1
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Robinette FN, Valentine NP, Sehler KM, Medeck AM, Reynolds KE, Lane SN, Price AN, Cavanaugh IG, Shell SM, Ashford DL. Modulating Excited State Properties and Ligand Ejection Kinetics in Ruthenium Polypyridyl Complexes Designed to Mimic Photochemotherapeutics. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:8426-8439. [PMID: 38662617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes have gained significant interest as photochemotherapeutics (PCTs) due to their synthetic viability, strong light absorption, well understood excited state properties, and high phototoxicity indexes. Herein, we report the synthesis, characterization, electrochemical, spectrochemical, and preliminary cytotoxicity analyses of three series of ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes designed to mimic PCTs. The three series have the general structure of [Ru(bpy)2(N-N)]2+ (Series 1), [Ru(bpy)(dmb)(N-N)]2+ (Series 2), and [Ru(dmb)2(N-N)]2+ (Series 3, where N-N is a bidentate polypyridyl ligand, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, and dmb = 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine). In the three series, the N-N ligand was systematically modified to incorporate increased conjugation and/or electronegative heteroatoms to increase dπ-π* backbonding, red-shifting the lowest energy metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) absorptions from λmax = 454 to λmax = 580 nm, nearing the therapeutic window for PCTs (600-1100 nm). In addition, steric bulk was systematically introduced through the series, distorting the Ru(II) octahedra, making the dissociative 3dd* state thermally accessible at room and body temperatures. This resulted in a 4 orders of magnitude increase in photoinduced ligand ejection kinetics, and demonstrates the ability to modulate both the MLCT* and dd* manifolds in the complexes, which is critical in PCT drug design. Preliminary cell viability assays suggest that the increased steric bulk to lower the 3dd* states may interfere with the cytotoxicity mechanism, limiting photoinitiated toxicity of the complexes. This work demonstrates the importance of understanding both the MLCT* and dd* manifolds and how they impact the ability of a complex to act as a PCT agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith N Robinette
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Nathaniel P Valentine
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Konrad M Sehler
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Andrew M Medeck
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Keylon E Reynolds
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Skylar N Lane
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Averie N Price
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Ireland G Cavanaugh
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Steven M Shell
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Virginia College at Wise, Wise, Virginia 24293, United States
| | - Dennis L Ashford
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
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2
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Combination of light and Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes: Recent advances in the development of new anticancer drugs. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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3
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Steinke SJ, Gupta S, Piechota EJ, Moore CE, Kodanko JJ, Turro C. Photocytotoxicity and photoinduced phosphine ligand exchange in a Ru(ii) polypyridyl complex. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1933-1945. [PMID: 35308843 PMCID: PMC8848995 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05647f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new tris-heteroleptic Ru(ii) complexes with triphenylphosphine (PPh3) coordination, cis-[Ru(phen)2(PPh3)(CH3CN)]2+ (1a, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) and cis-[Ru(biq)(phen)(PPh3)(CH3CN)]2+ (2a, biq = 2,2′-biquinoline), were synthesized and characterized for photochemotherapeutic applications. Upon absorption of visible light, 1a exchanges a CH3CN ligand for a solvent water molecule. Surprisingly, the steady-state irradiation of 2a followed by electronic absorption and NMR spectroscopies reveals the photosubstitution of the PPh3 ligand. Phosphine photoinduced ligand exchange with visible light from a Ru(ii) polypyridyl complex has not previously been reported, and calculations reveal that it results from a trans-type influence in the excited state. Complexes 1a and 2a are not toxic against the triple negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 in the dark, but upon irradiation with blue light, the activity of both complexes increases by factors of >4.2 and 5.8, respectively. Experiments with PPh3 alone show that the phototoxicity observed for 2a does not arise from the released phosphine ligand, indicating the role of the photochemically generated ruthenium aqua complex on the biological activity. These complexes represent a new design motif for the selective release of PPh3 and CH3CN for use in photochemotherapy. New Ru(ii) complexes exhibit selective ligand dissociation driven by an excited state trans-type influence. The complexes are not toxic to triple-negative breast cancer cells in the dark, but induce cell death upon irradiation with visible light.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J. Steinke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
| | - Sayak Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48208, United States
| | - Eric J. Piechota
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
| | - Curtis E. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
| | - Jeremy J. Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48208, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
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4
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Giacomazzo GE, Conti L, Guerri A, Pagliai M, Fagorzi C, Sfragano PS, Palchetti I, Pietraperzia G, Mengoni A, Valtancoli B, Giorgi C. Nitroimidazole-Based Ruthenium(II) Complexes: Playing with Structural Parameters to Design Photostable and Light-Responsive Antibacterial Agents. Inorg Chem 2021; 61:6689-6694. [PMID: 34793162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
5-Nitroimidazole (5NIMH), chosen as a molecular model of nitroimidazole derivatives, which represent a broad-spectrum class of antimicrobials, was incorporated into the ruthenium complexes [Ru(tpy)(phen)(5NIM)]PF6 (1) and [Ru(tpy)(dmp)(5NIM)]PF6 (2) (tpy = terpyridine, phen = phenanthroline, dmp = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline). Besides the uncommon metal coordination of 5-nitroimidazole in its imidazolate form (5NIM), the different architectures of the spectator ligands (phen and dmp) were exploited to tune the "mode of action" of the resulting complexes, passing from a photostable compound where the redox properties of 5NIMH are preserved (1) to one suitable for the nitroimidazole phototriggered release (2) and whose antibacterial activity against B. subtilis, chosen as cellular model, is effectively improved upon light exposure. This study may provide a fundamental knowledge on the use of Ru(II)-polypyridyl complexes to incorporate and/or photorelease biologically relevant nitroimidazole derivatives in the design of a novel class of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Elena Giacomazzo
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Luca Conti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Annalisa Guerri
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Pagliai
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Camilla Fagorzi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Patrick Severin Sfragano
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Ilaria Palchetti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Giangaetano Pietraperzia
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.,European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Mengoni
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Barbara Valtancoli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudia Giorgi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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5
