Sonochemical Fabrication and Characterization of Stibnite Nanorods

Sonochemistry of Liquid-Metal Galinstan toward the Synthesis of Two-Dimensional and Multilayered Gallium-Based Metal-Oxide Photonic Semiconductors

The scientific field of two-dimensional (2D) nanostructures has witnessed tremendous development during the last decade. To date, different synthesis approaches have been developed; therefore, various exceptional properties of this family of advanced materials have been discovered. It has recently been found that the natural surface oxide films of room-temperature liquid metals is an emerging platform for the synthesis of novel types of 2D nanostructures with numerous functional applications. However, most of the developed synthesis techniques for these materials are based on the direct mechanical exfoliation of 2D materials as research targets. This paper reports a facile and functional sonochemical-assisted approach for the synthesis of 2D hybrid and complex multilayered nanostructures with tunable characteristics. In this method, the intense interaction of acoustic waves with microfluidic gallium-based room-temperature liquid galinstan alloy provides the activation energy for synthesis of hybrid 2D nanostructures. The microstructural characterizations reveal the impact of sonochemical synthesis parameters, including the processing time and composition of the ionic synthesis environment, on the growth of Ga_xO_y/Se 2D hybrid structures and InGa_xO_y/Se multilayered crystalline structures with tunable photonic characteristics. This technique shows promising potential for synthesis of various types of 2D and layered semiconductor nanostructures with tunable photonic characteristics.

Revealing the formation mechanism and band gap tuning of Sb2S3 nanoparticles

Sb₂S₃ is a promising nanomaterial for application in solar cells and in the fields of electronics and optoelectronics. Herein, Sb₂S₃ nanoparticles were prepared via the hot-injection approach. In contrast to earlier work, the reaction temperature was decreased to 150 °C so that the reaction was slowed down and could be stopped at defined reaction stages. Thereby, the formation mechanism of the nanomaterial and the associated kinetics could be revealed. Based on morphological and structural analyses, it is suggested that seed particles (type 0) formed immediately after injecting the antimony precursor into the sulfur precursor. These seeds fused to form amorphous nanoparticles (type I) that contained a lower percentage of sulfur than that corresponding to the expected stoichiometric ratio of Sb₂S₃. The reason for this possibly lies in the formation of an oxygen- or carbon-containing intermediate during the seeding process. Afterward, the type I nanoparticles aggregated into larger amorphous nanoparticles (type II) in a second hierarchical assembly process and formed superordinate structures (type III). This process was followed by the crystallization of these particles and a layer-like growth of the crystalline particles by an Ostwald ripening process at the expense of the amorphous particles. It was demonstrated that the kinetic control of the reaction allowed tuning of the optical band gap of the amorphous nanoparticles in the range of 2.2-2.0 eV. On the contrary, the optical band gap of the crystalline particles decreased to a value of 1.7 eV and remained constant when the reaction progressed. Based on the proposed formation mechanism, future syntheses for Sb₂S₃ particles can be developed, allowing tuning of the particle properties in a broad range. In this way, the selective use of this material in a wide range of applications will become possible.

Studies the effects of ultrasonic irradiation and dielectric constants of solvents on formation of lead(II) supramolecular polymer; new precursors for synthesis of lead(II) oxide nanoparticles

In order to evaluation the effects of ultrasonic irradiations and dielectric constants of solvents on formation [Pb₂(5-Clq-8-ol)₂(OAc)₂]_n (1), [H5-Clq-8-ol=5-chloroquinolin-8-ol and OAc^-=acetate]_, we designed some experiments and synthesized six samples of 1 under different conditions. Microrods of a lead(II) supramolecular polymer, were synthesized under these conditions. These microstructures were characterized by IR spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that compound 1 with the best crystallinity can be obtained in the presence of MeCN and H₂O (as the bulk sample) and in the presence of MeCN and EtOH (by sonochemical process). The least agglomeration of microrods was observed in H₂O which is due to high dielectric constant of it. By considering all of the factors consist of crystallinity and agglomeration of the products and their corresponding histograms, it seems that MeCN is the best solvent for synthesis of 1. The samples which were synthesized in the presence of MeCN, had been used as new precursors for fabricating lead(II) oxide nanoparticles via thermal decomposition in oleic acid (OA).

