1
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Pruschinski L, Namyslo JC, Schmidt A. Anionic N-Heterocyclic Carbenes from Mesoionic Imidazolium-4-pyrrolides: The Influence of Substituents, Solvents, and Charge on their 77Se NMR Chemical Shifts. J Org Chem 2024; 89:15003-15019. [PMID: 39360676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Mesoionic compounds are the starting material for the synthesis of unique anionic N-heterocyclic carbenes. Herein, mesoionic imidazolium pyrrolides synthesized from pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde via various N-alkyl-4-pyrroyl-imidazoles are described. These were converted into nine new 4-(pyrrol-2-yl)-substituted imidazolium salts and transformed into the mesoionic title compounds using an anion exchange resin. The DFT-calculated (B3LYP/6-311++G**) CREF values indicate a great potential for the formation of anionic N-heterocyclic carbenes by deprotonation, which were generated and reacted with selenium to obtain selenoureas. The 77Se NMR shifts investigated under systematic variation of conditions are dependent on the substitution pattern (ΔδSe = 133 ppm) and the steric demand of the substituents. Solvent dependencies of the 77Se NMR shifts were investigated applying toluene-d8, THF-d8, CDCl3, CD2Cl2, pyridine-d5, acetone-d6, DMSO-d6, CD3CN, AcOD, and MeOD. The influences of the referencing method on the 77Se shifts using external or internal Me2Se or Ph2Se2 and solvent can add up to ΔδSe = ca. 80 ppm. In addition, we observed a temperature dependence of both the selenoureas and the reference reagent Ph2Se2 as well as a 77Se shift difference of the analyte caused by interaction with internally added Ph2Se2. The negative charge of deprotonated selenoureas shifts the values by an additional -20 ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Pruschinski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstraße 6, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Jan C Namyslo
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstraße 6, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstraße 6, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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2
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Bru F, Charman RSC, Bourda L, Van Hecke K, Grimaud L, Liptrot DJ, Cazin CSJ. A simply accessible organometallic system to gauge electronic properties of N-heterocyclic carbenes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:16030-16037. [PMID: 39291668 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt02584a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
The intricate σ and π-bonding of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) to metals and the need to quantify their electronic properties to rationalize reactivity of complexes have resulted in the creation of numerous methodologies to understand the NHC-metal interaction which are, as we now show, flawed. Our search for a unified, easily accessible system to gauge these fundamental properties has resulted in the discovery of two systems that highlight the flaws present in existing systems and provide a more accurate measure of the NHC ligand electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Bru
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Rex S C Charman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Laurens Bourda
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Laurence Grimaud
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - David J Liptrot
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Catherine S J Cazin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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3
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Borys AM, Hevia E. Alkali-metal nickelates: catalytic cross-coupling, clusters and coordination complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:11052-11067. [PMID: 39248168 PMCID: PMC11382342 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03548h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Alkali-metal nickelates are a class of highly reactive heterobimetallic complexes derived from Ni(0)-olefins and polar organo-alkali-metal reagents. First reported over 50 years ago, it is only in recent years that these overlooked complexes have found formidable roles in sustainable catalysis and beyond. In this article, we will showcase the emerging catalytic applications of lithium nickelates and discuss the mechanisms by which these heterobimetallic complexes facilitate challenging cross-coupling reactions. We will also review the unique structure and bonding of alkali-metal nickelates, as interrogated by X-ray crystallography and complementary bonding analysis, and finally explore the diverse coordination and co-complexation chemistry of these heterobimetallic complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andryj M Borys
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmacie, Universität Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Eva Hevia
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmacie, Universität Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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4
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Comas-Vilà G, Salvador P. Quantification of the Donor-Acceptor Character of Ligands by the Effective Fragment Orbitals. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400582. [PMID: 38831714 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Metal-ligand interactions are at the heart of transition metal complexes. The Dewar-Chat-Duncanson model is often invoked, whereby the metal-ligand bonding is decomposed into the simultaneous ligand→metal electron donation and the metal→ligand back-donation. The separate quantification of both effects is not a trivial task, neither from experimental nor computational exercises. In this work we present the effective fragment orbitals (EFOs) and their occupations as a general procedure beyond the Kohn-Sham density functional theory (KS-DFT) framework for the identification and quantification of donor-acceptor interactions, using solely the wavefunction of the complex. Using a common Fe(II) octahedral complex framework, we quantify the σ-donor, π-donor, and π-acceptor character for a large and chemically diverse set of ligands, by introducing the respective descriptors σd, πd, and πa. We also explore the effect of the metal size, coordination number, and spin state on the donor/acceptor features. The spin-state is shown to be the most critical effect, inducing a systematic decrease of the sigma donation and π-backdonation going from low spin to high spin. Finally, we illustrate the ability of the EFOs to rationalize the Tolman electronic parameter and the trans influence in planar square complexes in terms of these new descriptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Comas-Vilà
- Departament de Química and Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi s/n, 17071, Girona, Spain
| | - Pedro Salvador
- Departament de Química and Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi s/n, 17071, Girona, Spain
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5
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Smith BA, Hakimov S, Jenkins DM, Vogiatzis KD. Ligand engineering of tetra N-heterocyclic carbenes for boosting catalytic aziridination. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:14665-14677. [PMID: 39157935 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01084a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
A comprehensive computational study on the underlying reactivity of iron tetra-NHC complexes for C2 + N1 aziridination catalysis is presented. A library of 18 unique iron tetra-NHC complexes was constructed, and a computational screening was performed on the reaction barriers associated with the rate-determining step (formation of an open chain radical intermediate). Thermodynamic barriers were computed along with a variety of steric and electronic properties, including the percentage of buried volume, orbital energies and ETS-NOCV analysis, which were used to identify key characteristics related to reactivity. The analysis performed in this study successfully identified key differences in tetracarbenes, such as linking groups (BMe2 or CH2) and the identity of the NHC groups (imidazole, imidazoline or benzimidazole) in terms of sterics, electronics and thermodynamics. Additionally, we have proposed two reaction pathways based on electronic structure arguments for the formation of the key open-chain radical intermediate. The first reaction pathway proceeds through a σ-hole channel where the Fe(IV)-imide intermediate evolves into Fe(III)-imidyl radical through electron donation into the antibonding σ* orbital, while the second involves a Fe(III)-imidyl radical formed through a π-hole channel (donation into π*). These pathways are consistent with the isoelectronic iron(IV)-oxo species for hydrogen atom abstraction mechanisms and they can be used as descriptors of the rate-determining step of the aziridination reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, USA.
| | - Somon Hakimov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, USA.
| | - David M Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, USA.