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Ross DAW, Mapley JI, Cording AP, Vasdev RAS, McAdam CJ, Gordon KC, Crowley JD. 6,6'-Ditriphenylamine-2,2'-bipyridine: Coordination Chemistry and Electrochemical and Photophysical Properties. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:11852-11865. [PMID: 34311548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 2,2'-bipyridine with bulky triphenylamine substituents in the 6 and 6' positions of the ligand (6,6'-ditriphenylamine-2,2'-bipyridine, 6,6'-diTPAbpy) was generated. Despite the steric bulk, the ligand readily formed bis(homoleptic) complexes with copper(I) and silver(I) ions. Unfortunately, efforts to use the 6,6'-diTPAbpy system to generate heteroleptic [Cu(6,6'-diTPAbpy)(bpy)]+ complexes were unsuccessful with only the [Cu(6,6'-diTPAbpy)2](PF6) complex observed. The 6,6'-diTPAbpy ligand could also be reacted with 6-coordinate metal ions that featured small ancillary ligands, namely, the [Re(CO)3Cl] and [Ru(CO)2Cl2] fragments. While the complexes could be formed in good yields, the steric bulk of the TPA units does alter the coordination geometry. This is most readily seen in the [(6,6'-diTPAbpy)Re(CO)3Cl] complex where the Re(I) ion is forced to sit 23° out of the plane formed by the bpy unit. The electrochemical and photophysical properties of the family of compounds were also examined. 6,6'-diTPAbpy exhibits a strong ILCT absorption band (356 nm, 50 mM-1 cm-1) which displays a small increase in intensity for the homoleptic complexes ([Cu(6,6'-diTPAbpy)2]+; 353 nm, 72 mM-1 cm-1, [Ag(6,6'-diTPAbpy)2]+; 353 nm, 75 mM-1 cm-1), despite containing 2 equiv of the ligand, attributed to an increased dihedral angle between the TPA and bpy moieties. For the 6-coordinate complexes the ILCT band is further decreased in intensity and overlaps with MLCT bands, consistent with a further increased TPA-bpy dihedral angle. Emission from the 1ILCT state is observed at 436 nm (τ = 4.4 ns) for 6,6'-diTPAbpy and does not shift for the Cu, Ag, and Re complexes, although an additional 3MLCT emission is observed for [Re(6,6'-diTPAbpy)(CO)3Cl] (640 nm, τ = 13.8 ns). No emission was observed for [Ru(6,6'-diTPAbpy)(CO)2Cl2]. Transient absorption measurements revealed the population of a 3ILCT state for the Cu and Ag complexes (τ = 80 ns). All assignments were supported by TD-DFT calculations and resonance Raman spectroscopic measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A W Ross
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Joseph I Mapley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Andrew P Cording
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Roan A S Vasdev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - C John McAdam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Keith C Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - James D Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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6
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Chiari L, Carpentier P, Kieffer-Jaquinod S, Gogny A, Perard J, Ravanel S, Cobessi D, Ménage S, Dumas R, Hamelin O. LEAFY protein crystals with a honeycomb structure as a platform for selective preparation of outstanding stable bio-hybrid materials. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:8901-8908. [PMID: 33949561 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr00268f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Well-organized protein assemblies offer many properties that justify their use for the design of innovative bionanomaterials. Herein, crystals of the oligomerization domain of the LEAFY protein from Ginkgo biloba, organized in a honeycomb architecture, were used as a modular platform for the selective grafting of a ruthenium-based complex. The resulting bio-hybrid crystalline material was fully characterized by UV-visible and Raman spectroscopy and by mass spectrometry and LC-MS analysis after selective enzymatic digestion. Interestingly, insertion of complexes within the tubular structure affords an impressive increase in stability of the crystals, eluding the use of stabilizing cross-linking strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Chiari
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-LCBM, UMR5249, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Philippe Carpentier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-LCBM, UMR5249, 38000, Grenoble, France. and ESRF, the European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Alice Gogny
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-LCBM, UMR5249, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Julien Perard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-LCBM, UMR5249, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Stéphane Ravanel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI-LPCV 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - David Cobessi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphane Ménage
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-LCBM, UMR5249, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Renaud Dumas
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI-LPCV 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Hamelin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-LCBM, UMR5249, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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7
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Constable EC, Hartshorn RM, Housecroft CE. 1,1'-Biisoquinolines-Neglected Ligands in the Heterocyclic Diimine Family That Provoke Stereochemical Reflections. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061584. [PMID: 33805632 PMCID: PMC7998815 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
1,1′-Biisoquinolines are a class of bidentate nitrogen donor ligands in the heterocyclic diimine family. This review briefly discusses their properties and the key synthetic pathways available and then concentrates upon their coordination behaviour. The ligands are of interest as they exhibit the phenomenon of atropisomerism (hindered rotation about the C1–C1′ bond). A notation for depicting the stereochemistry in coordination compounds containing multiple stereogenic centers is developed. The consequences of the chirality within the ligand on the coordination behaviour is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin C. Constable
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-61-207-1001
| | - Richard M. Hartshorn
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, CT1 1PL Christchurch, New Zealand;
| | - Catherine E. Housecroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland;
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8
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Campirán-Martínez A, Jancik V, Martínez-Otero D, Hernández-Balderas U, Zavala-Segovia N, Moya-Cabrera M. Linkage Isomerism in Dinuclear Al and Ga Organometallic Complexes: Structural and Reactivity Consequences. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azucena Campirán-Martínez
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Quı́mica, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Quı́mica Sustentable, UAEM-UNAM, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5, Toluca, Estado de México 50200, México
| | - Vojtech Jancik
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Quı́mica, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Quı́mica Sustentable, UAEM-UNAM, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5, Toluca, Estado de México 50200, México
| | - Diego Martínez-Otero
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Quı́mica, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Quı́mica Sustentable, UAEM-UNAM, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5, Toluca, Estado de México 50200, México
| | - Uvaldo Hernández-Balderas
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Quı́mica, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Quı́mica Sustentable, UAEM-UNAM, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5, Toluca, Estado de México 50200, México
| | - Nieves Zavala-Segovia
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Quı́mica, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Quı́mica Sustentable, UAEM-UNAM, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5, Toluca, Estado de México 50200, México
| | - Mónica Moya-Cabrera
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Quı́mica, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Quı́mica Sustentable, UAEM-UNAM, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5, Toluca, Estado de México 50200, México
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9