Influences of temperature, power ultrasound and reaction time on the morphological properties of two new mercury(II) coordination supramolecular compounds

Nanoparticles of two new coordination compounds, [Hg₂(L)₂(Br)₄]_n (1) and [Hg(L')(SCN)₂] (2), (L=2-amino-4-methylpyridine, L'=2,6-pyridinedicarboxlic acid), have been synthesized by use of a sonochemical process and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy and elemental analyses. The single crystal X-ray data of compounds 1 and 2 imply that the Hg(II) ions are four and five coordinated, respectively. Topological analysis shows that 1D and 0D coordination networks of 1 and 2 can be classified as underlying nets of topological types 2C1 and 1,3M4-1, respectively. The thermal stability of compounds has been studied by thermal gravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analyses (DTA). The role of temperature, reaction time and ultrasound irradiation power on the size and morphology of "nano-structures" 1 and 2, has been investigated. Results claim that an increase of temperature, sonication power and decrease in reaction time leads to a decrease of particle size.

Sonochemistry: Science and Engineering

Sonochemistry offers a simple route to nanomaterial synthesis with the application of ultrasound. The tiny acoustic bubbles, produced by the propagating sound wave, enclose an incredible facility where matter interact among at energy as high as 13 eV to spark extraordinary chemical reactions. Within each period - formation, growth and collapse of bubbles, lies a coherent phase of material formation. This effective yet highly localized method has facilitated synthesis of various chemical and biological compounds featuring unique morphology and intrinsic property. The benign processing lends to synthesis without any discrimination towards a certain group of material, or the substrates where they are grown. As a result, new and improved applications have evolved to reach out various field of science and technology and helped engineer new and better devices. Along with the facile processing and notes on the essence of sonochemistry, in this comprehensive review, we discuss the individual and mutual effect of important input parameters on the nanomaterial synthesis process as a start to help understand the underlying mechanism. Secondly, an objective discussion of the diversely synthesized nanomaterial follows to divulge the easiness imparted by sonochemistry, which finally blends into the discussion of their applications and outreach.

Highly efficient syntheses of nano mixed-anions lead(II) thiocyanate/nitrate and lead(II) thiocyanate coordination polymers by sonochemical process

Nanostructures of the three-dimensional coordination polymers with the ligand 2,5-bis(4-pyridyl)-3,4-diaza-2,4-hexadiene (4-bpdh), [Pb(4-bpdh)(NO3)(μ-NCS)]n (1) and [Pb(4-bpdh)(μ-NCS)2]n (2), have been synthesized by a sonochemical process at different concentrations and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, IR spectroscopy and elemental analyses. The solid state structural transformations of nano-compounds 1, 2 by anion-replacement processes under mechanochemical reaction, have been verified by IR and PXRD measurements. The SEM images showed that morphology change occurs on nanostructures during solid state anion-replacements.

Facile sonochemical synthesis of near spherical barium zirconate titanate (BaZr1−yTiyO3; BZT); perovskite stability and formation mechanism

The multicationic oxides of perovskite Ba(Zr,Ti)O₃were synthesized successfully by the sonochemical method without a calcination step.

Solid state and sonochemical syntheses of nano lead(II) chloride and bromide coordination polymers from its nitrate analog via mechanochemical crystal to crystal transformations

Reversible crystal-to-crystal transformations of 3D lead(II) coordination polymers with the ligand 2,5-bis(4-pyridyl)-3,4-diaza-2,4-hexadiene (4-bpdh), from nitrate analoge [Pb(4-bpdh)(NO3)2(H2O)]n (1) to [Pb(4-bpdh)(NO3)(Br)]n (2), [Pb(4-bpdh)(Br)2]n (3), [Pb(4-bpdh)(NO3)(Cl)]n (4) and [Pb(4-bpdh)(Cl)2]n (5) by solid state anion-replacement processes under mechanochemical reactions, have been studied. The reversible solid state structural transformations of compounds 1-5, by anion-replacement processes under mechanochemical reaction, have been verified by PXRD measurements. Nanoparticles of compounds were synthesized by sonochemical process and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy and elemental analyses. The SEM images showed that morphology change occurs during solid state anion-replacements of nanocrystals.