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6
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Kick AC, Weyhermüller T, Hölscher M, Kaeffer N, Leitner W. Understanding Ligand Effects on Bielectronic Transitions: Chemo- and Electroreduction of Rhodium Bis(Diphosphine) Complexes to Low Oxidation States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202408356. [PMID: 38842465 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Rhodium complexes in the -I and 0 oxidation states are of great potential interest in catalytic applications. In contrast to their rhodium +I congeners, however, the structural and electronic parameters governing their access and stability are far less understood. Herein, we investigate the two-electron reduction of a parameterized series of bis(diphosphine) Rh complexes [Rh(dxpy)2]NTf2 (x=P-substituent, y=alkanediyl bridging P atoms). Through (electro)reductions from the RhI parents, Rh-I d10-complexes were obtained and characterized spectroscopically, including 103Rh NMR data. The reductive steps convolute with structural rearrangements from square planar to tetrahedral coordination. We found that the extent of these reorganisations defines whether the first E0(RhI/0) and second E0(Rh0/-I) reduction potentials are normally ordered, leading to monoelectronic stepwise transitions, or inverted, giving bielectronic events. Reductionist approaches based on Hammett parameters or the P-Rh-P bite angles provide only partial correlations with the redox potentials. However, we identified the C-O stretch of analogue diphosphine complexes as an expedient computational parameter that enables these correlations through both electronic and geometric features, even in a predictive manner. Gaining control over two-electron reduction behaviors through rationalized ligand effects has potential impact beyond Rh complexes, for molecular and enzymatic metal sites commonly exhibiting bielectronic transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Christine Kick
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen
| | - Thomas Weyhermüller
- Department of Molecular Catalysis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr
| | - Markus Hölscher
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen
| | - Nicolas Kaeffer
- Department of Molecular Catalysis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr
| | - Walter Leitner
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen
- Department of Molecular Catalysis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr
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7
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Borys AM, Vedani L, Hevia E. The coordination of alkali-metal nickelates to organic π-systems: synthetic, structural and spectroscopic insights. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:8382-8390. [PMID: 38680126 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00889h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Low-valent nickelates have recently been shown to be key intermediates in challenging cross-coupling reactions using aryl ethers as electrophiles. Key for the success of these transformations is the activation of the substrate through π-coordination to the nickelate intermediate, however there is still limited knowledge about the fundamental structure and coordination chemistry of these heterobimetallic complexes. Herein, we report the synthesis, structures, and spectroscopic analysis of a diverse family of alkali-metal nickelates derived from phenyl-alkali-metal reagents and Ni(ttt-CDT), where ttt-CDT = trans,trans,trans-1,5,9-cyclododecatriene. The co-complexation of PhLi with Ni(ttt-CDT) was found to yield 1 : 1, 2 : 1 or 4 : 2 lithium nickelates depending on the stoichiometry and reaction conditions employed. The high lability of the ttt-CDT ligand enables facile ligand exchange with an assorted series of organic π-acceptors, ranging from polyaromatic hydrocarbons to ketones, imines and nitriles. For anthracene and phenanthrene, a homologous series of Li, Na and K nickelates could be obtained, which lead to different structural motifs or degrees of aggregation in the solid-state spanning solvated monomers to complex polymeric arrangements. For π-extended systems such as perylene or coronene, competing single-electron-transfer to give the corresponding radical anions was observed, illustrating the highly reducing nature of the alkali-metal nickelates. X-ray crystallographic analysis and NMR spectroscopy of the phenyl-alkali-metal nickelates reveal extreme back-bonding from Ni(0) to the organic π-acceptors due to strong σ-donation from the carbanionic ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andryj M Borys
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmacie, Universität Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Luca Vedani
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmacie, Universität Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Eva Hevia
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmacie, Universität Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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8
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Taylor NS, Gordinier MT, Suhagia T, Pinto DD, Cherry DD, Verry DS, Baker LN, DeYonker NJ, Young KJ, Brewster TP. Donor Ability of Bisphosphinemonoxide Ligands Relevant to Late-Metal Olefin Polymerization Catalysis. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:2888-2898. [PMID: 38295440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Late-transition-metal catalysts for polymerization of olefins have drawn a significant amount of attention owing to their ability to tolerate and incorporate polar comonomers. However, a systematic way to experimentally quantify the electronic properties of the ligands used in these systems has not been developed. Quantified ligand parameters will allow for the rational design of tailored polymerization catalysts, which would target specific polymer properties. We report a series of platinum complexes bearing bisphosphinemonoxide ligands, which resemble those used in the polymerization catalysts of Nozaki and Chen. Their electronic properties are investigated experimentally, and trends are rationalized by using computed spectral properties. Benchmarking computational data with known experimental parameters further enhances the utility of both methods for determining optimal ligands for catalytic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie S Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Maxwell T Gordinier
- Department of Chemistry, Centre College, Danville, Kentucky 40422, United States
| | - Tejaskumar Suhagia
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Danna D Pinto
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Demetrius D Cherry
- Department of Chemistry, Centre College, Danville, Kentucky 40422, United States
| | - Dominic S Verry
- Department of Chemistry, Centre College, Danville, Kentucky 40422, United States
| | - Lindsey N Baker
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Nathan J DeYonker
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Karin J Young
- Department of Chemistry, Centre College, Danville, Kentucky 40422, United States
| | - Timothy P Brewster
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
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9
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Escayola S, Bahri-Laleh N, Poater A. % VBur index and steric maps: from predictive catalysis to machine learning. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:853-882. [PMID: 38113051 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00725a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Steric indices are parameters used in chemistry to describe the spatial arrangement of atoms or groups of atoms in molecules. They are important in determining the reactivity, stability, and physical properties of chemical compounds. One commonly used steric index is the steric hindrance, which refers to the obstruction or hindrance of movement in a molecule caused by bulky substituents or functional groups. Steric hindrance can affect the reactivity of a molecule by altering the accessibility of its reactive sites and influencing the geometry of its transition states. Notably, the Tolman cone angle and %VBur are prominent among these indices. Actually, steric effects can also be described using the concept of steric bulk, which refers to the space occupied by a molecule or functional group. Steric bulk can affect the solubility, melting point, boiling point, and viscosity of a substance. Even though electronic indices are more widely used, they have certain drawbacks that might shift preferences towards others. They present a higher computational cost, and often, the weight of electronics in correlation with chemical properties, e.g. binding energies, falls short in comparison to %VBur. However, it is worth noting that this may be because the steric index inherently captures part of the electronic content. Overall, steric indices play an important role in understanding the behaviour of chemical compounds and can be used to predict their reactivity, stability, and physical properties. Predictive chemistry is an approach to chemical research that uses computational methods to anticipate the properties and behaviour of these compounds and reactions, facilitating the design of new compounds and reactivities. Within this domain, predictive catalysis specifically targets the prediction of the performance and behaviour of catalysts. Ultimately, the goal is to identify new catalysts with optimal properties, leading to chemical processes that are both more efficient and sustainable. In this framework, %VBur can be a key metric for deepening our understanding of catalysis, emphasizing predictive catalysis and sustainability. Those latter concepts are needed to direct our efforts toward identifying the optimal catalyst for any reaction, minimizing waste, and reducing experimental efforts while maximizing the efficacy of the computational methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Escayola