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Meijer M, Talens VS, Hilbers M, Kieltyka RE, Brouwer AM, Natile MM, Bonnet S. NIR-Light-Driven Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species Using Ru(II)-Decorated Lipid-Encapsulated Upconverting Nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:12079-12090. [PMID: 31389710 PMCID: PMC6753655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The biological application of ruthenium anticancer prodrugs for photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) is restricted by the need to use poorly penetrating high-energy photons for their activation, i.e., typically blue or green light. Upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs), which produce high-energy light under near-infrared (NIR) excitation, may solve this issue, provided that the coupling between the UCNP surface and the Ru prodrug is optimized to produce stable nanoconjugates with efficient energy transfer from the UCNP to the ruthenium complex. Herein, we report on the synthesis and photochemistry of the two structurally related ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes [Ru(bpy)2(5)](PF6)2 ([1](PF6)2) and [Ru(bpy)2(6)](PF6)2 ([2](PF6)2), where bpy = 2,2-bipyridine, 5 is 5,6-bis(dodecyloxy)-2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, and 6 is 5,6-bis(dodecyloxy)-1,10-phenanthroline. [1](PF6)2 is photolabile as a result of the steric strain induced by ligand 5, but the irradiation of [1](PF6)2 in solution leads to the nonselective and slow photosubstitution of one of its three ligands, making it a poor PACT compound. On the other hand, [2](PF6)2 is an efficient and photostable PDT photosensitizer. The water-dispersible, negatively charged nanoconjugate UCNP@lipid/[2] was prepared by the encapsulation of 44 nm diameter NaYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+ UCNPs in a mixture of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine phospholipids, cholesterol, and the amphiphilic complex [2](PF6)2. A nonradiative energy transfer efficiency of 12% between the Tm3+ ions in the UCNP and the Ru2+ acceptor [2]2+ was found using time-resolved emission spectroscopy. Under irradiation with NIR light (969 nm), UCNP@lipid/[2] was found to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), as judged by the oxidation of the nonspecific ROS probe 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH2-). Determination of the type of ROS produced was precluded by the negative surface charge of the nanoconjugate, which resulted in the electrostatic repulsion of the more specific but also negatively charged 1O2 probe tetrasodium 9,10-anthracenediyl-bis(methylene)dimalonate (Na4(ADMBMA)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
S. Meijer
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Victorio Saez Talens
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel
F. Hilbers
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roxanne E. Kieltyka
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Albert M. Brouwer
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marta M. Natile
- Institute
of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy (ICMATE),
National Research Council (CNR), c/o Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
- E-mail: (M.M.N.)
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- E-mail: (S.B.)
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10
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Cuello-Garibo JA, Meijer MS, Bonnet S. To cage or to be caged? The cytotoxic species in ruthenium-based photoactivated chemotherapy is not always the metal. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:6768-6771. [PMID: 28597879 PMCID: PMC5708332 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc03469e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In metal-based photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT), two photoproducts are generated by light-triggered photosubstitution of a metal-bound ligand: the free ligand itself and an aquated metal complex. By analogy with cisplatin, the aquated metal complex is usually presented as the biologically active species, as it can typically bind to DNA. In this work, we show that this qualitative assumption is not necessarily valid by comparing the biological activity, log P, and cellular uptake of three ruthenium-based PACT complexes: [Ru(bpy)2(dmbpy)]2+, [Ru(bpy)2(mtmp)]2+, and [Ru(Ph2phen)2(mtmp)]2+. For the first complex, the photoreleased dmbpy ligand is responsible for the observed phototoxicity, whereas the second complex is not phototoxic, and for the third complex it is the ruthenium bis-aqua photoproduct that is the sole cytotoxic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi-Amat Cuello-Garibo
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, University of Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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11
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Li A, Turro C, Kodanko JJ. Ru(ii) polypyridyl complexes as photocages for bioactive compounds containing nitriles and aromatic heterocycles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:1280-1290. [PMID: 29323683 PMCID: PMC5904840 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc09000e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Photocaging allows for precise spatiotemporal control over the release of biologically active compounds with light. Most photocaged molecules employ organic photolabile protecting groups; however, biologically active compounds often contain functionalities such as nitriles and aromatic heterocycles that cannot be caged with organic groups. Despite their prevalence, only a few studies have reported successful caging of nitriles and aromatic heterocycles. Recently, Ru(ii)-based photocaging has emerged as a powerful method for the release of bioactive molecules containing these functional groups, in many cases providing high levels of spatial and temporal control over biological activity. This Feature Article discusses recent developments in applying Ru(ii)-based photocaging towards biological problems. Our groups designed and synthesized Ru(ii)-based platforms for the photoinduced delivery of cysteine protease and cytochrome P450 inhibitors in order to achieve selective control over enzyme inhibition. We also reported Ru(ii) photocaging groups derived from higher-denticity ancillary ligands that possess photophysical and photochemical properties distinct from more traditional Ru(ii)-based caging groups. In addition, for the first time, we are able to rapidly synthesize and screen Ru(ii) polypyridyl complexes that elicit desired properties by solid-phase synthesis. Finally, our work also defined steric and orbital mixing effects that are important factors in controlling photoinduced ligand exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
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12
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Battistin F, Balducci G, Wei J, Renfrew AK, Alessio E. Photolabile Ru Model Complexes with Chelating Diimine Ligands for Light‐Triggered Drug Release. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201701392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Battistin
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Trieste Via L. Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Gabriele Balducci
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Trieste Via L. Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Jianhua Wei
- School of Chemistry University of Sydney 2006 Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Anna K. Renfrew
- School of Chemistry University of Sydney 2006 Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Enzo Alessio
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Trieste Via L. Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
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13
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Magero D, Casida ME, Amolo G, Makau N, Kituyi L. Partial density of states ligand field theory (PDOS-LFT): Recovering a LFT-like picture and application to photoproperties of ruthenium(II) polypyridine complexes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Kohler L, Nease L, Vo P, Garofolo J, Heidary DK, Thummel RP, Glazer EC. Photochemical and Photobiological Activity of Ru(II) Homoleptic and Heteroleptic Complexes Containing Methylated Bipyridyl-type Ligands. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:12214-12223. [PMID: 28949518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Light-activated compounds are powerful tools and potential agents for medical applications, as biological effects can be controlled in space and time. Ruthenium polypyridyl complexes can induce cytotoxic effects through multiple mechanisms, including acting as photosensitizers for singlet oxygen (1O2) production, generating other reactive oxygen species (ROS), releasing biologically active ligands, and creating reactive intermediates that form covalent bonds to biological molecules. A structure-activity relationship (SAR) study was performed on a series of Ru(II) complexes containing isomeric tetramethyl-substituted bipyridyl-type ligands. Three of the ligand systems studied contained strain-inducing methyl groups and created photolabile metal complexes, which can form covalent bonds to biomolecules upon light activation, while the fourth was unstrained and resulted in photostable complexes, which can generate 1O2. The compounds studied included both bis-heteroleptic complexes containing two bipyridine ligands and a third, substituted ligand and tris-homoleptic complexes containing only the substituted ligand. The photophysics, electrochemistry, photochemistry, and photobiology were assessed. Strained heteroleptic complexes were found to be more photoactive and cytotoxic then tris-homoleptic complexes, and bipyridine ligands were superior to bipyrimidine. However, the homoleptic complexes exhibited an enhanced ability to inhibit protein production in live cells. Specific methylation patterns were associated with improved activation with red light, and photolabile complexes were generally more potent cytotoxic agents than the photostable 1O2-generating compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Kohler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston , 112 Fleming Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Leona Nease
