcitrant cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Archer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)114 222 9325
| | - Ahtasham Raza
- Materials Science & Engineering , University of Sheffield , Mappin St , Sheffield S1 3JD , UK . ;
| | - Fabian Dröge
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)114 222 9325
| | - Craig Robertson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)114 222 9325
| | - Alexander J Auty
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)114 222 9325
| | - Dimitri Chekulaev
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)114 222 9325
| | - Julia A Weinstein
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)114 222 9325
| | - Theo Keane
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)114 222 9325
| | - Anthony J H M Meijer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)114 222 9325
| | - John W Haycock
- Materials Science & Engineering , University of Sheffield , Mappin St , Sheffield S1 3JD , UK . ;
| | - Sheila MacNeil
- Materials Science & Engineering , University of Sheffield , Mappin St , Sheffield S1 3JD , UK . ;
| | - James A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)114 222 9325
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12
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Monro S, Colón KL, Yin H, Roque J, Konda P, Gujar S, Thummel RP, Lilge L, Cameron CG, McFarland SA. Transition Metal Complexes and Photodynamic Therapy from a Tumor-Centered Approach: Challenges, Opportunities, and Highlights from the Development of TLD1433. Chem Rev 2019; 119:797-828. [PMID: 30295467 PMCID: PMC6453754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 774] [Impact Index Per Article: 154.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal complexes are of increasing interest as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and, more recently, for photochemotherapy (PCT). In recent years, Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes have emerged as promising systems for both PDT and PCT. Their rich photochemical and photophysical properties derive from a variety of excited-state electronic configurations accessible with visible and near-infrared light, and these properties can be exploited for both energy- and electron-transfer processes that can yield highly potent oxygen-dependent and/or oxygen-independent photobiological activity. Selected examples highlight the use of rational design in coordination chemistry to control the lowest-energy triplet excited-state configurations for eliciting a particular type of photoreactivity for PDT and/or PCT effects. These principles are also discussed in the context of the development of TLD1433, the first Ru(II)-based photosensitizer for PDT to enter a human clinical trial. The design of TLD1433 arose from a tumor-centered approach, as part of a complete PDT package that includes the light component and the protocol for treating non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Briefly, this review summarizes the challenges to bringing PDT into mainstream cancer therapy. It considers the chemical and photophysical solutions that transition metal complexes offer, and it puts into context the multidisciplinary effort needed to bring a new drug to clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Monro
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova
Scotia B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Katsuya L. Colón
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of
North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Huimin Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova
Scotia B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - John Roque
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of
North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Prathyusha Konda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie
University Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1X5
| | - Shashi Gujar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie
University Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1X5
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax,
Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1X5
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova
Scotia, Canada B3H 1X5
- Centre for Innovative and Collaborative Health Services
Research, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3K 6R8
| | - Randolph P. Thummel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston,
Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Lothar Lilge
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network,
101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M6R1Z7
| | - Colin G. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of
North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova
Scotia B4P 2R6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of
North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax,
Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1X5
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13
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Keane PM, Tory J, Towrie M, Sazanovich IV, Cardin CJ, Quinn SJ, Hartl F, Kelly JM, Long C. Spectro-electrochemical Studies on [Ru(TAP) 2(dppz)] 2+-Insights into the Mechanism of its Photosensitized Oxidation of Oligonucleotides. Inorg Chem 2018; 58:663-671. [PMID: 30540448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[Ru(TAP)2(dppz)]2+ (TAP = 1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene; dppz = dipyrido[3,2- a:2',3'- c]phenazine) is known to photo-oxidize guanine in DNA. Whether this oxidation proceeds by direct photoelectron transfer or by proton-coupled electron transfer is still unknown. To help distinguish between these mechanisms, spectro-electrochemical experiments have been carried out with [Ru(TAP)2(dppz)]2+ in acetonitrile. The UV-vis and mid-IR spectra obtained for the one-electron reduced product were compared to those obtained by picosecond transient absorption and time-resolved infrared experiments of [Ru(TAP)2(dppz)]2+ bound to guanine-containing DNA. An interesting feature of the singly reduced species is an electronic transition in the near-IR region (with λmax at 1970 and 2820 nm). Density functional and time-dependent density functional theory simulations of the vibrational and electronic spectra of [Ru(TAP)2(dppz)]2+, the reduced complex [Ru(TAP)2(dppz)]+, and four isomers of [Ru(TAP)(TAPH)(dppz)]2+ (a possible product of proton-coupled electron transfer) were performed. Significantly, these predict absorption bands at λ > 1900 nm (attributed to a ligand-to-metal charge-transfer transition) for [Ru(TAP)2(dppz)]+ but not for [Ru(TAP)(TAPH)(dppz)]2+. Both the UV-vis and mid-IR difference absorption spectra of the electrochemically generated singly reduced species [Ru(TAP)2(dppz)]+ agree well with the transient absorption and time-resolved infrared spectra previously determined for the transient species formed by photoexcitation of [Ru(TAP)2(dppz)]2+ intercalated in guanine-containing DNA. This suggests that the photochemical process in DNA proceeds by photoelectron transfer and not by a proton-coupled electron transfer process involving formation of [Ru(TAP)(TAPH)(dppz)]2+, as is proposed for the reaction with 5'-guanosine monophosphate. Additional infrared spectro-electrochemical measurements and density functional calculations have also been carried out on the free TAP ligand. These show that the TAP radical anion in acetonitrile also exhibits strong broad near-IR electronic absorption (λmax at 1750 and 2360 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Páraic M Keane
