1
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Farley GW, Siegler MA, Goldberg DP. Halogen Transfer to Carbon Radicals by High-Valent Iron Chloride and Iron Fluoride Corroles. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:17288-17302. [PMID: 34709780 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
High-valent iron halide corroles were examined to determine their reactivity with carbon radicals and their ability to undergo radical rebound-like processes. Beginning with Fe(Cl)(ttppc) (1) (ttppc = 5,10,15-tris(2,4,6-triphenylphenyl)corrolato3-), the new iron corroles Fe(OTf)(ttppc) (2), Fe(OTf)(ttppc)(AgOTf) (3), and Fe(F)(ttppc) (4) were synthesized. Complexes 3 and 4 are the first iron triflate and iron fluoride corroles to be structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The structure of 3 reveals an AgI-pyrrole (η2-π) interaction. The Fe(Cl)(ttppc) and Fe(F)(ttppc) complexes undergo halogen transfer to triarylmethyl radicals, and kinetic analysis of the reaction between (p-OMe-C6H4)3C• and 1 gave k = 1.34(3) × 103 M-1 s-1 at 23 °C and 2.2(2) M-1 s-1 at -60 °C, ΔH⧧ = +9.8(3) kcal mol-1, and ΔS⧧ = -14(1) cal mol-1 K-1 through an Eyring analysis. Complex 4 is significantly more reactive, giving k = 1.16(6) × 105 M-1 s-1 at 23 °C. The data point to a concerted mechanism and show the trend X = F- > Cl- > OH- for Fe(X)(ttppc). This study provides mechanistic insights into halogen rebound for an iron porphyrinoid complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey W Farley
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Maxime A Siegler
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - David P Goldberg
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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2
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Jiang X, Pomarico G, Bischetti M, Galloni P, Cicero DO, Cui Y, Kadish KM, Paolesse R. Iron, iron everywhere: synthesis and characterization of iron 5,10,15-triferrocenylcorrole complexes. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj05076c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new series of iron triferrocenylcorroles with three different axial ligands, NO, Cl−and σ-Ph, is synthesized and characterized using1H NMR, electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical techniques in nonaqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston
- USA
| | - G. Pomarico
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata
- 00133 Rome
- Italy
| | - M. Bischetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata
- 00133 Rome
- Italy
| | - P. Galloni
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata
- 00133 Rome
- Italy
| | - D. O. Cicero
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata
- 00133 Rome
- Italy
| | - Y. Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston
- USA
| | - K. M. Kadish
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston
- USA
| | - R. Paolesse
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata
- 00133 Rome
- Italy
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3
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Baglia RA, Zaragoza JPT, Goldberg DP. Biomimetic Reactivity of Oxygen-Derived Manganese and Iron Porphyrinoid Complexes. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13320-13352. [PMID: 28991451 PMCID: PMC6058703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Heme proteins utilize the heme cofactor, an iron porphyrin, to perform a diverse range of reactions including dioxygen binding and transport, electron transfer, and oxidation/oxygenations. These reactions share several key metalloporphyrin intermediates, typically derived from dioxygen and its congeners such as hydrogen peroxide. These species are composed of metal-dioxygen, metal-superoxo, metal-peroxo, and metal-oxo adducts. A wide variety of synthetic metalloporphyrinoid complexes have been synthesized to generate and stabilize these intermediates. These complexes have been studied to determine the spectroscopic features, structures, and reactivities of such species in controlled and well-defined environments. In this Review, we summarize recent findings on the reactivity of these species with common porphyrinoid scaffolds employed for biomimetic studies. The proposed mechanisms of action are emphasized. This Review is organized by structural type of metal-oxygen intermediate and broken into subsections based on the metal (manganese and iron) and porphyrinoid ligand (porphyrin, corrole, and corrolazine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina A. Baglia
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Jan Paulo T. Zaragoza
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - David P. Goldberg
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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4
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Tanaka T, Ooi S, Ide Y, Ikeue T, Suzuki M, Chen PP, Takahashi M, Osuka A. Different Antiferromagnetic Coupling between 5,5′‐ and 10,10′‐Linked Iron(III) Corrole Dimers. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201601363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University 606‐8502 Sakyo‐ku, Kyoto Japan
| | - Shota Ooi
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University 606‐8502 Sakyo‐ku, Kyoto Japan
| | - Yuki Ide
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering Shimane University 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690‐8504 Japan
| | - Takahisa Ikeue
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering Shimane University 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690‐8504 Japan
| | - Masaaki Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering Shimane University 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690‐8504 Japan
| | - Peter P.‐Y. Chen
- Department of Chemistry National Chung Hsing University Taichung 402 Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Masashi Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Research Center for Materials with Integrated Properties 274‐8510 Toho University Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University 606‐8502 Sakyo‐ku, Kyoto Japan
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5