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, c/Mª Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Naeimeh Bahri-Laleh
- Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute (IPPI), P.O. Box 14965/115, Tehran, Iran
- Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter (WPI-SKCM), Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Albert Poater
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, c/Mª Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
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10
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Riedhammer J, Halter DP, Meyer K. Nonaqueous Electrochemistry of Uranium Complexes: A Guide to Structure-Reactivity Tuning. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37134149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Uranium complexes can be stabilized in a wide range of oxidation states, ranging from UII to UVI and a very recent example of a UI complex. This review provides a comprehensive summary of electrochemistry data reported on uranium complexes in nonaqueous electrolyte, to serve as a clear point of reference for newly synthesized compounds, and to evaluate how different ligand environments influence experimentally observed electrochemical redox potentials. Data for over 200 uranium compounds are reported, together with a detailed discussion of trends observed across larger series of complexes in response to ligand field variations. In analogy to the traditional Lever parameter, we utilized the data to derive a new uranium-specific set of ligand field parameters UEL(L) that more accurately represent metal-ligand bonding situations than previously existing transition metal derived parameters. Exemplarily, we demonstrate UEL(L) parameters to be useful for the prediction of structure-reactivity correlations in order to activate specific substrate targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Riedhammer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominik P Halter
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), TUM School of Natural Sciences, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Krishnapriya VU, Suresh CH. Imidazolin-2-imine and Imidazolin-2-methylidene Substitutions to Benzene, Pyridine, Phosphine, and N-Heterocyclic Carbene Predict Highly Electron-rich Ligands. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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12
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Rennie BE, Price JS, Emslie DJH, Morris RH. Trans Ligand Determines the Stability of Paramagnetic Manganese(II) Hydrides of the Type trans-[MnH(L)(dmpe) 2] + Where L is PMe 3, C 2H 4, or CO. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:8123-8135. [PMID: 36812512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Paramagnetic metal hydride (PMH) complexes play important roles in catalytic applications and bioinorganic chemistry. 3d PMH chemistry has largely focused on Ti, Mn, Fe, and Co. Various MnII PMHs have been proposed as intermediates in catalysis, but isolated MnII PMHs are limited to dimeric high-spin MnII structures with bridging hydrides. In this paper, a series of the first low-spin monomeric MnII PMH complexes are generated by chemical oxidation of their MnI analogues. This series is of the type trans-[MnH(L)(dmpe)2]+/0 where the trans ligand L is PMe3, C2H4, or CO [dmpe is 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane], and the thermal stability of the MnII hydride complexes was found to be strongly dependent on the identity of the trans ligand. When L is PMe3, the complex is the first example of an isolated monomeric MnII hydride complex. In contrast, when L is C2H4 or CO, the complexes are only stable at low temperatures; upon warming to room temperature, the former decomposed to afford [Mn(dmpe)3]+, accompanied by ethane and ethylene, whereas the latter eliminated H2, generating [Mn(MeCN)(CO)(dmpe)2]+ or a mixture of products including [Mn(κ1-PF6)(CO)(dmpe)2], depending on the reaction conditions. All PMHs were characterized by low-temperature electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and stable [MnH(PMe3)(dmpe)2]+ was further characterized by UV-vis and IR spectroscopy, Superconducting Quantum Interference Device magnetometry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Noteworthy spectral properties are the significant EPR superhyperfine coupling to the hydride (∼85 MHz) and an increase (+33 cm-1) in the Mn-H IR stretch upon oxidation. Density functional theory calculations were also employed to gain insights into the acidity and bond strengths of the complexes. MnII-H bond dissociation free energies are estimated to decrease in the series of complexes from 60 (L = PMe3) to 47 kcal/mol (L = CO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Rennie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S3H6, Canada
| | - Jeffrey S Price
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S4M1, Canada
| | - David J H Emslie
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S4M1, Canada
| | - Robert H Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S3H6, Canada
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13
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Zheng C, Tang Y, Yu B. Tri( N-carbazolyl)phosphine Gold(I) Complexes: Structural and Catalytic Activity Studies. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:16874-16886. [PMID: 36219576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Twelve tri(N-carbazolyl)phosphine gold(I) complexes, bearing both protonated and deuterated aryl phosphorous triamide-type ligands, have been synthesized and characterized. An elusive Au-H(D) interaction between the H(D) atoms of the tri(N-carbazolyl)phosphine ligand at the H-1(D-1) position of the carbazolyl ring and the central gold atom was observed. Complexes 5(H)/5(D) bearing the dibrominated tri(N-carbazolyl)phosphine ligand exhibit isotopic polymorphism, in which two dramatically different crystal-packing modes between the protonated and deuterated forms occur. The catalytic potential of these complexes has been showcased in the gold(I)-catalyzed glycosylation with glycosyl o-alkynylbenzoates as donors, with TON being up to 27 000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Biao Yu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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14
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Schmidt A, Hillrichs K, Namyslo JC, Lederle F, Hübner EG. Pyrazoles in the Intersection of Mesomeric Betaines and N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Formation of NHC Selenium Adducts of Pyrazolium-4-aminides. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractStarting from 4-nitropyrazole, eight mesoionic pyrazolium-4-aminides were prepared by a six-step reaction sequence. The deprotonation of 1,2-disubstituted 4-amido-1H-pyrazolium salts by an anion exchange resin in its hydroxide form is the final step of the synthesis. A tautomeric equilibrium between the mesoionic compounds (pyrazolium-4-aminides) and N-heterocyclic carbenes (pyrazol-3-ylidenes) can be formulated; however, the NHC tautomers were not detected by means of NMR spectroscopy in polar aprotic solvents such as DMSO-d
6 or MeCN-d
3. Apart from tautomerism, anionic N-heterocyclic carbenes can be formulated as a result of a deprotonation of the mesoionic compounds. Trapping reactions were performed with selenium, which resulted in the formation of pyrazole-3-selenones. Methylation at the selenium atom gave the corresponding 3-(methylselanyl)-4-amido-1H-pyrazolium salts, which were deprotonated to give new mesomeric betaines, 3-(methylselanyl)-1H-pyrazolium-4-aminides as unique compounds. DFT-calculations as well as 77Se NMR spectroscopic measurements were carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schmidt
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry
| | - Kai Hillrichs
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry
| | - Jan C. Namyslo
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry
| | - Felix Lederle
- Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute HHI, Fiber Optical Sensor Systems
| | - Eike G. Hübner
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute HHI, Fiber Optical Sensor Systems
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15
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Matsuoka W, Harabuchi Y, Maeda S. Virtual Ligand-Assisted Screening Strategy to Discover Enabling Ligands for Transition Metal Catalysis. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Matsuoka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
- ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yu Harabuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
- ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
- ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
- Research and Services Division of Materials Data and Integrated System (MaDIS), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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16
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Jing Y, Jiang J, Liu Y, Ke Z. Electronic and Steric Properties of N-Heterocyclic Boryl Ligands. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Jing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Jingxing Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhuofeng Ke
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Chemicals, XinHuaYue Group, Maoming 525000, P. R. China
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17
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Suresh CH, Remya GS, Anjalikrishna PK. Molecular electrostatic potential analysis: A powerful tool to interpret and predict chemical reactivity. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cherumuttathu H. Suresh
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division CSIR‐National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
| | - Geetha S. Remya
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division CSIR‐National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
| | - Puthannur K. Anjalikrishna
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division CSIR‐National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
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18
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Gensch T, Dos Passos Gomes G, Friederich P, Peters E, Gaudin T, Pollice R, Jorner K, Nigam A, Lindner-D'Addario M, Sigman MS, Aspuru-Guzik A. A Comprehensive Discovery Platform for Organophosphorus Ligands for Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1205-1217. [PMID: 35020383 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The design of molecular catalysts typically involves reconciling multiple conflicting property requirements, largely relying on human intuition and local structural searches. However, the vast number of potential catalysts requires pruning of the candidate space by efficient property prediction with quantitative structure-property relationships. Data-driven workflows embedded in a library of potential catalysts can be used to build predictive models for catalyst performance and serve as a blueprint for novel catalyst designs. Herein we introduce kraken, a discovery platform covering monodentate organophosphorus(III) ligands providing comprehensive physicochemical descriptors based on representative conformer ensembles. Using quantum-mechanical methods, we calculated descriptors for 1558 ligands, including commercially available examples, and trained machine learning models to predict properties of over 300000 new ligands. We demonstrate the application of kraken to systematically explore the property space of organophosphorus ligands and how existing data sets in catalysis can be used to accelerate ligand selection during reaction optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Gensch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States.,Department of Chemistry, TU Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriel Dos Passos Gomes
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 214 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 3A1, Canada.,Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, 661 University Ave. Suite 710, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Pascal Friederich
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 214 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 3A1, Canada.,Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ellyn Peters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Théophile Gaudin
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 214 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 3A1, Canada.,IBM Research Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Robert Pollice
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 214 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 3A1, Canada
| | - Kjell Jorner
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 214 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 3A1, Canada.,Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield K10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - AkshatKumar Nigam
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 214 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 3A1, Canada
| | - Michael Lindner-D'Addario
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 214 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 3A1, Canada
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Alán Aspuru-Guzik
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 214 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 3A1, Canada.,Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, 661 University Ave. Suite 710, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada.,Lebovic Fellow, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), 661 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario M5G, Canada
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19
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Muniyappan N, Advaya GR, Sujitha E, Sabiah S. Picolyl and benzyl functionalized biphenyl NHC carbenes and their silver complexes: Sigma donating and antimicrobial properties. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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20
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Lee K, Thomas CM. Nickel-Templated Replacement of Phosphine Substituents in a Tetradentate Bis(amido)bis(phosphine) Ligand. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:17348-17356. [PMID: 34709799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The replacement of phosphine substituents in nickel-bound PNNP ligands is reported as an alternative method for preparing multidentate phosphine ligands with alkyl substituents. Treatment of the previously reported bis(phosphide) complex {K(THF)x}22Ph[PNNP]Ni (2) with 2 equiv of MeI, iPrI, and 1,3-dibromoethane formed alkyl-substituted complexes 2Ph,2Me[PNNP]Ni (3), 2Ph,2iPr[PNNP]Ni (4), and 2Ph,propylene[PNNP]Ni (5), respectively. The stereoselectivity (racemic vs meso) of these reactions can be controlled by varying the reaction temperature. The racemic mixtures of products with the new alkyl substituents in an anti configuration were favored at lower temperatures, whereas a larger proportion of meso compounds was acquired at higher temperatures. Further treatment of 3 with KH resulted in selective elimination of the remaining phenyl groups rather than the methyl substituents, affording bis(methylphosphide) complex {K(THF)x}22Me[PNNP]Ni (6). Subsequent treatment of 6 with additional MeI formed 4Me[PNNP]Ni (7), in which all four phenyl groups were replaced with methyl substituents. As a proof of concept, demetalation of the ligand from 7 was achieved using aqueous KCN to form a free dimethylphosphine-substituted ligand H24Me[PNNP] (8), and 8 was subsequently coordinated to a different metal, using PdCl2 to form 4Me[PNNP]Pd (9). Unlike the clean elimination of phenyl substituents from 3, the reactions of KH with 4 and 5 exhibited competitive elimination of both alkyl and phenyl substituents and/or attenuated reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyounghoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Christine M Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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21
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Nechaev MS. Tetrylenes: Electronic Structure, Stability, Reactivity, and Ligand Properties—A Comparative DFT Study. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail S. Nechaev
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
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22