- School of Chemistry , University of Dublin, Trinity College , Dublin 2 , Ireland.,Department of Chemistry , University of Reading , Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD , United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Tory
- Department of Chemistry , University of Reading , Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD , United Kingdom
| | - Michael Towrie
- Science and Technology Facilities Council , Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Research Complex at Harwell , Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX , United Kingdom
| | - Igor V Sazanovich
- Science and Technology Facilities Council , Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Research Complex at Harwell , Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX , United Kingdom
| | - Christine J Cardin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Reading , Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD , United Kingdom
| | - Susan J Quinn
- School of Chemistry , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4 , Ireland
| | - František Hartl
- Department of Chemistry , University of Reading , Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD , United Kingdom
| | - John M Kelly
- School of Chemistry , University of Dublin, Trinity College , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - Conor Long
- School of Chemical Sciences , Dublin City University , Dublin 9 , Ireland
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14
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Keane PM, Kelly JM. Transient absorption and time-resolved vibrational studies of photophysical and photochemical processes in DNA-intercalating polypyridyl metal complexes or cationic porphyrins. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Burke CS, Byrne A, Keyes TE. Targeting Photoinduced DNA Destruction by Ru(II) Tetraazaphenanthrene in Live Cells by Signal Peptide. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:6945-6955. [PMID: 29767962 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Exploiting NF-κB transcription factor peptide conjugation, a Ru(II)-bis-tap complex (tap = 1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene) was targeted specifically to the nuclei of live HeLa and CHO cells for the first time. DNA binding of the complex within the nucleus of live cells was evident from gradual extinction of the metal complex luminescence after it had crossed the nuclear envelope, attributed to guanine quenching of the ruthenium emission via photoinduced electron transfer. Resonance Raman imaging confirmed that the complex remained in the nucleus after emission is extinguished. In the dark and under imaging conditions the cells remain viable, but efficient cellular destruction was induced with precise spatiotemporal control by applying higher irradiation intensities to selected cells. Solution studies indicate that the peptide conjugated complex associates strongly with calf thymus DNA ex-cellulo and gel electrophoresis confirmed that the peptide conjugate is capable of singlet oxygen independent photodamage to plasmid DNA. This indicates that the observed efficient cellular destruction likely operates via direct DNA oxidation by photoinduced electron transfer between guanine and the precision targeted Ru(II)-tap probe. The discrete targeting of polyazaaromatic complexes to the cell nucleus and confirmation that they are photocytotoxic after nuclear delivery is an important step toward their application in cellular phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Burke
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research , Dublin City University , Glasnevin , Dublin 9 , Ireland
| | - Aisling Byrne
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research , Dublin City University , Glasnevin , Dublin 9 , Ireland
| | - Tia E Keyes
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research , Dublin City University , Glasnevin , Dublin 9 , Ireland
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16
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Poynton FE, Bright SA, Blasco S, Williams DC, Kelly JM, Gunnlaugsson T. The development of ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complexes and conjugates for in vitro cellular and in vivo applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:7706-7756. [PMID: 29177281 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00680b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(ii) [Ru(ii)] polypyridyl complexes have been the focus of intense investigations since work began exploring their supramolecular interactions with DNA. In recent years, there have been considerable efforts to translate this solution-based research into a biological environment with the intention of developing new classes of probes, luminescent imaging agents, therapeutics and theranostics. In only 10 years the field has expanded with diverse applications for these complexes as imaging agents and promising candidates for therapeutics. In light of these efforts this review exclusively focuses on the developments of these complexes in biological systems, both in cells and in vivo, and hopes to communicate to readers the diversity of applications within which these complexes have found use, as well as new insights gained along the way and challenges that researchers in this field still face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergus E Poynton
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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17
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Estalayo-Adrián S, Garnir K, Moucheron C. Perspectives of ruthenium(ii) polyazaaromatic photo-oxidizing complexes photoreactive towards tryptophan-containing peptides and derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:322-337. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc06542f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on recent advances in the search for RuII polyazaaromatic complexes as molecular photoreagents for tryptophan-containing peptides and proteins, in view of future biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Estalayo-Adrián
- Organic Chemistry and Photochemistry
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, (U. L. B.)
- 1050 Bruxelles
- Belgium
| | - K. Garnir
- Organic Chemistry and Photochemistry
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, (U. L. B.)
- 1050 Bruxelles
- Belgium
| | - C. Moucheron
- Organic Chemistry and Photochemistry
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, (U. L. B.)