Ball/dumbbell-like structured micrometer-sized Sb₂S₃ particles as a scattering layer in dye-sensitized solar cells

To improve the light harvesting efficiency in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) the light scattering layer is important. In this Letter, we present ball/dumbbell-like structured micrometer-sized Sb2S3 particles for photon propagation in DSSCs and demonstrate their effective usage in photoelectrodes. The analysis of the photoelectrode by a UV-vis spectrophotometer indicates that the absorption wavelength of an electrode with scattering layer can be obviously promoted from ultraviolet to visible light. The synthesized Sb2S3 particle structures were also characterized by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The photovoltaic performance of the ball/dumbbell-like structured Sb2S3 based cell exhibits excellent power conversion efficiency.

Effect of two sonochemical procedures on achieving to different morphologies of lead(II) coordination polymer nano-structures

Micro and nano-structures of a lead(II) coordination polymer, [Pb2(2-Me-8-Hq)2(MeOH)2]n (1), [2-Me-8-HqH=2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinoline], were synthesized by two sonochemical methods. These new micro and nano-structures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, IR spectroscopy and elemental analyses. Compound 1 was structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and consists of primary dimeric unit of [Pb2(2-Me-8-Hq)2(MeOH)2]. Self assembly between the dimmeric units of [Pb2(2-Me-8-Hq)2(MeOH)2] from Pb-O bonds results in formation of a one-dimensional lead(II) coordination polymer. The Pb(II)-ion in compound 1 has PbO6N1 coordination sphere with a stereo-chemically 'active' electron lone pair on the metals. By a reversible solid-state structural transformation, we successfully prepared [Pb2(2-Me-8-Hq)2]n (2) by thermal desolvation of 1. Thermal stability of compound 1 was studied by thermo gravimetric and differential thermal analyses. In addition nano-structure of PbO was prepared from calcination process of compound 1 at 873 K.

Sonochemical synthesis and characterization of NiMoO4 nanorods

NiMoO(4) nanorods have been successfully synthesized by sonochemical method process by using Ni(CH(3)COO)(2) · 4H(2)O and (NH(4))(6)Mo(7)O(24) · 4H(2)O as starting materials. Some parameters including ultrasonic power, ultrasonic irradiation time, stirring effect, solvent effect, and surfactant effect were investigated to reach optimum condition. The as synthesized nanostructures were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmittance electron microscopy (TEM), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX). Facile preparation and separation are important features of this route. This work has provided a general, simple, and effective method to control the composition and morphology of NiMoO(4) in aqueous solution, which will be important for inorganic synthesis methodology.

Sonochemical syntheses of a nanoparticles cadmium(II) supramolecule as a precursor for the synthesis of cadmium(II) oxide nanoparticles

Nanoparticles of a three-dimensional supramolecular Cd(II) compound, [Cd(L)(2)(H(2)O)(2)] (1), (L(-)=1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylate), have been synthesized by a sonochemical process and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, IR spectroscopy and elemental analyses. The thermal stability of compound 1 in both its bulk and nano-size has been studied by thermal gravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analyses (DTA) and compared with each other. Concentration of initial reagents effects on size and morphology of nano-structured compound 1, have been studied. Calcination of the single crystals and nano-sized compound 1 at 650°C under air atmosphere yields CdO nanoparticles.

Sonochemical syntheses of a nano-sized copper(II) supramolecule as a precursor for the synthesis of copper(II) oxide nanoparticles

Nanoparticles of a three-dimensional supramolecular, [Cu(L)(2)(H(2)O)(2)] (1), (L(-)=1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylate), have been synthesized by a sonochemical process and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, IR spectroscopy and elemental analyses. The thermal stability of compound 1 both its bulk and nano-size has been studied by thermal gravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analyses (DTA) and compared each other. Concentration of initial reagents effects on size and morphology of nano-structured compound 1, have been studied. Calcination of the nano-sized compound 1 at 600°C under air atmosphere yields CuO nanoparticles.

Sonochemical syntheses and characterization of nano-sized lead(II) coordination polymer with ligand 1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylate

Nanoparticles of a two-dimensional coordination polymer, {[Pb(L)(μ(1,1)-NCS)(H(2)O)]}(n) (1), (L(-)=1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylate), have been synthesized by a sonochemical process and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, IR spectroscopy and elemental analyses. The thermal stability of compound 1 both its bulk and nano-size has been studied by thermal gravimetric (TG) and differential thermal (DTA) analyses and compared each other. Concentration of initial reagents effects and the role of power ultrasound irradiation on size and morphology of nano-structured compound 1, have been studied. Calcination of the single crystals and nano-sized compound 1 at 400 °C under air atmosphere yields mixture of PbS and Pb(2)(SO(4))O nanoparticles. Results show that the size and morphology of the PbS and Pb(2)(SO(4))O nanoparticles are dependent upon the particles size of compound 1. A decrease in the particles size of compound 1 leads to a decrease in the particles size of the PbS and Pb(2)(SO(4))O.