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Barata JFB, Neves MGPMS, Faustino MAF, Tomé AC, Cavaleiro JAS. Strategies for Corrole Functionalization. Chem Rev 2016; 117:3192-3253. [PMID: 28222602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This review covers the functionalization reactions of meso-arylcorroles, both at the inner core, as well as the peripheral positions of the macrocycle. Experimental details for the synthesis of all known metallocorrole types and for the N-alkylation reactions are presented. Key peripheral functionalization reactions such as halogenation, formylation, carboxylation, nitration, sulfonation, and others are discussed in detail, particularly the nucleophilic aromatic substitution and the participation of corroles in cycloaddition reactions as 2π or 4π components (covering Diels-Alder and 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions). Other functionalizations of corroles include a large diversity of reactions, namely Wittig reactions, reactions with methylene active compounds, formation of amines, amides, and imines, and metal catalyzed reactions. At the final section, the reactions involving oxidation and ring expansion of the corrole macrocycle are described comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana F B Barata
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, and ‡Department of Chemistry and CICECO, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Graça P M S Neves
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, and ‡Department of Chemistry and CICECO, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Amparo F Faustino
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, and ‡Department of Chemistry and CICECO, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Augusto C Tomé
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, and ‡Department of Chemistry and CICECO, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - José A S Cavaleiro
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, and ‡Department of Chemistry and CICECO, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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6
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Zhang W, Lai W, Cao R. Energy-Related Small Molecule Activation Reactions: Oxygen Reduction and Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution Reactions Catalyzed by Porphyrin- and Corrole-Based Systems. Chem Rev 2016; 117:3717-3797. [PMID: 28222601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 691] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Globally increasing energy demands and environmental concerns related to the use of fossil fuels have stimulated extensive research to identify new energy systems and economies that are sustainable, clean, low cost, and environmentally benign. Hydrogen generation from solar-driven water splitting is a promising strategy to store solar energy in chemical bonds. The subsequent combustion of hydrogen in fuel cells produces electric energy, and the only exhaust is water. These two reactions compose an ideal process to provide clean and sustainable energy. In such a process, a hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), an oxygen evolution reaction (OER) during water splitting, and an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) as a fuel cell cathodic reaction are key steps that affect the efficiency of the overall energy conversion. Catalysts play key roles in this process by improving the kinetics of these reactions. Porphyrin-based and corrole-based systems are versatile and can efficiently catalyze the ORR, OER, and HER. Because of the significance of energy-related small molecule activation, this review covers recent progress in hydrogen evolution, oxygen evolution, and oxygen reduction reactions catalyzed by porphyrins and corroles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Wenzhen Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872, China
| | - Rui Cao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an 710119, China.,Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872, China
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7
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Nardis S, Cicero DO, Licoccia S, Pomarico G, Berionni Berna B, Sette M, Ricciardi G, Rosa A, Fronczek FR, Smith KM, Paolesse R. Phenyl derivative of iron 5,10,15-tritolylcorrole. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:4215-27. [PMID: 24697623 PMCID: PMC4002138 DOI: 10.1021/ic5003572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The phenyl-iron complex of 5,10,15-tritolylcorrole was prepared by reaction of the starting chloro-iron complex with phenylmagnesium bromide in dichloromethane. The organometallic complex was fully characterized by a combination of spectroscopic methods, X-ray crystallography, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. All of these techniques support the description of the electronic structure of this phenyl-iron derivative as a low-spin iron(IV) coordinated to a closed-shell corrolate trianion and to a phenyl monoanion. Complete assignments of the (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra of the phenyl-iron derivative and the starting chloro-iron complex were performed on the basis of the NMR spectra of the regioselectively β-substituted bromo derivatives and the DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nardis
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, Università
di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Daniel O. Cicero
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, Università
di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Silvia Licoccia
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, Università
di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pomarico
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, Università
di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Beatrice Berionni Berna
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, Università
di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Sette
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, Università
di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Angela Rosa
- Dipartimento di
Scienze, Università della Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Frank R. Fronczek