- 1050 Bruxelles
- Belgium
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18
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Cardin CJ, Kelly JM, Quinn SJ. Photochemically active DNA-intercalating ruthenium and related complexes - insights by combining crystallography and transient spectroscopy. Chem Sci 2017; 8:4705-4723. [PMID: 28936338 PMCID: PMC5596416 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01070b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research on the study of the interaction of ruthenium polypyridyl compounds and defined sequence nucleic acids is reviewed. Particular emphasis is paid to complexes [Ru(LL)2(Int)]2+ containing potentially intercalating ligands (Int) such as dipyridophenazine (dppz), which are known to display light-switching or photo-oxidising behaviour, depending on the nature of the ancillary ligands. X-ray crystallography has made a key contribution to our understanding, and the first complete survey of structural results is presented. These include sequence, enantiomeric, substituent and structural specificities. The use of ultrafast transient spectroscopic methods to probe the ultrafast processes for complexes such as [Ru(TAP)2(dppz)]2+ and [Ru(phen)2(dppz)]2+ when bound to mixed sequence oligonucleotides are reviewed with particular attention being paid to the complementary advantages of transient (visible) absorption and time-resolved (mid) infra-red techniques to probe spectral changes in the metal complex and in the nucleic acid. The observed photophysical properties are considered in light of the structural information obtained from X-ray crystallography. In solution, metal complexes can be expected to bind at more than one DNA step, so that a perfect correlation of the photophysical properties and factors such as the orientation or penetration of the ligand into the intercalation pocket should not be expected. This difficulty can be obviated by carrying out TRIR studies in the crystals. Dppz complexes also undergo insertion, especially with mismatched sequences. Future areas for study such as those involving non-canonical forms of DNA, such as G-quadruplexes or i-motifs are also briefly considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine J Cardin
- School of Chemistry , University of Reading , Whiteknights , RG6 6AD , UK .
| | - John M Kelly
- School of Chemistry , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland .
| | - Susan J Quinn
- School of Chemistry , University College Dublin , Belfield , Dublin 4 , Ireland .
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19
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Singha K, Laha P, Chandra F, Dehury N, Koner AL, Patra S. Long-Lived Polypyridyl Based Mononuclear Ruthenium Complexes: Synthesis, Structure, and Azo Dye Decomposition. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:6489-6498. [PMID: 28509536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Two mononuclear ruthenium complexes [(bpy)2RuIIL1/L2](ClO4)2 ([1]2+/[2]2+) (bpy-2,2' bipyridine, L1 = 2,3-di(pyridin-2-yl)pyrazino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline) and L2 = 2,3-di(thiophen-2-yl)pyrazino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline have been synthesized. The complexes have been characterized using various analytical techniques. The complex [1]2+ has further been characterized by its single crystal X-ray structure suggesting ruthenium is coordinating through the N donors of phenanthroline end. Theoretical investigation suggests that the HOMOs of both complexes are composed of pyridine and pyrazine unit of ligands L1 and L2 whereas the LUMOs are formed by the contribution of bipyridine units. The low energy bands at ∼480 nm of the complexes can be assigned as MLCT with partial contribution from ligand transitions, whereas the rest are ligand centered. The complexes have shown RuII/RuIII oxidation couples at E1/2 at 1.26 (70 mV) V and 1.28 (62 mV) V for [1]2+ and [2]2+ vs Ag/AgCl, respectively, suggesting no significant role of distal thiophene or pyridine units of the ligands. The complexes are emissive and display solvent dependent emission properties. Both complexes have shown highest emission quantum yield and lifetime in DMSO (ϕ = 0.05 and τavg = 460 ns and λmaxem at 620 nm for [1]2+; ϕ = 0.043 and τavg = 425 ns and λmaxem at 635 nm for [2]2+). Further, the long luminescent lifetime of these complexes has been utilized to generate reactive oxygen species for efficient azo dye decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Singha
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar , Argul 752050, India
| | - Paltan Laha
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar , Argul 752050, India
| | - Falguni Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal , Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Niranjan Dehury
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar , Argul 752050, India
| | - Apurba L Koner
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal , Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Srikanta Patra
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar , Argul 752050, India
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20
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Williams DE, Fischer CM, Kassai M, Gude L, Fernández MJ, Lorente A, Grant KB. An unlikely DNA cleaving agent: A photo-active trinuclear Cu(II) complex based on hexaazatriphenylene. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 168:55-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Zhang Y, Zhou Q, Tian N, Li C, Wang X. Ru(II)-Complex-Based DNA Photocleaver Having Intense Absorption in the Phototherapeutic Window. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:1865-1873. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qianxiong Zhou
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Na Tian
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chao Li
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190, P.R. China
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22
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Kajouj S, Marcélis L, Lemaur V, Beljonne D, Moucheron C. Photochemistry of ruthenium(ii) complexes based on 1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene and 2,2′-bipyrazine: a comprehensive experimental and theoretical study. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:6623-6633. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt00620a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive study of ruthenium complexes based on 2,2′-bipyrazine and 1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene, which can be used as photoreactive materials for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Kajouj
- Organic Chemistry and Photochemistry
- Université Libre de Bruxelles
- (U. L. B.)
- Bruxelles
- Belgium
| | - Lionel Marcélis
- Organic Chemistry and Photochemistry
- Université Libre de Bruxelles
- (U. L. B.)
- Bruxelles
- Belgium
| | - Vincent Lemaur
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials
- University of Mons (UMons)
- 7000 Mons
- Belgium
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials
- University of Mons (UMons)
- 7000 Mons
- Belgium
| | - Cécile Moucheron
- Organic Chemistry and Photochemistry
- Université Libre de Bruxelles
- (U. L. B.)