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Pascal Vo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston , 112 Fleming Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Jenna Garofolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - David K Heidary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston , 112 Fleming Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Randolph P Thummel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston , 112 Fleming Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Edith C Glazer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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15
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Glazer EC. Panchromatic Osmium Complexes for Photodynamic Therapy: Solutions to Existing Problems and New Questions. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:1326-1328. [PMID: 28543667 DOI: 10.1111/php.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This article is a highlight of the paper by Lazic et al. in this issue of Photochemistry and Photobiology, https://doi.org/10.1111/php.12767. It describes the validation of osmium coordination complexes as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy, with very promising in vivo results that demonstrate radical improvements in survival following irradiation with visible (635 nm) or near-IR (NIR; 808 nm) light. An unusual feature in the study is that the different complexes exhibit disparate photophysical and photobiological characteristics, despite sharing common structural motifs. These findings raise hopes for the development of novel photosensitizers that overcome the limitations of current commercially available systems for PDT, but also raise questions regarding the most efficacious biological mechanisms of action for this treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith C Glazer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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16
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Dixon IM, Heully JL, Alary F, Elliott PIP. Theoretical illumination of highly original photoreactive3MC states and the mechanism of the photochemistry of Ru(ii) tris(bidentate) complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:27765-27778. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05532c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Elucidation of the photoreactive mechanism of ruthenium(ii) complexes is reported along with identification of crucial and highly original metal-centred states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle M. Dixon
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques
- UMR 5626 CNRS/Université Toulouse 3 – Paul Sabatier
- Université de Toulouse
- Toulouse
- France
| | - Jean-Louis Heully
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques
- UMR 5626 CNRS/Université Toulouse 3 – Paul Sabatier
- Université de Toulouse
- Toulouse
- France
| | - Fabienne Alary
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques
- UMR 5626 CNRS/Université Toulouse 3 – Paul Sabatier
- Université de Toulouse
- Toulouse
- France
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17
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Scattergood PA, Ross DAW, Rice CR, Elliott PIP. Labilizing the Photoinert: Extraordinarily Facile Photochemical Ligand Ejection in an [Os(N^N) 3
] 2+
Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201604959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel A. W. Ross
- Department of Chemistry; University of Huddersfield; Huddersfield UK
| | - Craig R. Rice
- Department of Chemistry; University of Huddersfield; Huddersfield UK
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18
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Scattergood PA, Ross DAW, Rice CR, Elliott PIP. Labilizing the Photoinert: Extraordinarily Facile Photochemical Ligand Ejection in an [Os(N^N)3 ](2+) Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:10697-701. [PMID: 27485699 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Whilst [Os(N^N)3 ](2+) complexes are supposed to be photochemically inert to ligand loss, the complex [Os(btz)3 ](2+) (btz=1,1'-dibenzyl-4,4'-bi-1,2,3-triazolyl) undergoes unprecedented photolytic reactivity to liberate free btz (Φ363 ≈1.2 %). Further, both cis and trans isomers of the photodechelated ligand-loss solvento intermediate [Os(κ(2) -btz)2 (κ(1) -btz)(NCMe)](2+) are unambiguously observed and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel A W Ross
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Craig R Rice
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Paul I P Elliott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK.
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19
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Scattergood PA, Khushnood U, Tariq A, Cooke DJ, Rice CR, Elliott PIP. Photochemistry of [Ru(pytz)(btz)2]2+ and Characterization of a κ1-btz Ligand-Loss Intermediate. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:7787-96. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Scattergood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Usman Khushnood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Amina Tariq
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Cooke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Craig R. Rice
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Paul I. P. Elliott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
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20
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Strained ruthenium metal–organic dyads as photocisplatin agents with dual action. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 158:45-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Knoll JD, Albani BA, Turro C. Excited state investigation of a new Ru(II) complex for dual reactivity with low energy light. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:8777-80. [PMID: 25912170 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01865j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The new complex [Ru(tpy)(Me2dppn)(py)](2+) efficiently photodissociates py in CH3CN with Φ500 = 0.053(1) induced by steric bulk from methyl substituents and produces (1)O2 with ΦΔ = 0.69(9) from its long-lived (3)ππ* excited state. The unique excited state processes that result in dual reactivity were investigated using ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Knoll
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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22
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Loftus LM, White JK, Albani BA, Kohler L, Kodanko JJ, Thummel RP, Dunbar KR, Turro C. New Ru(II) Complex for Dual Activity: Photoinduced Ligand Release and (1)O2 Production. Chemistry 2016; 22:3704-8. [PMID: 26715085 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The new complex [Ru(pydppn)(biq)(py)](2+) (1) undergoes both py photodissociation in CH3CN with Φ500 =0.0070(4) and (1)O2 production with ΦΔ =0.75(7) in CH3 OH from a long-lived (3) ππ* state centered on the pydppn ligand (pydppn=3-(pyrid-2-yl)benzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine; biq = 2,2'-biquinoline; py=pyridine). This represents an order of magnitude decrease in the Φ500 compared to the previously reported model compound [Ru(tpy)(biq)(py)](2+) (3) (tpy=2,2':6',2''-terpyridine) that undergoes only ligand exchange. The effect on the quantum yields by the addition of a second deactivation pathway through the low-lying (3) ππ* state necessary for dual reactivity was investigated using ultrafast and nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, revealing a significantly shorter (3) MLCT lifetime in 1 relative to that of the model complex 3. Due to the structural similarities between the two compounds, the lower values of Φ500 and ΦΔ compared to that of [Ru(pydppn)(bpy)(py)](2+) (2) (bpy=2,2'-bipyridine) are attributed to a competitive excited state population between the (3) LF states involved in ligand dissociation and the long-lived (3) ππ* state in 1. Complex 1 represents a model compound for dual activity that may be applied to photochemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Loftus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Jessica K White
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Bryan A Albani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Lars Kohler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204, USA
| | - Jeremy J Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48202, USA
| | - Randolph P Thummel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204, USA
| | - Kim R Dunbar
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77845, USA.