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Nandy A, Duan C, Taylor MG, Liu F, Steeves AH, Kulik HJ. Computational Discovery of Transition-metal Complexes: From High-throughput Screening to Machine Learning. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9927-10000. [PMID: 34260198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transition-metal complexes are attractive targets for the design of catalysts and functional materials. The behavior of the metal-organic bond, while very tunable for achieving target properties, is challenging to predict and necessitates searching a wide and complex space to identify needles in haystacks for target applications. This review will focus on the techniques that make high-throughput search of transition-metal chemical space feasible for the discovery of complexes with desirable properties. The review will cover the development, promise, and limitations of "traditional" computational chemistry (i.e., force field, semiempirical, and density functional theory methods) as it pertains to data generation for inorganic molecular discovery. The review will also discuss the opportunities and limitations in leveraging experimental data sources. We will focus on how advances in statistical modeling, artificial intelligence, multiobjective optimization, and automation accelerate discovery of lead compounds and design rules. The overall objective of this review is to showcase how bringing together advances from diverse areas of computational chemistry and computer science have enabled the rapid uncovering of structure-property relationships in transition-metal chemistry. We aim to highlight how unique considerations in motifs of metal-organic bonding (e.g., variable spin and oxidation state, and bonding strength/nature) set them and their discovery apart from more commonly considered organic molecules. We will also highlight how uncertainty and relative data scarcity in transition-metal chemistry motivate specific developments in machine learning representations, model training, and in computational chemistry. Finally, we will conclude with an outlook of areas of opportunity for the accelerated discovery of transition-metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Nandy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chenru Duan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael G Taylor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Adam H Steeves
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Heather J Kulik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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23
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Wada Y, Takehara T, Suzuki T, Aoki S, Hibi T, Sako M, Tsujino H, Tsutsumi Y, Arisawa M. Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation between N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligand on Ruthenium Carbene Catalysts and 1,4-Naphthoquinone via Intramolecular Carbon(sp 3)–Hydrogen Bond Activation. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Wada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 1-6, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tsunayoshi Takehara
- Comprehensive Analysis Center, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Takeyuki Suzuki
- Comprehensive Analysis Center, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Satoshi Aoki
- Department of Mathematics, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hibi
- Department of Pure and Applied Mathematics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Sako
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 1-6, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tsujino
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 1-6, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- The Museum of Osaka University, Machikaneyama 1-13, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yasuo Tsutsumi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 1-6, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Arisawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 1-6, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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24
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Mummel S, Lederle F, Hübner EG, Namyslo JC, Nieger M, Schmidt A. Sydnone Methides-A Forgotten Class of Mesoionic Compounds for the Generation of Anionic N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18882-18887. [PMID: 34153173 PMCID: PMC8456854 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sydnone methides are described from which only one single example has been mentioned in the literature so far. Their deprotonation gave anions which can be formulated as π-electron rich anionic N-heterocyclic carbenes. Sulfur and selenium adducts were stabilized as their methyl ethers, and mercury, gold as well as rhodium complexes of the sydnone methide carbenes were prepared. Sydnone methide anions also undergo C-C coupling reactions with 1-fluoro-4-iodobenzene under Pd(PPh3 )4 and CuBr catalysis. 77 Se NMR resonance frequencies and 1 JC4-Se as well as 1 JC4-H coupling constants have been determined to gain knowledge about the electronic properties of the anionic N-heterocyclic carbenes. The carbene carbon atom of the sydnone methide anion 3 j resonates at δ=155.2 ppm in 13 C NMR spectroscopy at -40 °C which is extremely shifted upfield in comparison to classical N-heterocyclic carbenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Mummel
- Clausthal University of TechnologyInstitute of Organic ChemistryLeibnizstrasse 6D-38678Clausthal-ZellerfeldGermany
| | - Felix Lederle
- Clausthal University of TechnologyInstitute of Organic ChemistryLeibnizstrasse 6D-38678Clausthal-ZellerfeldGermany
- Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute HHIFiber Optical Sensor SystemsAm Stollen 19HD-38640GoslarGermany
| | - Eike G. Hübner
- Clausthal University of TechnologyInstitute of Organic ChemistryLeibnizstrasse 6D-38678Clausthal-ZellerfeldGermany
- Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute HHIFiber Optical Sensor SystemsAm Stollen 19HD-38640GoslarGermany
| | - Jan C. Namyslo
- Clausthal University of TechnologyInstitute of Organic ChemistryLeibnizstrasse 6D-38678Clausthal-ZellerfeldGermany
| | - Martin Nieger
- University of HelsinkiDepartment of ChemistryP.O. Box 55FIN-00014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Clausthal University of TechnologyInstitute of Organic ChemistryLeibnizstrasse 6D-38678Clausthal-ZellerfeldGermany
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25
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Mummel S, Lederle F, Hübner EG, Namyslo JC, Nieger M, Schmidt A. Sydnonmethide – fast vergessene Mesoionen als Vorläufermoleküle von anionischen N‐heterocyclischen Carbenen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Mummel
- Technische Universität Clausthal Institut für Organische Chemie Leibnizstrasse 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Deutschland
| | - Felix Lederle
- Technische Universität Clausthal Institut für Organische Chemie Leibnizstrasse 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Deutschland
- Fraunhofer Heinrich-Hertz-Institut HHI Faseroptische Sensorsysteme Am Stollen 19H 38640 Goslar Deutschland
| | - Eike G. Hübner
- Technische Universität Clausthal Institut für Organische Chemie Leibnizstrasse 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Deutschland
- Fraunhofer Heinrich-Hertz-Institut HHI Faseroptische Sensorsysteme Am Stollen 19H 38640 Goslar Deutschland
| | - Jan C. Namyslo
- Technische Universität Clausthal Institut für Organische Chemie Leibnizstrasse 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Deutschland
| | - Martin Nieger
- Universität Helsinki Department für Chemie P.O. Box 55 00014 Helsinki Finnland
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Technische Universität Clausthal Institut für Organische Chemie Leibnizstrasse 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Deutschland
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26
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Abstract
Computational methods have emerged as a powerful tool to augment traditional experimental molecular catalyst design by providing useful predictions of catalyst performance and decreasing the time needed for catalyst screening. In this perspective, we discuss three approaches for computational molecular catalyst design: (i) the reaction mechanism-based approach that calculates all relevant elementary steps, finds the rate and selectivity determining steps, and ultimately makes predictions on catalyst performance based on kinetic analysis, (ii) the descriptor-based approach where physical/chemical considerations are used to find molecular properties as predictors of catalyst performance, and (iii) the data-driven approach where statistical analysis as well as machine learning (ML) methods are used to obtain relationships between available data/features and catalyst performance. Following an introduction to these approaches, we cover their strengths and weaknesses and highlight some recent key applications. Furthermore, we present an outlook on how the currently applied approaches may evolve in the near future by addressing how recent developments in building automated computational workflows and implementing advanced ML models hold promise for reducing human workload, eliminating human bias, and speeding up computational catalyst design at the same time. Finally, we provide our viewpoint on how some of the challenges associated with the up-and-coming approaches driven by automation and ML may be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ademola Soyemi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Tibor Szilvási