- Bruxelles
- Belgium
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23
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Keane PM, Poynton FE, Hall JP, Clark IP, Sazanovich IV, Towrie M, Gunnlaugsson T, Quinn SJ, Cardin CJ, Kelly JM. Monitoring guanine photo-oxidation by enantiomerically resolved Ru(II) dipyridophenazine complexes using inosine-substituted oligonucleotides. Faraday Discuss 2016; 185:455-69. [PMID: 26426601 DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00085h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The intercalating [Ru(TAP)2(dppz)](2+) complex can photo-oxidise guanine in DNA, although in mixed-sequence DNA it can be difficult to understand the precise mechanism due to uncertainties in where and how the complex is bound. Replacement of guanine with the less oxidisable inosine (I) base can be used to understand the mechanism of electron transfer (ET). Here the ET has been compared for both Λ- and Δ-enantiomers of [Ru(TAP)2(dppz)](2+) in a set of sequences where guanines in the readily oxidisable GG step in {TCGGCGCCGA}2 have been replaced with I. The ET has been monitored using picosecond and nanosecond transient absorption and picosecond time-resolved IR spectroscopy. In both cases inosine replacement leads to a diminished yield, but the trends are strikingly different for Λ- and Δ-complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Páraic M Keane
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland. and Dept. of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK.
| | - Fergus E Poynton
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland. and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - James P Hall
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK. and Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Ian P Clark
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Igor V Sazanovich
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Michael Towrie
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland. and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Susan J Quinn
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Christine J Cardin
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK.
| | - John M Kelly
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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24
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Garnir K, Estalayo-Adrián S, Lartia R, De Winter J, Defrancq E, Surin M, Lemaur V, Gerbaux P, Moucheron C. Parameters influencing the photo-induced electron transfer from tryptophan-containing peptides to a Ru(II) complex: a systematic study. Faraday Discuss 2016; 185:267-84. [PMID: 26395623 DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00059a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) polyazaaromatic complexes have gained interest in recent decades as biomolecular tools, especially in the development of new phototherapeutic agents. These light emissive Ru complexes based on π-deficient ligands were first designed to allow a photo-induced electron transfer (PET) with the guanine base in DNA since their (3)MLCT state is highly photo-oxidizing. Later the field of research was extended to proteins with the highlighting of a PET process with the tryptophan residue. This paper reports the kinetics of the luminescence quenching of [Ru(TAP)2phen](2+) by several selected peptide sequences containing at least one tryptophan residue. By using a peptide library we highlight the important parameters influencing the kinetics of the photo-electron transfer process, such as the net electrostatic charge and the number of tryptophan residues. The best peptide candidates were selected to study the formation of photo-products by MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry. A high photoreactivity of the [Ru(TAP)2phen](2+) complex was observed and multiple photoadducts were characterized, among them inter-peptidic adducts as well as intra-peptidic adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Garnir
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie CP160/08, Université libre de Bruxelles, 50 Av. Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Sandra Estalayo-Adrián
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie CP160/08, Université libre de Bruxelles, 50 Av. Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Rémy Lartia
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Département de Chimie Moléculaire UMR CNRS 5250, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Julien De Winter
- Service de Synthèse et de Spectrométire de Masse Organiques, Université de Mons, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Eric Defrancq
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Département de Chimie Moléculaire UMR CNRS 5250, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Mathieu Surin
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Centre of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers, Université de Mons-UMONS, 20 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Vincent Lemaur
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Centre of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers, Université de Mons-UMONS, 20 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Service de Synthèse et de Spectrométire de Masse Organiques, Université de Mons, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Cécile Moucheron
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie CP160/08, Université libre de Bruxelles, 50 Av. Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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25
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Zhang Y, Zhou Q, Zheng Y, Li K, Jiang G, Hou Y, Zhang B, Wang X. DNA Photocleavage by Non-innocent Ligand-Based Ru(II) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:4296-300. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials,
Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Qianxiong Zhou
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials,
Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials,
Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Ke Li
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials,
Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Guoyu Jiang
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials,
Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Yuanjun Hou
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials,
Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Baowen Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials,
Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials,
Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
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26
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Martínez-Calvo M, Orange KN, Elmes RBP, la Cour Poulsen B, Williams DC, Gunnlaugsson T. Ru(II)-polypyridyl surface functionalised gold nanoparticles as DNA targeting supramolecular structures and luminescent cellular imaging agents. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:563-74. [PMID: 26647086 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr05598a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The development of Ru(II) functionalized gold nanoparticles 1–3·AuNP is described. These systems were found to be mono-disperse with a hydrodynamic radius of ca. 15 nm in water but gave rise to the formation of higher order structures in buffered solution. The interaction of 1–3·AuNP with DNA was also studied by spectroscopic and microscopic methods and suggested the formation of large self-assembly structures in solution. The uptake of 1–3·AuNP by cancer cells was studied using both confocal fluorescence as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), with the aim of investigating their potential as tools for cellular biology. These systems displaying a non-toxic profile with favourable photophysical properties may have application across various biological fields including diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Martínez-Calvo