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA.
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23
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Knoll JD, Albani BA, Turro C. New Ru(II) complexes for dual photoreactivity: ligand exchange and (1)O2 generation. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:2280-7. [PMID: 26186416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Uncovering the factors that govern the electronic structure of Ru(II)-polypyridyl complexes is critical in designing new compounds for desired photochemical reactions, and strategies to tune excited states for ligand dissociation and (1)O2 production are discussed herein. The generally accepted mechanism for photoinduced ligand dissociation proposes that population of the dissociative triplet ligand field ((3)LF) state proceeds through thermal population from the vibrationally cooled triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer ((3)MLCT) state; however, temperature-dependent emission spectroscopy provides varied activation energies using the emission and ligand exchange quantum yields for [Ru(bpy)2(L)2](2+) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine; L = CH3CN or py). This suggests that population of the (3)LF state proceeds from the vibrationally excited (3)MLCT state. Because the quantum yield of ligand dissociation for nitriles is much more efficient than that for py, steric bulk was introduced into the ligand set to distort the pseudo-octahedral geometry and lower the energy of the (3)LF state. The py dissociation quantum yield with 500 nm irradiation in a series of [Ru(tpy)(NN)(py)](2+) complexes (tpy = 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine; NN = bpy, 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (Me2bpy), 2,2'-biquinoline (biq)) increases by 2-3 orders of magnitude with the sterically bulky Me2bpy and biq ligands relative to bpy. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy reveals population of the (3)LF state within 3-7 ps when NN is bulky, and density functional theory calculations support stabilized (3)LF states. Dual activity via ligand dissociation and (1)O2 production can be achieved by careful selection of the ligand set to tune the excited-state dynamics. Incorporation of an extended π system in Ru(II) complexes such as [Ru(bpy)(dppn)(CH3CN)2](2+) (dppn = benzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine) and [Ru(tpy)(Me2dppn)(py)](2+) (Me2dppn = 3,6-dimethylbenzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine) introduces low-lying, long-lived dppn/Me2dppn (3)ππ* excited states that generate (1)O2. Similar to [Ru(bpy)2(CH3CN)2](2+), photodissociation of CH3CN occurs upon irradiation of [Ru(bpy)(dppn)(CH3CN)2](2+), although with lower efficiency because of the presence of the (3)ππ* state. The steric bulk in [Ru(tpy)(Me2dppn)(py)](2+) is critical in facilitating the photoinduced py dissociation, as the analogous complex [Ru(tpy)(dppn)(py)](2+) produces (1)O2 with near-unit efficiency. The ability to tune the relative energies of the excited states provides a means to design potentially more active drugs for photochemotherapy because the photorelease of drugs can be coupled to the therapeutic action of reactive oxygen species, effecting cell death via two different mechanisms. The lessons learned about tuning of the excited-state properties can be applied to the use of Ru(II)-polypyridyl compounds in a variety of applications, such as solar energy conversion, sensors and switches, and molecular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D. Knoll
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Bryan A. Albani
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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24
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Knoll JD, Albani BA, Durr CB, Turro C. Unusually efficient pyridine photodissociation from Ru(II) complexes with sterically bulky bidentate ancillary ligands. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:10603-10. [PMID: 25027458 PMCID: PMC4234441 DOI: 10.1021/jp5057732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of steric bulk to the bidentate ligand in [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(py)](2+) (1; tpy = 2,2':2',6″-terpyridine; bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine; py = pyridine) to provide [Ru(tpy)(Me2bpy)(py)](2+) (2; Me2bpy = 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine) and [Ru(tpy)(biq)(py)](2+) (3; biq = 2,2'-biquinoline) facilitates photoinduced dissociation of pyridine with visible light. Upon irradiation of 2 and 3 in CH3CN (λirr = 500 nm), ligand exchange occurs to produce the corresponding [Ru(tpy)(NN)(NCCH3)](2+) (NN = Me2bpy, biq) complex with quantum yields, Φ500, of 0.16(1) and 0.033(1) for 2 and 3, respectively. These values represent an increase in efficiency of the reaction by 2-3 orders of magnitude as compared to that of 1, Φ500 < 0.0001, under similar experimental conditions. The photolysis of 2 and 3 in H2O with low energy light to produce [Ru(tpy)(NN)(OH2)](2+) (NN = Me2bpy, biq) also proceeds rapidly (λirr > 590 nm). Complexes 1-3 are stable in the dark in both CH3CN and H2O under similar experimental conditions. X-ray crystal structures and theoretical calculations highlight significant distortion of the planes of the bidentate ligands in 2 and 3 relative to that of 1. The crystallographic dihedral angles defined by the bidentate ligand, Me2bpy in 2 and biq in 3, and the tpy ligand were determined to be 67.87° and 61.89°, respectively, whereas only a small distortion from the octahedral geometry is observed between bpy and tpy in 1, 83.34°. The steric bulk afforded by Me2bpy and biq also result in major distortions of the pyridine ligand in 2 and 3, respectively, relative to 1, which are believed to weaken its σ-bonding and π-back-bonding to the metal and play a crucial role in the efficiency of the photoinduced ligand exchange. The ability of 2 and 3 to undergo ligand exchange with λirr > 590 nm makes them potential candidates to build photochemotherapeutic agents for the delivery of drugs with pyridine binding groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D Knoll
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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25
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Francàs L, González-Gil RM, Poater A, Fontrodona X, García-Antón J, Sala X, Escriche L, Llobet A. Synthesis, Characterization, and Linkage Isomerism in Mononuclear Ruthenium Complexes Containing the New Pyrazolate-Based Ligand Hpbl. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:8025-35. [DOI: 10.1021/ic5009076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laia Francàs
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avingunda Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M. González-Gil
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Poater
- Serveis Tècnics de Recerca, Institut de Química
Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Xavier Fontrodona
- Serveis Tècnics de Recerca, Institut de Química
Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Jordi García-Antón
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Sala
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Escriche
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Llobet
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avingunda Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Wachter E, Howerton BS, Hall EC, Parkin S, Glazer EC. A new type of DNA “light-switch”: a dual photochemical sensor and metalating agent for duplex and G-quadruplex DNA. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:311-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc47269h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Bahreman A, Cuello-Garibo JA, Bonnet S. Yellow-light sensitization of a ligand photosubstitution reaction in a ruthenium polypyridyl complex covalently bound to a rhodamine dye. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:4494-505. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52643g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A rhodamine dye was covalently attached to a ruthenium complex to enhance the rate of ligand photosubstitution under yellow light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Bahreman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry
- Gorlaeus Laboratories
- Leiden University
- Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry
- Gorlaeus Laboratories
- Leiden University
- Leiden, The Netherlands
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28
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Unjaroen D, Kasper JB, Browne WR. Reversible photochromic switching in a Ru(ii) polypyridyl complex. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:16974-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02430c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fully reversible photoswitching of the coordination mode of the ligand MeN4Py (1,1-di(pyridin-2-yl)-N,N′-bis(pyridin-2-yl-methyl)-ethan-1-amine) in its ruthenium(ii) complex with visible light is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duenpen Unjaroen
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johann B. Kasper
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - W. R. Browne
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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29
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Al-Rawashdeh NAF, Chatterjee S, Krause JA, Connick WB. Ruthenium Bis-diimine Complexes with a Chelating Thioether Ligand: Delineating 1,10-Phenanthrolinyl and 2,2′-Bipyridyl Ligand Substituent Effects. Inorg Chem 2013; 53:294-307. [DOI: 10.1021/ic4022454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathir A. F. Al-Rawashdeh
- Department of Applied Chemical Sciences, Jordan University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid-22110, Jordan
| | - Sayandev Chatterjee
- Energy
and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Jeanette A. Krause
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - William B. Connick
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
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Bahreman A, Limburg B, Siegler MA, Bouwman E, Bonnet S. Spontaneous formation in the dark, and visible light-induced cleavage, of a Ru-S bond in water: a thermodynamic and kinetic study. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:9456-69. [PMID: 23909908 DOI: 10.1021/ic401105v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work the thermal and photochemical reactivity of a series of ruthenium complexes [Ru(terpy)(N-N)(L)](X)2 (terpy = 2,2';6',2″-terpyridine, L = 2-(methylthio)ethanol (Hmte) or water, and X is Cl(-) or PF6(-)) with four different bidentate chelates N-N = bpy (2,2'-bipyridine), biq (2,2'-biquinoline), dcbpy (6,6'-dichloro-2,2'-bipyridine), or dmbpy (6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine), is described. For each chelate N-N the thermodynamic constant of the dark equilibrium between the aqua- and Hmte- complexes, the Hmte photosubstitution quantum yield, and the rate constants of the thermal interconversion between the aqua and Hmte complexes were measured at room temperature. By changing the steric hindrance and electronic properties of the spectator N-N ligand along the series bpy, biq, dcbpy, dmbpy the dark reactivity clearly shifts from a nonlabile equilibrium with N-N = bpy to a very labile thermal equilibrium with N-N = dmbpy. According to variable-temperature rate constant measurements in the dark near pH = 7 the activation enthalpies for the thermal substitution of H2O by Hmte are comparable for all ruthenium complexes, whereas the activation entropies are negative for bpy and biq, and positive for dcbpy and dmbpy complexes. These data are indicative of a change in the substitution mechanism, being interchange associative with nonhindered or poorly hindered chelates (bpy, biq), and interchange dissociative for more bulky ligands (dcbpy, dmbpy). For the most labile dmbpy system, the thermal equilibrium is too fast to allow significant modification of the composition of the mixture using light, and for the nonhindered bpy complex the photosubstitution of Hmte by H2O is possible but thermal binding of Hmte to the aqua complex does not occur at room temperature. By contrast, with N-N = biq or dcbpy the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters describing the formation and breakage of the Ru-S bond lie in a range where the bond forms spontaneously in the dark, but is efficiently cleaved under light irradiation. Thus, the ratio between the aqua and Hmte complex in solution can be efficiently controlled at room temperature using visible light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Bahreman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden, 2300 RA, The Netherlands
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31
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Vaquer L, Poater A, De Tovar J, García-Antón J, Solà M, Llobet A, Sala X. Ruthenium complexes with chiral bis-pinene ligands: an array of subtle structural diversity. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:4985-92. [PMID: 23618101 DOI: 10.1021/ic302678b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A new chiral derivative of the N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylamine (bpea) ligand, Me-pinene[5,6]bpea [(-)-L1], has been prepared from a new aldehyde building block [Me-pinene-aldehyde, (-)-4] arising from the monoterpene chiral pool. The tridentate (-)-L1 ligand has been employed to prepare a new set of Ru-Cl complexes in combination with didentate 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) with the general formula [RuCl((-)-L1)(bpy)](+). These complexes have been characterized in solution by cyclic voltammetry, UV-vis, and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Isomeric mixtures of trans,fac-C1a and anti,mer-C1c compounds are formed when (-)-L1 is reacted with a [Ru(bpy)(MeOH)Cl3] precursor. Density functional theory calculations of all of the potential isomers of this reaction have been performed in order to interpret the experimental results in terms of electronic and steric effects and also to unravel the observed isomerization pathway between anti,mer-C1c and trans,fac-C1a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Vaquer
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avenida Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Di Giovanni C, Vaquer L, Sala X, Benet-Buchholz J, Llobet A. New dinuclear ruthenium complexes: structure and oxidative catalysis. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:4335-45. [PMID: 23527765 DOI: 10.1021/ic302481s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of new dinuclear complexes of the general formula {[Ru(II)(trpy)]2(μ-pdz-dc)(μ-(L)}(+) [pdz-dc is the pyridazine-3,6-dicarboxylate dianion; trpy is 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine; L = Cl (1(+)) or OH (2(+))] is described. These complexes are characterized by the usual analytical and spectroscopic techniques and by X-ray diffraction analysis. Their redox properties are characterized by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Complex 2(+) is used as the starting material to prepare the corresponding Ru-aqua complex {[Ru(II)(trpy)(H2O)]2(μ-pdz-dc)}(2+) (3(2+)), whose electrochemistry is also investigated by means of CV and DPV. Complex 3(2+) is able to catalytically and electrocatalytically oxidize water to dioxygen with moderate efficiencies. In sharp contrast, 3(2+) is a superb catalyst for the epoxidation of alkenes. For the particular case of cis-β-methylstyrene, the catalyst is capable of carrying out 1320 turnovers with a turnover frequency of 11.0 cycles min(-1), generating cis-β-methylstyrene oxide stereospecifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Di Giovanni
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
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33