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
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27
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Hendricks ME, Xu X, Boller TR, Samples EM, Johnson AR, Nataro C. Synthesis, characterization and electrochemistry of [Pd(PP)MeCl] compounds with 1,1′-bis(phosphino)ferrocene ligands. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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28
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Drouin SD, Maltby PA, Rennie BE, Schweitzer CT, Golombek A, Cappellani EP, Morris RH. Electrochemistry of transition metal hydride diphosphine complexes trans-MH(X)(PP)2 and trans-[MH(L)(PP)2]+, M = Fe, Ru, Os; PP = chelating phosphine ligand. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.120124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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29
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Ghiasi R, Sofiyani MV, Emami R. Quantum‐chemical calculations on the slippage of cyclopentadienyl and indenyl ligands in the (η
3
‐dienyl)
Ir(PX
3
)
3
; (X = H, F, Cl, Me
) complexes. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202000507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ghiasi
- Department of Chemistry, East Tehran Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | | | - Rashin Emami
- Department of Chemistry, East Tehran Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
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30
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Parsa P, Ghiasi R, Marjani A. Quantum‐chemical investigation of the phosphine ligand effects on the structure and electronic properties of a rhenabenzyne complex. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202000288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Parsa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Arak Branch Islamic Azad University Arak Iran
| | - Reza Ghiasi
- Department of Chemistry, East Tehran Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Azam Marjani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Arak Branch Islamic Azad University Arak Iran
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31
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Liang BB, Xiong HG, Hong WY, Yao HG. cis-{1-Butyl-3-[2-(phenyl-sulfan-yl)eth-yl]-4-imidazolin-2-yl-κ 2 C 2, S'}di-chlorido-platinum(II). IUCRDATA 2020; 5:x201433. [PMID: 36340012 PMCID: PMC9462157 DOI: 10.1107/s2414314620014339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [PtCl2(C15H20N2S)], comprises one PtII ion, one N-heterocyclic carbene(NHC)-thio-ether ligand and two chloride ions. The PtII ion is four-coordinated by one C atom and one S atom of the NHC-thio-ether ligand, and by two chloride ions, forming an approximately square-planar geometry. In the crystal, the mol-ecules are linked via C-H⋯Cl and C-H⋯π inter-actions, forming a layer parallel to the ab plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Bing Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong 528458, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Gang Xiong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong 528458, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wan-Yu Hong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong 528458, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua-Gang Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong 528458, People’s Republic of China
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Dossmann H, Gatineau D, Clavier H, Memboeuf A, Lesage D, Gimbert Y. Exploring Phosphine Electronic Effects on Molybdenum Complexes: A Combined Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Energy Decomposition Analysis Study. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:8753-8765. [PMID: 33045825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c06746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In organometallic chemistry, especially in the catalysis area, accessing the finest tuning of a catalytic reaction pathway requires a detailed knowledge of the steric and electronic influences of the ligands bound to the metal center. Usually, the M-L bond between a ligand and metal is depicted by the Dewar-Chatt-Duncanson model involving two opposite interactions, σ-donor and π-acceptor effects of the ligand. The experimental evaluation of these effects is essential and complementary to in-depth theoretical approaches that are able to provide a detailed description of the M-L bond. In this work, we present a study of LMo(CO)5 complexes with L being various tertiary phosphine ligands by means of mass-selected high-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) performed with synchrotron radiation, DFT, and energy decomposition analyses (EDA) combined with the natural orbitals for chemical valence (NOCV) analysis. These methods enable a separated access of the σ-donor and π-acceptor effects of ligands by probing either the electronic configuration of the complex (PES) or the interaction of the ligand with the metal (EDA). Three series of PR3 ligands with various electronic influences are investigated: the strong donating alkyl substituents (PMe3, PEt3, and PiPr3), the intermediate PPhxMe(3-x) (x = 0-3) set, and the PPhxPyrl(3-x) set (x = 0-3 with Pyrl being the strong electron withdrawing pyrrolyl group C4H4N). For each complex, their adiabatic and vertical ionization energies (IEs) could be determined with a 0.03 eV precision. Experiment and theory show an excellent agreement, either for the IE determination or electronic effect analysis. The ability to interpret the spectra is shown to depend on the character of the ligand. "Innocent" ligands provide the spectra that are the most straightforward to analyze, whereas the "non-innocent" ligands (which are ionized prior to the metal center) render the analysis more difficult due to an increased number of molecular orbitals in the energy range considered. A very good linear correlation is finally found between the measured adiabatic ionization energies and the interaction energy term obtained by EDA for each of these two types of ligands, which opens interesting perspective for the prediction of ligand characters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héloïse Dossmann
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM, Paris 75005, France
| | - David Gatineau
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM, Paris 75005, France
| | - Hervé Clavier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Antony Memboeuf
- Univ Bretagne Occidentale and CNRS, CEMCA (UMR 6521), Brest 29238, France
| | - Denis Lesage
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM, Paris 75005, France
| | - Yves Gimbert
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM, Paris 75005, France
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33
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Kégl TR, Carrilho RM, Kégl T. Theoretical insights into the electronic structure of nickel(0)-diphosphine-carbon dioxide complexes. J Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2020.121462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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34
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Junor GP, Lorkowski J, Weinstein CM, Jazzar R, Pietraszuk C, Bertrand G. The Influence of C(sp
3
)H–Selenium Interactions on the
77
Se NMR Quantification of the π‐Accepting Properties of Carbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:22028-22033. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Glen P. Junor
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Jan Lorkowski
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
- Faculty of Chemistry Department of Organometallic Chemistry Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań ul, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8 61-614 Poznań Poland
| | - Cory M. Weinstein
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Rodolphe Jazzar
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Cezary Pietraszuk
- Faculty of Chemistry Department of Organometallic Chemistry Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań ul, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8 61-614 Poznań Poland
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
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35
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Junor GP, Lorkowski J, Weinstein CM, Jazzar R, Pietraszuk C, Bertrand G. The Influence of C(sp