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Kim N Orange
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Robert B P Elmes
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. and Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Bjørn la Cour Poulsen
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - D Clive Williams
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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27
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Lu L, Guo L, Wang X, Kang T, Cheng S. Complexation and intercalation modes: a novel interaction of DNA and graphene quantum dots. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra00930a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of DNA and the large planar structures of graphene quantum dots is investigated by absorption spectroscopy, gel electrophoresis, circular dichroism, and melting temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Lu
- College of Environmental and Energy Engineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- China
| | - Linqing Guo
- College of Environmental and Energy Engineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- China
| | - Xiayan Wang
- College of Environmental and Energy Engineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- China
| | - Tianfang Kang
- College of Environmental and Energy Engineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- China
| | - Shuiyuan Cheng
- College of Environmental and Energy Engineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- China
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28
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Poulsen BC, Estalayo-Adrián S, Blasco S, Bright SA, Kelly JM, Williams DC, Gunnlaugsson T. Luminescent ruthenium polypyridyl complexes with extended ‘dppz’ like ligands as DNA targeting binders and cellular agents. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:18208-18220. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt03792e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DNA-binding and phototoxicity of Ru(ii) complexes with ligands derived from pyrazinodipyridophenazine and either phen or TAP as ancillary ligands are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn C. Poulsen
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
| | - Sandra Estalayo-Adrián
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
| | - Salvador Blasco
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
| | - Sandra A. Bright
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
| | - John M. Kelly
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
| | - D. Clive Williams
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
| | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
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29
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Cloonan SM, Elmes RBP, Erby M, Bright SA, Poynton FE, Nolan DE, Quinn SJ, Gunnlaugsson T, Williams DC. Detailed Biological Profiling of a Photoactivated and Apoptosis Inducing pdppz Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complex in Cancer Cells. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4494-505. [PMID: 25961430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium polypyridyl complexes show great promise as new photodynamic therapy (PDT) agents. However, a lack of detailed understanding of their mode of action in cells poses a challenge to their development. We have designed a new Ru(II) PDT candidate that efficiently enters cells by incorporation of the lipophilic aromatic pdppz ([2,3-h]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine) ligand and exhibits photoactivity through incorporation of 1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene ancillary ligands. Its photoreactivity toward biomolecules was studied in vitro, where light activation caused DNA cleavage. Cellular internalization occurred via an energy dependent mechanism. Confocal and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the complex localizes in various organelles, including the mitochondria. The complex is nontoxic in the dark, with cellular clearance within 96 h; however, upon visible light activation it induces caspase-dependent and reactive-oxygen-species-dependent apoptosis, with low micromolar IC50 values. This investigation greatly increases our understanding of such systems in cellulo, aiding development and realization of their application in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Cloonan
- †School of Biochemistry and Immunology and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Robert B P Elmes
- ‡School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - MariaLuisa Erby
- †School of Biochemistry and Immunology and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sandra A Bright
- †School of Biochemistry and Immunology and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Fergus E Poynton
- ‡School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Derek E Nolan
- †School of Biochemistry and Immunology and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Susan J Quinn
- §School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- ‡School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - D Clive Williams
- †School of Biochemistry and Immunology and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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30
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Photocleavage of DNA and adenine–thymine inclined binding by a novel ruthenium(II) complex with 3,4-dibromo-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline ligand. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2015.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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31
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Keane PM, Poynton FE, Hall JP, Clark IP, Sazanovich IV, Towrie M, Gunnlaugsson T, Quinn SJ, Cardin CJ, Kelly JM. Enantiomeric Conformation Controls Rate and Yield of Photoinduced Electron Transfer in DNA Sensitized by Ru(II) Dipyridophenazine Complexes. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:734-738. [PMID: 26262495 DOI: 10.1021/jz502743q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Photosensitized oxidation of guanine is an important route to DNA damage. Ruthenium polypyridyls are very useful photosensitizers, as their reactivity and DNA-binding properties are readily tunable. Here we show a strong difference in the reactivity of the two enantiomers of [Ru(TAP)2(dppz)](2+), by using time-resolved visible and IR spectroscopy. This reveals that the photosensitized one-electron oxidation of guanine in three oligonucleotide sequences proceeds with similar rates and yields for bound Δ-[Ru(TAP)2(dppz)](2+), whereas those for the Λ enantiomer are very sensitive to base sequence. It is proposed that these differences are due to preferences of each enantiomer for different binding sites in the duplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Páraic M Keane
- †School of Chemistry, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Fergus E Poynton
- †School of Chemistry, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
- §Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - James P Hall
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
- ∥Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Ian P Clark
- ⊥Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Igor V Sazanovich
- ⊥Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Towrie
- ⊥Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- †School of Chemistry, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