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Kevin M. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Roberto Paolesse
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, Università
di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
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8
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Sinha W, Deibel N, Agarwala H, Garai A, Schweinfurth D, Purohit CS, Lahiri GK, Sarkar B, Kar S. Synthesis, Spectral Characterization, Structures, and Oxidation State Distributions in [(corrolato)FeIII(NO)]n (n = 0, +1, −1) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:1417-29. [DOI: 10.1021/ic402304e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Woormileela Sinha
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, 751005, India
| | - Naina Deibel
- Institut
für Chemie und Biochemie, Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring
55, D-70550, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hemlata Agarwala
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology−Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Antara Garai
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, 751005, India
| | - David Schweinfurth
- Institut
für Chemie und Biochemie, Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chandra Shekhar Purohit
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, 751005, India
| | - Goutam Kumar Lahiri
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology−Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Institut
für Chemie und Biochemie, Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sanjib Kar
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, 751005, India
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9
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Kumari P, Nagpal R, Chauhan SM. Efficient oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with H2O2 catalyzed by 5,10,15-triarylcorrolatoiron (IV) chloride in ionic liquids. CATAL COMMUN 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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10
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Palmer JH, Lancaster KM. Molecular redox: revisiting the electronic structures of the group 9 metallocorroles. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:12473-82. [PMID: 23116160 DOI: 10.1021/ic3018826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structures of monocationic tris[(5,10,15-pentafluorophenyl)-corrolato]iridium compounds, [Ir(tpfc)L2](+), where L = 4-cyanopyridine [1](+), pyridine [2](+), 4-methoxypyridine [3](+), or 4-(N,N'-dimethylamino)pyridine [4](+), have been probed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, Ir L3,2-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), UV/visible (UV-vis) spectroelectrochemistry, and density functional theoretical (DFT) calculations. The data demonstrate that these complexes, which have been previously formulated as either of the limiting cases [Ir(III)(tpfc(•))L2](+) or [Ir(IV)(tpfc)L2](+), are best described as possessing a singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) dominated by tpfc with small but significant Ir admixture. EPR g-values and electronic absorption spectra are reproduced well using a simple DFT approach. These quantities depend profoundly upon Ir orbital contribution to the SOMO. To wit, the calculated Ir spin population ranges from 10.6% for [1](+) to 16.3% for [4](+), reflecting increased Ir d mixing into the SOMO with increasingly electron-rich axial ligation. This gives rise to experimentally measured gz values ranging from 2.335 to 2.533, metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) bands ranging from 14730 and 14330 cm(-1), and [Ir(tpfc)L2](+/0) reduction potentials ranging from 0.305 to 0.035 V vs Fc(+/0). In addition, the calculated Ir character in the SOMO tracks with estimated Ir L3,2 XAS branching ratios (EBR), reflecting the increasing degree of Ir d orbital character upon proceeding from [1](+) to [4](+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua H Palmer
- Beckman Institute , California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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11
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Fryxelius J, Eilers G, Feyziyev Y, Magnuson A, Sun L, Lomoth R. Synthesis and redox properties of a [meso-tris(4-nitrophenyl) corrolato]Mn(III) complex. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424605000472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Mn complexated corrole [ T (4- NO 2 P ) Corr ] Mn ( py ) (3) has been prepared ( py = pyridine ) where [ T (4- NO 2 P ) Corr ] is the trianion of the electron-poor 5,10,15-tris(4-nitrophenyl)corrole (1). The preparation of 3 includes a new synthetic method to form the corrole ligand 1 in a two-step synthesis. The Mn(III) complex gives a parallel mode EPR signal centered around g = 8.2 with six distinct hyperfine lines ( A || = 139 × 10-4 cm -1). Electrochemically 3 undergoes one reversible oxidation ( E 1/2 = 0.12 V vs Fc) and two reversible reductions ( E 1/2 = -1.45, -1.61 V). The oxidation is metal-centered and the product has been characterized by EPR spectroscopy as an S = 3/2 Mn(IV) species with no indication for oxidation of the macrocycle. The reductions of complex 3 are ligand based, and at the potential of the second reduction step a stable nitrogen centered radical with g = 2.0055 is generated. Chemical oxidation of 3 by iodosobenzene yields a Mn(IV) complex and epoxidation of cis-stilbene is not catalyzed by the Mn complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Fryxelius
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerriet Eilers
- Department of Physical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 579, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yashar Feyziyev
- Molecular Biomimetics, Uppsala University, Villavägen 6, S-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ann Magnuson
- Molecular Biomimetics, Uppsala University, Villavägen 6, S-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Licheng Sun
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Reiner Lomoth