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Wachter E, Heidary DK, Howerton BS, Parkin S, Glazer EC. Light-activated ruthenium complexes photobind DNA and are cytotoxic in the photodynamic therapy window. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 48:9649-51. [PMID: 22908094 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc33359g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of biquinoline ligands into Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes produces light-activated systems that eject a ligand and photobind DNA after irradiation with visible and near-IR light. Structural analysis shows that distortion facilitates the photochemistry, and gel shift and cytotoxicity studies prove the compounds act as anti-cancer photodynamic therapy (PDT) agents in the tissue penetrant region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Wachter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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35
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Predominance of bridging coordination in luminescent 1,1′-biisoquinoline silver(I) derivatives. Inorganica Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2012.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Trivedi M, Nagarajan R, Kumar A, Singh NK, Rath NP. Synthesis, structure, catalytic and calculated non-linear optical properties of cis- and trans-, mer-chlorobis(triphenyl phosphine/triphenyl arsine)-dipicolinato rutheniumIII complexes. J Mol Struct 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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37
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Structures and spectroscopic properties of ruthenium phenanthroline solar-cell sensitizers: A computational study. Chem Phys Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Szabó P, Lendvay G, Horváth A, Kovács M. The effect of the position of methyl substituents on photophysical and photochemical properties of [Ru(x,x′-dmb)(CN)4]2− complexes: experimental confirmation of the theoretical predictions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:16033-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21052a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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39
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Cruz A, Kirgan R, Siam K, Heiland P, Rillema D. Photochemical and photophysical properties of ruthenium(II) bis-bipyridine bis-nitrile complexes: Photolability. Inorganica Chim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2010.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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40
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Share AI, Parimal K, Flood AH. Bilability is defined when one electron is used to switch between concerted and stepwise pathways in Cu(I)-based bistable [2/3]pseudorotaxanes. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:1665-75. [PMID: 20070081 DOI: 10.1021/ja908877d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular switches operate as simple machines by using a stimulus to turn stations off and on, generating thermodynamic differences that define bistability and enable motion. What has not been previously investigated, yet is required to gain further control over molecular movements for complex operations, is an understanding of how the same stimulus can also switch pathways off and on, thus, defining the kinetic property of bilability. To address this challenge, the mechanisms of the forward and return reactions of redox-switchable Cu(I)-based [2/3]pseudorotaxanes have been quantitatively characterized utilizing mechanistic cyclic voltammetry and employing a series of isosteric bis-bidentate ligands. First, the bistability of the switch is retained across the series of ligands: Reduction of the ligand drives the reaction forward where a [2]pseudorotaxane switches into a reduced [3]pseudorotaxane and reoxidation drives the switching cycle back to the beginning. Second, the switch is bilabile with the forward reaction following an association-activated interchange pathway (concerted), whereas the reverse reaction follows a different dissociation-based dethreading pathway (stepwise). The forward reaction is more sensitive to denticity (bidentate tetrazinyl ligand, k(2) = 12,000 M(-1) s(-1), versus the monodentate pyrazinyl ligand, k(2) = 1500 M(-1) s(-1)) than to electronics (k(2) = 12,000 M(-1) s(-1) for methyl and trifluoromethyl substituents). The rate of return with the pyrazinyl ligand is k(1) = 50 s(-1). Consequently, both the mechanism and the thermodynamics of switching are stimuli dependent; they change with the oxidation state of the ligand. These findings have implications for the future design of molecular motors, which can be built from systems displaying allosterically coupled bistability and bilability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew I Share
- Department of Chemistry, University of Indiana, Bloomington, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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41
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Srivastava RS, Fronczek FR, Perkins RS. Synthesis, structure, and electrochemistry ofmer[RuCl3(DMSO–S)(DMSO–O)(py)]. J COORD CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00958970903193981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Radhey S. Srivastava
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Louisiana at Lafayette , Lafayette, LA 70504, USA
| | - Frank R. Fronczek
- b Department of Chemistry , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Richard S. Perkins
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Louisiana at Lafayette , Lafayette, LA 70504, USA
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42
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Boudebous A, Constable EC, Housecroft CE, Neuburger M, Schaffner S, Listorti A, Sabatini C, Barigelletti F. Preparation and photophysical studies of copper(I) and ruthenium(II) complexes of 4,4′-bis(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-6,6′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine. Inorganica Chim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2008.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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43
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Rose MJ, Mascharak PK. Photoactive Ruthenium Nitrosyls: Effects of Light and Potential Application as NO Donors. Coord Chem Rev 2008; 252:2093-2114. [PMID: 21052477 PMCID: PMC2967751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2007.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Rose
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Pradip K. Mascharak
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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44
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Sala X, Poater A, Zelewsky AV, Parella T, Fontrodona X, Romero I, Solà M, Rodríguez M, Llobet A. New Ruthenium(II) Complexes with Enantiomerically Pure Bis- and Tris(pinene)-Fused Tridentate Ligands. Synthesis, Characterization and Stereoisomeric Analysis. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:8016-24. [PMID: 18693683 DOI: 10.1021/ic800252f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Sala
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional, and Serveis Tecnics de Recerca, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain, Modeling Laboratory for Nanostructures and Catalysis (MoLNaC), Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, E-84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Pérolles, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland, Departament de Química and Servei de RMN, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del
| | - Albert Poater
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional, and Serveis Tecnics de Recerca, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain, Modeling Laboratory for Nanostructures and Catalysis (MoLNaC), Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, E-84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Pérolles, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland, Departament de Química and Servei de RMN, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del
| | - Alexander von Zelewsky