- §Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Susan J Quinn
- #School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Christine J Cardin
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - John M Kelly
- †School of Chemistry, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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32
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Knoll JD, Turro C. Control and utilization of ruthenium and rhodium metal complex excited states for photoactivated cancer therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2015; 282-283:110-126. [PMID: 25729089 PMCID: PMC4343038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of visible light to produce highly selective and potent drugs through photodynamic therapy (PDT) holds much potential in the treatment of cancer. PDT agents can be designed to follow an O2-dependent mechanism by producing highly reactive species such as 1O2 and/or an O2 independent mechanism through processes such as excited state electron transfer, covalent binding to DNA or photoinduced drug delivery. Ru(II)-polypyridyl and Rh2(II,II) complexes represent an important class of compounds that can be tailored to exhibit desired photophysical properties and photochemical reactivity by judicious selection of the ligand set. Complexes with relatively long-lived excited states and planar, intercalating ligands localize on the DNA strand and photocleave DNA through 1O2 production or guanine oxidation by the excited state of the chromophore. Photoinduced ligand substitution occurs through the population of triplet metal centered (3MC) excited states and facilitates covalent binding of the metal complex to DNA in a mode similar to cisplatin. Ligand photodissociation also provides a route to selective drug delivery. The ability to construct metal complexes with desired light absorbing and excited state properties by ligand variation enables the design of PDT agents that can potentially provide combination therapy from a single metal complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D. Knoll
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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33
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Zheng Y, Zhou Q, Lei W, Hou Y, Li K, Chen Y, Zhang B, Wang X. DNA photocleavage in anaerobic conditions by a Ru(ii) complex: a new mechanism. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:428-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc06552b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced homolytic cleavage of the Ru–O bond of a novel Ru(ii) complex leads to formation of ligand-based reactive radicals capable of breaking DNA in an oxygen-dependent manner and Ru fragments capable of binding DNA covalently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Qianxiong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Wanhua Lei
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Yuanjun Hou
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Ke Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Yongjie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Baowen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
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34
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Sista P, Ghosh K, Martinez JS, Rocha RC. Metallo-Biopolymers: Conjugation Strategies and Applications. POLYM REV 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2014.913063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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35
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Yin H, Stephenson M, Gibson J, Sampson E, Shi G, Sainuddin T, Monro S, McFarland SA. In vitro multiwavelength PDT with 3IL states: teaching old molecules new tricks. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:4548-59. [PMID: 24725142 DOI: 10.1021/ic5002368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present investigation was to ascertain whether (3)IL excited states with microsecond lifetimes are universally potent for photodynamic applications, and if these long-lived states are superior to their (3)MLCT counterparts as in vitro PDT agents. A family of blue-green absorbing, Ru(II)-based transition metal complexes derived from the π-expansive dppn ligand was prepared and characterized according to its photodynamic activity against HL-60 cells, and toward DNA in cell-free media. Complexes in this series that are characterized by low-energy and long-lived (3)IL excited states photocleaved DNA with blue, green, red, and near-IR light. This panchromatic photodynamic effect translated to in vitro multiwavelength photodynamic therapy (PDT) with red-light cytotoxicities as low as 1.5 μM (EC50) for the parent complex and 400 nM for its more lipophilic counterpart. This potency is similar to that achieved with Ru(II)-based dyads containing long-lived (3)IL excitons located on appended pyrenyl units, and appears to be a general property of sufficiently long-lived excited states. Moreover, the red PDT observed for certain members of this family was almost 5 times more potent than Photofrin with therapeutic indices 30 times greater. Related Ru(II) complexes having lowest-lying (3)MLCT states of much shorter duration (≤1 μs) did not yield DNA photodamage or in vitro PDT with red or near-IR light, nor did the corresponding Os(II) complex with a submicrosecond (3)IL excited state lifetime. Therefore, metal complexes that utilize highly photosensitizing (3)IL excited states, with suitably long lifetimes (≫ 1 μs), are well-poised to elicit PDT at wavelengths even where their molar extinction coefficients are very low (<100 M(-1) cm(-1)). Herein we demonstrate that such unexpected reactivity gives rise to very effective PDT in the typical therapeutic window (600-850 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University , 6 University Avenue, Wolfville, Nova Scotia B4P 2R6, Canada
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36
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Gicquel E, Souchard JP, Magnusson F, Chemaly J, Calsou P, Vicendo P. Role of intercalation and redox potential in DNA photosensitization by ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes: assessment using DNA repair protein tests. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 12:1517-26. [PMID: 23835850 DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50070e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we report that the photoreactivity of ruthenium(II) complexes with nucleobases may not only be modulated by their photoredox properties but also by their DNA binding mode. The damage resulting from photolysis of synthetic oligonucleotides and plasmid DNA by [Ru(bpz)3](2+), [Ru(bipy)3](2+) and the two DNA intercalating agents [Ru(bpz)2dppz](2+) and [Ru(bipy)2dppz](2+) has been monitored by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by tests using proteins involved in DNA repair processes (DNA-PKCs, Ku80, Ku70, and PARP-1). The data show that intercalation controls the nature of the DNA damage photo-induced by ruthenium(II) complexes reacting with DNA via an electron transfer process. The intercalating agent [Ru(bpz)2dppz](2+) is a powerful DNA breaker inducing the formation of both single and double (DSBs) strand breaks which are recognized by the PARP-1 and DNA-PKCs proteins respectively. [Ru(bpz)2dppz](2+) is the first ruthenium(II) complex described in the literature that is able to induce DSBs by an electron transfer process. In contrast, its non-intercalating parent compound, [Ru(bpz)3](2+), is mostly an efficient DNA alkylating agent. Photoadducts are recognized by the proteins Ku70 and Ku80 as with cisplatin adducts. This result suggests that photoaddition of [Ru(bpz)2dppz](2+) is strongly affected by its DNA intercalation whereas its photonuclease activity is exalted. The data clearly show that DNA intercalation decreases drastically the photonuclease activity of ruthenium(II) complexes oxidizing guanine via the production of singlet oxygen. Interestingly, the DNA sequencing data revealed that the ligand dipyridophenazine exhibits on single-stranded oligonucleotides a preference for the 5'-TGCGT-3' sequence. Moreover the use of proteins involved in DNA repair processes to detect DNA damage was a powerful tool to examine the photoreactivity of ruthenium(II) complexes with nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Gicquel