- Department of Physical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 579, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Schwalbe M, Dogutan DK, Stoian SA, Teets TS, Nocera DG. Xanthene-Modified and Hangman Iron Corroles. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:1368-77. [DOI: 10.1021/ic101943h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schwalbe
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dilek K. Dogutan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sebastian A. Stoian
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Thomas S. Teets
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Daniel G. Nocera
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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13
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Nigel-Etinger I, Mahammed A, Gross Z. Covalent versus non-covalent (biocatalytic) approaches for enantioselective sulfoxidation catalyzed by corrole metal complexes. Catal Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cy00046b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Transition Metal Corrole Coordination Chemistry. MOLECULAR ELECTRONIC STRUCTURES OF TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES I 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/430_2011_52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Pierloot K, Zhao H, Vancoillie S. Copper Corroles: the Question of Noninnocence. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:10316-29. [DOI: 10.1021/ic100866z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Pierloot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Heverlee-Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hailiang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Heverlee-Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Vancoillie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Heverlee-Leuven, Belgium
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16
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Hocking RK, DeBeer George S, Gross Z, Walker FA, Hodgson KO, Hedman B, Solomon EI. Fe L- and K-edge XAS of low-spin ferric corrole: bonding and reactivity relative to low-spin ferric porphyrin. Inorg Chem 2010; 48:1678-88. [PMID: 19149467 DOI: 10.1021/ic802248t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Corrole is a tetrapyrrolic macrocycle that has one carbon atom less than a porphyrin. The ring contraction reduces the symmetry from D(4h) to C(2v), changes the electronic structure of the heterocycle, and leads to a smaller central cavity with three protons rather than the two of a porphyrin. The differences between ferric corroles and porphyrins lead to a number of differences in reactivity including increased axial ligand lability and a tendency to form 5-coordinate complexes. The electronic structure origin of these differences has been difficult to study experimentally as the dominant porphyrin/corrole pi --> pi* transitions obscure the electronic transitions of the metal. Recently, we have developed a methodology that allows for the interpretation of the multiplet structure of Fe L-edges in terms of differential orbital covalency (i.e., the differences in mixing of the metal d orbitals with the ligand valence orbitals) using a valence bond configuration interaction model. Herein, we apply this methodology, combined with a ligand field analysis of the Fe K pre-edge to a low-spin ferric corrole, and compare it to a low-spin ferric porphyrin. The experimental results combined with DFT calculations show that the contracted corrole is both a stronger sigma donor and a very anisotropic pi donor. These differences decrease the bonding interactions with axial ligands and contribute to the increased axial ligand lability and reactivity of ferric corroles relative to ferric porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie K Hocking
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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17
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Matsuo T, Hayashi A, Abe M, Matsuda T, Hisaeda Y, Hayashi T. Meso-Unsubstituted Iron Corrole in Hemoproteins: Remarkable Differences in Effects on Peroxidase Activities between Myoglobin and Horseradish Peroxidase. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:15124-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja907428e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsuo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan, Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan, Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masato Abe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan, Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takaaki Matsuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan, Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hisaeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan, Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takashi Hayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan, Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Czernuszewicz RS, Mody V, Czader A, Gałęzowski M, Gryko DT. Why the Chromyl Bond Is Stronger Than the Perchromyl Bond in High-Valent Oxochromium(IV,V) Complexes of Tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:14214-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja906393r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman S. Czernuszewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, and Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Vicky Mody
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, and Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Czader
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, and Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Gałęzowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, and Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel T. Gryko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, and Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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20