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional, and Serveis Tecnics de Recerca, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain, Modeling Laboratory for Nanostructures and Catalysis (MoLNaC), Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, E-84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Pérolles, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland, Departament de Química and Servei de RMN, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del
| | - Teodor Parella
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional, and Serveis Tecnics de Recerca, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain, Modeling Laboratory for Nanostructures and Catalysis (MoLNaC), Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, E-84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Pérolles, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland, Departament de Química and Servei de RMN, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del
| | - Xavier Fontrodona
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional, and Serveis Tecnics de Recerca, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain, Modeling Laboratory for Nanostructures and Catalysis (MoLNaC), Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, E-84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Pérolles, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland, Departament de Química and Servei de RMN, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del
| | - Isabel Romero
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional, and Serveis Tecnics de Recerca, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain, Modeling Laboratory for Nanostructures and Catalysis (MoLNaC), Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, E-84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Pérolles, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland, Departament de Química and Servei de RMN, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del
| | - Miquel Solà
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional, and Serveis Tecnics de Recerca, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain, Modeling Laboratory for Nanostructures and Catalysis (MoLNaC), Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, E-84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Pérolles, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland, Departament de Química and Servei de RMN, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del
| | - Montserrat Rodríguez
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional, and Serveis Tecnics de Recerca, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain, Modeling Laboratory for Nanostructures and Catalysis (MoLNaC), Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, E-84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Pérolles, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland, Departament de Química and Servei de RMN, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del
| | - Antoni Llobet
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional, and Serveis Tecnics de Recerca, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain, Modeling Laboratory for Nanostructures and Catalysis (MoLNaC), Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, E-84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Pérolles, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland, Departament de Química and Servei de RMN, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del
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45
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Bonnet S, Collin JP. Ruthenium-based light-driven molecular machine prototypes: synthesis and properties. Chem Soc Rev 2008; 37:1207-17. [DOI: 10.1039/b713678c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Sala X, Santana N, Serrano I, Plantalech E, Romero I, Rodríguez M, Llobet A, Jansat S, Gómez M, Fontrodona X. The Spectroscopic, Electrochemical and Structural Characterization of a Family of Ru Complexes Containing theC2-Symmetric Didentate Chiral 1,3-Oxazoline Ligand and Their Catalytic Activity. Eur J Inorg Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200700368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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47
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Balzani V, Credi A, Venturi M. Processing Energy and Signals by Molecular and Supramolecular Systems. Chemistry 2007; 14:26-39. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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48
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Glazer EC, Magde D, Tor Y. Ruthenium complexes that break the rules: structural features controlling dual emission. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:8544-51. [PMID: 17571887 PMCID: PMC2518632 DOI: 10.1021/ja071124f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A family of heteroleptic RuII coordination complexes containing substituted 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) ligands with extended conjugation was found to exhibit two simultaneously emissive excited states at room temperature in fluid solution. These systems demonstrate a breakdown of the standard nonradiative decay pathways that normally lead to a single, dominant, lowest energy emissive excited state in RuII complexes and most other chromophores. The structural requirements for dual emission were explored through the synthesis and characterization of isomeric systems. Two features were found to be primarily responsible for resolvable dual emission. Extended conjugation at the 4-position of the 1,10-phenanthroline ligand was identified as an essential feature, and asymmetry in the phenanthroline ligand substitutions appears to greatly facilitate the production of these two nonequilibrated emissive states. Additional complexes were studied which displayed "tunable" emissive characteristics for the two excited states as a function of covalent and noncovalent modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith C Glazer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, USA
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49
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50
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Mola J, Rodríguez M, Romero I, Llobet A, Parella T, Poater A, Duran M, Solà M, Benet-Buchholz J. New Ru Complexes Containing the N-Tridentate bpea and Phosphine Ligands: Consequences of Meridional vs Facial Geometry. Inorg Chem 2006; 45:10520-9. [PMID: 17173407 DOI: 10.1021/ic061126l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and isolation of the complex cis,fac-[RuIICl2(bpea)(PPh3)][3; bpea = N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylamine] and three geometrical isomers of the complex [RuIICl(bpea)(dppe)](BF4) [4; dppe = (1,2-diphenylphosphino)ethane], trans,fac (4a), cis,fac (4b), and mer(down) (4c), have been described (see Chart 1 for a drawing of their structures). These complexes have been characterized through analytical, spectroscopic (IR, UV/vis, and 1D and 2D NMR), and electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry) techniques. In addition, complexes 3, 4a, and 4b have been further characterized in the solid state through monocrystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The molecular and electronic structures of isomers 4a, 4b, 4c, and 4d (the mer(up) isomer) have also been studied by means of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Furthermore, their low-energy electronic transitions have been simulated using time-dependent DFT approaches, which have allowed unraveling of their metal-to-ligand charge-transfer nature. Complexes 3 and 4a-c are capable of catalyzing H-transfer types of reactions between alcohols and aromatic ketones such as acetophenone and 2,2-dimethylpropiophenone (DP). A strong influence of the facial versus meridional geometry in the bpea ligand coordination mode is observed for these catalytic reactions, with the meridional isomer being much more active than the facial one. The meridional isomer is even capable of carrying out the H-transfer reaction of bulky substrates such as DP at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Mola
- Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain
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