- Université de Toulouse, Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR 5623 CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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37
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Miao TF, Li S, Chen Q, Wang NL, Zheng KC. Probing DNA photocleavage efficiencies of Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes: Theoretical calculation of redox potentials. Inorganica Chim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2013.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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38
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Mattiuzzi A, Marcélis L, Jabin I, Moucheron C, Mesmaeker AKD. Synthesis and Electrochemical and Photophysical Properties of Calixarene-Based Ruthenium(II) Complexes as Potential Multivalent Photoreagents. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:11228-36. [DOI: 10.1021/ic401468t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Mattiuzzi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Université libre de Bruxelles, Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lionel Marcélis
- Laboratoire de Chimie
Organique
et Photochimie, Université libre de Bruxelles, Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/08, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ivan Jabin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Université libre de Bruxelles, Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cécile Moucheron
- Laboratoire de Chimie
Organique
et Photochimie, Université libre de Bruxelles, Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/08, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andrée Kirsch-De Mesmaeker
- Laboratoire de Chimie
Organique
et Photochimie, Université libre de Bruxelles, Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/08, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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40
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Stacey OJ, Pope SJA. New avenues in the design and potential application of metal complexes for photodynamic therapy. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra45219k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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41
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Miao TF, Li S, Chen JC, Ma F, Zheng KC. Theoretical studies on DNA-photocleavage efficiencies and mechanisms of Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes. J Biol Inorg Chem 2012; 17:1177-85. [PMID: 22899357 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-012-0931-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical studies on the DNA-photocleavage efficiencies and mechanisms of Ru(II) complexes [Ru(bpy)(2)(L)](2+) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine; L: dppz = dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine; mitatp = 5-methoxy-isatino[1,2-b]-1,4,8,9-tetraazatriphenylene; nitatp = 5-nitro-isatino [1,2-b]-1,4,8,9-tetraazatriphenylene) 1-3 were carried out using density functional theory (DFT). First, the accuracies of redox potentials computed for [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) in the ground state and the excited state by different computational methods were tested, and then the redox potentials of complexes 1-3 in their excited states were computed accurately. Secondly, the trend in the DNA-photocleavage efficiencies (ϕ) of complexes 1-3 [i.e., ϕ(2) > ϕ(3) > ϕ(1)] was reasonably well explained by their excited-state reduction potentials and their electron-transfer activation energies. Finally, the photoinduced oxidation-reduction mechanism utilized by these complexes was explored, and the DNA-photocleavage process was explained rationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ti-Fang Miao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, China.
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42
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Marcélis L, Ghesquière J, Garnir K, Kirsch-De Mesmaeker A, Moucheron C. Photo-oxidizing RuII complexes and light: Targeting biomolecules via photoadditions. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Transient spectroscopy of dipyridophenazine metal complexes which undergo photo-induced electron transfer with DNA. Coord Chem Rev 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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45
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Elmes RBP, Orange KN, Cloonan SM, Williams DC, Gunnlaugsson T. Luminescent ruthenium(II) polypyridyl functionalized gold nanoparticles; their DNA binding abilities and application as cellular imaging agents. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:15862-5. [PMID: 21923121 DOI: 10.1021/ja2061159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and photophysical and biological investigation of Ru(II)-polypyridyl stabilized water-soluble, luminescent gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are described. These structures bind to DNA and undergo rapid cellular uptake, being localized within the cell cytoplasm and nucleus within 4 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B P Elmes
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Trinity College, Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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46
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Cao Q, Creely CM, Davies ES, Dyer J, Easun TL, Grills DC, McGovern DA, McMaster J, Pitchford J, Smith JA, Sun XZ, Kelly JM, George MW. Excited state dependent electron transfer of a rhenium-dipyridophenazine complex intercalated between the base pairs of DNA: a time-resolved UV-visible and IR absorption investigation into the photophysics of fac-[Re(CO)3(F2dppz)(py)]+ bound to either [poly(dA-dT)]2 or [poly(dG-dC)]2. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1355-64. [PMID: 21698328 DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05050h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The transient species formed following excitation of fac-[Re(CO)(3)(F(2)dppz)(py)](+) (F(2)dppz = 11,12-difluorodipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine) bound to double-stranded polynucleotides [poly(dA-dT)](2) or [poly(dG-dC)](2) have been studied by transient visible and infra-red spectroscopy in both the picosecond and nanosecond time domains. The latter technique has been used to monitor both the metal complex and the DNA by monitoring the regions 1900-2100 and 1500-1750 cm(-1) respectively. These data provide direct evidence for electron transfer from guanine to the excited state of the metal complex, which proceeds both on a sub-picosecond time scale and with a lifetime of 35 ps, possibly due to the involvement of two excited states. No electron transfer is found for the [poly(dA-dT)](2) complex, although characteristic changes are seen in the DNA-region TRIR consistent with changes in the binding of the bases in the intercalation site upon excitation of the dppz-complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Cao
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK NG7 2RD
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47