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Pan Z, Harischandra DN, Newcomb M. Formation of stable and metastable porphyrin- and corrole-iron(IV) complexes and isomerizations to iron(III) macrocycle radical cations. J Inorg Biochem 2009; 103:174-81. [PMID: 19013647 PMCID: PMC2680251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Revised: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxidations of three porphyrin-iron(III) complexes (1) with ferric perchlorate, Fe(ClO(4))(3), in acetonitrile solutions at -40 degrees C gave metastable porphyrin-iron(IV) diperchlorate complexes (2) that isomerized to known iron(III) diperchlorate porphyrin radical cations (3) when the solutions were warmed to room temperature. The 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP), 5,10,15,20-tetramesitylporphyrin (TMP), and 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylporphyrin (OEP) systems were studied by UV-visible spectroscopy. Low temperature NMR spectroscopy and effective magnetic moment measurements were possible with the TPP and TMP iron(IV) complexes. Reactions of two corrole systems, 5,10,15-tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole (TPFC) and 5,15-bis(pentafluorophenyl)-10-p-methoxyphenylcorrole (BPFMC), also were studied. The corrole-iron(IV) chlorides reacted with silver salts to give corrole-iron(IV) complexes. The corrole-iron(IV) nitrate complexes were stable at room temperature. (TPFC)-iron(IV) toslyate, (TPFC)-iron(IV) chlorate, and (BPFMC)-iron(IV) chlorate were metastable and rearranged to their electronic isomers iron(III) corrole radical cations at room temperature. (TPFC)-iron(III) perchlorate corrole radical cation was the only product observed from reaction of the corrole-iron(IV) chloride with silver perchlorate. For the metastable iron(IV) species, the rates of isomerizations to the iron(III) macrocycle radical cation electronic isomers in dilute acetonitrile solutions were relatively insensitive to electron demands of the macrocyclic ligand but reflected the binding strength of the ligand to iron. Kinetic studies at varying temperatures and concentrations indicated that the mechanisms of the isomerization reactions are complex, involving mixed order reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzheng Pan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Dilusha N. Harischandra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Martin Newcomb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607
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21
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Bröring M, Köhler S, Kleeberg C. Norcorrole: Observation of the Smallest Porphyrin Variant with a N4
Core. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:5658-60. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200801196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Bröring M, Köhler S, Kleeberg C. Norcorrol: die kleinste Porphyrin-Strukturvariante mit N4
-Kern. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200801196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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23
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Bröring M, Brégier F, Cónsul Tejero E, Hell C, Holthausen MC. Revisiting the electronic ground state of copper corroles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:445-8. [PMID: 17131440 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200603676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bröring
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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24
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Barata JFB, Barros CM, Santana-Marques MGO, Neves MGPMS, Faustino MAF, Tomé AC, Ferrer Correia AJ, Cavaleiro JAS. Study by liquid secondary ion and electrospray mass spectrometry of synthesized and formed-in-source metallocorroles. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2007; 42:225-32. [PMID: 17177240 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Liquid secondary ion and electrospray mass spectrometry were used to study the complexation in-source of 5,10,15-tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole with several divalent transition-metal ions. The metallocorrole ions formed in-source were identified by comparing their product ion mass spectra with the spectra of the same ions formed from metallocorroles obtained from classical procedures. Positive metallocorrole ion formation is accompanied by oxidation of the metal centre. Mechanisms were proposed for the oxidation processes, and data from negative-ion spectra reinforced these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F B Barata
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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25
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Liu HY, Zhou H, Liu LY, Ying X, Jiang HF, Chang CK. The Effect of Axial Ligand on the Reactivity of Oxomanganese(V) Corrole. CHEM LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2007.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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26
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Bröring M, Brégier F, Cónsul Tejero E, Hell C, Holthausen M. Zum elektronischen Grundzustand des Kupfercorrols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200603676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Despite of the many similarities between corroles and porphyrins, the chemistry of the former remained undeveloped for decades because of severe synthetic obstacles. The recent discoveries of facile methodologies for the synthesis of triarylcorroles and the corresponding metal complexes allowed for their utilization in various fields. This survey reveals many examples where corroles were used as the key components in catalysis, sensing of gaseous molecules and medicine-oriented research. The focus in all these cases was on the special features of corroles: stabilization of high valent transition metal ions, unique photophysical properties, large NH acidity, facile synthetic manipulation and distinct catalytic properties. The latter aspect includes several examples of reactions that are not catalyzed by any non-corrole metal complex, such as the iron-based aziridination by Chloramine-T, the clean disproportionation of peroxynitrite, and the very facile N-H activation of amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Aviv
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel.