3
)H–Selenium Interactions on the
77
Se NMR Quantification of the π‐Accepting Properties of Carbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glen P. Junor
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Jan Lorkowski
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
- Faculty of Chemistry Department of Organometallic Chemistry Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań ul, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8 61-614 Poznań Poland
| | - Cory M. Weinstein
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Rodolphe Jazzar
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Cezary Pietraszuk
- Faculty of Chemistry Department of Organometallic Chemistry Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań ul, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8 61-614 Poznań Poland
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
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36
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A SF 5 Derivative of Triphenylphosphine as an Electron-Poor Ligand Precursor for Rh and Ir Complexes. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173977. [PMID: 32882799 PMCID: PMC7504798 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of the triarylphosphine, P(p-C6H4SF5)3 containing a SF5 group, has been achieved. The experimental and theoretical studies showed that P(p-C6H4SF5)3 is a weaker σ-donor when compared with other substituted triarylphosphines, which is consistent with the electron-withdrawing effect of the SF5 moiety. The studies also revealed a moderate air stability of the phosphine. The σ-donor capabilities of P(p-C6H4SF5)3 were estimated from the phosphorus-selenium coupling constant in SeP(p-C6H4SF5)3 and by DFT calculations. The behavior of P(p-C6H4SF5)3 as ligand has been investigated by the synthesis of the iridium and rhodium complexes [MCl(COD){P(p-C6H4SF5)3}], [MCl(CO)2{P(p-C6H4SF5)3}2] (M = Ir, Rh), or [Rh(µ-Cl)(COE){P(p-C6H4SF5)3}]2, and the molecular structures of [IrCl(COD){P(p-C6H4SF5)3}] and [Rh(µ-Cl)(COE){P(p-C6H4SF5)3}]2 were determined by single X-ray diffraction. The structures revealed a slightly larger cone angle for P(p-C6H4SF5)3 when compared to other para-substituted triarylphosphines.
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37
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Liu M, Jin X, Zhang G, Xia Q, Lai L, Wang J, Zhang W, Sun Y, Ding J, Yan H, Yang C. Bimetallic AuPt/TiO2 Catalysts for Direct Oxidation of Glucose and Gluconic Acid to Tartaric Acid in the Presence of Molecular O2. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, No. 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266580, China
| | - Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, No. 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266580, China
| | - Guangyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, No. 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266580, China
| | - Qi Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, No. 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266580, China
| | - Linyi Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, No. 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266580, China
| | - Jinyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, No. 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266580, China
| | - Wenxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, No. 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266580, China
| | - Yu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, No. 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266580, China
| | - Jie Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, No. 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266580, China
| | - Hao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, No. 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266580, China
| | - Chaohe Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, No. 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266580, China
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Shanahan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nathaniel K. Szymczak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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39
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Remya GS, Suresh CH. Substituent Effect Parameters: Extending the Applications to Organometallic Chemistry. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:1028-1035. [PMID: 32181564 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Typically, metal complexes are constituted of an acceptor metal ion and one or more Iigands containing the donor atoms. Accordingly, the properties of a metal complex are equally dependent on the nature of the metal ion and the ligands. Minute structural variations in the ligand will may result in linear changes in the respective energetic parameters and such linear relationships have paramount importance in organometallic chemistry. The variation in ligands is virtually limitless and substantial because of the extent of organic chemistry available for the modelling of desirable ligands, apart from the variation in metal ions. Anyhow, there is still a need for new parameters for the design and quantification of new ligands which in turn leads to the synthesis of metal complexes with possibly predictable chemical properties. Previous studies have demonstrated that quantum chemically derived molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) parameters can be listed as one of the superior quantifiers in this regard, which can act as an effective ligand electronic parameter. The interaction between the ligand part and metal-containing part will be crucial in assessing the reactivity of organometallic complexes. Here we are applying MESP based substituent constants derived from substituted benzenes to forecast the interaction energies in (pyr* )W(CO)5 , (NHC* )Mo(CO)5 and (η6 -arene* )Cr(CO)3 complexes. Ligands and metal ions are varied in each case for better understanding and transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha S Remya
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR - National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695 019, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Cherumuttathu H Suresh
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR - National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695 019, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
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40
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Kraka E, Zou W, Tao Y. Decoding chemical information from vibrational spectroscopy data: Local vibrational mode theory. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elfi Kraka
- Department of Chemistry Southern Methodist University Dallas Texas USA
| | - Wenli Zou
- Institute of Modern Physics Northwest University and Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Theoretical Physics Frontiers, Xi'an Shaanxi PR China
| | - Yunwen Tao
- Department of Chemistry Southern Methodist University Dallas Texas USA
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41
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Hanf S, Colebatch AL, Stehr P, García-Rodríguez R, Hey-Hawkins E, Wright DS. An experimental and theoretical study of the coordination and donor properties of tris-2-pyridyl-phosphine ligands. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:5312-5322. [PMID: 32242884 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt00609b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The coordination characteristics and donor/acceptor properties of a series of 2-pyridyl substituted phosphine ligands have been investigated using structural, spectroscopic and DFT calculational studies. A range of different coordination modes are observed in Mo and W carbonyl complexes of tris-2-pyridyl-phosphine ligands of the type P(2-py') (2-py' = substituted or unsubstituted 2-pyridyl group), including an unprecedented example exhibiting N,N',μ2-π coordination. DFT calculations were used to assess the relative donor/acceptor properties of a range of related 2-pyridyl-phosphine ligands with respect to PPh3 and PtBu3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schirin Hanf
- Chemistry Department, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK. and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Annie L Colebatch
- Chemistry Department, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK. and Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Philipp Stehr
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Raúl García-Rodríguez
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Miguel, Delibes, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Evamarie Hey-Hawkins
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Dominic S Wright
- Chemistry Department, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK.