Synthesis and Thermoelectric Properties of Bi2Se3 Nanostructures

Bismuth selenide (Bi2Se3) nanostructures were synthesized via solvothermal method. The crystallinity of the as-synthesized sample has been analyzed by X-ray diffraction, which shows the formation of rhombohedral Bi2Se3. Electron microscopy examination indicates that the Bi2Se3 nanoparticles have hexagonal flake-like shape. The effect of the synthesis temperature on the morphology of the Bi2Se3 nanostructures has also been investigated. It is found that the particle size increases with the synthesis temperature. Thermoelectric properties of the Bi2Se3 nanostructures were also measured, and the maximum value of dimensionless figure of merit (ZT) of 0.096 was obtained at 523 K.

Sonochemical synthesis and characterization of nano-belt lead(II) coordination polymer: new precursor to produce pure phase nano-sized lead(II) oxide

Nanobelts of new a lead(II) coordination polymer, [Pb(3-pyc)(2)](n) (1), 3-Hpyc=3-pyridinecarboxilic acid were synthesized by a sonochemical method. The new nano-structure was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, elemental analyses and IR spectroscopy. The thermal stability of compound was studied by thermal gravimetric and differential thermal analyses. After calcination of nano-sized compound 1 at 400°C, pure phase nano-sized lead(II) oxide has been produced.

Sonochemical synthesis of Dy2(CO3)3 nanoparticles, Dy(OH)3 nanotubes and their conversion to Dy2O3 nanoparticles

Dysprosium carbonates nanoparticles were synthesized by the reaction of dysprosium acetate and NaHCO(3) by a sonochemical method. Dysprosium oxide nanoparticles with average size about 17 nm were prepared from calcination of Dy(2)(CO(3))(3).1.7H(2)O nanoparticles. Dy(OH)(3) nanotubes were synthesized by sonication of Dy(OAC)(3).6H(2)O and N(2)H(4). The as-synthesized nanostructures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Photoluminescence measurement shows that the nanoparticles have two emission peaks around 17,540 cm(-1) and 20,700 cm(-1), which should come from the electron transition from (4)F(9)(/)(2)-->(6)H(15)(/)(2) levels and (4)F(9)(/)(2)-->(6)H(13)(/)(2) levels, respectively. The effect of calcination temperature and sonication time was investigated on the morphology and particle size of the products. The sizes could be controlled by the feeding rate of the precipitating agent (NaHCO(3) and N(2)H(4)) and slower feeding rate lead to smaller nanoparticles.

Sonochemical synthesis of silver nanorods by reduction of silver nitrate in aqueous solution

The sonochemical synthesis of silver nanorods has been achieved by ultrasonic irradiation of the aqueous solution of silver nitrate, methenamine (HMTA) and poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) for 60 min. The silver nanorods obtained have lengths of 4-7 microm and mean diameters of about 100 nm. The structures of the samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and the chemical composition of the sample was examined by energy-dispersive X-ray spectrum (EDS). The effects of the irradiation time, the concentration of PVP and the reaction temperature on the morphology of silver nanorods were discussed, and the mechanism of the silver nanorods formation was tentatively inferred.

Sonochemical synthesis of nano-scale mixed-ligands lead(II) coordination polymers as precursors for preparation of PbO and PbBr(OH) nano-structures; thermal, structural and X-ray powder diffraction studies

Nano-structures of two new lead(II) two-dimensional coordination polymers, [Pb(2)(2-pyc)(2)(I)(2)](n) (1) and [Pb(2)(2-pyc)(2)(Br)(2)](n) (2), {2-Hpyc=2-pyridinecarboxilic acid } were synthesized by a sonochemical method that produce the coordination polymers at nano-size. The new nano-structures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, IR spectroscopy and elemental analyses. Compounds 1 and 2 were structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction and consist of two-dimensional polymeric units. The thermal stability of compounds 1 and 2 were studied by thermal gravimetric and differential thermal analyses. PbO and PbBr(OH) nano-structures were obtained by calcination of the nano-structures of compounds 1 and 2 at 400 degrees C, respectively.