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28
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Nardis S, Paolesse R, Licoccia S, Fronczek FR, Vicente MGH, Shokhireva TK, Cai S, Walker FA. NMR and structural investigations of a nonplanar iron corrolate: modified patterns of spin delocalization and coupling in a slightly saddled chloroiron(III) corrolate radical. Inorg Chem 2006; 44:7030-46. [PMID: 16180865 DOI: 10.1021/ic0504846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An undecasubstituted chloroiron corrolate, octamethyltriphenylcorrolatoiron chloride, (OMTPCorr)FeCl, has been synthesized and studied by X-ray crystallography and (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy. It is found that, although the structure is slightly saddled, the average methyl out-of-plane distance is only 0.63 Angstroms, while it is much greater for the dodecasubstituted porphyrinate analogue (OMTPP)FeCl (1.19 Angstroms) (Cheng, R.-J.; Chen, P.-Y.; Gau, P.-R.; Chen, C.-C.; Peng, S.-M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 2563-2569). In addition, the distance of iron from the mean plane of the four macrocycle nitrogens is also smaller for (OMTPCorr)FeCl (0.387 Angstroms) than for (OMTPP)FeCl (0.46 Angstroms). The (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra of (OMTPCorr)FeCl, as well as the chloroiron complexes of triphenylcorrolate, (TPCorr)FeCl; 7,13-dimethyl-2,3,8,12,17,18-hexaethylcorrolate, (DMHECorr)FeCl; 7,8,12,13-tetramethyl-2,3,17,18-tetraethylcorrolate, (TMTECorr)FeCl; and the phenyliron complex of 7,13-dimethyl-2,3,8,12,17,18-hexaethylcorrolate, (DMHECorr)FePh, have been assigned, and the spin densities at the carbons that are part of the aromatic ring of the corrole macrocycle have been divided into the part due to spin delocalization by corrole --> Fe pi donation and the part due to the unpaired electron present on the corrole ring. It is found that although the spin density at the beta-pyrrole positions is fairly similar to that of (TPCorr)FeCl, the meso-phenyl-carbon shift differences delta(m) - delta(p) are opposite in sign of those of (TPCorr)FeCl. This finding suggests that the radical electron is ferromagnetically coupled to the unpaired electrons on iron, rather than antiferromagnetically coupled, as in all of the other chloroiron corrolates. The solution magnetic moment was measured for (OMTPCorr)FeCl and found to be mu(eff) = 4.7 +/- 0.5 micro(B), consistent with S = 2 and ferromagnetic coupling. From this study, two conclusions may be reached about iron corrolates: (1) the spin states of chloroiron corrolates are extremely sensitive to the out-of-plane distance of iron, and (2) pyrrole-H or -C shifts are not useful in delineating the spin state and electron configuration of (anion)iron corrolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nardis
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Italy
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Harvey JD, Ziegler CJ. The metal complexes of N-confused porphyrin as heme model compounds. J Inorg Biochem 2006; 100:869-80. [PMID: 16510190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2006.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Revised: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently, metal complexes of the isomers and analogs of porphyrin have become important model compounds for heme enzymes and proteins. While the chemistry of metalloporphyrins as heme models still attracts attention, the isomers and analogs of porphyrins provide insight into the biological choice of porphine as the macrocycle of choice and also help model reactive intermediates, such as high valent oxidation states. In this mini-review, we discuss the heme-relevant chemistry of N-confused porphyrin, an isomer of porphyrin with an inverted pyrrole ring, and focus on the chemistry of manganese, iron, and cobalt. The metallation chemistry of this macrocycle is more diverse than normal porphyrin, and involves tautomerization, C-H bond activation, the Lewis basicity of the external nitrogen, and issues with nucleophilic sensitivity. Despite the challenges posed by N-confused porphyrin, significant progress has been made toward generating heme-model complexes with this macrocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Harvey
- Department of Chemistry, Buchtel College of Arts and Sciences, University of Akron, KNCL 404, Akron, OH 44325-3601, USA