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42
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Zahrt AF, Athavale SV, Denmark SE. Quantitative Structure-Selectivity Relationships in Enantioselective Catalysis: Past, Present, and Future. Chem Rev 2020; 120:1620-1689. [PMID: 31886649 PMCID: PMC7018559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The dawn of the 21st century has brought with it a surge of research related to computer-guided approaches to catalyst design. In the past two decades, chemoinformatics, the application of informatics to solve problems in chemistry, has increasingly influenced prediction of activity and mechanistic investigations of organic reactions. The advent of advanced statistical and machine learning methods, as well as dramatic increases in computational speed and memory, has contributed to this emerging field of study. This review summarizes strategies to employ quantitative structure-selectivity relationships (QSSR) in asymmetric catalytic reactions. The coverage is structured by initially introducing the basic features of these methods. Subsequent topics are discussed according to increasing complexity of molecular representations. As the most applied subfield of QSSR in enantioselective catalysis, the application of local parametrization approaches and linear free energy relationships (LFERs) along with multivariate modeling techniques is described first. This section is followed by a description of global parametrization methods, the first of which is continuous chirality measures (CCM) because it is a single parameter derived from the global structure of a molecule. Chirality codes, global, multivariate descriptors, are then introduced followed by molecular interaction fields (MIFs), a global descriptor class that typically has the highest dimensionality. To highlight the current reach of QSSR in enantioselective transformations, a comprehensive collection of examples is presented. When combined with traditional experimental approaches, chemoinformatics holds great promise to predict new catalyst structures, rationalize mechanistic behavior, and profoundly change the way chemists discover and optimize reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F. Zahrt
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Soumitra V. Athavale
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Scott E. Denmark
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
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43
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Li P, Shen C, Min J, Mei JY, Zheng H, He L, Tian X. Computational investigation of the ligand effect on the chemo/regioselectivity and reactivity of cobalt-catalysed hydroformylation. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy02562f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ligand effect on the chemo/regioselectivity and reactivity of cobalt-catalysed hydroformylation has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Li
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- P. R. China
| | - Chaoren Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation
- Suzhou Research Institute of LICP
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Jie Min
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- P. R. China
| | - Jing-Yuan Mei
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- P. R. China
| | - Huan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation
- Suzhou Research Institute of LICP
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Lin He
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation
- Suzhou Research Institute of LICP
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Xinxin Tian
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- P. R. China
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44
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Kraka E, Freindorf M. Characterizing the Metal–Ligand Bond Strength via Vibrational Spectroscopy: The Metal–Ligand Electronic Parameter (MLEP). TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2020_48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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45
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Fey N, Koumi A, Malkov AV, Moseley JD, Nguyen BN, Tyler SNG, Willans CE. Mapping the properties of bidentate ligands with calculated descriptors (LKB-bid). Dalton Trans 2020; 49:8169-8178. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01694b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ligand space for bidentates has been mapped, computationally, varying donors, substituents and backbones, to give a new database, LKB-bid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Fey
- School of Chemistry
- University of Bristol
- Bristol BS8 1TS
- UK
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46
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Romeo LJ, Kaur A, Wilson DJD, Martin CD, Dutton JL. Evaluation of the σ-Donating and π-Accepting Properties of N-Heterocyclic Boryl Anions. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:16500-16509. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo J. Romeo
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Aishvaryadeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - David J. D. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Caleb D. Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Jason L. Dutton
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
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47
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Tsipis AC. Trans-philicity (trans-influence/trans-effect) ladders for square planar platinum(II) complexes constructed by 35 Cl NMR probe. J Comput Chem 2019; 40:2550-2562. [PMID: 31301188 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The unified term of trans-philicity is proposed to cover the trans-effect/trans-influence concepts. NMR trans-philicity ladders are built for a broad series of square planar trans-Pt(NH3 )2 (Cl)L and trans-Pt(CO)2 (Cl)L complexes employing 35 Cl NMR probe and quantified by calculation of NMR trans-philicity indicators. The trans-philicity is linearly correlated with the ligand electronic PL constant, a measure of the net donor power of the ligand. The nature of cis-ligands does not affect trans-philicity ladders but strongly affects trans-philicity strength. Solvent has significant effect on the σcalcd 35 Cl shielding constants, with the polar Dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent inducing downfield shifts relative to σcalcd 35 Cl with nonpolar benzene solvent. Good correlations between σcalcd 35 Cl shielding constants and the estimated R(Pt-Cl) bond distances demonstrate the relation of trans-philicity with trans-influence and trans-effect phenomena and put the grounds for the establishment of the new concept of trans-philicity in the realm of square planar Pt(II) and other transition metal complexes. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanassios C Tsipis
- Laboratory of Inorganic and General Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
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48
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Maser L, Schneider C, Vondung L, Alig L, Langer R. Quantifying the Donor Strength of Ligand-Stabilized Main Group Fragments. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:7596-7604. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leon Maser
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Vondung
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Alig
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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49
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Zahrt AF, Denmark SE. Evaluating continuous chirality measure as a 3D descriptor in chemoinformatics applied to asymmetric catalysis. Tetrahedron Lett 2019; 75:1841-1851. [PMID: 31983782 PMCID: PMC6980240 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Continuous Chirality Measure (CCM) is a computational metric by which to quantify the chirality of a compound. In enantioselective catalysis, prior work has postulated that CCM is correlated to selectivity and can be used to understand which structural features dictate catalyst efficacy. Herein, the investigation of CCM as a metric capable of guiding catalyst optimization is explored. Conformer-dependent CCM is also explored. Finally, CCM is used with Sterimol parameters to significantly improve the performance of Random Forest models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott E. Denmark
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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50
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Abstract
Ligands, especially phosphines and carbenes, can play a key role in modifying and controlling homogeneous organometallic catalysts, and they often provide a convenient approach to fine-tuning the performance of known catalysts. The measurable outcomes of such catalyst modifications (yields, rates, selectivity) can be set into context by establishing their relationship to steric and electronic descriptors of ligand properties, and such models can guide the discovery, optimization, and design of catalysts. In this review we present a survey of calculated ligand descriptors, with a particular focus on homogeneous organometallic catalysis. A range of different approaches to calculating steric and electronic parameters are set out and compared, and we have collected descriptors for a range of representative ligand sets, including 30 monodentate phosphorus(III) donor ligands, 23 bidentate P,P-donor ligands, and 30 carbenes, with a view to providing a useful resource for analysis to practitioners. In addition, several case studies of applications of such descriptors, covering both maps and models, have been reviewed, illustrating how descriptor-led studies of catalysis can inform experiments and highlighting good practice for model comparison and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Durand
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , U.K
| | - Natalie Fey
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , U.K
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