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Rebarz M, Ghesquière J, Boisdenghien A, Defrancq E, Moucheron C, Kirsch-De Mesmaeker A. Photoinduced Electron Transfer from Tryptophan to RuIITAP Complexes: The Primary Process for Photo-Cross-Linking with Oligopeptides. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:10867-74. [DOI: 10.1021/ic101214m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Rebarz
- Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Université libre de Bruxelles, CP 160/08, 50 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Ghesquière
- Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Université libre de Bruxelles, CP 160/08, 50 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Boisdenghien
- Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Université libre de Bruxelles, CP 160/08, 50 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Eric Defrancq
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 5250, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Cécile Moucheron
- Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Université libre de Bruxelles, CP 160/08, 50 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Andrée Kirsch-De Mesmaeker
- Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Université libre de Bruxelles, CP 160/08, 50 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
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48
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Le Gac S, Foucart M, Gerbaux P, Defrancq E, Moucheron C, Kirsch-De Mesmaeker A. Photo-reactive Ru(II)-oligonucleotide conjugates: influence of an intercalating ligand on the inter- and intra-strand photo-ligation processes. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:9672-83. [PMID: 20830393 DOI: 10.1039/c0dt00355g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The damaging efficacy towards OligoDeoxyriboNucleotides (ODNs) of two photoreactive polyazaaromatic ruthenium(II) complexes, Ru(T) and Ru(D), has been evaluated. Both compounds correspond to the known [Ru(TAP)(2)(dppz)](2+) complex, but they are anchored differently to a guanine-containing single strand ODN (probe strand). This has allowed us to investigate the influence of the interactions existing between the tethered complexes and the single or double strand, on the photo-ligation processes. From melting temperature measurements of the duplex formed between these Ru-ODNs and their complementary sequence (target strand), it has been found that Ru(T) anchored via the TAP ligand interacts with the duplex by means of the intercalating dppz ligand (head on geometry), while Ru(D) anchored via the dppz ligand likely adopts a side on geometry without intercalation. Both single stranded Ru conjugates self-inhibit in the absence of their target ODN by forming exclusively a cyclic "seppuku" photo-adduct (intra-molecular photoreaction). In contrast, this intra-molecular photo-product is precluded in presence of the target strand, and the Ru-ODN sequence photo-crosslinks with the latter (inter-molecular photoreaction). Both intra- and inter-molecular processes with both complexes are efficient (80% yields) and lead to stable photo-adducts. Interestingly, detailed studies have revealed that the similar photo-damaging efficacy of crosslinking by Ru(T) and Ru(D) is a consequence of a cascade of events with compensatory effects, originating from the different geometry of interaction of the tethered complexes. Notably, antagonistic effects are present when the complex is intercalated, the guanine oxidation step being highly favoured and the recombination of the quenching products being hindered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Le Gac
- Chimie Organique et Photochimie CP160/08, Université libre de Bruxelles, 50 avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 1050, Bruxelles, Belgium
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49
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Wojdyla M, Smith JA, Vasudevan S, Quinn SJ, Kelly JM. Excited state behaviour of substituted dipyridophenazine Cr(III) complexes in the presence of nucleic acids. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2010; 9:1196-202. [PMID: 20617266 DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00110d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photophysics and photochemistry of [Cr(phen)(2)(dppz)](3+) and its 11,12-substituted derivatives [Cr(phen)(2)(X(2)dppz)](3+) {X = Me or F} have been studied in the presence of purine nucleotides or DNA using steady state and time-resolved absorption and luminescence spectroscopy. 5'-Adenosine monophosphate (5'-AMP) shows only a weak interaction with the excited states of each complex. By contrast they are efficiently quenched by 5'-guanosine monophosphate (5'-GMP), consistent with photo-induced electron transfer. Laser flash photolysis spectroscopy in the presence of 5'-GMP suggests that both forward and back electron-transfers are rapid. All complexes also display a strong affinity for DNA and evidence for both static and dynamic quenching mechanisms is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Wojdyla
- School of Chemistry, University of Dublin, Trinity College, College Green, Dublin 2, Republic of Ireland
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50
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Vandiver MS, Bridges EP, Koon RL, Kinnaird AN, Glaeser JW, Campbell JF, Priedemann CJ, Rosenblatt WT, Herbert BJ, Wheeler SK, Wheeler JF, Kane-Maguire NAP. Effect of ancillary ligands on the DNA interaction of [Cr(diimine)3]3+ complexes containing the intercalating dipyridophenazine ligand. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:839-48. [PMID: 20039692 DOI: 10.1021/ic9013619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of photoluminescent Cr(III) complexes of the type [Cr(diimine)(2)(DPPZ)](3+) are described, where DPPZ is the intercalating dipyridophenazine ligand, and diimine corresponds to the ancillary ligands bpy, phen, DMP, and TMP (where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, DMP = 5,6-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, and TMP = 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline). For TMP, DMP, and phen as ancillary ligands, the complexes have also been resolved into their Lambda and Delta optical isomers. A comparison of the photophysical and electrochemical properties reveal similar (2)E(g) --> (4)A(2g) (O(h)) emission wavelengths and lifetimes, and a variation of 110 mV in the (2)E(g) excited state oxidizing power. A detailed investigation has been undertaken of ancillary ligand effects on the DNA binding of these complexes with a range of polynucleotides. For all four complexes, emission is quenched by the addition of calf thymus B-DNA, with the emission lifetime data yielding bimolecular quenching rate constants close to the diffusion controlled limit. Equilibrium dialysis studies have established a general predilection for AT base binding sites, while companion experiments with added distamycin (a selective minor groove binder) provide evidence for a minor groove binding preference. For the case of [Cr(TMP)(2)(DPPZ)](3+), concomitant equilibrium dialysis and circular dichroism measurements have demonstrated very strong enantioselective binding by the Lambda optical isomer. The thermodynamics of DNA binding have also been explored via isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The ITC data establish that the primary binding mode for all four Cr(III) complexes is entropically driven, a result that is attributed to the highly favorable free energy contribution associated with the hydrophobic transfer of the Cr(III) complexes from solution into the DNA binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Scott Vandiver
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, USA
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