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Walker FA, Licoccia S, Paolesse R. Iron corrolates: Unambiguous chloroiron(III) (corrolate)2− π-cation radicals. J Inorg Biochem 2006; 100:810-37. [PMID: 16519943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2006.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2005] [Revised: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The structures, electron configurations, magnetic susceptibilities, spectroscopic properties, molecular orbital energies and spin density distributions, redox properties and reactivities of iron corrolates having chloride, phenyl, pyridine, NO and other ligands are reviewed. It is shown that with one very strong donor ligand such as phenyl anion the electron configuration of the metal is d(4)S=1 Fe(IV) coordinated to a (corrolate)(3-) anion, while with one weaker donor ligand such as chloride or other halide, the electron configuration is d(5)S=3/2 Fe(III) coordinated to a (corrolate)(2-.) pi-cation radical, with antiferromagnetic coupling between the metal and corrolate radical electron. Many of these complexes have been studied by electrochemical techniques and have rich redox reactivity, in most cases involving two 1-electron oxidations and two 1-electron reductions, and it is not possible to tell, from the shapes of cyclic voltammetric waves, whether the electron is added or removed from the metal or the macrocycle; often infrared, UV-Vis, or EPR spectroscopy can provide this information. (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopic methods are most useful in delineating the spin state and pattern of spin density distribution of the complexes listed above, as would also be expected to be the case for the recently-reported formal Fe(V)O corrolate, if this complex were stable enough for characterization by NMR spectroscopy. Iron, manganese and chromium corrolates can be oxidized by iodosylbenzene and other common oxidants used previously with metalloporphyrinates to effect efficient oxidation of substrates. Whether the "resting state" form of these complexes, most generally in the case of iron [FeCl(Corr)], actually has the electron configuration Fe(IV)(Corr)(3-) or Fe(III)(Corr)(2-.) is not relevant to the high-valent reactivity of the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ann Walker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721-0041, USA.
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31
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Ghosh A, Wasbotten IH, Davis W, Swarts JC. Norcorrole and Dihydronorcorrole: A Predictive Quantum Chemical Study. Eur J Inorg Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200500433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ding T, Alemán EA, Modarelli DA, Ziegler CJ. Photophysical Properties of a Series of Free-Base Corroles. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:7411-7. [PMID: 16834109 DOI: 10.1021/jp052047i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Four free-base corroles with electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups on the para or 2 through 6-positons of the meso phenyl rings were prepared via either Paolesse or Gross conditions and investigated for their absorption and emission properties. The triaryl corroles 5,10,15-triphenylcorrole, 5,10,15-tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole, 5,10,15-tris(p-nitrophenyl)corrole, and 5,10,15-tris(p-methoxyphenyl)corrole were examined. Absorption, steady-state, and time-resolved fluorescence measurements were performed on all compounds in both nonpolar (dichloromethane) and polar (dimethylacetamide) solvents. The experimental evidence points to hydrogen bonding with an internal N-H group as the most likely factor in the solvent-dependent photophysical behavior of these corroles, that is also highly dependent upon substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, USA
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Ghosh A, Taylor PR. Iron(IV) Porphyrin Difluoride Does Not Exist: Implications for DFT Calculations on Heme Protein Reaction Pathways. J Chem Theory Comput 2005; 1:597-600. [DOI: 10.1021/ct050086s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway, and Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter R. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway, and Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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